Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NY

Edited by Mrs. Browne

Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NY

Edited by Mrs. Browne

African Trade [15c-17c]

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution

Source forRaw

Materials

Source forRaw

Materials

Markets forFinishedGoods

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalismEuropean

Nationalism

MissionaryActivity

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Population

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Population

Social & EconomicOpportunities

Social & EconomicOpportunities

HumanitarianReasons

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

SocialDarwinism

SocialDarwinism

European Explorers in Africa

19c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

European Exploration and Colonization of

Africa

Where Is Dr. Livingstone?

Dr. David Livingstone

DoctorLivingston

e,I Presume?

Sir Henry Morton Stanley

European Explorations in mid-19c:

“The Scramble for Africa”

Africa

in the

1880s

The Berlin Conference 1884-1885

After the unification of Germany and Italy, Germany becomes the top rival of the British (part real and part desire) Bismarck calls for the Berlin Conference in order to “iron out” disputes over

colonial possessions

Bismarck considers himself the “honest broker” in this as he wishes for Germany to remain on the outside of the quest for colonies; Kaiser Wilhelm II has other plans!

The Europeans essentially recognize each others claims in Africa and establish the guidelines for claiming more….THE RACE IS ON!

NO ONE from Africa was invited nor present at this conference….hmmm….

The Berlin Conference1884-1885

Africa

by

1914

The Congo Free State or

The Belgian Congo

King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Population)

It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)

“The Colossus of Rhodes”

Dutch Landing in 1652

Groups of Dutch left Europe in the 17th century. They settled primarily around Cape Town. The majority were farmers known as Boers.

The British took over this area in the early 1800’s and encouraged

more settlers.

By 1865, almost 200,000 whites lived in South Africa.

Boer Farmer

The Boers or Afrikaners The Boers believed that white superiority was ordained by God. They

denied non-Europeans any place in their society.

This would become the basis for the system known as apartheid. Apartheid would become the legalized system used by the South

African government until 1993!

The Great Trek, 1836-38

The Boers left the Cape Town area in order to remain separate from

the British territories

The migration of the Boers, the influx of more white settlers, and

the expansion of the British holdings cause tensions between

Boers & British AND between Europeans & the Zulu nation.

Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

Shaka was born out of wedlock and as a result he and his mother were exiled. They were taken in by another tribe where Shaka grew to be a fierce warrior. Shaka became

king of the Zulu nation and by his death ruled over 250,000 people. He took revenge on those who mistreated he and his mother

as well as fighting the British in the Zulu Wars.

Diamond Mines

Raw Diamonds

The discovery of diamonds will increase

tensions, greed and desire to control this land!

Boer-British Tensions Increase

1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1880-1881 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. 1880’s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

The Struggle for South Africa

The Boer War: 1899 - 1902

The Boers The British

British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

The Boer War 1899-1902Causes•The British wanted control of all Dutch territories including Transvaal and the Orange Free State

•The Dutch wanted to remain separate

•The control over vast natural resources was desired by both

During

•Heavy casualties due to combat and disease

•Use of guerilla warfare and scorched earth policy

•First use of organized concentration camps for civilians and troops

Effects•Britain committed many atrocities that angered the world forcing the British to seek alliances and rebuild relations with Europe

•The Union of South Africa was created in 1910; apartheid was The Union of South Africa was created in 1910; apartheid was adoptedadopted

The Boer War 1899-1902

Results of African Colonization

Conclusions & Thoughts

• Your thoughts?

• Predictions?