Susan M. PojerSusan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNY

Susan M. PojerSusan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNY

TheThe

““Era of Good Era of Good FeelingsFeelings”?”?

(1816 -1824)(1816 -1824)

TheThe

““Era of Good Era of Good FeelingsFeelings”?”?

(1816 -1824)(1816 -1824)

Essential Essential Question:Question:

What were the major What were the major

characteristics of the characteristics of the ””Era of Era of

Good Feelings?Good Feelings? ” ”

Essential Essential Question:Question:

What were the major What were the major

characteristics of the characteristics of the ””Era of Era of

Good Feelings?Good Feelings? ” ”

The Election of 1816The Election of 1816Republicans started to promote economic growth and Republicans started to promote economic growth and

centralizationcentralization

James Monroe [1816-1824]James Monroe [1816-1824]

• Sec of State: John Quincy Adams

• Secretary of War: John Calhoun

• End of the VA Dynasty

• Marshall is still chief justice

• “Good Will” tour

• 1820 only one elector voted against him

John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams:A bulldog among spaniels!

The Convention of 1818The Convention of 1818

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819[“The Transcontinental Treaty”] [“The Transcontinental Treaty”]

http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/2.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/2.html

& Andrew Jackson’s Invasion& Andrew Jackson’s Invasion

Jefferson writes that the Missouri question, "like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union."

The West & the NW: The West & the NW: 1819-1819-18241824

US Population DensityUS Population Density

18101810 18201820

The American SystemThe American System

p Tariff of 1816

p Chartering of the Second Bank of the United States [BUS].

p Internal improvements at federal expense. - National Road

Henry Clay,Henry Clay,“The Great“The Great

Compromiser”Compromiser”

• One of the most historically significant examples of a government-sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry. This "System" consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands.

The American System:The American System:The National [Cumberland] RoadThe National [Cumberland] Road

The Erie CanalThe Erie Canal

1817 – 1825. http://www.eriecanal.org/

363 miles Albany to Buffalo. "Clinton's Big Ditch"

E Much further than any other American or European canal.

The Panic of 1819The Panic of 1819

CAUSES???CAUSES???

• In 1819, the impressive post- War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. All regions of the country were impacted and prosperity did not return until 1824.

• The primary cause of the misery seems to have been a change toward more conservative credit policies by the Second Bank of the U.S. (rechartered in 1816). The wary directors viewed with scorn the unconventional practices of many western banks. The B.U.S. called in its loans, forcing the state banks to do likewise. State loans had been made to land speculators who were unable to repay; banks failed and depositors were wiped out. Conditions were exacerbated by the influx of large quantities of foreign goods into the American market and the slumping cotton market in the South.

• Panic of 1819 creates divisions within the Republican Party.

The Election of 1820The Election of 1820

The Compromise of 1820: led by Henry Clay The Compromise of 1820: led by Henry Clay initiated by Jesse Thomas of Illinois (Thomas initiated by Jesse Thomas of Illinois (Thomas

Amendment)Amendment)A fire bell in the night! A fire bell in the night! Aka Missouri CompromiseAka Missouri Compromise

http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html Missouri.html

The Tallmadge AmendmentThe Tallmadge Amendment

p All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.

p Passed by the House, not in the Senate.

p The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html

Latin American Revolution

• Success of anti-Spanish revolutions strengthened America’s position in the region

• America claimed to be neutral but sold ships and supplies to the revolutionaries

• 1822 Monroe is the first to establish diplomatic relationships with 5 new nations (Argentina, Chile, Peru, Columbia, and Mexico)

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

3. What would the US do if the warning was not headed?Hhhmmm…?

Monroe Monroe Doctrine Doctrine

2. What warning is given to the European countries? Stay out!!

1. What foreign policy principles are established?

US will be able to justify involvement in Latin American affairs later

p Referred to as “America’s Self-Defense Doctrine” really written by

JQ Adams.

Monroe Doctrine continued..• Hoping Latin America would resist foreign

intervention (Europe)• US did not want European countries to help

Spain regain any lost territory in the Americas• JQ Adams really wanted Cuba and wanted to do

what was necessary to prevent Britain from taking it.

• Maybe this would help get the US out of a depression

• Divert attention away from sectional politics

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

“Common “Common Man”?Man”?

““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?OROR

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]

John Quincy John Quincy AdamsAdams[MA][MA]

John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun

[SC][SC]

William H. CrawfordWilliam H. Crawford[GA][GA]

The “Common The “Common Man’s”Man’s”

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

The “Common The “Common Man’s”Man’s”

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”

The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”

All ran as Democratic-RepublicansAll ran as Democratic-Republicans

CandidatePopular

Vote

Electoral Vote

Andrew Jackson

43% 99

J.Q. Adams 31% 32

William Crawford (suffered a stroke)

13% 41

Henry Clay (only top three would be considered)

13% 37

Results of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 Election

AA “ “Corrupt Corrupt BargainBargain??””

AA “ “Corrupt Corrupt BargainBargain??””

• Clay was Speaker of the House. He didn’t like Jackson, and believed that Adams would continue support of the American System.

• Clay gets Adams the presidency and Adams makes Clay Secretary of State. (As was Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe….get the picture?)

Opposition to John Quincy AdamsOpposition to John Quincy AdamsOpposition to John Quincy AdamsOpposition to John Quincy Adams

3 Some believed he allowed too much political Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.control to be held by elites.

3 Some objected to his support of national Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional economic development on constitutional grounds.grounds.

Adams believed a strong, active central Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.government was necessary.

A national university.A national university.

An astronomical observatory.An astronomical observatory.

A naval academy.A naval academy.

3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.individual liberties.

3 Some believed he allowed too much political Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.control to be held by elites.

3 Some objected to his support of national Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional economic development on constitutional grounds.grounds.

Adams believed a strong, active central Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.government was necessary.

A national university.A national university.

An astronomical observatory.An astronomical observatory.

A naval academy.A naval academy.

3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.individual liberties.

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

http://www.infoplease.com/timelines/voting.html

Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

3 White male suffrage increasedWhite male suffrage increased

3 Party nominating committees.Party nominating committees.

3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.electors.

3 Spoils system.Spoils system.

3 Rise of Third Parties.Rise of Third Parties.

3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)

3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:

Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs Whigs (1832) (1832) Republicans (1854) Republicans (1854)

Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)

Supreme Court Cases

1819-1824

McCullough v Maryland (1819)• At issue in the case was the constitutionality of the act of Congress chartering the

Second Bank of the United States (BUS) in 1816. • Although the Bank was controlled by private stockholders, it was the depository of

federal funds. In addition, it had the authority to issue notes that, along with the notes of states' banks, circulated as legal tender. In return for its privileged position, the Bank agreed to loan the federal government money in lieu of taxes.

• State banks looked on the BUS as a competitor and resented its privileged position. When state banks began to fail in the depression of 1818, they blamed their troubles on the Bank. One such state was Maryland, which imposed a hefty tax on "any bank not chartered within the state." The Bank of the United States was the only bank not chartered within the state.

• When the Bank's Baltimore branch refused to pay the tax, Maryland sued James McCulloch, cashier of the branch, for collection of the debt. A state court ruled for Maryland, and the court of appeals affirmed. Supreme Court reviewed the case in 1819.

• In a unanimous opinion written by Chief Justice Marshall the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under theNecessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank.

• http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_mcculloch.html

• Dartmouth v Woodward (1819)– Supreme Court can override decisions by State Courts

• Johnson v McIntosh (1823) – only the federal government can buy or take land from natives

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)– Strengthened power of Congress to regulate tradeThe dispute in Gibbons concerned competing claims of rival steamship franchises. The state of New York gave Aaron Ogden an exclusive license to operate steamboat ferries between New Jersey and New York City on the Hudson River. Thomas Gibbons, another steamboat operator, ran two ferries along the same route.

Ogden sought an injunction against Gibbons in a New York state court, claiming that the state had given him exclusive rights to operate the route.

Gibbons claimed he had the right to operate on the route pursuant to a 1793 act of Congress regulating coastal commerce.

In the review by the Supreme Court Marshall ruled for Gibbons, holding that New York's exclusive grant to Ogden violated the federal licensing act of 1793. In reaching its decision, the Court interpreted the Commerce

Clause of the U.S. Constitution for the first time. 

• Cherokee Nation v GA (1831)– In 1828, the state of Georgia passed a series of laws stripping local Cherokee

Indians of their rights. The laws also authorized Cherokee removal from lands sought after by the state.

In defense, the Cherokee cited treaties that they had negotiated, as an independent "nation," with the United States, guaranteeing the Cherokee nation both the land and independence.

After failed negotiations with President Andrew Jackson and Congress, the Cherokee, under the leadership of John Ross, sought an injunction ("order to stop") at the Supreme Court against Georgia to prevent its carrying out these laws. 

The Court, in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, ruled that it lacked jurisdiction to hear the case and could not resolve it as the Cherokees were not foreign nations.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_cherokee.html

Worcester v Georgia• 1830, Georgia passed another law requiring its citizens

to obtain a state license before dwelling inside the Cherokee Nation. A group of missionaries residing there, including Samuel Austin Worcester, refused to obtain such a license. The missionaries were known supporters of Cherokee resistance to Georgia's removal efforts. Worcester and a fellow missionary were indicted by a Georgia court, brought to trial, and convicted. Worcester appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, claiming that the Georgia court lacked authority to convict them.

• The Supreme Court's ruling was neither followed by Georgia nor enforced by the U.S. government.

Ch 9

Tariff BattlesTariff BattlesTariff BattlesTariff Battles3 Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap on imports of cheap

textiles.textiles.

3 Tariff of 1824 Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton more expensive woolen and cotton imports.imports.

3 Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].hemp].

Supported by Jacksonians to gain Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.

The South alone was adamantly The South alone was adamantly against it.against it.

As producers of the world’s cheapest As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.tariff.

They were negatively impacted They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more the taxed English goods] were more expensive!expensive!

3 Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap on imports of cheap textiles.textiles.

3 Tariff of 1824 Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton more expensive woolen and cotton imports.imports.

3 Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].hemp].

Supported by Jacksonians to gain Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.

The South alone was adamantly The South alone was adamantly against it.against it.

As producers of the world’s cheapest As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.tariff.

They were negatively impacted They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more the taxed English goods] were more expensive!expensive!

Votes in the House for the Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”“Tariff of Abomination”

Votes in the House for the Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”“Tariff of Abomination”

Land & Indian Land & Indian PoliciesPolicies

Land & Indian Land & Indian PoliciesPolicies3 John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams:

His land policies gave westerners anothr reason His land policies gave westerners anothr reason to dislike him.to dislike him.

He attempted to curb speculation for public lands He attempted to curb speculation for public lands his opponent accused him of denying their his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!westward!

He supported the land rights of Native Americans He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.against white settlers.

1825 1825 govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.GA.

The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.the treaty.

Congress sided with the governor of GA.Congress sided with the governor of GA.

3 John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams: His land policies gave westerners anothr reason His land policies gave westerners anothr reason

to dislike him.to dislike him.

He attempted to curb speculation for public lands He attempted to curb speculation for public lands his opponent accused him of denying their his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!westward!

He supported the land rights of Native Americans He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.against white settlers.

1825 1825 govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.GA.

The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.the treaty.

Congress sided with the governor of GA.Congress sided with the governor of GA.

The 1828 ElectionThe 1828 ElectionThe 1828 ElectionThe 1828 Election3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered Jackson’s campaign was engineered

by Senator Martin Van Buren of NYby Senator Martin Van Buren of NY

He wanted to recreate the old He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:Jeffersonian coalition of:

Northern farmers and artisans.Northern farmers and artisans.

Southern slave owners.Southern slave owners.

Farmers with small land holdings.Farmers with small land holdings.

He created the Democratic Party He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:party:

Created a national committee that Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party oversaw local and state party units.units.

Mass meetings, parades, picnics.Mass meetings, parades, picnics.

A lot of political mudslinging on both A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.sides.

3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NYby Senator Martin Van Buren of NY

He wanted to recreate the old He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:Jeffersonian coalition of:

Northern farmers and artisans.Northern farmers and artisans.

Southern slave owners.Southern slave owners.

Farmers with small land holdings.Farmers with small land holdings.

He created the Democratic Party He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:party:

Created a national committee that Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party oversaw local and state party units.units.

Mass meetings, parades, picnics.Mass meetings, parades, picnics.

A lot of political mudslinging on both A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.sides.

•The now-famous Democratic donkey was first associated with Democrat Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential campaign. His opponents called him a jackass (a donkey), and Jackson decided to use the image of the strong-willed animal on his campaign posters. Later, cartoonist Thomas Nast used the Democratic donkey in newspaper cartoons and made the symbol famous.

• Nast invented another famous symbol—the Republican elephant. In a cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1874, Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion's skin, scaring away all the animals at the zoo. One of those animals, the elephant, was labeled “The Republican Vote.” That's all it took for the elephant to become associated with the Republican Party.

Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson

Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree

Jackson in Mourning for His Jackson in Mourning for His WifeWife

Jackson in Mourning for His Jackson in Mourning for His WifeWife

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

The Center of Population in The Center of Population in thethe

Country Moves Country Moves WESTWEST

The Center of Population in The Center of Population in thethe

Country Moves Country Moves WESTWEST

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

3 The Planter Elite in the SouthThe Planter Elite in the South

3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier

3 Artisans [competition from factory Artisans [competition from factory labor].labor].

3 State Politicians State Politicians spoils systemspoils system To the victor belong the spoils of the

enemy! [William Marcy of NY]

3 Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson as Satan Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Dangles the Spoils of

Victory over his Victory over his SupportersSupporters

Jackson as Satan Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Dangles the Spoils of

Victory over his Victory over his SupportersSupporters

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” “establishment,” monopolies, & special monopolies, & special privilege.privilege.

3 His heart & soul was with His heart & soul was with thethe“plain folk.”“plain folk.”

3 Belief that the common man Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon was capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

• http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/glossary/

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

The The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne DebateThe The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne Debate

Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster

[MA][MA]

Sen. Robert Sen. Robert

HayneHayne[SC][SC]

1830183018301830 WebsterWebster::

Liberty and Union, now Liberty and Union, now andand forever, one and forever, one and inseparable.inseparable. JacksonJackson:: Our Federal Union—it must Our Federal Union—it must bebe preserved. preserved.

CalhounCalhoun:: The Union, next to our The Union, next to our liberty,liberty, most dear. most dear.

Calhoun Ascends the Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads to Platform that Leads to

DespotismDespotism

Calhoun Ascends the Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads to Platform that Leads to

DespotismDespotism

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

3 1832 --> new tariff1832 --> new tariff

3 South Carolina’s South Carolina’s reactionreaction??

3 Jackson’s responseJackson’s response??

3 Clay’s “Compromise” Clay’s “Compromise” TariffTariff??

Clays Sews Up Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth Jackson’s Mouth (1834)(1834)

Clays Sews Up Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth Jackson’s Mouth (1834)(1834)

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal3 Jackson’s GoalJackson’s Goal??

3 1830 1830 Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act

3 Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831)(1831) ** “domestic dependent “domestic dependent nation”nation”

3 Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832)(1832)

3 Jackson:Jackson: John Marshall has made hisJohn Marshall has made his decision, now let him decision, now let him enforce enforce it! it!

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal

The Grand National The Grand National Caravan Moving WestCaravan Moving WestThe Grand National The Grand National

Caravan Moving WestCaravan Moving West

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)

Jackson’s Jackson’s Professed “Love” Professed “Love”

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

Jackson’s Jackson’s Professed “Love” Professed “Love”

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

Jackson’s Use of Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

Jackson’s Use of Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

VETOVETO

1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle

[an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia]

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

3 state bankers state bankers feltfeltit restrained it restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

3 supported rapid supported rapid

economic economic growth growth & speculation.& speculation.

3 felt that coin was felt that coin was

the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.

3 didn’t like any didn’t like any bankbankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.

3 suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.

• In the late 1820s a titanic clash erupted between President Jackson and bank President Nicholas Biddle. On one side was Andrew Jackson, Old Hickory, and his supporters who claimed the Bank was a threat to the republic due to its economic power. State bankers felt the central bank's influence frustrated their ability to function. Westerners and farmers claimed the bank was a baleful tool of city folks and overseas interests.

• Ultimately Jackson triumphed when he vetoed

Congress's 1832 recharter. Jackson considered his 1832 election triumph over pro-bank candidate Henry Clay a mandate of his anti-bank policy. The bank ceased to function in 1836

The “Monster” Is The “Monster” Is

DestroyedDestroyed!!The “Monster” Is The “Monster” Is

DestroyedDestroyed!!3 ““Pet Banks”Pet Banks”

3 1832 1832 Jackson Jackson vetoed the vetoed the extension of the 2extension of the 2ndnd National National Bank of the United States.Bank of the United States.

3 1836 1836 the charter expired. the charter expired.

3 1841 1841 the bank went the bank went bankrupt!bankrupt!

The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”

The Bank & the 1832 The Bank & the 1832 ElectionElection

The Bank & the 1832 The Bank & the 1832 ElectionElection

3 Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!block his re-election!

Biddle & his associates preferred Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Clay.

Jackson refused to sign the bill to Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.re-charter.

The Bank is trying to destroy me, The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!but I will destroy it!

Jackson drops Calhoun and runs Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.with Martin Van Buren.

BUT, both parties [Democrats & BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!many of the issues of the day!

3 Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!block his re-election!

Biddle & his associates preferred Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Clay.

Jackson refused to sign the bill to Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.re-charter.

The Bank is trying to destroy me, The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!but I will destroy it!

Jackson drops Calhoun and runs Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.with Martin Van Buren.

BUT, both parties [Democrats & BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!many of the issues of the day!

An An 1832 1832

CartoonCartoon::

““KingKingAndrewAndrew

””??

An An 1832 1832

CartoonCartoon::

““KingKingAndrewAndrew

””??

Positions on the Key Positions on the Key Issues of 1832Issues of 1832

Positions on the Key Positions on the Key Issues of 1832Issues of 1832WHIGSWHIGS DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS

• Less concerned about the Less concerned about the widening gap between rich widening gap between rich and poor.and poor.

• Opposed “liberal capitalism” Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it because they believed it would lead to economic would lead to economic chaos.chaos.

• Strong national govt. to Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding coordinate the expanding economy was critical.economy was critical.

• Opposes Indian removal.Opposes Indian removal.• Favored tariffs.Favored tariffs.• Supported a National Bank.Supported a National Bank.

• Felt the widening gap Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was between rich and poor was alarming.alarming.

• Believed that bankers, Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections used their govt. connections to line their own pockets.to line their own pockets.

• Govt. should have a hands-Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the economy off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a to allow the little guy a chance to prosper.chance to prosper.

• For Indian removal.For Indian removal.• Oppose tariffs.Oppose tariffs.• States’ rights.States’ rights.• Oppose federal support for Oppose federal support for

internal improvements.internal improvements.• Opposed the National Bank.Opposed the National Bank.

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults

The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults

Martin Van Martin Van BurenBuren

““Old Old Kinderhook”Kinderhook”

[O. K.][O. K.]

The Specie Circular (1836)The Specie Circular (1836)The Specie Circular (1836)The Specie Circular (1836)

3 Speculators created Speculators created “wildcat “wildcat banks” banks” that fueled the that fueled the runaway inflation.runaway inflation.

3 So, buy future federal land So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.only with gold or silver.

This move shocked the This move shocked the system.system.

3 Jackson’s goal Jackson’s goal to curb the to curb the land speculation.land speculation.

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

$ Banknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.

$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

$ Credit not available.Credit not available.

$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!Hits Everyone!

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!Hits Everyone!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Quickly!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Quickly!

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845