Name Date

Genetic Code Notes Period

Genetic Code Notes

Warm Up – What does the image above represent? State 2 facts you observe in the image.

Slide #2 – Basic Units of Hereditary:

1.DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) – Material of the chromosomes that contains all the

information encoded in the sequences of

1. for passing genetic information from generation to generation

2.Located in of a cell

3.Double shape (twisted ladder)

4.Nitrogen bases are attached by weak bonds

5.Composed of a long chain of nucleotides

Slide #3 – Major Components of DNA:

Slide #4 – Nucleotides:

1.Each nucleotide is composed of three parts – group, 5-carbon

sugar and 1 of 4 bases

2.Four nitrogen base options are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)

3.DNA Base Pairing Rule :

Adenine (A) -

Guanine (G) -

Slide #5 – Packaging of DNA:

(Nucleotide

The 3 major components of DNA are:

- Phosphate

1.To allow the DNA to be tightly packed, it will coil around proteins called

.

2.A segment of the DNA wrapped around a histone forms a

.

3.A is made up of many nucleosomes in a row

Slide #6 – Genetic Code:

1.Genetic Code – Hereditary information upon the

of the different nucleotides in DNA molecule

1. to the cell to make certain proteins

2.Triplet codes – arrangement of groups of nucleotide bases

3.Production of one type of protein is controlled by a

(order) of nucleotide triplets

4.Sequence of nucleotides = a

Slide #7 – DNA & RNA

Alphabet DNA Code

Letters Nucleotides

Words Three nucleotides

Sentences Genes

Chapters Chromosomes

Book Nucleus

Slide #8 – Replication:

1.Replication – DNA makes exact of itself; Exact copies are

passed from parent to daughter cells

1.Occurs in and

2.Two strands that make up DNA double helix will ‘unzip’ by using the helicase enzyme

3.Bonds holding nitrogenous bases break, leaving the molecule in the form of two strands

of nucleotides

4.Each strand is a (template) for the new nucleotide strand

Slide #9 – Protein Synthesis:

1.Protein Synthesis – formation of molecules (chain of amino

acids) that occurs at cell’s ribosome

2.Proteins – long folded chains of amino acids in a specific sequence.

3. = Shape =

Slide #10 – Transcription, Translation & Protein Synthesis: See attached.

Slide #11 – Protein Synthesis:

1. Contains the sugar ribose

2. Contains the nitrogen bases adenine (A), cytosine (C),

1. Contains the sugar deoxyribose

2. Contains the nitrogen bases adenine (A),

RNADNA

1.Transcription :

1.DNA acts as a and messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the

specific sequence so that the sequence can be brought out of the nucleus

2.mRNA travels out of and attaches to a ribosome.

is two large to travel freely outside the nucleus

2.Translation :

1.Based upon the mRNA , the corresponding transfer RNA

(tRNA) -codon will be brought over to the ribosome

2.The codon & anti-codon relationship correlates to a specific acid

3.Protein Synthesis :

1.Amino acids are connected into by bonds to form a protein

2.The specific sequence of amino acids = shape of protein = function of

Slide #12 – Codon (mRNA) Amino Acid Chart:

Slide #14 – Hereditary & Genes:

1.In order for genetic information to be passed from generation to generation, it must be

accurately before being passed from parent to offspring

2.Heredity – of genetic information from parent to offspring

1.Hereditary information is contained in , located in the chromosomes

2.Genes – a sequence of in DNA that carries coded

hereditary information; codes for a protein and therefore determines a inherited trait

(characteristics)

3.An inherited can be determined by one or by many genes, and a single

gene can influence more than one trait

Slide #15 – Chromosomes:

1.Homologous chromosomes – pairs of chromosomes

that carry the same characteristics (but not necessarily the

same )

1. homologous chromosome

is received from each parent

2.Alleles – pairs of genes that carry the same

and are found at the same

location (loci) on pairs of homologous chromosomes

3.Sister chromatid – two copies of a strand of DNA connected

together by a centromere

Slide #16 – Karyotypes:

1.Karyotypes – photo displaying the number and

appearance of the homologues chromosomes in a cell

2. Karyotypes can be used to determine if any

chromosomal abnormalities are present

3. Humans have 46 chromosomes in body cells (diploid =

2n) and 23 chromosomes in sex cells (haploid = n).

4. Having the amount of

chromosomes can result in genetic abnormalities

Slide #17 – Inherited Traits:

1.Gregor Mendel, “father of genetics” developed the Genes Chromosome Theory

1.In reproduction, during fertilization, the male and female

parents genetic information to zygote. Therefore, one-half

of genetic information is received from each parent

2.Determined some traits are always expressed when the allele is present in the cell

( Trait ) and some traits are hidden by the dominant trait

( Trait )

3.Dominant trait is written as an letter

4.Recessive trait is written as a letter

5.Species Chromosome Number – each body cell of an organism normally contains the

same number of chromosomes as each body cell in the parent organism (unique to a

species)

Slide #18 – Punnett Squares:

1.Punnett Square – diagram that is used to predict an of a particular cross

or breeding experiment

1.Each box corresponds to % of the offspring population

2.Types of Pairs –

1.Homogenous Dominant (BB) – alleles are present

and the dominant trait is expressed

2.Homogenous Recessive (bb) – alleles are present

and the recessive trait is expressed

3.Heterogeneous (Bb) – one and one allele

is present and the dominant trait is expressed (the recessive trait is overshadowed by the

dominant trait)

Slide #19 – Hereditary and Environment:

1.Genes determine an organism’s heredity, the expression of genes can be modified by

interactions between and their

2.Himalayan rabbit fur color can be affected by . The gene for

black fur is active at low temperatures.

Slide #20 – Variation:

1.Reproduction results in new organisms that closely their parents.

However, within each species there will be some (differences)

in traits

2.Types of Reproduction:

1.Asexual reproduction – Involves only parent so genetic material is

copied from single parent (little to no variation; variation

possible from mutations)

2.Sexual reproduction – Involves parents so it brings together genetic traits

from two parents to produce an organism with a combination of traits

1.Offspring its parents but is also different

2.Genetic variations are responsible for species survival and

play an important role in evolution

Slide #21 – Mutations:

1.Mutation – any or mistake in the genes or chromosomes of an

organisms that can be

1. and recombination of genes during meiosis and

fertilization produce a greater variety of gene combinations

2.Results in variation (diversity) among organisms (ie: biodiversity)

3.Random chance events that occur naturally or be caused mutagenic agents

4.Mutagenic agents – cellular mutations. Examples – x-rays,

ultraviolet light, radioactive substances, chemicals, asbestos fibers, drugs, alcohol

2.Changes produce new characteristics ( variation)

Slide #22 – Mutations:

1.To be inherited, the mutation must occur in the cells. If they

only occur in body cells, the mutation will only be passed on to other body cells (not any

future offspring).

2.Most mutations are harmful because mutations upset normal cell function

3.A beneficial mutation is one that results in traits that make an organism

adapted to its environment

1.The World’s Strongest Toddler – (0 – 2.0 min, 12:40 – 17:00, 24:30 – 27:00, 29:00-

30:00) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEhzoCOqZJ8

Slide #23 – Gene and Chromosome Mutations:

1.Gene Mutation - A in the genetic code of DNA

2.Chromosome Mutations – occur when there is a change in the or structure of

chromosomes

Slide #25 – Linkage & Crossing Over:

Mutation Cause

Crossing Over Chromatids break, exchange segments, and rejoin during meiosis.

Linked genes are separated resulting in variations among offspring

Nondisjunction Pairs of homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

resulting in gametes containing 1 chromosome more or less

Down syndrome Nondisjunction of human chromosomes #21. Offspring has an extra

chromosome

Polyploidy An entire set of chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis. The

resulting gamete contains twice the normal chromosome number. Fatal

in animal offspring. In plants, offspring often larger or more vigorous

than normal plants.

Deletions A chromosome segment is lost

Translocation A chromosome breaks off and becomes reattached to nonhomologous

chromosomes

Inversion A chromosome segment breaks off and becomes reattached at a new

point on the original chromosomes

1.Linkage – traits located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited

2.Crossing-over – chromatids break, exchange segments and rejoin during meiosis. Linked genes

are separated resulting in among offspring

1.Mitosis – type of cell division that results in two daughter cells

to the parent cell and to each other (Video -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0 )

2.Meiosis – type of cell division in which the daughter cells contain

the number of chromosomes found in the parent cell; occurs only in

formation (Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0 )

3.Meiosis & Crossing over Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= pdJUvagZjYA