Multi-Cellular OrganismsSarah Jones

http://raveshades.com/wp

Organs and their Function

Organs perform functions necessary for us to stay alive OR they contribute to our wellbeing.

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BONES - The bones provide 5 functions. They protect other vital organs. Support the body in an upright position. They are attached to muscles to help provide movement of the body. Bone marrow produces blood and stores salt.http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255w03/cs255students/nsovey/p4/facts2.html

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BRAIN - The brain is the master control centre of the body. It receives information through the senses from inside and outside of the body. It analyses this information then sends messages to the body that controls its functions and actions.

EARS - The ear converts sound which enters the ear canal, from mechanical vibrations into electrical signals that the brain interprets. The ear also contains a fluid that is vital for balance.

www.bbc.co.uk

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete chemical messages called hormones.

EPITHELAIL TISSUE - Membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells forming the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs.

EYES - The eyes collect light and then sends a message to the brain for integration.

GALL BLADDER - A small, pear-shaped muscular sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion.

HEART - The chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system to supply oxygen to the body.

KIDNEYS - A pair of organs functioning to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes, which are then excreted as urine.

LARGE INTESTINES - Beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as faeces.

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LIVER - A large, reddish-brown, organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity that secretes bile and is active in the formation of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

LUNGS – Two spongy, saclike respiratory organs in most vertebrates, occupying the chest cavity together with the heart and functioning to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and provide it with oxygen.

MUSCLES - A tissue composed of fibres capable of contracting to effect bodily movement.

NERVOUS SYSTEM - The system of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg

NOSE – Contains the nostrils and organs of smell and forms the beginning of the respiratory tract.

PANCREAS - A long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream.

www.ojmedical.com

SKIN - The membranous tissue forming the external covering or integument of an animal and consisting of the epidermis and dermis.

SMALL INTERTINES - The upper portion of the bowel, in which the process of digestion is practically completed. It is narrow and contorted, and consists of three parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_layers.svg

SPINAL CORD - The thick, whitish cord of nerve tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata down through the spinal column and from which the spinal nerves branch off to various parts of the body.

STOMACH – One of the principal organs of digestion, located between the oesophagus and the small intestine.

www.spinalhub.com.au

Body Systems

http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Our-Senses/Body-systems

A body system is a collection of parts able to work together to serve a common purpose –growth, reproduction and survival.

Each part of a system depends on the other parts to perform tasks that can’t be achieved by single parts acting alone.

Each individual system works in conjunction with other systems to improve our chances of survival by maintaining a stable internal body environment. This stable environment is known as homeostasis. http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Our-Senses/Body-systems

Respiratory Systems

www.ibtimes.co.uk

Respiratory System

• Your body uses the glucose from the food you digest as a source of energy.

• Glucose reacts with oxygen to produce energy– this process is called respiration.

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

The dissolved food and oxygen required for respiration are carried around the body by the circulatory system.

• When you inhale your body is taking in the oxygen required for respiration.

• When you exhale your body is removing the waste product of respiration – carbon dioxide.

http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system

Circulatory System• Heart

• Blood Vessels

• Blood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel

• Oxygen that is required for respiration is transported to the body's cells.

• Carbon dioxide is carried away from the body's cells.

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The Heart

Double Circulation

• Left side of the heart pumps oxygen richblood to the body.

• Oxygen poor blood travels from the body to the rights side of the heart.

• The right side pumps the oxygen poor blood to the lungs.

• Oxygen rich blood returns to the left side of the heart.

• Called double circulation because during a single circuit of the body blood passes through the heart twice.

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Digestive System

Feature Herbivore Carnivore Nectar Feeder

Major chemical

composition of diet

Complex

carbohydrates

including cellulose

Proteins, fats Simple sugars,

protein

Teeth Large grinding

molars to crush food

Sharp canines and

molars for catching

and holding prey

Few teeth

Time in mouth Chewed for a long

period of time

Rapidly swallowed Rapidly swallowed

Feature Herbivore Carnivore Nectar Feeder

Time spent eating Most of the day Short feeding

period

Honey possums can

drink up to 20% of

their body mass in

minutes

Stomach Foregut fermenters

(ruminants e.g.

cattle) have four

chambered

stomach for

breakdown of

cellulose

Small, one

chambered

stomach

Two chambered

stomach, one may

be for nectar

storage

Intestines Hindgut fermenters

have enlarged

caecum for

breakdown of

cellulose

Short and

unspecialised

Large and small

intestines

indistinguishable,

no caecum

http://wordpress.as.edu.au/hmcphie/2013/05/22/comparison-of-mammals-digestive-systems/

http://healthfavo.com/digestive-system-for-kids.html

Physical Digestion

Teeth

– Premolars grind soft food

– Molars grind hard food

– Canines bite and tear

– Incisors cut food

Chemical Digestion

• Saliva is an enzyme.

• Enzymes speed up reactions.

• Different enzymes

– Carbohydrases digest carbohydrate

– Proteases digest protein

– Lipases digest fats (lipids)

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• Mouth – teeth, tongue and saliva• Swallow – food moves to the pharynx (back of

the mouth)• The epiglottis covers the trachea (to the lungs)• Food travels to stomach – containing hydrochloric

acid (mucus protects stomach lining)• Large molecules are digested

to produce small soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the blood.

• Particles travel from the stomach to the small intestine.

• Gastric juices are very acidic – mucus and bile stop the acid from damaging the lining of the small intestine.

• Bile is produced in the liver.

• The liver, gall bladder, pancreas and small intestine are all important for fat digestion.

• The small intestine is where to absorption of useful molecules occurs.

• The molecule pass across the lining of the small intestine and enter the blood stream.

• The food that enters the large intestine (colon) is waste material and water.

• The blood reabsorbs the excess water.

• The waste material passes to the rectum.

• From here the faeces passes out through the anus.

Excretory System

• The kidney plays a central role in homeostasis, forming and excreting urine while regulating water and salt concentration in the blood.

• It maintains the precise balance between waste disposal and an animal's needs for water and salt.

Ammonia, the nitrogenous waste product from protein metabolism in cells, is highly toxic and needs to be removed as quickly as possible or converted to a less harmful form.

Aquatic animals, fish and invertebrates mostly excrete ammonia. Ammonia is toxic, but can be released continuously (out of respiratory structures such as gills) and directly into the water.

On land, however, animals need to conserve water. By converting ammonia into less toxic forms, they can hold it for longer in the body and excrete it periodically.

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Internal structure of the kidney

• Mammals have two kidneys.

• Each kidney is made up of about one million small filtering units called nephrons. It is in these structures that urine is produced.

Nephron

museummonger.com

The starting point is a Bowman’s capsule, a small cup-shaped structure situated in the cortex. This leads to a narrow, convoluted tube which makes a loop in the medulla back up to the cortex and then joins a collecting duct or tubule. The collecting duct transports urine to the pelvis of the kidney, which leads to the ureter. The nephrons are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries.

The formation of urine - the kidneys continuously process an enormous volume of blood to form a small volume of urine. There are three processes in the formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption and secretion.

Asexual ReproductionAsexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only, it is reproduction which does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction or fertilisation.

https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Asexual_reproduction.html

b4fa.org

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction is characterised by processes that pass a combination of genetic material to offspring, resulting in increased genetic diversity. The two main processes are: meiosis, involving the halving of the number of chromosomes; and fertilization, involving the fusion of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes.

http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Sexual_reproduction.html

http://csls-text.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/12_01.html

The reproductive system in both males and females consists of structures that produce reproductive cells, or gametes, and secrete sex hormones. A gamete is a haploid cell that combines with another haploid gamete during fertilization. Sex hormones are chemical messengers that control sexual development and reproduction.

http://www.ck12.org/…

firststepskent.org

Male Reproductive System

www.scs.sk.ca

Female Reproductive System

www.ck12.org