Unit VIIConcept, Characteristic of

Multi – Media Technology and Innovations in Teaching and

Learning

M.VijayalakshmiAssistant Professor

Concept and Characteristics of Multi-media Technology – Multi-media packages in teacher training – Multi-media laboratory – need for multi-media laboratories in India – functions of multi-media laboratory – setting up of multi-media laboratory in class rooms – Personalized System of Instructions (PSI) – Meaning and Concept, origin and growth of PSI – Current status and Research on PSI – problems involved in using PSI in India – Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI), Meaning and Concept of LCI – Advantages and Limitations of LCI

Meaning of Multimedia• Coined by Bob Goldstein• Noun – a medium with multiple content

forms• Adjective – a medium as having multiple

content forms• Includes – combination of text, audio, still

images, animation, video and interactivity content forms

• Electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content

Definitions of Multimedia• Multimedia combines five basic types of

media into the learning environment: text, video, sound, graphics and animation, thus providing a powerful new tool for education

- http://www.yourdictionary.com/multimedia• A combination of media, as film, tape

recordings, slides and special lighting effects, used for entertainment or education

- http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/multimedia.html

Major characteristics of multimedia

Multimedia presentations

Broadcasts and recordings

Digital online multimedia

Streaming multimedia

Multimedia games and simulations

Elements of Multimedia in Education

Text

Sound

Video

Animation

Graphics

Categorization of Multimedia

Linear

Non-linear

Role of Teacher in Multimedia Technology

• Adopt new methods of teaching• Mastery over the use of different audio-visual aids,

software materials and hardware equipment etc• Needs a major shift from guide, advisor and

organizer to mere communicator, demonstrator or tutor

• Lead his students for independent individualized learning and make their learning a living and cooperative process

• Provides opportunity for Integrating theory and practice

Uses and Advantages of Multimedia• Making Education interesting, purposeful and

effective• Meeting the needs of the learners• Making the learning highly individualized and

self-dependent• Relieving teachers from the routine duties• Proper appealing and spreading education of

masses• Capable of providing advantages of both

group and individual learning

Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)

Meaning of PSI• System of instruction totally personalized or

individualized• System of instruction capable of providing

individualized instruction on personal basis to the individual learners for acquiring mastery over the subject matter according to their own pace by an individual teacher with the help of a few capable student learners called proctors

Concept of PSI

Concept of PSI

Flow Chart of Keller PlanClass assembly Introduction to Keller Plan

Student receives a unit & study guide

Discusses questions missed

Takes a Unittest

Studies at his own pace with the aid of lecturer when needed

When completesAll unit testSecures ‘B’

Takes Final Test

DiscussesProblemsNot measured

Go to next unit

Pass

Not Pass

Origin and Growth of PSI

• Professor Fred S. Keller and his associates J. G. Sherman in March 1963• Named as Keller Plan• Enlarged Scope – Programmed

Instruction• New and better system of Individualized

instruction

• Provide larger frames• More flexibility and adaptability to the

teaching-learning situations• Introduce a Personal-social element• Significant change in the role of

teacher as an engineer or contingency manager

Objectives of PSI

• Better personal-social relationship between the teacher and taught

• Better individual attention towards the individual learner in the shape of face to face and one to one personal contact

• Mastery over the subject matter of his learning with his own pace

• Provision for the frequent and prompt reinforcement to the learners

• Provision for the multimedia approach for providing information to the learner

• Teacher as a engineer or contingency manager

• Proper feedback to the teacher

Fundamental Elements and Characteristics of PSI

• Introduction of Personal element• Mastery Learning• Self-pacing• Provision and emphasis on written work• Limiting the use of lecture or oral communication• The provision of appropriate reinforcement• The use of the proctors• Reducing the problems of wastage and stagnation• Role of the teacher

The Mechanism of PSI• Explained the efficacy and usefulness of this system• In the beginning - Provide handout on the scheme• Behavioural Objectives – specified and clear• Arrange for the learning materials• Divide the course contents into proper units• Proper knowledge and access to the sources of

learning• Clearly explained to the students through verbal and

written instructions• Students asked to proceed on the path of learning by

studying the assigned unit

• Seek guidance from their teacher• Proceed with their own pace• Test – success – next successive course unit• Otherwise – study again – unless he attains

mastery• After getting mastery – picked by teacher –

trained for playing the role of proctors• Final test – award grade• To reinforce and motivate

Advantages and Effectiveness of PSI

• Helps the learner to work independently and according to their own pace

• Achieve mastery • More effective• Convergent thinking• More suitable – higher classes and college

courses• To exhibit better performance in terms of

retention• To acquire meaningful learning

• To acquire good study habits• To make quite responsible, disciplined and

sincere in the task of learning• To develop proper positive attitude towards

learning and education• Helps in introducing a very positive personal

social element in the process of learning• After getting mastery, selected as proctors,

the supervisor and guide – for fellow students

• Self-learning

Current status and Research on PSI

Difficulties and problems involved in using PSI in India

• Teachers are unknown to this system• Stiff opposition from the elders• Workability, feasibility and effect of this

system – not tested properly• So fear and resistance from the

traditionalists• Practical difficulties- classroom are too crowdy

- Course material, resource guides, test materials etc

- Teachers are over burdened- Lack of finances- No spacious class rooms and resources

related facilities• Responsible students are not available• Individual learner – misutilize the

freedom

Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI)

Meaning of LCIMethod of instruction controlled by the

learnerMethod of individualized instruction where

the learner exercises full control over the total process of instruction right from the setting of objectives, to their realization leading all the way throughout by making the teacher to assist or help him merely in the capacity of a good resource person

Concept of LCI

Procedure or Steps for LCI

• Decision about the initial behaviour• Decision about the setting of objectives• Selection and sequencing of the

learning experiences• Evaluation of the instructional process

Advantages of LCI

• Provides better individualized instruction• Helps in proper identification of the initial

behaviour• Helps in setting the meaningful objectives• Provides opportunity to develop own

sequence of learning• Helps in maintaining proper interest and

motivation

• Helps in the establishment of harmonious relationship between teacher and taught

• Helps in solving various class room problems

• Helps in the inculcation of good habits• Helps in saving time and energy• Helps in gaining useful and practical

learning experiences

Limitations of LCI

• Difficulty in catering the needs of the individual learners

• Difficulty on account of the role of the students

• Limitation on the part of the teachers • Not practicable in the present

educational set-up

Credit to the Sources

Images are taken from INTERNET Sources