Municipal Administration N5

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N5

MunicipalAdministration

A Kruger


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Published by

Future Managers (Pty) Ltd

PO Box 13194, Mowbray, 7705

el (021) 462 3572

Fax (021) 462 3681

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.uturemanagers.net

FutureManagers

Future Managers 2013

All rights reserved. No part o this book may be reproduced in any orm, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, or otherwise, without prior permission o the copyright owner.

o copy any part o this publication, you may contact DALRO or inormation and copyright clearance.Any unauthorised copying could lead to civil liability and/or criminal sanctions.

elephone: 086 12 DALRO (rom within South Arica); +27 (0)11 712-8000eleax: +27 (0)11 403-9094Postal Address: P O Box 31627, Braamontein, 2017, South Aricawww.dalro.co.za

ISBN 978-1-77581-042-1

Tis book was compiled or students studying towards the National Certicate in Public Management N5at FE colleges. Te book was compiled using the syllabus or Municipal Administration N5.

First published 2013


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Contents

Module 1 The origin o municipal authorities1. Origin o municipal authorities ............................................................................................................................ 2

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 21.2 Development o urban areas ....................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 Up to the end o the 18th century ................................................................................................. 21.2.2 Te 19th century .............................................................................................................................. 21.3 Te stages o development o urban areas ................................................................................................. 3

1.3.1 Division o urban areas into sections or parts .......................................................................... 41.3.2 Squatter camps ................................................................................................................................. 41.3.3 Slums ................................................................................................................................................. 51.3.4 ribal villages ................................................................................................................................... 5

1.4 Origin o towns and cities............................................................................................................................ 61.4.1 Characteristics o the development o towns and cities ............................................................. 6

1.5 Procedures and conditions or development in a town/city ................................................................... 81.5.1 Te procedure or the establishment/development o a town or city ...................................... 91.5.2 Conditions imposed on applications or new development ...................................................... 9

1.5.3 Control over buildings and requirements or buildings ............................................................. 91.6 Te emergence o local authorities ........................................................................................................... 10

1.6.1 Local authorities during the transer o authority rom the Dutch to the British ................ 111.7 Regional services councils ......................................................................................................................... 11

1.7.1 Financing o regional service councils........................................................................................ 111.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 11

Review questions ........................................................................................................................................................ 12

Module 2 Reason or existence o municipal authorities1. Te reason or existence o local government .................................................................................................. 14

1.2. Reasons or existence o municipalities ................................................................................................... 141.3. Summary................................. ..................................................................................................................... 15

Review question ....... ................................................................................................................................................... 15

Module 3 Environment in which municipal authorities unction

1. Environment in which municipal authorities unction .................................................................................. 181.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 181.2 Environmental actors ................................................................................................................................ 18

1.2.1 Physical actor ................................................................................................................................ 181.2.2 Social actor .................................................................................................................................... 201.2.3 Economic actor ............................................................................................................................. 211.2.4 Judicial actor ................................................................................................................................ 221.2.5 Political actor ................................................................................................................................ 22

1.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 23

Review questions ........................................................................................................................................................ 23

Module 4 The structure o a local authority1. Services rendered by and powers o, municipal authorities ........................................................................... 26

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 261.2 Structure o a local authority ..................................................................................................................... 261.3 Characteristics o services ......................................................................................................................... 27

1.4 Classication o services ............................................................................................................................ 271.4.1 Ambulance services ....................................................................................................................... 281.4.2 Cemeteries and crematoria .......................................................................................................... 28


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1.4.3 Electricity ........................................................................................................................................ 291.4.4 Environmental pollution .............................................................................................................. 291.4.5 Health services ............................................................................................................................... 301.4.6 Housing ........................................................................................................................................... 311.4.7 Library services .............................................................................................................................. 321.4.8 Licences ........................................................................................................................................... 321.4.9 Parks and sports grounds ............................................................................................................. 33

1.4.10 Rubbish and night-soil removal .................................................................................................. 331.4.11 own and city planning ............................................................................................................... 341.4.12 Water provision ............................................................................................................................. 34

1.5 Powers o municipal authorities ............................................................................................................... 351.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 35

Module 5 Levels o government1. Relations between municipal authorities and between municipalities and other

levels o the hierarchy .......................................................................................................................................... 381.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 381.2 Levels o government ................................................................................................................................. 38

1.3 Relations between local authorities and central government institutions. ......................................... 391.3.1 Te role o Parliament .................................................................................................................. 401.3.2 Role o the State President ............................................................................................................ 401.3.3 Role o Cabinet .............................................................................................................................. 40

1.4 Te relationship between local authorities and provincial government institutions ........................ 411.5. Relations and co-operation with other local authorities ....................................................................... 411.6 Conclusion...... ............................................................................................................................................. 42

Review questions ......................................................................................................................................................... 42

Module 6 Who has the right to vote or qualifes as a voter1. Municipal elections .............................................................................................................................................. 44

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 441.2 Right to vote (voter qualications) ........................................................................................................... 44

1.2.1 Reasons or disqualication o voter ........................................................................................... 441.3 Voters roll .................................................................................................................................................... 45

1.3.1. Procedure or preparing a voters roll ......................................................................................... 451.4 Electoral wards ............................................................................................................................................ 451.5 Elections ....................................................................................................................................................... 46

1.5.1 Activities prior to election day ..................................................................................................... 461.5.2 Election day .................................................................................................................................... 48

1.6 Party politics ................................................................................................................................................ 511.6.1 Advantages o political party involvement in municipal elections ......................................... 51

1.6.2 Disadvantages o political party involvement in municipal elections .................................... 511.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 52


Module 7 Councillors1. Municipal councillors .......................................................................................................................................... 54

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 541.2 Qualications needed to be elected as councillor .................................................................................. 541.3 Reasons or being disqualied rom election as a councillor ............................................................... 541.4 Conditions under which councillors serve / Code o conduct ............................................................. 54

1.4.1 General conduct o councillors.................................................................................................... 551.4.2 Attendance at meetings................................................................................................................. 55


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1.4.3 Sanctions or non-attendance o meetings ................................................................................. 551.4.4 Withdrawal rom meetings .......................................................................................................... 551.4.5 Vested interest in council contracts ............................................................................................ 551.4.6 Personal gain .................................................................................................................................. 561.4.7 Declaration o interest ................................................................................................................... 561.4.8 Councillors acting as agents ......................................................................................................... 561.4.9 Bribery and corruption ................................................................................................................. 56

1.4.10 Exemption rom personal liability .............................................................................................. 561.4.11 Appointment as an ocial o a council ...................................................................................... 571.4.12 Rewards, gis and avours ............................................................................................................ 571.4.13 Unauthorised disclosure o inormation .................................................................................... 571.4.14 Intervention in administration .................................................................................................... 571.4.15 Council property ........................................................................................................................... 57

1.5 Status o councillors ................................................................................................................................... 571.6 Functions o councillors ............................................................................................................................ 58

1.6.1 Representation ............................................................................................................................... 581.6.2 Participation in committees ......................................................................................................... 581.6.3 Deliberation in council meetings ................................................................................................ 58

1.6.4 Public liaison .................................................................................................................................. 591.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 59


Module 8 Mayors1. Oce-bearers o municipal councils ................................................................................................................. 62

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 621.2 Te mayor .................................................................................................................................................... 62

1.2.1 Election o mayor (executive or non-executive mayor) ........................................................... 621.2.2 Functions and powers o executive mayors ............................................................................... 63

1.3 Deputy mayors ............................................................................................................................................ 641.4 Chairpersons o committees ..................................................................................................................... 641.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 64


Module 9 Committee system1. Committee systems o muncipal councils ........................................................................................................ 68

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 681.2. Te executive committee (previously known as the single or management committee) ................. 68

1.2.1 Composition o the executive committee................................................................................... 681.2.2 Powers and unctions o the executive committee .................................................................... 68

1.2.3 Advantages ..................................................................................................................................... 691.2.4 Disadvantages ................................................................................................................................ 69

1.3 Committees to assist executive committees or executive mayors (previously known asmultiple committees) ................................................................................................................................. 691.3.1 Advantages o the multiple committee system (portolio committees) ................................. 711.3.2 Disadvantages o the multiple committee system .................................................................... 71

1.4 Metropolitan sub-councils ...................................................................................................................... 711.4.1 Composition o metropolitan sub-councils ............................................................................... 711.4.2 Functions and powers o sub-councils ....................................................................................... 72

1.5 Ward committees ........................................................................................................................................ 731.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 74


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Module 10 Meeting procedures o municipal councils1. Meeting procedures o municipal councils ....................................................................................................... 76

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 761.2 Rules o meeting procedures / standing orders ...................................................................................... 761.3 Reports ......................................................................................................................................................... 771.4 Notice o meeting ....................................................................................................................................... 78

1.5 Agenda ......................................................................................................................................................... 781.5.1 Format o agenda ........................................................................................................................... 781.5.2 Compilation o the agenda ........................................................................................................... 791.5.3 Rules or submission o agenda items. ........................................................................................ 801.5.4 Diferent agendas or the same meeting ..................................................................................... 801.5.5 Statutory provisions ...................................................................................................................... 80

1.6 Minutes ........................................................................................................................................................ 801.6.1 Order o items ................................................................................................................................ 811.6.2 Content ........................................................................................................................................... 811.6.3 ypes o minutes ............................................................................................................................ 821.6.4 Compilation ................................................................................................................................... 821.6.5 Indexing .......................................................................................................................................... 821.6.6 Statutory provisions ..................................................................................................................... 83

1.7 Chairman .................................................................................................................................................... 831.7.1 Functions o the chairperson ....................................................................................................... 831.7.2 Powers o chairman ...................................................................................................................... 841.7.3 Cycle o events during a meeting ................................................................................................ 84

1.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 85


Bibliography............ ................................................................................................................................... 87

Symbol key

Sel-activity

Group activity

Remember/Denition

Did you know?

Note

Discussion Point/Pause or Tought

Example

Case study


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1. Origin of municipal authorities

1.1 Introduction

All o us live in a town, city or urban area. Te development o municipal authorities in South

Arica has an interesting history, dating back to 1652.

Tis is not a history lesson on local government, but we need to have a basic understanding o howmunicipal authorities arrived at the state on which they were, by 1993.

1.2 Development of urban areas

1.2.1 Up to the end of the 18th century

WhenJanVanRiebeecksetfootattheCapeofGoodHopein1652,nocommunitieswereyetestablished. CapeTownwasthersturbanareatobedevelopedinSouthernAfrica. eDutchsettlersgovernedthecolonyfrom1652till1795,andforashortperiodfrom1803till1806,onacentralisedbasis.

Asystemconsistingoflanddrostenandheemradenwasestablished,wheredecisionsweremadewith majority vote.

elanddrostwasagovernmentocialwithlocalfunctions. eheemradenwerewhitecitizensappointedbygovernor.Inlateryearstheheemradenwere

elected. issystemwastakenbytheVoortrekkerstotheBoerRepublicsandwasusedtillreplacedbyBritishsystems.

1.2.2 The 19th century

From1795till1803,andagainfrom1806till1910,theBritishruledthecoloniesandinuencedthe development o local government.

eVoortrekkersmovedtotheeastandnorthofthecolonyandintheprocessurbanareaswerecreated.

PortElizabethwascreatedasamilitarystationin1799,andaerthearrivaloftheBritishSettlersin1920,developedquickly.

Durbanwascreatedin1828,aerKingChakaoftheZuluscededtheareawhereDurbanislocated,toNathanielIsaacs.

In1839PietermaritzburgbecamethecapitalofNatal. BloemfonteinwasdevelopedandbecamethecapitaloftheOrangeFreeStatein1846. Kimberleydevelopedaerthediscoveryofdiamondsin1867. Johannesburgwasestablishedaerthediscoveryofgoldin1886. In1855PretoriabecamethecapitalofTransvaal.

Ordinancesthatsetouttheprinciplesoflocaltaxandtheelectionofcouncillors,werepassedinthetwoBritishColoniesoftheCapeandNatal.In1854anewordinancewhichwasbasedonthelocalgovernmentlawsinEngland,waspassedintheNatalcolony.


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For the frst time in South Arica the ollowing concepts were established:

Townswereconstitutedaslegalcorporatebodies. Representativeswereelectedbyvotersregisteredonavotersroll. etowncouncildecidedonlocaltax(rates)leviedonvaluedproperties. Auditorshadtoaudittransactionsofallmunicipalactivities. eTownClerkandotherseniorocialswereappointedandnotelectedatapublicmeeting. ecommitteesystemofmakingdecisionswasintroduced.

1.3 The stages of development of urban areas

Urbanareaswentthroughdierentstages,fromafewpeoplelivingtogether,tothousandslivinginasmallarea.estagescanbeidentiedasfollows:

Hamlet:Asmallsettlementinaruralareawithonlyafewhouses

Village:Agroupofhousesandassociatedbuildings,largerthanahamletandsmallerthanatown,situatedinaruralarea.

Town:Anurbanareathathasaname,denedboundariesandamunicipality-itislargerthanavillageandsmallerthanacity

City:Alargeurbanareawithalargepopulationandbusinesses

Formanyyearspeoplelivedinsmallvillagesoronfarmsandhadtosatisfytheirownneeds.

ebasicneedsthathadtobesatisedwere:

Water:Peoplehadtofetchandcarrytheirownwaterfromstreamsorrivers. Lighting:Fires,candlesandparanlampswereusedforlighting. Heatenergy:Firewoodwascollectedforresorcoalwasboughtforstovesandparanfor lampsandprimusstoves. Foodandmeat:Animalswereslaughteredformeat,andmaize,grains,fruitandvegetableswere grownforownuse.

Peopleonfarmsprovidedforthemselvesand,withtheassistanceofneighboursandfamily,couldproducetheirownfood.Asthenumberofpeopleincreasedonthefarms,therewasnotenoughworkforeverybodyandsomepeoplemovedtourbanareastondwork.ismovementtourbanareastondwork(urbanisation)isthereasonforthedevelopmentoftownsandcities.

Whitepeoplecouldaordtobuyorrenthousesintownsandcities.ColouredandBlackpeoplewhocouldnotaordtobuyorrenthouses,erecteddwellingswhichtheycouldaord.eseareaswerecalledlocationsandlatertownships.

Hamlet

Atownshipisusuallyatownorpartofatown.Historically,townshipinSouthAfricareferredtoanurbanresidentialareacreatedforblackmigrantlabour,beyondthetownorcitylimits.Referenceissometimesmadetoblacktownship,colouredtownshipandIndiantownship,meaningthatthesesettlementswerecreatedforthesepopulationgroups.Bycontrast,thewhitepopulationresidedinsuburbs.Informalsynonymsfortownshiparelocation,lokasie,ilogishi.

Generally,everytown/cityhasoneorseveraltownshipsassociatedwithit.(www.statssa.gov.za)


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1.3.1 Division of urban areas into sections or parts

Most urban areas developed in the same manner with certain sections and parts which can beidentiedasfollows:

Suburbs:areasreservedfordivisionintobuildingstands(plots)forhousesandchurches

Streetsandsidewalksforvehiclesandpedestrians

Parks,sportsgroundsandcemeteries

Businessareas:areaszonedforbusinesses,usuallywithacentralbusinessdistrict(CBD)

Industrialsites:areasdividedintoindustrialsitesforfactories

Publicbuildings:areasforschools,libraries,museums,prisons,magistrateocesandrailwaystations

Activity 1Identifyallthedierentsections/partsoftheurbanareathatyoupassedthroughfromthetimeyoulehometilltheyougottocollege,aswellasthoseyouwentontovisitduringtheday.

isorderlydivisionofurbanareasiscalledland-usezoningandisimportantinareaswherealargenumber o people live and work together.

A town plan is prepared or the area indicating the purpose and use o each piece o land, e.g.Suburb, business area, etc.

eareasreservedforsuburbsmustbedividedintosmallstands(plots)whichpeoplecanbuyto build houses on.

Duetoalargerdemandforplots,thepricewillincrease. Inanyurbanareatherearecertainareaswithlargerplotsforricherpeople. Smaller and more afordable plots will also be made available.

1.3.2 Squatter camps

Squatter campscanbedenedasunplannedsettlements,consistingmainlyofinformaldwellings(shacks),onlandwhichhasnotbeensurveyedorproclaimedasresidential.

Withthemovementofpeoplefromthefarmsandruralareastotheurbanareas,problemsareexperiencedwithsucientandsuitablehousing.Normallypeoplewillbuyaplotandbuildahouse,orbuyorrentahouseorat.

Alotofpeopledonothavethemeanstobuyorbuildhousesandhavetondashelterorplacetostay.Urbanareasalsodonothaveenoughhousingavailablefortheinuxofpeopletotheseareas.InSouthAfrica,peoplehavestartedbuildingsheltersonanyopenpieceofland,whichusuallybelongs to the local authority or a private individual. Any type o material like cardboard, timber,

tins or plastic is used to build shelters. Tis type o inormal erection o dwellings, is called asquattercamp.


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Characteristics of squatter camps eareaisnotdividedintobuildingstandsor

plots. Nostreetsarefound. Noprovisionismadeforessentialservices

suchaswater,electricityandrubbishandnightsoilremoval.

edwellingserectedarenotsafe.Ifarebreaksoutinoneofthedwellings,itspreadsquicklytotheneighbouringdwellings.

Peopleinvadelandanddonotpayforit. Livingconditionsintheseareasarevery

unhealthybecausealotofpeopleliveinasmallarea.

ehousesarebuiltveryclosetooneanother.isresultsintheareabeingverydenselypopulatedandhavingahighcrimerate.

Squattercampsarenottheidealsolution,buttheyprovidehousingforalargenumberofpeoplewhocannotaordanythingelse.Ifmunicipalitiestrytorelocatepeopletheygetalotofresistancebecausethesquatterspreferlivingintheseconditions.Solutions for squatter camps Upgradesquattercampsintoproperurbanareas. Divideopenlandintobuildingstands. Improveconstructionofdwellings. Providestreetsandessentialservices. estatecanmakefullyservicedstandsavailabletopeople. Properbuildingmaterialscanbemadeavailable.

1.3.3 Slums

Slumsdevelopwhenpeopleneglecttheirhousesorotherbuildingsandallowthemtodeterioratetosuchanextentthattheybecomedangeroustolivein.

Povertyisthemainreasonfortheappearanceofslums. emunicipalitiesshouldhavestrictrulesandmeasuresinplacetopreventpeoplefrom

endangeringotherpeopleslivesbyerectingunsafebuildingsorneglectingproperties. Ifmunicipalitiesdiscoveraslum,theownerofthepropertymustbeorderedtorepair,cleanor

upgradetheproperty. Iftheownerrefusestocarryoutsuchorders,thepropertymustbedemolishedtoensurethe

safetyofpeople.

1.3.4 Tribal villages

Tribalvillagescanbedenedassettlementsinatribalarea.Avillagehasboundaries,whichincludepopulatedandalsoagriculturalareas,e.g.grazingandcroplandorforests.Villagesareunderthejurisdictionoftribalauthorities,headedbychiefs,whilesub-chiefsaredirectprincipalsofvillages.

Tribalvillagesareusuallyfoundamongstblackpopulationgroups.

Rulesandprocessesofurbanareasarenotfollowedintribalvillages. Tribalvillagesaregovernedbyinformalruleswhichareenforcedupontheinhabitantsbythe

tribalchiefs.


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elandbelongstothetribe. eareaisnotdividedintobuildingstandsand

streets.

Tere are certain advantages, but also certaindisadvantages or tribal villages.

Advantagesoftribalvillages: Peopleconstructtheirownhouses,whichgives

them sel respect and independence. Peoplefulltheirownneedsaccordingtotheirabilitiesandexpectations.

Disadvantagesoftribalvillages: Noessentialserviceslikewater,electricityandrefuseremovalareprovided,whichcancause

unhealthy conditions. Largepiecesoflandareusedunproductivelybecausetribalvillagesarenotdenselypopulated

and agricultural land is wasted.

Ifatribalvillagebecomesdenselypopulated,itcancausealotofhealthandsafetyproblems.Ifthishappens, it should be declared an urban area and dealt with according to the rules and regulationsthat apply in urban areas.

1.4 Origin of towns and cities

Whydidpeoplesettleinaspecicplace?Peopledeliberately chose a place or various reasons

such as the availability o water; the presence ominerals, diamonds or gold, and the saety othecommunity.Communitieswereestablished,which became permanent settlements. Tesesettlements were well organised and able tosupport and maintain community structures. Te settlerment went through the stages rom hamlet,

village, town and eventually cities were established. Tese early settlements were a orm o localgovernment.erewererules,orderandactivities.Wherepeopleconcentrateinaspecicplace,aspontaneous orm o government develops.

emainpurposeoftownsandcitiesistoserveasaplacetoliveandwork.Peoplebuildhouses,

protect themselves, go to work and take part in community lie.

All towns or cities develop or their own reasons, but there are our characteristics which willidentiy any town or city.

1.4.1 Characteristics of the development of towns and cities

Ecological environment Atownorcitywilldevelopinaspecicecologicalenvironment. Itwilleitherbeclosetoariver,thesea,tradingroutes,minesormountainsforprotection. Whenpeoplestartdevelopinganarea,theywillreconstructtheenvironmenttosatisfytheir

needs. eywillcutdowntrees,llhollows,makeexcavationsorbuildupagainstmountainstosatisfy

their needs.


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Physical structure Physicalstructuresareman-madebuildingslikechurches,tradingstores,schools,etc. Tese physical structures play an important role in in the economic development o a town or

city. SomeexpertssaythatinSouthAfricatherstbuildingsintownswerechurches. Ten trading stores and businesses developed around the churches. MostofthetownsinSouthAfricahaveachurchinthemiddleofthetown,forexample,BeaufortWest.

Human beings have to exist Peoplehaveneedsthatmustbesatised,andwhenalotofpeopleliveinthesamearea,dierentneedsexist.

Tosatisfytheseneedsandmaintainorderinthecommunity,atypeofgovernmenthadtobeormed.

Tat was the starting point or local government. Municipalities were established to maintain order in the community and they even provided

work or inhabitants.

Communication channels Communicationchannelsarethenetworkthatlinkpeople,othertownsandcities,thestation

and harbour. Roadsandstreets,telephoneandinternetcables,electricitycablesandpipelinesareneededto

connect services and people. Te planning departments o municipalities include communication channels in the plans or

development o the city or town.

Personalcommunications

Healthcareservices

Transportationsystem Smartbuildings

Communication

networksWirelesscomminication

Smartgrid

Processindustry

Types of communication channels which must be included in the development plans of cities/towns


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1.5 Procedures and conditions for development in a town/city

Ifanownerofapieceoflandwantstodevelopthatpieceofland,therearevariousproceduresthatmust be ollowed, as there are conditions imposed on the development by the municipality andrequirementsthatmustbefullledforthedevelopmenttogoahead.

Te owner o the land can be an individual person, a company, provincial or central government orthelocalauthorityitself.Ifthesub-divisionofoneormorestands(plots)isrequired,theprocessis

not so complicated.

Ownerobtains

approval,dividesland

andsellsstandswhich

areregisteredwith

theRegistrarofDeeds

beforeapplication

canbemadefor

developmenttobegin.

Conditions to be met

-supplyofwaterandelectricity

-entrytostreets

-businessawayfromresidential

areas

Control & requirements

-suburbimagenotaected

-buildingshygienic&safe

-withproperventilation

-meetfoundation&height

ofwallrequirements.

Procedure (Ord 85 of 85)

-apply&submit26copies

-applicationconsideredby

council&Administrator

whocanapproveorreject

Belowisasummaryoftheprocedurethatmustbefollowedbeforenewdevelopmentortheestablishment o a new town can take place. Tis will be discussed in detail in this section.

Whendevelopmentofalargeareaisundertaken,provisionmustbemadefor: streetsandsidewalks waterandelectricityreticulation publicbuildings parks refusedumpsites residentialandbusinessareas.

Te procedure for the development of land takes time, and the following administrativeprocesses have to take place: edevelopmentmustbeapprovedbytheprovincialgovernment. Ownershipmustbetransferredfromoneownertoanother. estandshavetobeaccuratelymeasuredanddivided. edeedofsalemustberegisteredbytheRegistrarofDeedsoftheprovince. eRegistrarofDeedsmustrecordthesaleinthepropertyregister.


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1.5.1 The procedure for the establishment/development of a town or city

Te development and use o land and buildings are generally controlled in terms o various laws andregulations,forexample,theLandUsePlanningOrdinance(Ordinance15of1985)andNationalBuildingRegulations.

Te procedure is as follows: eapplicantmustapplyinwritingtotheDirectorofCommunityDevelopmentofthespecic

local authority. enecessarycompletedforms,plans,documentsandfeesmustbehandedinwiththe

application. 26copiesoftheapplicationmustbesubmittedforthevariousgovernmentinstitutions,suchasSARSandPostOce,thatneedtobenotied.

Ifthelandfallsoutsidethebordersofanexistingmunicipality,anewtownmaybeestablishedwith a new name.

eDirectorofCommunityDevelopmentwillinformtheSurveyorGeneraloftheprovinceofthe application.

eapplicationwillthenbesubmittedtothecommitteeofthetowncouncildealingwithlanddevelopment.

eintentionofdevelopmentispublishedintheProvincialGazetteandoneormorelocalnewspapers.

Anypersonwhowantstoobjecttotheproposeddevelopmentcaninspecttherelevantdocumentsatthemunicipalcounciloce.

Anobjectioncanbesubmittedtothecouncilcommitteedealingwithdevelopmentwithinacertain time limit.

Representationforthedevelopmentcanalsobesubmittedtothecommittee. Iftheproposeddevelopmentlieswithinanexistingmunicipalityorwithinvekilometresofits

boundary, the municipal council should give their comment.

Ifthetimelimitforrepresentationorobjectionshasexpired,thechairmanofthecouncilcommittee will set dates or inspection as well as the time and venue or the hearing o objectionsand representations.

Whentheinspectionsandhearingsareconcluded,thecouncilcommitteemakesarecommendation to the Administrator o the province.

eAdministratoroftheprovincemayapproveorrejecttheapplicationsorpostponethedecision.

1.5.2 Conditions imposed on applications for new development

Provisionmustbemadeforthesupplyofwaterandelectricity.

Provisionmustbemadeforentrytostreetsandstands. Landmustbesetasideforpublicpurposes,e.g.parks,schools,etc. Feesasprescribedmustbepaid. Businessstandsmustborderthemainstreetwithsucientparkingspace. Standsforindustriesshouldbesituatedawayfromresidentialstands. Standsforatsandhotelsshouldbelargerthanresidentialstands. Layoutofdevelopmentmustmakeprovisionforeasyowoftrac. eproposeddevelopmentshouldmeetallrequirementsofOrdinancesandActsofParliament.

1.5.3 Control over buildings and requirements for buildings

AertheapplicationprocesshabeencompletedandthedevelopmentapprovedbytheAdministrator o the province, the owners o the land may proceed with the erection o buildings.


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Authorities laid down standards or the erection o buildings in urban areas.- Detailedplansofthebuildingmustbesubmittedtothelocalauthority.- Localauthoritywillhavetoapproveplansorrequestamendments.

Ifplansareapproved,theconstructionofthebuildingcanbegin,butthelocalauthorityhascertaincommonrequirementsthatmustbemet.

Common requirements for the construction of buildings eimageandappearanceofthesuburbshouldnotbeaectedby

the building. erightsandinterestsofneighboursshouldnotbeinfringedby

the building. Buildingshouldbehygienicandsafe. Buildingshouldnotcreatereorhealthhazards. Sucientventilationshouldbeallowedforallrooms. Specicationsregardingfoundationandheightofwallsshouldbe

met.

Flowoftracshouldnotbeobstructed.

1.6 The emergence of local authorities

UrbandevelopmentstartedinCapeTownin1652. Peoplestartedmovinginlandandby1682therewassomanypeoplesettledinthevicinityofStellenboschthattheGovernoroftheCapeofGoodHopeappointedfourleadingfarmersasheemraden to solve disputes.

Alandrost(magistrate)wasappointedin1685forStellenboschand,togetherwiththeheemraden, he served on a council to manage the local afairs o Stellenbosch and surroundingarms.

emattersdealtwithwerethemaintenanceandconstructionoffurrowstoconveywater,waterdivision, proper standards in construction o buildings and the removal o rubbish.

Aspeoplemovedfurtherinland,morevillagesandcouncils(landrostandheemraden)wereestablished.

Swellendamwasestablishedin1745andGraafReinetin1786. ecouncilsgovernedthesevillagesintheCapeColonyuntiltheywereabolishedbytheBritishon31December1827.

1.6.1 Local authorities during the transfer of authority from the Dutch to

the British

From1785themunicipalaairsofCapeTownwereadministeredbytheCollegevanCommisarisseuitdenRaadvanJustitiathatconsistedofthreeDutchandthreeprivatepersons.

eBritishtookovertheCapeColonyin1795andaBurgersenaatthatconsistedofsixprivatepersonsappointedbytheBritishreplacedtheCollege.

In1802theBurgersenaatwasreplacedbytheRaadderGemeentewhentheDutchtookbacktheCapeColony.islastedforonlythreeyears.

In1806itchangedbacktoaBurgersenaatwhentheBritishtookoveragain. eBurgersenaatwasabolishedon27December1827aswellastheCouncilofLandrostandHeemradenintheruraltowns.

From1January1828theCapeColonyhadnolocalauthorities. Localauthoritymatterswerehandledbytheresidentmagistrates.

MunicipalOrdinance9of1836wasapproved,whichmadeprovisionfortheelectionofasmallnumber o commissioners to serve on the council. Onlypersonswhopaidrateswereeligibletobeelectedascommissioners.


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Ordinance9of1936servedasbasisforlegislationforlocalauthoritiesinNatal(1847),OrangeFreeState(1856)andtheTransvaal(1883).

1.7 Regional services councils

Althoughregionalservicescouncilshavebeenabolished,theywillbediscussedbriey.

Withtheincreasingproblemsassociatedwithurbanisation,citieshaddevelopedinanuncontrolledmanner.Townsandcitiesclosetoeachotherhadtoco-operatewitheachothertoprovidethenecessary services.

eRegionalServicesCouncilAct,1985(Act109of1985)establishedregionalservicescouncilstoassist with the perormance o unctions. Te regional services councils were not orced on a localauthority who could decide whether they want a regional services council or not. Tey could makearequesttotheMinisterofConstitutionalDevelopmentandsubmitplanningtoinstitutesuchacouncil in that area.

A regional service council consisted o a chairman appointed by the relevant provincialAdministrator and as many members as determined by the Administrator.Te members represented all local authorities in that region. Te number o representativesallocated to each local authority was determined by the contribution o unds to the regionalservicescouncil.Amaximumofvememberswasallowed.

1.7.1 Financing of regional service councils

Financewasobtainedby: Leviesonlocalauthoritiesbuyingservices Donations,loansandstateappropriations

Finesforcontraveninglegislationofregionalservicescouncils Interestondividends Aregionalservicelevyonthesalaryofeachemployeeandemployer Anestablishmentlevyontheturnoverofbusinesses

Regionalservicescouncilswereabolishedandleviesonpayrollswerestopped.

1.8 Conclusion

Te development o urban areas and the establishment o local authorities in South Arica startedin1652.Peoplestartedmovinginlandandsettledinareaswheretheycouldsurvive.Asmorepeople started living together, more services and order were needed, which resulted in a orm olocalgovernment.Localauthoritieswereestablishedthroughelectionbytheinhabitantsinordertorender such services.

As towns grew and cities were established, the development o vacant land had to be administered,and so procedures and conditions were laid down or developments which needed to be controlledby the local authority.

Althoughdierenttypesofcouncilswereestablishedaer1652,itisclearthatwhetheritwasa village, town or city, a local government, with an elected council, was needed to manage thatmunicipality.


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Module 1

Review questions

1. GiveashortexplanationofthedevelopmentoflocalauthoritiesinSouthAfricainthe18thand 19th centuries.

2. Urban areas went through diferent stages, rom a ew people living together, to thousandsliving in a small area. Name and describe the stages o urban development in South Arica.

3. FormanyyearstheurbanareasweresmallvillagesandmostpeopleinSouthAfricalivedon arms where they had to satisy their own needs. Name and describe how needs andservicesweresatisedbeforetheinceptionofmunicipalities.

4. Withtheinuxofpeoplefromtheruraltotheurbanareas,problemsareexperiencedinndingsuitablehousing.Manysettleforsquattercamps.

4.1ListSIXcharacteristicsofsquattercamps. 4.2ListFOURpossiblesolutionsforsquattercamps.

5. Tribalvillagescanbedenedasasettlementinatribalareaunderthejurisdictionoftribalauthorities,headedbychiefs.GiveTWOadvantagesandTWOdisadvantagesoftribal

villages.

6. Te origin o towns and cities can be traced back to the development o close communities.All towns or cities developed or its own reasons but there are our characteristics whichwillidentifyatownorcity.Discussthecharacteristicsofthedevelopmentofatownorcity.

7. eestablishmentofatownofnewdevelopmentisprescribedinOrdinance15of1985.Explaintheprocedureforestablishingatownorforanewdevelopmentinanexisting

municipality.

8. einitiativeoftownshipdevelopmentisvestedintheownerofthelandwhichcanbedivided into building stands or plots. Te owner must take into consideration theconditions imposed on applicants. State the conditions imposed on applicants whenestablishing a town or new development.

9. Anyonewiththeintentionofconstructingaxedstructureorbuildingonaplot,oraddingtoanexistingbuilding,hastosubmitdetailedplanstothemunicipalitywhichwillinturnapproveoramendtheplans.erearecertaincommonrequirementstobefollowed.ListSIXcommonrequirementswhenbuildingahouse.

10. NameSIXsourcesofnanceforregionalservicescouncils.

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