Journal of the Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University Vo1.l2, No,I, pp.41·49, March 2007 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA: STATUS AND THE STRATEGIC ACTIONS Mochammad Chaerul *, Masaru Tanaka *, Ashok V. Shekdar * (Received November 30, 2006) In Indonesia, municipal solid waste (MSW) is becoming increasing complex due to variety of reasons like the increasing quantity of MSW, rising public awareness and municipal administration policies in different cities and surrounding regencies. After the landslide accident at Bandung city disposal site, most of related agencies are trying their level best to improve the situation. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to analyze the present system of MSW addressing variety of aspects such as quantity and composition of MSW being generated, operational management, legal system as well as financial aspect. The systematic assessment has revealed the problem like lack of legal framework, low coverage, improper waste storage, less encouragement for composting, and lack of proper disposal practices. Finally, an action plan is presenting suggestion for immediate and future addressing the issues like the operational management, institutional, financial aspect, public participation & environmental education. Key words: municipal solid waste, strategic actions, Indonesia 1 INTRODUCTION During February 2005, landslide disaster at Bandung disposal site killing 140 persons, has brought the issue MSW management to national floor and, probably could be considered as "wake up call" for switching on the rapid awareness towards improvement in waste management. Various stakeholders including public and private agencies are trying their level best for improved course of actions not only to avoid the accidents like at Bandung disposal site but also systematize the situation to provide better services in a cost-effective manner. On an average, every Indonesian generates 0.76 kg/day of solid waste. Thus, with total population 246,533,673 Indonesia would generate 187,366 ton/day of MSW in a total area of 1,890,000 km2 which is administratively distributed into 33 provinces. There are 9I major cities and semi-urban areas termed as regencies either encircling the major city or exist independently in different parts of the country. The problem is more acute as considering Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago which is composed of nearly 17,504 islands. This paper presents the situation analysis of prevailing MSWM in Indonesia addressing mainly the operational, financial and legal aspects for storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal systems. Accordingly, the shortcomings have been identified and a strategic action plan for short and long term is suggested. * Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology. Okay ama University 41 2 INSTITUTIONALARRAGEMENT FOR PUBLIC SERVICES Initially, most of the public services were managed by the national government. However, since 200 I, there has been decentralization of power and responsibility to the provincial and local governments. Presently, most of the public services like public works, health, education, agriculture, communications and environment are managed by municipalities. In most cases, the city and its encircling regency are independently managed by different municipalities. For example, Bandung city with total population of 2.5 million is managed by Kota Bandung municipality, while Bandung regency with total population of 3.5 million is managed by Kabupaten Bandung municipality. Presently, there are 450 municipalities catering to cities and regencies. Institutionally, the basic services for water supply, sewerage, drainage, and MSW management are a joint responsibility among national, provincial, municipal and private sector (Table 1). The proportion of responsibility in the installation, operation and maintenance varies significantly from city to city. Municipal administration is mainly responsible for operation and maintenance while national and provincial governments share the burdens of installation and capital investment. As far as MSW is concerned, big cities may form local enterprise to widen their activities so as to get some additional revenue. While, other cities may establish only cleansing unit in their municipal organization. There is no responsibility for the unit to get profit for the municipality. However, both local enterprise and cleansing unit should report to the municipality every year.
Transcript
Journal of the Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology,Okayama UniversityVo1.l2, No,I, pp.41·49, March 2007
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA:STATUS AND THE STRATEGIC ACTIONS
Mochammad Chaerul *, Masaru Tanaka *, Ashok V. Shekdar *
(Received November 30, 2006)
In Indonesia, municipal solid waste (MSW) is becoming increasing complex due to variety of reasonslike the increasing quantity of MSW, rising public awareness and municipal administration policies indifferent cities and surrounding regencies. After the landslide accident at Bandung city disposal site,most of related agencies are trying their level best to improve the situation. Against this backdrop, thispaper attempts to analyze the present system of MSW addressing variety of aspects such as quantity andcomposition of MSW being generated, operational management, legal system as well as financial aspect.The systematic assessment has revealed the problem like lack of legal framework, low coverage,improper waste storage, less encouragement for composting, and lack of proper disposal practices.Finally, an action plan is presenting suggestion for immediate and future addressing the issues like theoperational management, institutional, financial aspect, public participation & environmental education.
Key words: municipal solid waste, strategic actions, Indonesia
1 INTRODUCTION
During February 2005, landslide disaster at Bandungdisposal site killing 140 persons, has brought the issueMSW management to national floor and, probably couldbe considered as "wake up call" for switching on therapid awareness towards improvement in wastemanagement. Various stakeholders including public andprivate agencies are trying their level best for improvedcourse of actions not only to avoid the accidents like atBandung disposal site but also systematize the situationto provide better services in a cost-effective manner.
On an average, every Indonesian generates 0.76kg/day of solid waste. Thus, with total population246,533,673 Indonesia would generate 187,366 ton/dayof MSW in a total area of 1,890,000 km2 which isadministratively distributed into 33 provinces. There are9 I major cities and semi-urban areas termed as regencieseither encircling the major city or exist independently indifferent parts of the country. The problem is more acuteas considering Indonesia is the world's largestarchipelago which is composed of nearly 17,504 islands.
This paper presents the situation analysis ofprevailing MSWM in Indonesia addressing mainly theoperational, financial and legal aspects for storage,collection, transportation, treatment and disposal systems.Accordingly, the shortcomings have been identified anda strategic action plan for short and long term issuggested.
* Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology. OkayamaUniversity
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2 INSTITUTIONALARRAGEMENT FORPUBLIC SERVICESInitially, most of the public services were managed
by the national government. However, since 200 I, therehas been decentralization of power and responsibility tothe provincial and local governments. Presently, most ofthe public services like public works, health, education,agriculture, communications and environment aremanaged by municipalities. In most cases, the city and itsencircling regency are independently managed bydifferent municipalities. For example, Bandung city withtotal population of 2.5 million is managed by KotaBandung municipality, while Bandung regency with totalpopulation of 3.5 million is managed by KabupatenBandung municipality. Presently, there are 450municipalities catering to cities and regencies.Institutionally, the basic services for water supply,sewerage, drainage, and MSW management are a jointresponsibility among national, provincial, municipal andprivate sector (Table 1). The proportion of responsibilityin the installation, operation and maintenance variessignificantly from city to city. Municipal administrationis mainly responsible for operation and maintenancewhile national and provincial governments share theburdens of installation and capital investment.
As far as MSW is concerned, big cities may formlocal enterprise to widen their activities so as to get someadditional revenue. While, other cities may establish onlycleansing unit in their municipal organization. There isno responsibility for the unit to get profit for themunicipality. However, both local enterprise andcleansing unit should report to the municipality everyyear.
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3 MSW MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
3.1 Quantity and Composition ofMSW
3.3 Transfer Station
putting the waste at transfer station, the municipalitytransports them along with other wastes generated fromstreets, commercial area, etc directly to final disposal site.The waste pickers are often looking for recyclablematerials from the wastes deposited in the householdstorages and transfer stations.
Commercial, industrial and institutional areas:The generators should be responsible and collect thewastes by using their own handcart and take it to atransfer station. In larger commercial and industrial areas,some generators provide the trucks to transport the wasteto transfer station or directly to final disposal sites. Othergenerators rent a container from municipality withcapacity of 6 or 10m3 to be placed near their areas. Dueto the limitation of municipality in providing thecontainers and trucks, in certain areas, the generators areengaged private agencies on contract basis for wastecollection and transportation.
The street: Each household is responsible for theremoval of waste in front of his house. Wastes from mainroads are swept by the municipal employees. Forcommercial areas, street sweepers are responsible forkeeping public streets and facilities clean, including cityyards, terminals, etc. Street sweeping is carried out bothmanually (with brooms) and mechanically. Mechanicalsweeping vehicles usually clean only the main streets inlarge urban centers. Although street waste constitutes avery small fraction of the overall waste stream, asignificant portion of the work force for the wastemanagement is allocated for the street cleanliness.
Retail market area: There are two types of retailmarkets: permanent and temporary. Since most of thepermanent markets are adjacent to the roads andaccessible by the trucks, the municipality may provide atruck to transport the wastes directly to final disposal site.For the temporary market, municipality provideshandcarts to collect wastes from each shop to transferstation.
Transfer station is introduced for the sake ofconvenience and to reduce the hauling distances forcollection trucks, thus lowering transportation costs.Some of the transfer stations are relatively modem;provided with attendants and equipped with mechanicaltransfers and waste compaction, whereas others aresimply a large steel container, concrete bin, and/or openspace. Some special handling system may apply at amodem transfer station like in Jakarta city. Each of twolarger transfer stations in Jakarta has a waste compactionsystem with a capacity of 1,600 m3/day of transferringthe wastes to the vehicles. The bin transfer stations aremade of brick or concrete with 6-12 m3, located mostlyin residential and small commercial area. The steelcontainers with 6-10 m3 capacity are located mostly inlarger commercial areas. The transfer station may consistof one or two containers and depends on the area servedby the transfer station. Generally, the transfer station isoverloaded and it is difficult to maintain the cleanliness.
Table I Responsibilities of the different level of governmentfI br .
3.2 Storage at Generation Points, Collection andTransportation Systems
MSW generation from variety of sources inmunicipal area is temporarily stored at convenientlocations within a city area. Further, this is transportedby municipal agency to processing and final disposal site(Fig.1). Normally, the organic matter consist of kitchen,yard wastes, etc is composted while rest of the material isdisposed by landfilling. The overall system consists ofwaste storage, collection system, transfer station,transportation and final disposal (Fig.2). Each stage ofthe management system is described below.
The MSW generation is directly related to thecontributing population. Table 2 presents the wastegeneration in the major cities in Indonesia. In a studycarried out by the World Bank about the percentage ofpopulation provided with MSW management servicesand its relative position with respect to other Asiancountries is presented in Fig.3.
Major sources for MSW are residential localities,small-scale industries, commercial areas, markets, andother public facilities such as hospitals, schools, etc.Fig.4 represents the distribution of MSW generators inIndonesia. The composition of MSW is a mirror ofconsumption patterns, eating habits, social structure, etcof the society generating the waste. Fig.5 presents thetypical physical composition ofMSW in Indonesia.
o & M= OperatIOnal and Mamtenance; N - NatIonal; P - Provmce,M= Municipal; Pr = Private sector; ..J = indicate the responsibility
Residential area (households): In residential areas, eachindividual equips the house with a household storage inthe form of plastic or metal bin or the fixed brick-boxin front of the house. Most of the fixed brick-box is opensystem with varying capacity from 70 to 120 liters. Inevery community, there is an organization termed as"community neighborhood unit" which is responsible forwaste collection from individual house through hiredlabors. Workers use bamboo basket and take out thewaste from the storage and take it to a transfer stationwith the help of handcart. In higher-income localities,they use metal bin or brick box as waste storage. In theselocalities, the municipality normally provides a dailydoor-to-door collection system using a truck. Instead of
or pu IC services
Type of activityInstallation O&M
N P M Pr N P M PrWater supply -J -J -J -J -JSewerage -J -JDrainage -J -J -J -J -JMSW transportation -J -J -J -Jand management
Mochammad Chaerul et al. / Municipal Solid Waste ~Ianagement in Indonesia: Status and Strategic Actions 43
Final Disposal
Transportation.
Transfer Station~~ CollectionWaste storage
Fig.1 MSW nows in Indonesia
GENERATORS NVSTORAGE S'I'S1EM
COLLEClDNS'I'S1EM
TRANSFERSTA~
TRANSPORTAlDNS'I'S1EM
TREATMENT NVDISPOSAL S'I'S1EM
TRANSFER STATOftTEhiPORARY RETALhlARKET: Municipolity usm - Concretl! bin
Municip.fity usn,- Plastic bag hondc.rts - Contliner Irm-rOIl rucHSa'
I Gener.tors usil, TRANSFER STATOft Municipllity usn,tru~ - ContaIner .rm-roll trudcs:
HIGH-lNCOhIEHOUSEHOLDS: Mu n iClpllity ushe:
- Metal bin truck- Brick bit(
STREETS AND OTHERPUBLIC FACILlTlER Municipillty usn,
- Plas1lc bin truck- Bnck bit(
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of waste management S)Slem in Indonesia
3.4 Transportation System
Municipality is responsible for the haulage of wastesto the final disposal facilities. Transportation system usesarm-roll trucks or general-purposes trucks in variouscapacities. The arm-roll trucks equipped with liftingmechanism load the container on it and empty it at the
disposal site. The general-purposes trucks are used forthe waste transportation from bin transfer station. Due tothe scarcity of land, most of the cities, the disposal sitesare usually located outside of the city. In big cities, sincethe traffic is very heavy, travel time to the disposal site istoo long. Thus. dai Iy average number of roundtrips madeby vehicle is only two or three.
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3.5 Treatment and Disposal System
Composting: Indonesian communities havetraditionally used composting to dispose of their organicwaste. Composting is the decomposition of organicwastes under controlled conditions to produce soilconditioner, compost, or organic fertilizers. Over the past20 years, the practice of composting has been decreasingdue to the increased use of chemical fertilizers. However,since the beginning of the 1990s, several municipalitiesand communities have initiated various compostingtechnologies (World Bank, 2003).
In densely populated area of Jakarta, a communityconsists of 60 low-income families demonstrated asuccessful vermicomposting project. They could sell thevermicompost for IDR 5,000 to IDR 10,000 (aboutUS$ 0.52 - US$ 1.1) per kg. Recently, an open windrowcomposting is adopted by several communities such as inCipinang Besar-Jakarta, Cibangkong-Bandung, etc.Individual households in Jatihandap-Bandung utilize abox composting to treat their kitchen and yard wastes.Fig.6 shows composting technologies applied inIndonesia.
Burning and incineration: Burning of waste ispracticed in urban and rural areas to get rid of thehousehold waste. Accidental fires are often started atdumpsites caused spontaneously igniting methane gasproduced during the decomposition of organic matter.Incinerators are not commonly used by the municipalities.Only Surabaya, Bogor and Padang cities used anincinerator to treat MSW. An incinerator in Surabayawas developed through public-private partnership in1989. The 200-tons/day incineration facility becameoperational in 1991. The low calorific value of the waste(between 900-1,200 kcal/kg) caused start-up problems,and fuel had to be added constantly to maintain thecombustion process. The plant incinerates only 170 tonsper day due to the spatial requirements for the air dryingsystem (Silas, 2002).
Landfilling: A municipality in Indonesia may havemore than one disposal sites. Table 3 presents theinformation about types of disposal practices adopted bydifferent categories of municipal agencies. "Controlledlandfill" term is used for the improved open dumping sitelike the use of soil cover after one or two weeks. There isonly one landfill owned by Jakarta municipality: theBantar Gebang Sanitary Landfill System, which becameoperational in 1989. Located 40 km from the city, thesite is equipped by three compactors. Approximately5,500 tons of MSW are delivered daily by nearly 1,500trucks. Sanitary landfill practices are not being followedconsistently; for example, soil cover may be applied onceevery three weeks. Around 640 waste pickers areregistered to work at and/or adjacent to the landfill. Theoperational record of the Bantar Gebang landfill is poor,mostly due to lack of financial resources, properlytrained and skilled staff(JICA, 2003).
A decade before, MSW generated in Bandung citywas disposed of at several dumpsites. However, due tothe land scarcity, recently, the municipality disposedmost of their waste at Leuwigajah dumpsite. Leuwigajahwas operated by three different authorities, the City and
the Regency of Bandung, as well as the City of Cimahi.The landslide disaster at the Leuwigajah occurred inFebruay 2005, which buried alive at least 140 people,and the site was prohibited for its use. Thus, all olddumpsites like Jelekong, Cicabe, Pasir Impun are forcedto receive MSW collected from the contributing city.However, the use of dumpsites could not be extended forlong time due to the opposition from the local residents.Now, after rigorous negotiations with the local residents,Bandung city is having a new dumpsite at Sarimukti,Regency of Bandung. The method applied for the finaldisposal site in Bandung is limited to open dumping.
3.6 Informal Recycling System
Recycling is done mainly by the informal privatesector (e.g. waste pickers, garbage truck helpers, etc),and occurs at three points: the generation point, curbsidecollection point and at dumpsite. They collect variousmaterials including cardboard, plastics, glass bottles,scrap paper, scrap metals, etc. In 1996, the IndonesianScavengers Association revealed that in Jakarta there aremore than ISO facilities that process recyclable materialfor different industries. The recyclables, mostly paper,glass, metal and plastic are sold to the distributors. Thedistributor clean, sort, package the recyclable material,and preliminary process it before reselling. However,such kind of recycling reduces the quantity of wastessignificantly for transportation to final disposal (Table 4).
3.7 Legal System
According to Law No. 23/1997 on EnvironmentalManagement, waste is defined as the residue of abusiness and/or activity. The law does not mention aboutMSW. In 2003, Ministry of Environment supported byJICA issued an academic draft on Waste ManagementLaw. The draft is being discussed in the Indonesianparliament. In the draft, waste is defined as an invaluableorganic and/or inorganic solid or semi-solid residue froma business and/or other activities. Regarding with MSWmanagement the Public Work Department has issued: I.National Standards for estimation of waste generation insmall & medium cities and waste generation &composition sampling; 2. Technical guidelines for urbanwaste management and final disposal site selection.
3.8 Financial Aspect
Financially, MSW management in Indonesia is amunicipal responsibility. MSW collection system iscarried out by community neighborhood and chargingtheir members a fee. For practical reason, the fee forMSW collection is combined with other community feeswhich may be for the security and environmentimprovement. So, the community only pays a single billfor all services in their residential area. The communityfee varies from IDR 10,000 to IDR 30,000 (aboutUS$ 1.1 - US$ 3.2) monthly per household. The amountof community fee depends on the living condition of theresidential area. The amount of community fee is decidedamongst community members.
Mochammad Chaerul et al. / Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indonesia: Status and Strategic Actions 45
Table 2 Waste generated and collected in maior cities in Indonesia (Helmv et al.. 2006)
Fig.6 Various composting technologies applied in Indonesia
In addition to collection fee, the citizens have to paytransportation and disposal cost. The monthly fee fortransportation and disposal is paid along with watersupply (or electricity) bill. The fee may vary from city tocity. Every local enterprise has to submit their annualbudget for transportation and disposal of MSW.Subsequently, at the end of year, they have to submittheir actual expenditure and return the excess amount tothe municipality. The fee in Bandung city depends on thepower of electricity used, kind of collection system, andthe purpose of buildings (Table 5). A budget for MSWmanagement may vary among Indonesian cities. Thelocal enterprise responsible for transportation anddisposal of MSW have estimated about US$ 2.24 millionfor Bandung city having total population of 2.5 million(Table 6). In case of Surabaya city, the expendituremade by the local enterprise for the year of 2002 waslOR 60 billion (US$ 6.6 million), which proved to besubstantially less to their annual income lOR 15 billion(US$ 1.6 million). Therefore the balance was providedby the municipality in the fonn of subsidy.
4 ASSESSME T OF PREVAILING SITUATIONAND PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIO
MSW management in Indonesia is becoming morecomplex everyday due to variety of reasons. The quantityof solid waste is expected to rise substantially due torising population and increasing waste generation rate.However. the local governments are not equippedadequately to provide the proper service due to lack ofthe managerial capacity and resources required toshoulder the increasing responsibility. In Indonesia,various levels of government have a stake in SWmanagement. However, that is without clear definition oftheir responsibility. Moreover, many of municipalities donot have their own landfill and thus have to depend ontheir smaller neighborhood again without clearunderstanding. This creates confusion during operationand results in mal-efficiency for the system. This may
give rise to serious accidents like the one at Bandung cityfinal disposal site located in Cimahi city, when hundredsof people have lost their lives. In many such situations,the concerned agencies are always trying to avoid theirresponsibility and blame others for the miss happening.Thus, the governments in Indonesia face a big challengeto deal with MSW management. The stage wiseproblems could be identified in the following manner.
Table 5 The collection and transportation fee in Bandung city(US$/month) (Silas, 2003)
Lack of national policy and legal framework forMSW management: A first step to improving thesituation is to work out a phased technical and legalframework for waste management. Apart from theadoption of a waste policy, a legal framework is requiredthat enables setting of objectives and targets. Awell-elaborated legal framework can assist in effectiveimplementation. The legal framework should alsoinclude an effective enforcement system.
Low coverage service for the wastetransportation: In general, coverage service providedby Indonesian municipalities is not sufficiently carriedout, especially in low income and/or slum areas wherethe road is too narrow or in the isolated sub-urban area. Ithas been observed that general purpose trucks are lessefficient when compared with the ann roll vehicles as faras the time required for loading and unloading and thequantity of SW being transported. Moreover, wastetransportation at rush hours lowers the efficiency oftruch.s.
Mochammad Chaerul et al. / Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indonesia: Status and Strategic Actions 47
T 6MSWable management cost in Bandung city (Sundana, 2004)
The use of improper waste storage at thegeneration points: Most of waste storage at generationpoints is open bin in which fly, rats and other rodentsmay easily thrive. The vector may propagate more if thewaste is not picked up regularly. The waste storages ortransfer stations are sometime overloaded and the wastesspilled which may leach out during rain into the street orditch. And it may cause the drainage clogged up and maylead to the flood. Moreover, waste pickers, sometimes,litters the space while searching out for the recyclablematerials.
Less encouragement for the composting atcommunity level: Recently, many communities initiatethe composting in their neighborhoods. However, it isnot supported substantially by the municipality. Thecommunities still have to pay the waste transportationand disposal fee at the same price. Also sometimes theydo not have a sufficient market to sell the compostproduced. The existing composting plants may notoperate properly for various reasons (e.g. technical issues,lack of market, comparably low quality of compostproduced).
Lack of appropriate final disposal practices: Pooroperation of the final disposal site mainly operated asopen dump, has resulted in infiltration of leachate to thesurrounding areas. Self burning of waste contributessignificantly to air pollution. Waste picking at finaldisposal may not only disturb the waste pickers' healthbut also reduce the efficiency of site operation such aswaste unloading and spreading, soil covering, andcompaction ofsite.
5 STRATEGIC ACTIONS
MSW management should be improved by adoptingmulti-pronged strategy. It would be necessary to cleanthe generation areas, widen its coverage, adopt costeffective transportation. It would also be necessary torecover the material resources from the waste and finallydisposed of the waste in the environmentally compatiblemanner. As MSW management is meant for public, itwould be necessary to make them aware for theirresponsibility and seek their participation. Accordingly,five major areas for strategic actions have been identifiedand discussed below.
Collection and transportation: The efficiency ofMSW collection and transportation should be improvedthrough increasing coverage of collection area, costeffective transportation by the use of vehicles andscheduled transportation system. The increased coveragemay reduce the waste quantity disposed throughimproper way such as dumping into rivers, banks,ditches, etc; thereby protecting the environmentalquality.
Intermediate treatment: It is considered thatcomposting is appropriate for MSW generated in
Indonesia which is dominated by organic wastes. Thetechnical assistance and financial support should beprovided by national and local government to improvethe existing composting plants and to encouragecomposting at household level. The composting at sourcemay help municipality to deal with the limitation ofbudget for transportation and disposal.
Final disposal: Land use plan should make aprovision for landfill facility as per the sources of MSWgeneration. Municipalities with scarcity of land couldshare the site with their neighbor cities with clearunderstanding on sharing the responsibility. Since thebeginning, the public should be involved in the project topromote their acceptance. The government shouldprohibit the development of new open dumping andimprove the existing landfill site.
Institutional and financial aspects: Financially, thesystem could be more stable through public-privatepartnership. For this it would be necessary to developappropriate institutional arrangement so that there wouldbe assured commercial viability for private sector as wellas fulfilling the social responsibility by the public sector.With careful consideration of income level and regionalvariety, existing MSW management fee can beredesigned for better service.
Public . participation and environmentaleducation: To promote public participation in the MSWmanagement as far as the cleanliness and wastedischarge from each household is concerned, theenvironmental education is quite important. Usually, theadult may not be easily motivated and the opportunity fortaking education is restricted if compared with thechildren. The environmental education for children canbe effectively carried out, especially by introducingrelated subjects in school curricula. Therefore,SWM-oriented environmental education is proposed tobe implemented for school children in Indonesia.
In order to achieve the improvement, a detailedaction plan is presented in Table 7.
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Waste is like a mirror that reflects various aspects ofa society. The state of a society is closely related to itseconomic, historical, cultural, environmental and otheraspects. These aspects differ depending on the country,city or community, as do waste problems. Understandingthe state of a society, therefore, provides a direction to anunderstanding of the waste problems in that particularsociety.
Increasing waste generation due to rising populationand waste generation rate become a challenge forIndonesian government to establish proper MSWmanagement. Recently, MSW management in Indonesiatakes a serious attention at different levels ofgovernments as well as at community level. The
48
community is taking a part particularly on wastecollection from the generation points to transfer station.Generally, the municipality transports the waste to thefinal disposal site. Due to the land scarcity for landfill,the large city, oftentimes, should place the site at othersmall neighbor city. It may reduce the efficiency oftransportation system. Moreover, the open dumpingapplied at disposal site worsens the problem. In order toimprove the situation, there is an urgent need to actstrategically on improving of overall MSW managementsystem. The strategic actions include variety ofmanagement aspects such as collection andtransportation, intermediate treatment, final disposal,institutional and financial aspects, and public
participation and environmental education.The efficiency ofMSW collection and transportation
should be improved through increasing the coverage andto find cost effective system. A composting is the mostappropriate treatment for MSW generated in Indonesiaand it needs to be promoted further. Final disposal withan open dumping practice should be strictly prohibitedand accordingly there is a need to improve the existingsites. Public-private partnership is required to ensuresustainability of MSW management system. Theinsertion of environmental education into schoolcurricula could be an affective way to promote publicawareness on MSW.
Table 7 Strategic Actions of MSW Manal ement in IndonesiaAspects Short term Lone: term
Collection and - Increasing the coverage with due consider to - Improving the coverage gradually alongtransportation the existing collection and transportation with promotion of public awareness.
practices and public awareness. - Privatization of collection and- The large capacity ofcollection vehicle transportation service for better
should be considered for effective efficiency.transportation. - Separate collection should be promoted
- Timing /scheduling and vehicle routes for effective utilization of recyclableshould be modified. material.
· Establishing modem transfer station byutilizing old dumpsites.
Intermediate - Providing technical assistance and financial - Introduction of recycling facility.treatment support for composting in each municipality · Establishing the sufficient market for
- Improvement and rehabilitation ofexisting compost.composting plant. - Organizing the recycling route for
- Encourage the use of individual composting recyclable materials.at each household.
Final disposal - Illegal dumping should be strictly prohibited - Utilizing old dumpsites as modem. Improvement of operational management transfer stations.
existing landfill sites, especially for proper - Proper reclamation plan for used landfillsoil cover and leachate treatment. site.
0 Building consensus for regional landfill 0 Utilizing the methane gas produced in theamong the contributing municipalities. landfill.
Institutional - Establishing an institutional system of 0 Establishing deposit system for promotionand Financial promotion for 3R by internalizing informal of3R for some material.aspects recycling system. - Subsidy for private sector engaged in 3R
- Introducing tariff system based on quantity activity.and composition of waste. - Establishing private sector in MSW
- Introducing the incentive scheme in MSW management service.management activities to private sector.
- Human resource development throughprofessional training at various level ofmanagement
Public - Informing to public about waste - Implementing environmental educationparticipation management by publishing report, leaflet, for each level of education system.and etc. · Establishing waste recycling system atEnvironmental 0 Initiating environmental education for source.education students. - Development ofcommunity based waste
- Increasing public participation on waste management system.collection as well as the monthly fee.
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