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Muscle Muscle InjuriesInjuries
SHMD 249SHMD 249
23/5/201323/5/2013
Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriInjurieses• Dislocation:Dislocation: displacement of a joint from its normal location.
Occurs when a joint is overstressed, which makes the bones which meet at
the joint disconnect. Usually causes joint capsule & ligaments to tear.
• Mechanism of injury: Mechanism of injury: – Very hard fall/tackle.
• Symptoms:Symptoms:– Joint will visibly look out of place.
– Movement will be limited.
– Intense pain.
– Swelling. 2
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Elbow Dislocation
Finger Dislocation
Hip Dislocation
Shoulder Dislocation
Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Subluxation:Subluxation: when one or more bones of the spine (vertebra) moves
out of position & creates pressure on, or irritates the spinal nerves. Thus some parts of the body may not function properly.
• Symptoms:Symptoms:• Weakness• Numbness• Pain• Tingling
• Mechanism of injury:Mechanism of injury:– Contact sports– Falls– Motor vehicle accidents– Occupational injuries
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Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Cartilage damage: Cartilage damage: normal synovial joint function requires a smooth-
gliding cartilage surface on both ends of the bones. Cartilage acts to distribute
force during repetitive pounding movements (running/jumping).
Cartilage has minimal ability to repair itself & needs treatment in order to minimize
deterioration to joint surface.
• Injury Mechanism:Injury Mechanism:
Traumatic injury (often seen in athletes)
Degenerative processes (seen in older patients who have more brittle cartilage).
Most common mechanism of a traumatic meniscus tear occurs when the knee
joint is bent and the knee is then twisted.
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Cartilage Cartilage
DamageDamage
Symptoms: Symptoms: Locking
Localized pain
swelling
Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Fractures:Fractures: technical term for broken bone. Results from a bone being
hit with enough force to make it break.
• There are 5 main types of fractures:
1.1. Transverse fracture: Transverse fracture:
• Result of direct blow/force applied at sideways angle to bone.
2.2. Spiral/oblique fracture:Spiral/oblique fracture:
• Occur as a result of a twisting movement
being applied about the long axis of the bone.
• Example: foot held trapped by football boot
studs while the leg twists around it. 7
Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries3.3. Comminuted fracture:Comminuted fracture:
• Splintering of the bone i.e. bone is broken into a number of pieces.
• Usually caused by direct trauma & takes longer to heal.
4.4. Stress fracture:Stress fracture:
• Overuse Injury
• Occurs when muscles become fatigued and cannot absorb added shock.
• Eventually fatigued muscles transfer the overload of stress to the bone,
causing a tiny crack.
• Usually occur because of rapid increase in amount or intensity of training, or
impact from unfamiliar terrain, or incorrect shoes. 8
Hard Tissue Hard Tissue InjuriesInjuries5.5. Open/compound fracture:Open/compound fracture:
• More serious injury as bone breaks through skin.
• Break causes considerable damage to surrounding tissues & can cause serious
bleeding if a large artery is ruptured.
• Exposes broken skin to possibility of infection, which can hinder healing.
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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries
• Abrasion: Abrasion: when surface of skin is grazed so that top layer is scraped off,
leaving raw, tender area.
• Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: sliding fall (grass).
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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries
• Strains:Strains: a twist/pull/tear to a muscle or tendon.
• Often caused by overuse/force/overstretching.
• Severity:Severity: grade 1, 2, or 3 strain
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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries
• Sprains: Sprains: stretch/tear to a ligament & is often caused by trauma that
knocks a joint out of position, & overstretches or ruptures the supporting
ligaments.
• Most commonly found in ankles, knees or wrists.
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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries
• Muscle Contusion/hematoma: Muscle Contusion/hematoma: technical term for a bruise.
• Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: Occurs due to direct trauma, commonly a blow to
the outer part of the thigh or back of the calf.
• Muscle fibers are squashed & blood capillaries are torn, resulting in bleeding into
the surrounding tissues & hematoma formation.
• Intramuscular hematoma: Intramuscular hematoma:
– Bleeding within a muscle.
– Leads to pressure build-up in muscle, as blood is trapped within muscle sheath.
– Results in decrease in muscle strength & flexibility.
– Longer recovery period. 13
Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Intermuscular hematoma: Intermuscular hematoma:
– Bleeding around a muscle.
– Much less severe than intram. as blood can escape
from damaged muscle & into surrounding tissues.
– Thus less pressure within the area & injury recovers
much quicker.
• Symptoms:Symptoms:
– Pain
– Swelling
– discoloration14
Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries
Oedema: Oedema: swelling in the tissue
due to trauma.
• Swelling may be a combination of tissue
fluid & blood (from local damage to
capillaries at injury site).
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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries
• Bursitis:Bursitis: inflammation or
irritation of a bursa.
• Usually results from overuse.
• Symptoms: Symptoms:
– Pain
– Restricted range of motion within
area.
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Soft Tissue Soft Tissue InjuriesInjuries• Tendonitis: Tendonitis: inflammation or irritation of a tendon.
• Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: Usually results from overuse.
• Symptoms:Symptoms:
– Pain, made worse by movement
– Stiffness
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