My research addresses three areas

??What if

1. Integration of technology into patients’ lives

2. Designing interfaces for people with varying skills

3. Conducting user studies in non-traditional environments

Our solution is an assistive application for dialysis patients

UPC read

UPC to food

Nutritional information

updated

Dietary Intake Monitoring Application

Mobile Applications that Empower People to Monitor their Personal Health. Kay H. Connelly, Anne M. Faber, Yvonne Rogers, Katie A. Siek, and Tammy Toscos. In Springer E&I (April 2006).

Our solution is an assistive application for dialysis patients

Icon selected

Nutritional information

updated

Dietary Intake Monitoring Application

Mobile Applications that Empower People to Monitor their Personal Health. Kay H. Connelly, Anne M. Faber, Yvonne Rogers, Katie A. Siek, and Tammy Toscos. In Springer E&I (April 2006).

We tested if dialysis patients could use PDAs and scanners

Goals:

- Compare performance with conventional and unconventional tasks

- Study how the groups physically interact with devices

*Voice recording task not shown

Fat Finger Worries: How Older and Younger Users Physically Interact with PDAs. Katie A. Siek, Yvonne Rogers, and Kay H. Connelly. Interact 2005

I created a proof prototype called Food Updater

• Incorporates scanner and small UPC/Nutrient database

• Keeps track of fluid and sodium consumption

QuickTime™ and aBMP decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Some of the tasks

Some of the tasks

Dexterity Vision

Dexterity & Coordination

Dexterity & Coordination

We created two applications

Icon Size Task

Recorded preferred icon size, smallest viewable icon, and image preference

Button Press Task

Recorded errors

We used three applications that came with the PDA or scanners

Voice Diary Task

Voice Diary lengths: 1 sec., 5 sec., 10-15 sec.

Recorded how many times it took to successfully voice record message

Scanner Tasks

Scanned three items: book, can, bag

Recorded how many times it took to successfully scan each item

Based on the literature, we predicted…

1. Participants of all ages can press PDA buttons

2. Participants of all ages prefer medium size (10mm or 15mm) icons

3. Participants can record voice messages of various lengths

4. Participants can scan bar codes with some practice

Twenty participants volunteered for the study

Younger

(25-30 years old)

• 2 women, 8 men

• 9 use computers often

• 3 had played with a PDA

• 6 wore glasses

Older

(75-85 years old)

• 5 women, 5 men

• 7 use computers often

• No PDA usage

• All wore glasses

Similar computer experience measured by the amount of applications used

Most participants did not make any mistakes for the button press task

5-Way Navigator

• 16 out of 20 participants made no mistakes

• All participants were confused by the 5-way navigator

• Older male participants worried about “fat fingers”

• PDA held in non-dominant hand

• No significant performance differences (T18=0.787; p=0.442)

There were significant differences in icon preference size

Small PDA Icon (5.29mm)

Young Can See (5.5mm)

Large PDA Icon (7.76mm)

Young Preferred Older Can See (10mm)

Older Preferred (20mm) • Significant differences between

preferred (T18=3.37, p=0.002) and icon size they could actually see (T18=3.25, p=0.004)

• Younger interested in how many icons can fit on a screen

• Older interested in details of image

• Older prefer photographs because more realistic

• Older had glare problems

The voice recording task was an easy task for most participants

• All participants recorded short message in two tries

• All of the younger participants recorded the long message on the first time

• Younger and older participants held the PDA differently

• No performance differences (T18< 0.5, p> 0.3)

Socket SDIO Scanner Baracoda Pen Scanner

Quick review of the scanners

• Press PDA button

• Hold light steady across barcode

• Press scanner button

• Run pen across barcode

The socket SDIO scanning task was slightly frustrating for participants

Older more successful at scanning during first try

Younger more successful at scanning during first try

4 younger and 2 older were able to scan within 3 tries

• Younger participants who practiced scanning book more, scanned bag quicker

• All participants operated PDA with one hand; used thumb to press button

• All participants were confused about what part of barcode to scan

• No performance differences

(T18< 0.9, p> 0.8)

The impossible task - Baracoda Pencil scanning

2 younger and 1 older scanned on first try

Only 3 participants were able to scan chips

No one successfully scanned the soda

• Women had difficulty using the pencil because of their nails

• Participants wanted to see a scanning light

• Participants rested the PDA on the table and used two hands for the pencil and object being scanned

Similar to our predictions, the key findings were…

• No performance difference in button press and voice recording task

• Small differences in preferred icon size - Younger (10mm); Older (20mm)

• Older participants scanned items more, but had the same success rate

Our results showed the user groups can use PDAs

Healthy 25-30 Years Old (n=10)

vsHealthy 75-85 Years Old (n=10)

Healthy 75-85 Years Old (n=10)

vsDialysis Participants (n=10)

• No difference in performance for button press and voice recording tasks (T18 = 0.787, p = 0.442, T18 ≤ 0.5, p > 0.3)

• Younger prefer 5/10mm icons (mean = 5.5mm, s.d. = 1.58mm)

• Older prefer 20mm icons (mean = 18.5mm, s.d. = 6.6mm)

• Older scanned items more

• Baracoda pen not usable

• No difference in performance for button press, voice recording, and scanning tasks

• Chronically ill prefer 18.5mm icons (older prefer 20mm)

• Both groups can read smaller icons (10mm vs. 8.5mm)

Fat Finger Worries: How Older and Younger Users Physically Interact with PDAs. Katie A. Siek, Yvonne Rogers, and Kay H. Connelly. Interact 2005

We conducted a study to evaluate mental models

Goals:

- Find out about eating habits

- Discuss attitudes towards technology

- Learn about how they think/organize food

- Test initial ideas on how to organize food and present information

Na

.5 liter of 1 L used

.1 g of 2 g used

H20

??What if

Pride and Prejudice. Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, and Yvonne Rogers. In Proceedings of CHI 2006.

People let their pride influence their preferences

• Participants organized food similarly

• Participants preferred an interface that combined designs

• Participants were not able to read their preferred consumption-level icon

• Participants understood warnings

Pride and Prejudice. Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, and Yvonne Rogers. In Proceedings of CHI 2006. N = 8

People let their pride influence their preferences

• Participants organized food similarly

• Participants preferred an interface that combined designs

• Participants were not able to read their preferred consumption-level icon

• Participants understood warnings

Pride and Prejudice. Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, and Yvonne Rogers. In Proceedings of CHI 2006. N = 8

Warning!

OK

Your sodium levels are near your daily limit

We studied PDA usage and barcode identification

Goals:

- Teach patients about how to scan food

- Determine when patients scan or voice record foods

- Discover is scanning/voice recording is a useful way to monitor intake

Learn if patients will carry a PDA with them (and return it)

When do we eat?. Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, et al. In Proceedings of Pervasive Healthcare 2006. (To Appear)

Participants preferred to voice record what they consumed

• Participants scanned foods not in the open source database• Participants with low literacy needed more instructions• Participants reported more food items than what they

thought they consumedWhen do we eat? Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, Paul Rohwer, Desiree Lambert, and Janet L. Welch. Submitted to the First Pervasive Healthcare Conference.

Voice Recording and Barcode Scanning Over Time

-505

1015202530354045

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14Study Day

# of Scans/Recordings

VoiceRecordingScanning

Everything has barcodes!

Learning

N = 6

Participants preferred to voice record what they consumed

• Participants scanned foods not in the open source database• Participants with low literacy needed more instructions• Participants reported more food items than what they

thought they consumedWhen do we eat? Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, Paul Rohwer, Desiree Lambert, and Janet L. Welch. Submitted to the First Pervasive Healthcare Conference.

12:00 AM

6:00 AM

12:00 PM

6:00 PM

12:00 AM

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Inputs

Timee

Voice Record

Barcode Scan

X Wrong Record

Participants preferred to voice record what they consumed

• Participants scanned foods not in the open source database• Participants with low literacy needed more instructions• Participants reported more food items than what they

thought they consumedWhen do we eat? Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, Paul Rohwer, Desiree Lambert, and Janet L. Welch. Submitted to the First Pervasive Healthcare Conference.

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6:00 AM

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6:00 PM

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Inputs

Timee

Voice RecordBarcode Scan

Back Filling

End Of Study Compliance

X Wrong Record

Participants preferred to voice record what they consumed

• Participants scanned foods not in the open source database• Participants with low literacy needed more instructions• Participants reported more food items than what they

thought they consumedWhen do we eat? Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, Paul Rohwer, Desiree Lambert, and Janet L. Welch. Submitted to the First Pervasive Healthcare Conference.

12:00 AM

6:00 AM

12:00 PM

6:00 PM

12:00 AM

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Inputs

Timee

Barcode Scan

X Wrong Record

80% of usability problems are uncovered with 5 participants

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

1 5 10 20

Proportion of Problems Uncovered

Number of Participants in Study

Virzi, R. A. (1990). Streamlining the design process: Running fewer subjects. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting, 291-294. Santa Monica, CA: HFES.

Virzi, R. A. (1992). Refining the test phase of usability evaluation: How many subjects is enough? Human Factors, 34, 4, 457-468.