Myp1213 Chapter 1 Note

8/17/2019 Myp1213 Chapter 1 Note

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MKPP 1213MKPP 1213



MKPP 1213MKPP 1213



IntroductionIntroduction

• What is Applied Geoscience & Geophysics orPetroleum Geoscience?

• The disciplines of geology and geophysicsapplied to understanding the origin and

distribution, and properties of petroleum and

petroleum-bearing rocks

• The importance of petroleum geoscience is to

find petroleum !petroleum pro"ince# and help

produce it



Basic Geological PrinciplesBasic Geological Principles

• To become a petroleum pro"ince, fi"eingredients or elements are in"ol"ed$

the source,%eal !cap rock#,

reser"oir, and o"erburden rock

trap formation, and

timing of petroleum migration !Generationmigrationaccumulation of hydrocarbons#.

• These elements Petroleum system




• A petroleum system contains a pod of acti"e

source rock and all genetically related oil and

gas accumulations• 't includes all the geologic elements and

processes that are essential if an oil and gas

accumulation is to e(ist

• Practical application of petroleum systems can

be used in e(ploration, resource e"aluation, and

research








(Foreland Basin Example)

!er"urden #oc$

%eal #oc$

#eser!oir #oc$

%ource #oc$

&nder"urden #oc$

Basement #oc$

'op il indo

'op Gas indo

Geographic )(tent of Petroleum %ystem

Petroleum #eser!oir ()

Fold*and*'+rust Belt

(arros indicate relati!e ,ault motion)

Essential

Elements

o,

Petroleum

%ystem

!modified from *agoon and +o, ../#

% e d i m e n t a r y

B

a s i n F i l l

%tratigraphic

)(tent of Petroleum

%ystem

Pod o, -cti!e

%ource #oc$

)(tent of Prospect01ield

)(tent of Play

.ross %ection , - Petroleum %ystem




• '+e source2

• A source rock is a

sedimentary rock thatcontains sufficient

organic matter , hen it is

buried and heated it ill

produce petroleum• Good e(amples2 shale

and claystone0mudstone




• 3igh concentrations of organic matter tend to

occur in sediments that accumulate in areas

of high organic matter producti"ity and

stagnant ater• To preser"e organic matter, the o(ygen

contents of the bottom aters and interstitial

aters of the sediment need to be "ery lo

or 4ero, and a rapid sedimentation rate




• '+e %eal2

• %eals tend to be fine-grained

or crystalline, lo-permeabilityrocks Typical e(amples

include mudstone0shale,

cemented limestones, cherts,

anhydrite, and salt !halite#




• %eals to fluid flo can also de"elop along fault

planes, faulted 4ones, and fractures

• The presence of a seal or seals is critical forthe de"elopment of accumulations of

petroleum in the subsurface







• '+e 'rap2

• The geometry of the sealed petroleum-bearing

container

• The simplest trapping configurations are domes

!four-ay dip-closed anticlines# and fault blocks

• The mapping and remapping of trap geometry is

a fundamental part of petroleum geoscience




• '+e #eser!oir 2

• The rock plus "oid space

contained in a trap

• The petroleum together ithsome ater occurs in the pore

spaces beteen the grains !or

crystals# in the rock

• 5eser"oir rocks are most

commonly coarse-grained

sandstones or carbonates




• Porous roc$ and porosity2

• Porosity is the "oid space in the rock, reported

either as a fraction of one or as a percentage

• *ost reser"oirs contain 678 to 9/78 porosity

• Permea"le roc$ and permea"ility/

• Permeability is a measure of the degree to hich

fluid can be transmitted The unit for permeabilityis the darcy !+#, although the permeability of

many reser"oirs is measured in millidarcies

!m+#







• '+e timing o, petroleum migration:

• The timing of petroleum migration relati"e to the

time of deposition of the reser"oir0seal

combinations and the creation of structure ithinthe basin

• 'n order to determine hether the reser"oir, seal,

and trap are a"ailable to arrest migrating petroleum,

it is necessary to reconstruct the geologic history ofthe area under in"estigation



Petroleum %ystemsPetroleum %ystems

• Petroleum %ystem In!estigation2

'dentifies,

names,

determines the le"el of certainty, and

maps the geographic, stratigraphic, and

temporal e(tent of a petroleum system




• To identify a petroleum system, the

e(plorationist must find some petroleum

• Any :uantity of petroleum, is proof of a

petroleum system• An oil or gas seep, a sho of oil or gas in a

ell, or an oil or gas accumulation

demonstrates the presence of a petroleum

system




• The name of a petroleum system contains

se"eral parts that name the hydrocarbon fluid

system2

The source rock in the pod of acti"e sourcerock

; The name of the reser"oir rock that contains

the largest "olume of in-place petroleum

• < The symbol e(pressing the le"el of certainty




• A petroleum system has three important

temporal aspects2

• Age - the time re:uired for the process of

generationmigrationaccumulation of hydrocarbons• ; =ritical moment - the time that best depicts the

generationmigrationaccumulation of hydrocarbons in

a petroleum system

• < Preser"ation time - begins immediately after thegeneration migrationaccumulation process occurs

and e(tends to the present day



Prud+oe Bay/ E!ent 'iming Fa!orsPrud+oe Bay/ E!ent 'iming Fa!ors

-ccumulation o, %+u"li$ il and Gas-ccumulation o, %+u"li$ il and Gas



Timing of formation of the major elements of apetroleum system, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela.

From %c+lum"erger il,ield Glossary




• 'imescales/

• Petroleum maturation, migration and trapping ofoil can occur in a fe million years

• Geologic time is di"ided, using a hierarchicalscheme, into a "ariety of named units

• The basic unit in this scheme is the period

• The se:uence of periods ith their attendant

subdi"isions and supra-di"isions makes up thestratigraphic column



'+e Geologic 'imescale'+e Geologic 'imescale

• The geologic timescale - a 0calendar o, Eart++istory

• The largest defined unit of time shon on thegeologic timescale is the supereon, composed

of eons• )on - the greatest e(panse of time• The earliest is the 3adean !beneath the )arth#

)on, ranging from /> to < billion yrs ago

• The earliest-knon life forms appear in rock fromthe Archean !ancient# )on, about < to ;@billion yrs ago








Generali4ed %tratigraphy of *alay asin




• The Archean )on ga"e ay to the Protero4oic!early life# )on !;,@77-@/< mya#

• The beginning of the Phanero4oic !"isible life#)on, @/< mil years ago, marks the first point at

hich e find abundant fossil e"idence• Phanero4oic subdi"ided into three eras/ the

Paleo4oic !@/<-;@; mya# , *eso4oic !;@;->@mya# , and =eno4oic !>@ mya-present day#

• The first part of the Paleo4oic !ancient life# )raas dominated by marine in"ertebrates, such ascorals, clams, trilobites, and later fish andamphibians




• The *eso4oic !middle life# )ra as dominatedby marines and terrestrial reptiles, including thedinosaurs

• The =eno4oic !recent life# )ra, hich continuestoday, is distinguished by its rich "ariety ofmammals

• )ras are subdi"ided into periods• Periods are subdi"ided into epoc+s



Plate 'ectonic .ontext o,

Petroleum Basins

• asins are generated by plate tectonics, the

process responsible for continental drift

• The )arthBs crust is made up of about ;7 rigid

plates

• Plates may be stretched and broken or pushed

together, or may rotate past each other )ach of

these processes Cdi"ergence !e(tension#,con"ergence !compression#, and strike-slip !or

rench#Ccan lead to the formation of basins



.ontinental ri,t.ontinental ri,t

• The idea that continents,particularly %outh America and

Africa, fit together like pieces ofa Digsa pu44le

• 3oe"er, little significance asgi"en this idea until AlfredWegener !.@# proposed acontro"ersial hypothesis of

continental drift



.ontinental ri,t.ontinental ri,t

• Wegener suggested that thecontinents float on a denserunderlying interior andperiodically break up and driftapart

• Today the concepts of seafloorspreading and plate tectonics are firmly established



Plate Tectonic =onte(t ofPlate Tectonic =onte(t of

Petroleum asinsPetroleum asins



%ea,loor %preading%ea,loor %preading

• The rates of spreading !from mid-ocean ridges# on either side rangefrom to > cm0year or total ratefrom ; to ;cm0year

• At this rate it ould ha"e takenabout ;77 million years for thepresent Atlantic Ecean to attain itspresent idth

• An interesting feature about themid-ocean spreading ridges isthat they are sites for both"olcanic and earth:uake acti"ities



Plate 'ectonicsPlate 'ectonics

• 'n the .>7s, an e(citing ne hypothesiscalled plate tectonics re"olutioni4ed ourunderstanding on ho the outer portion ofthe )arth functions

• According to this theory, the uppermostmantle, along ith the o"erlying crust,beha"e as a strong, rigid layer, knon asthe lithosphere, hich is broken into

pieces called plates and their mo"ementas plate tectonics






Plate 'ectonicsPlate 'ectonics .ontext o,

Petroleum Basins

• The lithosphere !rigid plate# o"erlies a eakerregion in the mantle knon as theasthenosphere



Plate 'ectonic .ontext o,

Petroleum Basins

• Plate oundaries2 there are three basic typesof plate boundaries or margins +i"ergent plate boundaries =on"ergent plate boundaries Transform plate boundaries




• Where to plates con"erge, they produce anarro, deep depression as the subductingplate bends donard into the mantle %uchdepressions are called oceanic trenches



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Myp1213 Chapter 1 Note

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