NarKhanMhuKoSitSayChin by Moe Thee Zon

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The Irrawaddy Brother

P.O Box - 51MaeSot, Tak - 63110ThailandEmail:[email protected]

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Breaking Through The Darkness

Author MoeThee Zun

Copyright The Irrawaddy Brother

ISBN 978-974-7384-28-4

2007, March

Copies 1000

Published The Irrawaddy BrotherP.O Box - 51MaeSot, Tak - 63110ThailandEmail:[email protected]

Press Surin Press64/6 Market RDMaesot,Thailand

Cover Photo Cristina Dorada/The Irrawaddy

Cover Design MyintMo Group (MMG)

Computer & Layout MyintMo Group (MMG)

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I would like to express my appreciation to Sayadaw U Indacara,Mrs. Luyi Chen, Mr Michael Beer, U Aung Myint Soe (Maung Soe Chein),Ko Bo Bo Kyaw Nyein, Ko Aung Thu Nyein, Ko Lawnni, Ko Aung Naing Oo,Ko Win Naing Oo, Ma May Nyein, Ko Zaw Min & Mrs Thomspon,Ko Kyaw Kyaw Lin, Ma Khin Ma Ma Myo (DFB-London),Ko Shwe (DFB- New York) , Ko Naing Gyi, Ko Aung Naing Oowho contribute intercultural debate on my book - “Breaking Through TheDarkness” which is my counter argument on - Lakaniti - Burmese TraditionalPolitical Philosophy.

Moethee ZunNew YorkJanuary 24, 2007

Acknowledgement

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±k&Sm;vlxku zsufodrf;vdkufEkdifayrJh tajccHOya' tm%m&Sifpepf (Autocracy)

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vGefw,fvdk@ ajymvdk@r&bl;? EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:t& wdkufyGJu +yD;qHk;oGm;wJhtwGuftpGef;a&muftrsKd;om;a&;eJ@ bmoma&;awGu 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_awGudk t"duqef@usifwJholawGtjzpf a&SŒwef;udk a&mufvm=uvdk@yJ? ta&SŒtv,fydkif;rSm rlqviftajccH0g'DawGeJ@ ta&SŒawmiftm&Su tm%m&SifuvyftzGJ@0ifawG[m trmcHawGjzpfvmw,f? jrefrmjynfrSm ppftpdk;&vdk tpGef;a&muftrsKd;om;a&;0g'orm;awGacgif;axmifxvmw,f?

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'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGeJ@ vlxk[m tqufjywfxGufoGm;w,f? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m r[mork'N&m a&jyifus,fxJudk ra&mufawmhbJ jrpfusKd;tif;wcktjzpfeJ@ jywfusef&pfcJ hw,f? =umvmwmeJ@tr# wdrfvmr,f? aumoGm;r,f?aemufqHk; aysmufoGm;r,f? 'gudk usaemf tpdk;&drfqHk;?

tm%m&tpdk;&awGu tm&Swefzdk;qdkwmudk wnDw!Gwfwnf; aºu;a=umfvmw,f? olwdk@ 'Dvdkausmcsif;uyfvdkuf=uwmawmh tm&Swefzdk;u olwdk@twGuftusKd;tjrwfawGudk t}uD;tus,f cHpm;ae&vdk@jzpfw,f? olwdk@qdkwmu &efukefppftkyfpk/ rav;&Sm;/ puFmyl/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ w±kwf/ ta&S@tv,fydkif;u EkdifiHawG/ tdEdN,eJ@*syefu wcsKdŒEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGyg0ifw,f?

tm&Swefzdk;qdkwm}uD;udk t}uD;tus,f a0zefaeolawGuawmh ynm&SifawGxJrSm tdEdN,EG,fzGm; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif trmwD,mqef (Amartya Sen)/ wdkif0rforRw ( lee Teng-Hui ) awmifudk&D;,m;orRwa[mif; uifa';*sKH (Kim Dae

Jung) wdk@jzpfw,f? trmwD,mqefu tm&Swefzdk;qdkwmu vGwfvyfr_xuf trdef@

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Human Rights and Asian Values:1 “What Lee Kuan Yew and Le Peng don’t understand about Asia”by Amartya Senhttp://www.brainsnchips.org/hr/sen.htm,May26,2006.

ay;wm/ pnf;urf;uvem;awGudkom ydk+yD; tav;xm;aewmjzpfw,fvdk@ axmufjyw,f?1

vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awG qifhuJjzpfvmrSmudk pdk;&drfawmh tm&Swdkufu tm%m&SifaygufpawG[m ausmcsif;uyfvdkufw,f? olwdk@ajymaewJh tm&Swefzdk;qdkwmu t"duuawmh uGefjzL;&SyftawG;tac:eJ@ [if'Dvlr_a&;pHE_ef;awG bwfvydkif a&mar$xm;wmawGyg? tm&Swefzdk;qdkwmu vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm qifjcifwHkw&m;xuf txufatmuf±dkao&wm/ emcH&wm? yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_awGxufpm&if wdkif;jynftusKd;udk OD;pm;ay;&wm qdkwmawG jzpfw,f? 'Dwefzdk;awGu tm&Swdkuf }uD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;twGufydk+yD; udkufnDw,f? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm taemufwdkif;u usifhoHk;r_awG/ taemufwdkif;,Ofaus;r_awG 'gawGu EkdifiHawmfwnf+idrfa&;eJ@ wdk;wufa&;udk xdcdkufw,f pojzifhaygh? tm&Swefzdk;udk olwdk@ toHtus,fqHk; aºu;a=umfayrJh taemufwdkif;u acwfrDodyH`enf;ynmawGudkawmh olwdk@u vufcHw,f? cHpm;ae=uw,f? acwfrDodyH`enf;ynmudk tm%m&JŒ a'gufwdkiftjzpfeJ@ toHk;csEkdifvdk@yg? 'gayrJh tifwmeufvdk acwfrDqufoG,fa&; odyHenf;ynmusawmh vlxkawG oHk;pGJrSmudk olwdk@u pdk;&drf=ujyefw,f?

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'gayrJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ toufaoG;a=umjzpfwJh EkdifiHa&;pepfu ydk+yD;acwfrDzdk@vdkw,f? ±k&Sm;EkdifiH[m odyHenf;ynmrSm a&SŒwef;a&mufcJhwJhEkdifiHyg? 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHa&;pepfudk rusifhoHk;wJhtwGuf qdk&S,fvpf ±k&Sm;u usqHk;oGm;cJh+yD r[kwfygvm;? tm&Swefzdk;[m wdkif;jynfzGH@òz;wdk;wufa&;twGuf toHk;r0ifawmhwJh azmfjrLvmjzpfw,fqdkwmudkawmh 1997 ckESpfrSm jzpfcJhwJh tm&S b¾ma&;tusyf±kdufr_}uD;u oufaojycJhw,f?

xl;qef;wmu wcsdefu ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;eJ@ uGefjzL;&Syf0g'udk qef@usifcJhwJh w±kwfjynfu uGefjzL;&Syf0wf±Hkudk zHkcg+yD; jyef0wfvmw,f? azmfxkwfvmw,f?

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*sufvDygwJh ol&Jaumif; (Hero) vdk ±kyf&Sifudk w±kwfuGefjrLepfygwDu aemufuaevltiftm;awG ulnD+yD; ±dkuful;apvmw,f? 'Dvdktm&Swefzdk;awGudk oGyfoGif;xm;wJhol&Jaumif;vdk ±kyf&Sifum;awGudk jyefvnfazmfxkwfvmwmuawmh &Sif;ygw,f?

1989 ckESpf wD,ifrif ta&;tcif;u w±kwftpdk;&&JŒ tm%mudk vlxkutwdtvif; pdefac:vmvdk@ygyJ?

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w±kwffjynfu xdyfwef;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfwJh 0rfwef;udk usaemf

awG@awmh cifAsm;wdk@ w±kwfausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_[m ±k&Sm;u rDac; a*gbmacsmhAf(Mikhail Gorbachev) vmvnfwm&JŒ *,uf±dkufcwfr_vm;/ ol&JŒðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGu cifAsm;wdk@udk pGJaqmifcJhvdk@vm;vdk@ar;awmh olu r[kwfygbl;? jrefrmausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;u olwdk@udk pGJaqmifvdkufwmygvdk@ ajymzl;w,f?

tm&Swdkuf 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_u tm%m&olawGudkom tusKd;ðyaewJh tm&Swefzdk;udk pdefac:aeygjyD? tm&Swefzdk;qdkwmeJ@ ydefromvdrfrom&dSwJh avmueDwdudkppftkyfpku jyefvnfyGJxkwfygw,f? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@vufxufrSmyg? olwdk@bk&m; wnfwmawG/ ausmif;aqmufwmawGudk t}uD;tus,f vkyfjycJh=uw,f? 'DvdkEkdifiHawmfu OD;aqmif+yD;vkyfwJh bmoma&; tcrf;tem;awGrSm t*Fvdyf jrefrmESpfbmomeJ@ ±dkufESdyfxm;wJh avmueDwdpmtkyfawGudk vufodyfxdk; jzef@avh&dScJh=uw,f?

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xl;qef;wmuawmh vli,fawG&JŒ qef;opfwJh tawG;tac:awGu 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG=um;rSmvnf; ae&mr&=uygbl;? Oyrm 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&JŒrD'D,mawGrSm ,ae@vli,fa&mhcf*Dworm;awG&JŒ oDcsif;oHpOfawG[m r=um;&ao;oavmufygyJ? 'Dvlr_pHE_ef;awG wlaewJh tiftm;pkESpfck jzpfaewJhyÉdyuQrSm tiftm;}uD;wJholuyJ aemufqHk;rSm tEkdif&oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dtiftm;pk=um;rSm jzpfaewJhyÉdyuQ[m vlxkeJ@ uif;uGmoGm;rSmjzpfw,f? vlxku avmueDwdxJu ta=umufw&m;awGudk rvdkcsifawmhygbl;? vlxkawGu vGwfvyfr_/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ tvkyftudkif/ ajr,meJ@ tpm;taomufawGudk vdkcsifaeygw,f? tajymif;tvJudk vdkcsifae+yD? 'ga=umifh 88 tHkºur_}uD;jzpfcJhw,f? 1990 jynhfESpf arv ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudk rJay;cJhwm jzpfw,f?

usaemfwdk@ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGu 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vdkcsif&if ygwDawGwnfaxmifcGifh&±Hk/ a&G;aumufyGJawG usif;yEkdif±HkeJ@ 'Drdkua&pD[m &Sifoefrvmbl;?wdkif;jynf[m }uD;yGm;vmrSmr[kwfbl;? 'Drdkua&pDwefzdk;awGudk pepfwus usifhoHk;rSomppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDudk &&dSrSmjzpfygw,f? atmifjrifoGm;wJh }uD;yGm;wdk;wufvmwJhEkdifiHawGrSm ðyjyifajymif;vJr_}uD;awGudk vkyfudkvkyf&ygw,f? a[mif;EGrf;wJh vlr_a&;pHE_ef;awGudk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG vkyf&w,f? EkdifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGudk vkyf=u&ygw,f? 'DxJrSm tajccHuswJh acwfrrDawmhwJh vlr_a&;pHE_ef;awGudk ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ vkyfudk vkyfcJh&wm jzpfw,f? Oyrm 1920 0ef;usifrSmwl&uDEkdifiHrSm rlqvifbmoma&;twGif; ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGudk vkyfcJh&w,f? 1868

ckESpfrSm *syefEkdifiH ar*sDacwf (Meiji era) ðyjyifajymif;vJr_qkdwJh EkdifiHa&;eJ@ vlr_a&;

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jrefrmEkdifiH rif;wkef;rif;acwfrSm pufr_ðyjyifajymif;vJr_udk uaemifrif;om;vkyfzdk@óu;pm;cJhw,f? uaemifrif;om;}uD;&JŒ pufr_awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_[m *syefar*sDacwfeJ@ acwfòyifenf;yg;jzpfcJhw,f? 'gayrJh ol&JŒacwfrDEkdifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;prf;oyfr_awGu bmoma&;tpGef;a&muf bkef;awmf}uD;wyg;a=umifh &yfqdkif;vdkuf&w,f?

jrefrmEkdifiHuawmh e,fy,ftm;vHk;xJudk 'Dvdk tm%m&Sif,Ofaus;r_u0ifa&mufaew,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmjynf[m wpwp qkwf,kwfvmw,f? aemufqHk;rSm tarSmifacwfudk usa&mufoGm;w,f? 'gudk usaemfwdk@ vufydkuft±H_;ay;p&mrvdkbl;? atmifjrifwJh EkdifiHwckudk usaemfwdk@ jyefvnfwnfaqmuf=ur,f? atmifjrifwJhvlrsKd;awG[m atmifyGJcHolawG&JŒ pdwfxm;xm;wwf&r,f? atmifpdwfqdkwm owWd/ta=umufw&m;r[kwf? owdWqdkwm rdkuf±l;&Jqefwmr[kwf/ owdWqdkwm arwWmw&m;/ tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_/ tjyeftvSef todrSwfðyr_eJ@ qifjcifwHkw&m; jzpfw,f?vlawGudk ta=umufw&m; oGyfoGif;aewJh avmueDwdvdk oif=um;csufawGu tm%m&Sif,Ofaus;r_udk oufqdk;&Snfapw,f? acwfrDwdk;wufwJh jrefrmEkdifiHawmfopfudkwnfaqmufEkdifzdk@twGuf æ

1? tm%m&SifqefwJhEkdifiHa&; ,Ofaus;r_awGudk zsufodrf;ypf&r,f?2? 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHa&;pepfudkusifhoHk;&r,f?3? vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk usifhoHk;&r,f?

'DxJrSm tm%m&SifqefwJh ,Ofaus;r_awGudk zsufodrf;ypfzdk@u ta&;}uD;qHk;jzpfw,f? 'DpmtkyfrSm tm%m&SifqefwJh ,Ofaus;r_udk oaE<wnfapcJhwJh avmueDwdudkyJ tm±Hkpdkuf aqG;aEG;xm;w,f?

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tawG;tac:wcsKdŒudk rdwfqufay;csif&JŒ? olu 88 'Drdkua&pD vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk jrpfzsm;cHvmwJh 1988 ckESpf rwfveJ@ ZGefv ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhol? &J&ifhawmufajymifwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;?

1988 ckESpf &efukefwuUodkvf t"dywdvrf;r w&m;yGJawGrSm rdk;oD;ZGef qdkwJhol@trnf xif&Sm;ay:vGifvmcJhol?

ZGefv 21 &uf/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_&J@ tjyif;xefqHk;wdkufyGJrSm oluausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_uae vlxkwdkufyGJudk qufvufjr‡ifhwifcsDwufzdk@ wdkufwGef;v_H@aqmfvdkufw,f?

olu Auo acgif;aqmifwOD;/ vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDudk wnfaxmifcJhol? vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk OD;aqmifcJhol? EkdifiHa&;rkefwdkif;xJrSm oHr%dwHwdkif;wckvdk &yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifaeqJolwOD;vnf; jzpfw,f?

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'Drdkua&pD&@J t"du &efol[m a[mif;EGrf;tdkrif;wJh "avhxHk;wrf;awGeJ@ qif;&JrGJawr_ jzpfw,fvdk@ ol ,lqw,f? 'Drdkua&pD &Sifoefzdk@twGuf 'Drdkua&pDwefzdk;awGudkEkdifiHawmfeJ@ vl@tzGJ@pnf;ESpf&yfpvHk;u usifoHk;zdk@eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_&dSzdk@vdkw,fvdk@r=umc% aqG;aEG;avh&dSw,f?

xkwfa0olh hpum;

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pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ ol@&J@tjrifawGrSm EkdifiHawmfu pD;yGm;a&;udk xdrf;csKyfwJhpepfudk ol qef@usifw,f? yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_udk tm;ay;w,f? EkdifiHawmfu pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk xdrf;csKyfwm[m vuf0g;}uD;tkyf pD;yGm;a&;pepfwckvdk@ oHk;oyf,lqw,f?xkwfvkyfr_udk usqif;apw,f? ukefaps;E_ef;udk }uD;jrifhapw,f? vmbfay; vmbf,lr_udk}uD;xGm;apw,fvdk@ oljrifw,f? pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufr_[m wcg;zGifh pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkusifhoHk;±HkeJ@r&bl;? aps;uGufqdkif&m pnf;urf;awG/ Oya'awGeJ@ umuG,fay;zdk@ vdkovdkvGwfvyfpGm òyifqdkifEkdifr_/ aps;uGufopfawGudk wDwGifzefwD;ay;r_eJ@ jynfwGif;aps;uGufudktm;aumif;atmif &SmazG zefwD;ay;Ekdifr_awGtay:rSm r_wnfao;w,fvdk@ olu axmufjyavh&dSw,f?

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'DpmtkyfrSm avmueDwd[m vlawGudk ta=umufw&m; oGyfoGif;ay;aew,fvdk@ olu &J&Jwif;wif; pGyfpJGvdkufwmyJ? 'Dpmtkyf&@J twGif;oabm tESpfom&uta=umufw&m;/ emcH&r_/ trkef;/ &efvdkvufpm;acsr_eJ@ trkef;w&m;awGudk tvif;/owdW/ arwWmw&m;/ qifjcifwHkw&m;/ atmifjrifjcif;wHcg;0/ trSefw&m;&JŒvrf;p tjzpfajymif;vJðyjyifEdkifzdk@&,f/ tarSmifxkudk xGif;azmuf+yD; tvif;acwfudk csDwufav#mufvSrf;=uzdk@ olu wdkufwGef;xm;w,fvdk@yJ ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeJ@ usaemf ajymygw,f?armifvGrf;%DjrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;rsm;'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;Zefe0g&D 12 /2007

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r[m&[eDwd (Maharahaniti)http://www.philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/kautilya/canakya_niti_sastra.html

r[m&[eDwdusrf;udk &SmazGvdk@&w,f? 'gayrJh a&;wJhol/ ckESpf/ ae&mrSwfwrf;wif xm;csif;rawGŒ&? 'gayrJh r[m&[eDwdu avmueDwdxuf aemufusyHk&w,f? tESpf om&awGudk =unfh&if usrf;a&;wJholl jrefrmjynfom;jzpfr,fvdk@,lq&w,f? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk &dScdk;xm;wm&,f? avmueDwdukd csD;rGrf;+yD;a&;xm;vdk@yg?tcef;awG cGJxm;yHku [dawmya'oeJ@qifw,f? [dawmya'oudk vufudkifxm;+yD;a&;xm;yHk&w,f? tcef;awGu 5 cef;ygw,f? ynm&dStcef;/ oHabmxuxm/ &efwdkufwmcGJwm;? rdwWuxm/ t}uD;tuJ em,uuxm/ rdef;rawGta=umif;/ avmueDwdudk a&;wJholeJ@ r[m&[eDwdudka&;wJholu wa,mufxJjzpfr,fqdk&if oluavmueDwdudk t&ifa&;yHk &w,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh avmueDwdudk csD;rGrf;a&;wm&,f/ r[m&[eDwd *gxm trSwf 3 rSm avmueDwdeJ@ ywfoufvdk@udk jyefvnfudk;um;xm;wmawG@&vdkyg? (pma&;ol)2

Zpfjrpfudk vdkufjcif;

avmueDwdudk jrefrmhvlr_tbd"rRmawG tjzpfeJ@ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vufqifhurf;usifhoHk;cJh=uwm =umyg+yD? avmueDwdrSm aumif;wmawG trsm;}uD;&dSw,fqdkwJh qifajcpum;awGudkvnf; =um;cJh&aygif;rsm;vS+yD? raumif;wmawG bm&dSvJqdkwJh owdWeJ@=unfh=uygpdk@?

yxrqHk; avmueDwdudk pwk&*FAvtrwf}uD;u ouUwuae ygVdvdk ðypkygw,f? yif;,acwf tOD;qHk;usrf;vdk@ owfrSwf=uw,f? 1196 ckESpf b}uD;awmfrif;vufxufrSm q&mawmfOD;Ak'fu 'Dtrwf}uD; ðypkxm;cJhwJh pmtkyfudk ygVduaejrefrmbmomudk jyefqdkvdkufwm jzpfygw,f? avmueDwdrSm bk&m;a[m "rRy'(Dhamapada)/ p%useDwd (Chanakya Nit)/ [dawmya'om (Hitopadesa)/ r[m&[&eDwd (Maharahaniti)2 eJ@ [if'DZmwfawGu aumif;Edk;&m&mawG pkaygif;xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;w,f?

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usaemfwdk@ i,fpOfu ausmif;awGrSm &Srf;bkef;}uD;tdyfrufqdkwJh pm&GufawG jyef@vmavh&dSw,f?pmrSm *gxmvdk[mrsKd; a&;xm;w,f? 'Dpmudk&wJholu 7 &Guf jyef ul;+yD; jzef@&r,fvdk@ qdkw,f?jzef@wJholu tusKd;&dSr,f? }uD;yGm;r,f? pmar;yGJ atmifr,f? xDaygufr,f? rjzef@wJholu'kuQawG@r,fqdkwmudk a&;xm;avh&dSw,f? zwf&wJholu bmvkyf&rSef;rodbl;? ,Hk&cufr,Hk&cuf jzpf&w,f? (pma&;ol)3

pwk&*FAv trwf}uD;uqdk&if &wemoHk;yg;udk &Sdcdk;+yD;rS 'Dusrf;udk a&;ygw,fvdk@awmif ed'gef;rSm qdkxm;awmh tH=ordw,f? &Srf;bkef;}uD;3 tdyfrufypfpmvdkyJ'Dusrf;&JŒ tqdktrdef@awGudk avhvm&if usifhoHk;&if a,mufsm;[m tusKd;&dSEkdifw,f/}uD;us,fjrifhjrwfr,fvdk@ txdawmif usL;&ifhxm;w,f? ('gayrJh 'DbufacwfrSm ykHESdyfwJholu rl&if;bmomjyefolawG&JŒ tmabmfr[kwfbJ rdef;ra&m avhvmEkdifygw,f/ vl&m0ifEkdifygw,fvdk@ trsKd;orD;rsm;bufu vdkufvdkufavsmavsm ðyxm;w,f?)

p%useDwdudk jrefrmawGu aumif;aumif;odyHkr&ygbl;? bmomjyefcJhwJhpwk&*FAv trwf}uD;wdk@/ q&mawmfOD;Ak'fwdk@uvnf; odyHkr&ygbl;? wu,fawmhp%usedwdoswusrf;udk ðypka&;om;cJhwJh p%us (c) ukwdv (Kautilya) (bDpD -350-275 ) jrefrmawG vufudkifxm;aewJh avmueDwdpmtkyfrSm ol&ŒJ 'oeawGutrsm;pk vGrf;rdk;xm;w,f?p%usu 'Dusrf;udk ðypkwJhtwGuf p%useDwdvdk@ ac:wmjzpfw,f?

p%useDwdudk p%usedwdo#w&vdk@vnf; ac:ao;w,f? t*Fvdyfvdk pmvkH;aygif;awmh (Chanakya Nitishastra) 'Dusrf;udkðypkwJh p%us[m olawmfpifwyg;awmhr[kwfygbl;? oludk,folawmh bmoma&;orm;vdk@vnf; rcH,lcJhygbl;?

ol[m omref tdENd, trsKd;om;wa,mufomjzpfw,f? acwfpum;eJ@ ajym&ifol[m wpDvm (Taxila) wuUodkvfu EkdifiHa&;odyHÏmeu ygarmuQwa,muf/ ol[mEkdifiHa&; okcrdef/ bk&ifhtwdkifyifcHtrwf}uD; (Kingmaker)/ 'Dhxufydk+yD;oludk *k%fðyEkdifwmuawmh tdENd,EkdifiH&JŒ rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifwa,mufvdk@ qdkEkdifygw,f?

ol wuUodkvfrSm pmjyaewkef;u jyifyavmueJ@ uif;uGmaew,f? tdENd,rSmtkyfcsKyfolawG nhHzsif;wJhtwGuf wdkif;jynfu ysufvkjzpfaew,f? 'DtcsdefrSm tdENd,wdkufi,fudk tvufZEMm; (Alexander the Great) bk&if (bDpD - 356 - bDpD -323) u0ifa&mufusL;ausmf wdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? tdENd,[m vGwfvyfa&; qHk;±H_;oGm;w,f?

22


pmtkyfawGxJrSm tdyfaysmfaewJh p%us[m vef@Edk;vmw,f? wdkif;wyg;u usL;ausmfapmfum;wmudk ol t}uD;tus,f cHpm;oGm;&w,f?

tdENd,udk jyefvnfpkpnf;Ekdifzdk@twGuf acgif;aqmifaumif;&dSrS jzpfawmhr,fqdkwmudk olem;vnf oabmaygufvmw,f? 'DtwGuf acgif;aqmifaumif; wa,muf&Smzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? ol@ar#mfvifhcsufawGudk ay;pGrf;EkdifwJh òrŒudk xGufvmcJhw,f?'DòrŒuawmh uH=urRm&JŒòrŒvdk@ wifpm;xm;wJh ygwvdyk'f (Patliputra)/ acgif;aqmifudk&Smw,fqdkwmxuf acgif;aqmifvkyfw,fqdkwmu ydkrSefr,f? 'Dtcsdefu tm%mvufrJhjzpfaewJh bk&ifavmif; csef'&m*kyw rl,m& (Chandra-gupta Maurya) eJ@ p%usaygif;rdw,f? nHhzsif;wJh bk&ifeENm (Nanda) udk jzKwfcsEkdifw,f? aemufqHk; atmifyGJcHw,f? usL;ausmfwJh *&dawGudk armif;xkwfvdkufEkdifw,f? òyuGJoGm;wJh tdENd,wdkufi,fudk jynfvnfpkpnf;EkdifcJhvdk@ygyJ? 'Dvdk ESpfaygif; 2300 cef@u ordkif;wGif&pfwJh v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk tawG;tac:t&/ aoe*FAsL[meJ@ ºu,f0wJh enf;y&d,m,fawGt& OD;aqmifr_ay;cJhwmuawmh p%usyJ jzpfw,f? bk&if csef'&m *kyw[m ud&d,mr#om jzpfcJhw,f?ol}uD;jyif;wJhumv tdENd, vltzGJ@tpnf;rSm acwfu acwfysuf}uD;jzpfwJhtwGuft=urf;zufr_awG/ pdwfysuftm;i,fr_awG/ opPmazmufr_awG tiwfab;awGeJ@jynfhESufaew,f? 'Da&mifjyef[yfcsufawGuawmh ol&JŒ '\edu tjrifawGu cufxef=urf;wrf;aew,f?

“Do not put your trust in rivers, men who carry weapons, beasts withclaws or horns, women, and members of a royal family.”4

“jrpfawG/ vufeufudkifvmwJholawG/ csKdwdk@/ vufonf;wdk@&dSwJhowW0gawG/rdef;rawG/ bk&ifhaqGawmfrsKd;awmfawGudkawmhrsm; r,HkvdkufaveJ@ armifa&” udk,fuusL;&if udk,f'l;awmif r,HkeJ@ qdkwmrsKd;aygh? olu tdENd,vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk wpkwpnf;jzpfEkdifwJh '\eduudk azmfxkwfcJhw,f? 'gudk p%useDwdvdk@ ac:wGifw,f? wu,fawmh ol&JŒ '\eduawG[m acwfopfEkdifiHa&; tbd"rRmenf;eJ@ =unfh&if (PoliticalRealisim) vdk@ ajymvdk@ &Ekdifw,f?

http://www.philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/kautilyacanakya_niti_sastra.html4

23


http://www.philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/kautilyacanakya_niti_sastra.html5

olu &D&,fvpf (Realists) ausmif;&JŒ tapmqHk;acgif;aqmifvdk@ ajymvdk@&w,f?&D&,fvpf tawG;tac: ynm&SifawGjzpfwJh um; AGef uavmh0pf (Carl von Clausewitz)eDudkavh rdkufu,f&mA,fvD (Niccolo Machiavelli)/ armf*efol; (Morgenthau)/ qGefpk(Sun Tzu) wdk@eJ@ EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsuf tjrifawG wl=uw,f? tESpfom&uawmh udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; (Interest) eJ@ vHkðcHa&; (Security) awGu tajccH tkyfjrpftjzpfwnf&dSw,f?EdkifiHwckeJ@wck qufqHa&;rSm ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tiftm; b,favmuf awmifhwif;ovJqdkwJh tay:rSm tav;teufxm;+yD; qHk;jzwf=uw,f? tusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@ ywfoufvm&ifb,foludkrS r,HkeJ@/ tusKd;pD;yGm;ay;Ekdifol[m rdwfaqGaumif;?

wjcm;EkdifiHa&; tbd"rRmawGuvnf; udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@ vHkðcHa&;udk a&SŒwef;awmhwif=uygw,f? 'gayrJh &D&,fvpfpf (Realists) awG&JŒ udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@ vHkðcHa&;a&S@wef;wifr_u tpGef;a&mufvdk@jzpfw,f? 'Dvdk &D&,fvpfawGu t&mcyfodrf;udktusKd;pD;yGm;e@J vHkðcHa&;udk t"duxm; qHk;jzwfaewmuawmh bk&m;acwfuae uae@acwf txdygyJ?

p%usudk '\eduynm&SifawG=um;rSm tdENd,&JŒ rdkufu,f&mA,fvD vdk@vlodrsm;ygw,f? rdkufu,f&mA,fvDqdkwmuawmh &D&,fvpf (Realists) EkdifiHa&;ynm&Sif? urBmh EkdifiHa&;rSm ol@=oZmeJ@ uif;wJholr&dSbl;? olajymwmawGu rSefvGef;vdk@&Gmjyifxkwfxm;&w,fqdkwJh vlrsKd;aygh?

“ ppfqdkwJhae&mrSm w&m;wmawG rw&m;wmawG r&dSbl;/ Ekdifzdk@yJ?”“tdrfa&S@rif;om; (tkyfcsKyfol) wa,muf&JŒ t"du tm;enf;csufu oem;

=uifemwwfr_yJuG” qdkwmrsKd;awGaygh?eydkvD,H (Napoleon)/ [pfwvm (Hitler)/ vDeif (Lenin) uae abvf

uvifwef (Bills Clinton)/ a*smhbk&f (George W.Bush) txd ol@ =oZmawG &dSw,f?'gayrJh ol&JŒtpGef;a&muf tjrifawGa=umifh ol@wynfhvdk@awmh b,folurS ajymifajymifwif;wif; emrnfrcH&J=ubl;? p%us'\eawGrSm ESpfoufp&mav;awGvnf;&Sdygw,f? 'guawmh æ

24


http://www.philosophy.ru/library/asiatica/indica/authors/kautilya/canakya_niti_sastra.html6

“The happiness of the commoners is the happiness of the king.Theirwelfare is his welfare. A king should never think of his personal interestorwelfare, but should try to find his joy in the joy of his subjects.”5

“bk&if&JŒ aysmf&$ifr_qdkwm EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ aysmf&Gifr_okcyJ? bk&ifqdkwm EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ tusKd;uvGJvdk@ bmudkrS r=unfhoifhbl;”

'Dvdk tjrifrsKd;udkawmh avmueDwd jrefrmjyefrSm xnfhoGif; azmfjyrxm;wmuawmh xl;qef;w,f? rdef;rawGtay:rSm r,Hk=unfr_eJ@ ESdrhfcsr_awGuawmh p%us&JŒ'\eawGrSm wav#mufvHk; v$rf;rdk;aew,f?

“Women have hunger two-fold, shyness four-fold, daring six-fold, andlust eight-fold as compared to men”6

“rdef;rqdkwm a,mufsm;xuf qmavmifr_rSm ESpfq/ t&Sufw&m;rSm av;q/owdWt&mrSm 6 q/ tvdk&rufrSm &Spfq omw,fuG” qdkwmrsKd;?

ol@acwf ol@tcguawmh ol&JŒ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_qufqHa&; t,ltqawG[m tdENd,udk atmifjrifr_ay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 19 &mpktukef pufr_awmfvSefa&;udkatmifjrifvmwJh t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒu tdEdN,udk usL;ausmfvmwJhtcgrSmawmh pdkufysKd;a&;tajccHpD;yGm;a&; jzpfaeao;wJh tdENd,twGuf EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&; tjrifawGu tdENd,udkvHkðcHr_ray;Ekdifawmhygbl;? olar#mfrSef;cJhwJh tiftm;awmifhwif;wJh tdENd,[m usL;ausmfolawGatmufudk ESpfaygif;&meJ@csD+yD; jyefvnfusa&mufoGm;jyefw,f?

'DtcgrSm tdENd,twGuf vdkaewJh'\eudk jznfhqnf;zdk@ tdENd,jynfolawGudkatmifyGJodk@ ac:aqmifay;EdkifrJh '\eynm&SifwOD;ay:vmjyefw,f? oluawmh r[wWr*EDN (1869-1948) yJ jzpfygawmhw,f? p%usxuf ydkrdkjrifhjrwfwJh EkdifiHa&; t,ltqudk r[wWr *EN Du rdwfqufay;cJ hw,f? ol&JŒ '\euawmh pus*[&(Satyagraha) rlvdk@ xif&Sm;w,f? trSefw&m;udk &SmazGjcif;vdk@ t"dy`g,f&w,f? trSefw&m;udk &SmazGwJhae&mrSm yGifhvif;r_&dS&r,f? ±dk;om;r_&dS&r,f? w&m;r#wr_ &dS&r,f?'Dvdk &SmazGwJhae&mrSm olwyg;udk xdcdkufepfematmif emusifatmifawmif rvkyf&bll;vdk@ qdkw,f?

25


*END&JŒ 'D'\eu tifrweftiftm;}uD;wJh &efoludk pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt& v$rf;rdk;tEkdif,loGm;w,f? 'g[m p%usudk *EDNu v$rf;rdk;tEkdif&oGm;w,fvdk@ usaemf qdkcsifw,f? p%us&JŒ Ekdif&if+yD;a&m/ bmyJjzpfjzpf vlvlcsif; cGJjcm;wJh tESpfom&awG a&m¹yef;aewhJ t,ltqawG wpwp arS;rdSefoGm;w,f?

p%usudk csD;rGrf;axmyem ðyxm;wJh *k%fyk'fawGuvnf; tpHk&dSw,f? e,l;a'vDòrŒudk wcgu p%usyk&fòrŒvdk@ ol@udk *k%fðyac:cJhao;w,f? olawmfpif/ EkdifiHa&;okcrdef/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif/ v,f,majr ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;? wzufrSmvnf;t=uifemw&m;uif;rJhol? aumufuspfol? e,fcsJŒ0g'udktm;ay;ol/ tdENd, rdkufu,f&mA,fvD?

b,folawG bmyJajymajym? oluawmh ESpfawG axmifeJ@csDaewmawmif ykwD;wzuf/ "m;wzuf udkif+yD; tqHk;tp r&dSwJh c&D;udkESifqJ/ tðyH;rysuf? ol@udk bk&m;pifay:rSmawmif wif+yD; udk;uG,fwJholawGuvnf; 'keJ@a';&dSaew,f? jrefrmjynfrSmqdk&ifb}uD;awmfrif;vufxufuae ppftpdk;&vufxuf omoema&;0ef}uD;XmeawGtxdyHkESdyfus/ oifwef;ay;=ueJ@ jzpfae=uw,f? q&mawmfOD;Ak'fuae ±kyff&Sif'g±dkufwm}uD;OD;okctxd vufpGJxm;ae=uw,f? (OD;okcrSwfpkrSm 'Dpmtkyf&JŒ =oZmawG trsm;}uD;awG@&w,f?)

p%us ajymcJhwJh tqdktrdef@awGu rsm;vSayrJh jrefrmjynfu avmueDwdxJrSmaz:jyxm;wJh tqdktrdef@u tenf;tusOf;r#omjzpfw,f? avmueDwdudk usrf;vdkwGifwGifoHk;usayrJh 'Dpmtkyfudk usrf;wckvdk@ ajym&wmcufw,f? a&Smif&efaqmif&efawGudk a&;xm;wJh pmtkyfqdk&if ydkrSefr,f? aqmifyk'fawGudk pkaygif;pyfaygif; a&;xm;wmyJ jzpfw,f? wcgw&HrSm a&S@aemufrnDwmawGudkvnf; awG@ae&w,f? pwk&*Ftrwf}uD; pD&ifa&;om;awmfrlaomvdk@ a&;xm;ayrJh usrf;ðywJhol&JŒ udk,fydkift,ltqawG rygawmh olu usrf;ðywmr[kwfbJ bmomjyef oufoufr#omjzpfw,f?

usaemfu q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;&JŒ udkaZmf0dwf0wˆKwdkaygif;csKyfudk óuufw,f?'Dpmtkyfudk róuufbl;vdk@ *syefEkdifiH wdkusdKòrŒ tm[m&eJ@ opPm pmay0dkif;awmfom;awGpDpOfwJh pmaya[majymyGJrSm ajymcJhw,f? q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;&JŒ udkaZmf0dwfudk bma=umifhóuufvnf;qdkawmh vlvlcsif; pmemaxmufxm;wmawG/ 'Dae@acwfpum;eJ@ ajym&&ifawmh vl@tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;wJhtcsufawG&dSw,f? trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEkd;

26


wmawG trsKd;orD;awGudk cGJjcm;qufqHwmr[kwfbJ jrihfjrwfwJhpdwfxm;eJ@ qufqHwmawGudk awG@&vdkyg? róuufwJhpmtkyfudkawmh avmueDwdvdk@ ajymcJhw,f?

bmjzpfvkd@ róuufvJ æ1? Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfawGeJ@ p%us&JŒ '\eudk E_dif;,Of+yD; razmfjy aumif;ygbl;?2? Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;&JŒ w&m;u olawmfaumif;w&m;/ p%usu EkdifiHa&; '\e?3? Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;u +idrf;csrf;a&;w&m;? p%usu ppfaoG;ºuw&m;?

tdENd,rSm p%usudk EkdifiHa&;okcrdeftjzpfom owfrSwfw,f? usaemfwdk@ubmjzpfvdk@ jrefrmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ avmueDwd usifh0wfawGxJrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmxnfhoGif;azmfjy+yD; usifh=uHae=uwmvJ? 'gudk usaemf avhvmawmh jrefrmawG[mp%usudk aumif;aumif;rod=ubl;qdkwm odvm&w,f? 'ga=umifh udk;uG,frdw,f?p%usudk EkdifiHa&;ynm&Sifwa,muftaeeJ@ usaemf rkef;p&mr&dSygbl;? av;pm;ygw,f?ol@ '\etjrifawGu pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;w,f? avhvmoifhygw,f? udk;uG,f&wJhtxdawmhr[kwfygbl;? usaemf&JŒ a[majymcsufudk r&Sif;vif;wJholawG em;raxmifvdkuf&wJholawGtwGuf usaemf&JŒ tawG;tjrifawGudk xyfrH a0iSvdkufwmyJ?

avmueDwd oif=um;csufawG[m 'Dae@acwfeJ@ udkufnDovm;/ rudkufnDbl;vm;?

ol&JŒ wefzdk;awG[m pmzwfoltwGuf tusKd;&dSEkdifovm;/ r&dSEkdifbl;vm;?qufvuf usifoHk;csifovm;/ rusifhoHk;csifbl;vm; qdkwmawGuawmh pmzwfolawG&JŒudk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsufom jzpfygw,f?

p%useDwdo#wudk a&;om;cJhwJh p%us (c) ukwdv (Kautilya) (bDpD -350-275) jrefrmawG vufudkifxm;aewJh avmueDwdpmtkyfrSm ol&JŒ'\eawGu90 &mcdkifE_ef;avmuf v$rf;rdk;xm;w,f?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

27


avmueDwd(pm - 6)7

avmueDwd odk@r[kwf vlawGudk jyXmef;aejcif;

usaemfzwfwJh avmueDwdpmtkyfi,fu rm*"d (ompnf) rS xkwfa0wJh pmtkyfjzpfygw,f? 1998 ckESpfrSm 'kwd,t}udrf xkwfa0wmjzpfygw,f? &efukefòrŒ urBmat;omoema&;OD;pD;Xme/ ,Ofaus;r_oifwef;rSm q,fapmifwGJ bmom&yfudk oif=um;zdk@jyXmef;zdk@pDpOfcJh+yD; jrefrmbmomoufoufeJ@ oif=um;ay;cJhw,fvdk@ od&w,f? jrefrmvdkoif=um;wmuawmh em;vnfvG,fatmifvdk@ jzpfw,fvdk@qdkxm;ygw,f? usaemhfa0zefcsufrSmvnf; jrefrmvdk t"dyg,fjyefqdkwmudk tajccH+yD; a0zefxm;ygw,f? ygVdvdkrazmfjyawmhwmuawmh usaemfudk,fwdkifvnf; ygVdvdkrwwfwm&,f/ vufESdyfpuf±dkufwJhtcg tvGefcufvSwJhtwGufa=umifh tcsdefukef rcHcsifawmhwm&,fa=umifhjzpfygw,f?

avmueDwdrSm *gxmaygif; 167 ck ygygw,f? *gxmtrSwfpOf 1 u usrf;ðywJhpwk&*FAv trwf}uD;u bk&m;udk &dScdk;+yD;rS 'Dusrf;udk ðypkw,fqdkwmudk a&;om;xm;wmjzpf+yD;/ *gxmtrSwfpOf 2 uawmh 'Dusrf;udk vlawGu avhvmoif=um; xdkufyHkudkazmfjyxm;w,f?

'Dusrf;xJrSm "rRy'u *gxm 4 ck omjzpf+yD;? usefwmawGu p%useDwdeJ@wjcm; [if'DvlrSKa&;usrf;awGu jzpfw,f?

'Dusrf;u “rdbeJ@vnf; wlw,f? q&morm;vnf;jzpfw,f? rdwfaqGvnf;jzpfw,f/ 'Dusrf;wwfwJholu a,mufsm;aumif;jzpfw,f? ynm&dSjzpfw,f? }uD;us,frGefjrwfw,f”7vdk@ tvGeft=uL; qdkxm;ygw,f?

jy\emu ygVdvdk a&;xm;wJhtwGuf omrefpmzwfy&dwfawG omrefvlawGtwGuf bk&m;a[mawGvdk rxd&/ ra0zef&ovdk jzpfaew,f? usrf;ðywJholuvnf;olóuufwJht,ltqudk trsm;vdkufem usifhoHk;apcsifwJhtwGuf bk&m;a[meJ@ wGJ+yD;azmfjyovm;vdk@ usaemf xifrdygw,f? avmuedDwdrSm vlr_qufqHa&;awGudk tydkif;7 ydkif; cGJjcm; az:jyxm;w,f? b,folawG&JŒ qufqHa&;awGvnf;qdk&if æ

28


avmueDwd(pm - 18)8§9

1? ynm&dSudk qdk&mtydkif;2? olawmfaumif;udk qdk&mtydkif;3? olrdkuf ol,kwfrmwdk@udk qdk&mtydkif;4? rdwfaqGudk qdk&mtydkif;5? rdef;rudk qdk&mtydkif;6? rif;udk qdk&mtydkif;7? ta=umif;rsKd;pHkudk a&maESmjyqdkaomtydkif; (taxGaxGtydkif;) qdk+yD;ygw,f?

ynm&dSynm&dSudk qdk&mtydkif;rSm ynm&JŒwefzdk; ynmudk rysif;r&d&Sm=uzdk@qdkwJh wdkuf

wGef;csufawG[m jiif;p&mr&dSbl;? aumif;ygw,f? 'gayrhJ æ“ysif;wJholu twwfynmr&Ekdif/ ynmr&&if OpPmr&Ekdif/ OpPmr&dS&if rdwfaqG r&Ekdif/

rdwfaqGr&dS&if csrf;omr&Ekdif/ csrf;omr&dSol aumif;r_r&Ekdif/ aumif;r_r&dSol[m edAŠmefr&Ekdif”8

qdk+yD; qifhuJ ðcH,loHk;oyfvmwJhtcgrSmawmh pOf;pm;p&mawG jzpfvmw,f?ysif;wJholu ynmr&Ekdifwmuawmh [kwfyg+yD? ynm&dSwdkif;a&m OpPmudk &=u&JŒ

vm;? rcsrf;ombl;qdk&ifa&m aumif;r_av;wckavmufvkyfvdk@ r&awmhbl;vm;?qif;&Jonf csrf;omonfjzpfap aumif;r_udk ðyvkyf=uzdk@ usaemfwdk@ jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm rwdkufwGef;oifh=ubl;vm;? ol&JŒtqdku twwfynmr&dSwJholu edAŠmefudkra&mufEkdifawmhbl;vdk@ t"dy`g,fxGufvmw,f? usaemfwdk@ Ak'<bmomrSm ynmwwfawGrS edAŠmefudka&mufw,fvdk@ usaemf ravhvm rrSwfom;zl;bl;? wcsKd@[mawGuvnf; [kwfyghrvm;vdk@ oHo,jzpfw,f? bmvJqdkawmh æ

“twwfynmudk ajz;ajz;oif&m./ OpPmudk ajz;ajz;&Sm&m./ awmifukd ajz;ajz;wuf&m./ umr*k%fudk ajz;ajz;om cHpm;&./ trsufa'goudk ajz;ajz;om xGuf&m.”9

29


avmueDwd(pm - 18)10

qENrapm&bl;vdk@ qdkw,f? twwfynmudk ajz;ajz;oifae&ifawmh ysif;wJholawGtwGuf qifajcaumif;wckjzpfr,f? 'gayrJh i,fpOftcgrSm ynm&Smqdkwmudkaemufydkif;tyk'fwckrSm wdkufwGef;xm;wm awG@jyefawmh a&S@aemuf rnDrnm jzpfaewmaygh?

OpPmudk ajz;ajz;&Smr,fqdk&ifawmh vlwa,mufrSma&m/ EkdifiHawmftwGufrSmygodyfraumif;vSbl;? ormtmZD0enf;om jzpfygap OpPmudk vlwdkif;u jrefjrefyJ vdkcsif=uygw,f? EkdifiHwdkif;[m pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufzdk@ tpGrf;ukef vkyfaqmifae=uw,f? vlwa,muftwGufawmh OpPmjzpf+yD; wdkif;jynfwcktwGufawmh *sD'DyDvdk@ ajym&rSmaygh?*sD'DyDwufzdk@ EkdifiHawG[m tonf;toefudk óu;pm;ae=u&ygw,f? OpPm jrefjref&avcsrf;omav? csrf;om&if udk,hftwGufa&m vltzGJ@tpnf;twGufyg aumif;rSKukodkvfvkyfief;awG vkyfEkdifp&mawG trsm;}uD; &dSvmEkdifygw,f?

awmifuawmhAsm/ olrajymvnf; b,fvmajy;wufEkdifrSmvJ? 'gawGu ADZaphaqmfcsufvdkygyJ? vlwdkif;odEkdifw,f? umr*k%fudk ajz;ajz;om cHpm;qdkwmuawmhvlóuufrsm;EkdifwJhtwGuf ra0zef&Jawmhygbl;? olajymwJhtwdkif; ajz;ajz;om cHpm;=uygukefownf;vdk@yJ qdkyg&apawmh?

yxrydkif;rSm ynmudk óu;pm;oifzdk@ wdkufwGef;vmwmuawmh rSef+yD; ynmwwfjzpfzdk@ olwdkufwGef;wJh &nf&Gufcsufu vrf;a=umif;ajymif;oGm;w,f?

“cspfom; cspforD;wdk@ twwfynmudk óu;pm;oifprf;yg? tb,fa=umifhysif;pdwf0ifaeygoenf;? twwfynm r&dSaomolonf ol. 0efxrf;jzpfwwf.?twwfynm&dSoludk avmuY olwyg;wdk@u ylaZmf*k%fðyae=uonf? xdk@a=umifhcspfom; (cspforD;) wdk@ ae@wdkif;ae@wdkif; twwfynmudk óu;pm;I oif=um;ygavmh”10

30


avmueDwd (pm - 21)11

ynmudk&Smzdk@ wdkufwGef;csufawGrSm trSm;trSefudkodzdk@ ynmeJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tvkyftau|;ðyzdk@ qdkwmawGxuf ausmfapmrlawG/ *k%fðycHcsifwmawGudk&zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;w,f? om;orD;awGudk ynmroifay;wJh rdbawGtay: &efolvdkoabmxm; xm;cdkif;wmuawmh pdk;&drfp&m aumif;vSw,f? 'gudk 'Dvdk azmfjyxm;w,f?

“trdonf tjyif&efol rnf.? tzonf twGif;&efol rnf.? tb,fa=umifh&efol rnfoenf;? i,fpOftcgu ynmoifray;aoma=umifh &efolrnf.”11

avmueDwd tvdkt&qdk&ifawmh tckppftpdk;&vufxufrSm usaemfwdk@ rdbawGu &efolawGvdk jzpfae=u+yD? ppftpdk;&u ausmif;awGudk ydwfvdkufzGifhvdkuf vkyfwma=umifh rdbawGu om;orD;awGudk ynmray;Ekdif=uawmhbl;av? 'gudk uAsmq&mrm±ku ol&JŒ “&mZoH” qdkwJh uAsmpmtkyfxJrSm æ

“uJ ajym=uprf;ygOD; usKyfwdk@om;orD;awGu ynmwwfawGAs vdk@ b,frdbu ajymEkdif=uao;wkef;”vdk@ oluAsmrSm a&;xm;wmudk zwf+yD; ðyH;rdw,f? [kwfw,f? olajymovdkyJ

rdbawGu om;orD;udk ynmay;csifayrJh ray;EkdifwJh tajctaeawGvnf; jzpfwwfwmyJ? rdbudk &efolvdk@awmh b,fawmhrS rowfrSwfoifhygbl;? avmueDwdu oif=um;ovdk ynmray;EkdifwJh rdbawGudk &efolvdk@owfrSwf&if usaemfwdk@rSm &efolawGcsnf;jzpfaeawmhr,f?

etzvufxufrSm wdkif;jynfu pD;yGm;a&;c|wfðcH=uvmawmh rdbawG[mom;orD;awGudk ynmtarG ray;Ekdif=uawmhbl;r[kwfvm;? 'ga=umifh usaemfhtaeeJ@apm'u wufcsifwmuawmh ynmray;Ekdifonfjzpfap/ ay;Ekdifonfjzpfap b,fvdkta=umif;eJ@rS rdbudk &efolrowfrSwfoifhwmygyJ? rdbawG[m usaemfwdk@&JŒ arG;aus;Zl;&Sifyg?

31


avmueDwd(pm - 23)12

avmueDwdrSm vSwmav;awG wcgw&HrSm awG@&w,f? 'Dvdk vSwmawGrSefwmawG =unfhvdkuf&if Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mwJh "rRy'u tyk'fjzpfaew,f?

“a,mufronf [if;. t&omudk rodouJodk@ vlrdkufonf touf&Snfor#umvywfvHk; ynm&dSudk qnf;uyfapumrl (olawmfaumif;) w&m;udk rodEkdif”12

vlrdkufrSm trdkufarSmifawG zHk;v$rf;aew,f? ynm&dSeJ@awG@wmawmifrS/ ynmqnf;yl;&ifawmifrS olwyg;udk EdSyfpufzdk@ jzpfaewwf+yD; ynmeJ@ avmu vlom;awGaumif;usKd;udk/ aqmif&GufrlawGudk olwdk@rvkyf=uygbl;? a'gufwmarmifarmif[mEkdifiHjcm;rSm ynmawGudk qnf;yl;cGifh&cJhayrJh trdkufw&m;awG zHk;vGrf;aeawmh olwwfwJhynmu tm%m&Sif OD;ae0if;udkyJ tvkyftau|;ðycJhw,f? oludk,fwdkifu 'Drdkua&pDta=umif; pmtkyfwtkyfa&;cJhayrJh 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfawGudk rvdkufemawmhbJ tm%m&SifpepfudkyJ tvkyftau|; ðypkcJhw,f? c±ktqHu|wf/ w&m;vufvGwf jzpfcJhw,f?

avmueDwdu ynm&dSqdkwm bmvJvdk@ owfrSwfcsufrSm ynm&dSqdkwJhol[moHwrefwa,mufeJ@ ydkwlaew,f? y&d,m,fa00k'fawG rsm;aew,f? =unfhyg?

“ta&;a&mufonfESifh oihfav#mfaompum;udkqdkjcif;? udk,fESifh oifhavsmfaomcspftyfoludk&Smjcif;? udk,fESifhwef±Hkom trsufxGufjcif;? ToHk;rsKd;udk odaomolonfynm&dSrnf.”12

EkdifiHjcm;om;wa,mufu cifAsm;wdk@ jrefrmawGtaeeJ@ ynm&dSqdkwmudk b,fvdkowfrSwfygovJvdk@ ar;vm&if 'DoHk;csufudk oGm;ajym&ifawmh tawmfa=umifwJhudpPyJ?'DowfrSwfcsufu vHkavmufyghrvm;? ynm&dSwa,mufrSm trSm;trSefudk cGJjcm; odjrifEkdifwJh qifjcifwHkw&m; ta&;}uD;qHk;r[kwfvm;?

wcsKd@tyk'fawGrSmvnf; ynmwwfrS ynmta=umif;udkajym? ynmrwwf&ifrajymeJ@qdkwJh rmeaxmifv$m;wmawG/ ynmwwfonfjzpfap rwwfonfjzpfap/vlawG&JŒ qifjcifwHkw&m;udk ydwfyifwm rajym&Jatmif rawG;&Jatmif vkyfwmawGvnf; &dSw,f? Oyrm æ

32


avmueDwd(pm - 24)13§14

“ynmr&dSyJvsuf pum;vdkvm;aomol”13

“ynmenf;aomolonf txift&Sm;jy&m.”14

qdkwmrsKd;awGeJ@ ynmrwwfwJholu ynmem;udkoGm;zdk@ yxrajcvSrf;udkuef@owfxm;w,f? ynmrwwfwJholu oljrifwJhtjrifudk rxkwfazmfEkdifawmhbl;vm;?b,fpum;u ynmpum;/ 'ga=umifh ynm&dSyJ ajymcGifh&dSw,fvdk@ owfrSwfvdk@ &ygovm;? 'g[m vlawGudk rajym&J rqdk&Jatmif ydwfovdkjzpfapw,f? ynmwwfolawGuowif;tcsuftvuf&&dSrltay: rlwnf+yD; ynmrwwfwJholawGudk tod^m%fudkvuf0g;}uD;tkyfzdk@ tcGifhtvef;udk &apEkdifw,f?

'g[m ynmwwf tm%m&Sifpepfudk jzpfay:apEkdifwmyJ? 'ga=umihf jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm ynm&dSpum;0dkif;yJjzpfjzpf tpnf;a0;awGrSmjzpfjzpf omrefvlawGawGausmif;om;vli,fawGu rdrdtjrifudk 0ifa&muf+yD; raqG;aEG;&JwmawG/ rajym&JwmawGudk &v'ftjzpf usaemfwdk@&vdkufw,f?

igajymvdkufwmu tqifhtwef;rS&dSygrvm;/ olrsm;u [morsm; vkyfavrvm; qdk+yD; odrfi,fpdwf0ifoGm;atmifvkyfovdkjzpfaew,f?

usaemf taemufEkdifiHawGudk c&D;xGufcJhzl;w,f? [m;Awf/ trftdkifwD/pwef;zdk@/ atmufpfzdk@ tygt0if wuUodkvf}uD;awGrSm a[majymcJhzl;w,f? a[majymyGJwcsKdŒawGrSm uav;awGuyg 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG; ar;jref;=uw,f? usaemf a[majymwJhta=umif;t&mu EkdifiHa&;eJ@ oufqdkifwmawG jzpfayrJh olwdk@u “ Do you missyour mom?” rif;tarudk owd&vm;? “Do you have wife? “ “ Do you have kids?“rdef;reJ@ uav;&dSvm; pojzifhar;=uw,f? 'Dvdkar;vdk@ olwdk@udk txifao;wJht=unfh/ 0if±_yf&efaumvdk@ owday;wJht=unfhawGudk olwdk@rdbawGu rvkyfcJh=ubl;?ololi,fcsif;awGuvnf; ol 'Dvdk0ifar;vdk@ v#m&Snf&efaumvdk@ rvdkwJht=unfhr&dSbl;?bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh olwdk@ynma&;eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u ar;cGef;ar;wwfatmifudkavhusifhay;xm;vdk@yJ?

33


usaemf vlxkw&m;yGJawGrSm rdef@cGef; r=umc% ajymcJhw,f? usaemfwdk@ jrefrmvli,fawG[m ar;cGef;ar;&Jzdk@ tifrwef wGef@qkwfae=uwJhb0udk a&mufaewm0rf;enf;p&maumif;w,f? olwdk@rSm ar;p&m ar;cGef;awG trsm;}uD;&dSaew,fqdkwmusaemfodw,f? olwdk@ bmvdk@ ar;zdk@ wGef@qkwfaewmvnf;qdkawmh olwdk@[m ausmif;awGrSm/ tdrfawGrSm ar;cGef;xkwfcGifh tcGifhtvef; r&dScJhbl; r[kwfvm;?

aemufqHk;rSmawmh rdrdt,ltqudk rxkwfazmf&Jawmhbl;? usaemfwdk@ vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rSm usifhoHk;&rSmu bmyJjzpfjzpfajym? udk,ftjrifu bmvJ &J&Jajym? &J&JaqG;aEG;vdk@ tm;ray;oifhbl;vm;? ynm&dSrS ynmpum;ajym&r,fqdkwm r[kwfao;ygbl;? ynm[m tcGifhxl;cHr[kwf/ ynm[m tcGifhta&; r[kwfvm;?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

34


avmueDwd(pm - 24)15

uGJoGm;wJh tdk;rsm;

avmueDwd&JŒ oif=um;csufxJrSm vufrcHcsifp&m taumif;qHk;tcsuf wckuvnf; q&mawGu ±dkufcGifhygrpfudk ,lxm;w,f? 'gudk ynmoif=um;a&; Oya'otjzpf wynfhu vufcH&wmyJ jzpfw,f? 'gudk æ

“ tdk;vkyfaomolonf rdrdtdk;udk uGJpdrfhaomiSm ykwfcwfonfr[kwf/ wifhw,fvSypdrfhaomiSm ykwfcwfay;&.? q&monf wynfhudk tyg,fqif;&J usapjcif;iSm ±dkufESufonfr[kwf? twwfynm tpD;tyGm; jzpfxGef;apvdkaoma=umifh ±kdufESufay;jcif;jzpfonf?”15

wynfhudk pnf;urf;ao0yfatmif/ aumif;pm;apcsifvdk@ ±dkufwm? q&mawGuwynfhawGudk aumif;pm;apcsifwJhqENudk oHo,r&dSbl;? av;pm;w,f? 'gayrJh ±dkufwJhpepf[mraumif;bl;? ynmoif=um;a&;rSm rSefuefwJhpepfr[kwfbl;? qifjcifwkHw&m;udkynmoif=um;a&;&JŒ enf;pepftjzpfeJ@ usifhoHk;oifhwmaygh? tck taemufEkdifiHawGrSmusifhoHk;aewJhpepfrsKd;aygh? ±dkufwJhpepfudkawmh vHk;0zsufodrf;ypfoifhw,f? ydk+yD; qdk;apw,fqdkwmudk aqG;aEG;csifygw,f?

±dkufESufwJhpepfu tdk;vkyfwJhae&mrSmvnf; tjrJwrf;raumif;Ekdifovdk wynfhudkynmoif=um;a&;rSmvnf; rSefuefwJhenf;pepf r[kwfawmhygbl;? tdk;aumif;zdk@uykwfcwf±dkufaerS aumif;wJhenf;pepfudkyJ usaemfwdk@u pOf;pm;aewmudk;? bmjzpfvdk@tdk;udk ykwf&wmvnf; ajrom;uspfvmrS tdk;u cdkifwm? oHudkrD;zkwf+yD;wJhtcgrSm xkwJhpepfvdkygyJ?

ajr}uD;xJrSm&dSwJh omrefrsufapheJ@ rjrifEkdifavmufwJh ajrr_efawG/ oHwHk;xJrSm&dSwJh oHtufwefawGu tpDtpOfwus jzpfoGm;atmifvkyfwJhoabm? av[me,fawGrSm ajrr_efawGu ydk+yD; ae&m,lvmEkdif&if tdk;u uspf+yD; ydkcdkifvmrJhoabmaygh?±lyaA'oabmt& tufwefawG[m tpDtpOfrus jzpfaew,f? aowWmvGwf wckxJrSm ypPnf;awGudk pepfwus wnfhvdkuf&if ydk+yD;odyfonf;vmr,f? ydk+yD; ypPnf;awGudk

35


xnfhvmEkdifovdkaygh? aowWmu ydk+yD;av;r,f? odyfonf;vmrJhoabmaygh? oHrSmawmh'gudk (Heat Treatment) vdk@ac:w,f? oH±dkif;awGudk oHr%dvkyfwJhtcgrSm 'Doabmw&m;udk tajccH+yD;vkyf=uw,f?tdk;vkyfwJhae&mrSmawmh ajr}uD;om;xJu tufwefr_efawG[m vpf[maewJh ae&mawGxJudk ydk+yD;ae&m,lEkdifatmif &$H@om; pGyfpdkaecsdefrSm ykwfcwfay;wmjzpfw,f? t&G,frnDjzpfaewJh ajrr_eftufwefawGudk pepfwus cGJxkwfvmEkdifwJhtcgrSm tdk;[m tcsdefukefcH+yD; ykwfaep&m rvdkawmhygbl;?

usaemf qdkvdkwmu ajrom;udk ydk+yD; El;nHhtr_efav;awG vkyfvmEkdif&if tdk;awG[m tcsdefenf;enf;twGif;rSm trsm;}uD;xkwfvkyfvmEkdifrSmaygh? 'guvnf;odyfrcufvSygbl;? ajr}uD;om;awGudk a&xJrSm azsmf±HkeJ@ cGJxkwfEkdifygw,f? tdk;awGtrsm;}uD; xkwfvkyfr,fqdk&if 'Dvdk tdk;wvHk;csif;udk ykwfcwfae&&if vkyftm;c ydkukefr,f? tcsdefydkukefr,f? aps;}uD;r,f?

'ga=umifh tdk;udk ykwfcwfaewJhpepf[m tjrJwrf; rSefuefwJhpepfr[kwfbl;?'gjzifh ouf&dSjzpfwJh wynfhqdk&if ydkqdk;wmaygh? olwdk@rSm cHpm;csuf&dSw,f? t&Suf

w&m;&dSw,f? uav;rSm uav;t&Sufw&m;&dSw,f? jrefrmjynfrSmawmh uav;oli,fawG/ ausmif;om;awG[m rdbeJ@q&mawG&JŒ ±dkufESufqHk;rr_udk cH&ygw,f?

uav;awGrSm cHpm;csuf&dSw,f? 'DcHpm;csufu teuft±d_if; 0ifoGm;wwfw,f?q&m}uD; a&GOa'gif;pum;eJ@ ajym&&if ql;}uD;aygufcJhw,f? oli,fi,fu ol@tazuol@udk vlyHktvnfrSm ±kdufwJhtwGuf tonf;ESvHk;rSm ql;}uD;aygufcJh&w,fvdk@ ol&JŒwoufwmrSwfwrf;rSm azmfjyxm;w,f?

jrefrmausmif;om;wdkif; t±kdufcHzl;usygw,f? e,fawGeJ@ qif;&JwJhausmif;awGrSmqdk&if ydk+yD;qdk;ygw,f? usaemfi,fpOfu av;wef;rSm usaemfwdk@ twef;ydkifq&muOD;atmifxl; jzpfygw,f? olu t±kduf=urf;w,f? usaemfwdk@uvnf; uav;t&G,fawGqdkawmh taqmhoef=uw,f? twef;xJrSm q&mr&dS&ifajAmif;qefaew,f? ausmif;ay:u xkwfwef;awGay: wufw,f? abmvHk;uefw,f? wa,mufudkwa,mufpw,f? ol&dS&if+idrf/ olvpfwmeJ@ qlnH? 'Dawmh q&mu ±kduf/ usaemfwdk@u aqmheJ@csmvywfvnf&rf;aew,f?

36


olu wDyDa&m*g&dSawmh r=umc% ausmif;ysufw,f? olausmif;rvm&ifusaemfwdk@u uHaumif;wJhae@vdk@ rSwf,lae=uw,f? 'Dawmh usaemfwdk@tzdk@ r=umc%[krf;±l;vf &aeawmhw,f? aemufawmh ausmif;tkyf}uD;u usaemfwdk@udk ppftkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@ tpm;xdk;vdkufw,f? q&mOD;bkdjrifhqdkwJh ppfxGufwa,mufudk usaemfwdk@twef;ydkiftjzpf tpm;xdk;cef@vdkufw,f? olu q&mOD;atmifxl;vdk wkwfodkif;orm;r[kwfbl;? vufoD;orm;? usaemfwdk@ tjypfawGawG@&if zkef;'dkif;qdk eH±dk;awG=um;udkvufoD;awG ypfoGif;wwfw,f? ol@udk usaemfwdk@ owdxm;&w,f? usaemfwdk@uol@udk aemufuG,frSm vufoD;armifarmifvdk@ ac:=uw,f?

usaemfwdk@tzdk@ ausmif;udkoGm;&wm i&Jcef;wckudk oGm;&ovdk cHpm;ae&w,f?oluvnf; pmjywJhtcgrSm r&Sif;wm&dSvm;vdk@ ar;aomfjim;vnf; usaemfwdk@ur&Sif;wmawG&dSaomfjim;vnf; rar;&JbJ/ &Sif;ygw,f q&m}uD;vdk@ oHòyifajzvdkuf=uw,f?

wu,fu usaemfwdk@ r&Sif;bl;? wcgw&HrSm oloifaewmawGudk pdwfr0ifpm;bl;? 'gayrJh a=umufa=umufeJ@ oif&w,f? 'Dawmh tvDawGu ydkcufvmovdkcHpm;&w,f? ol pmar;cH&rSmudk usm;+rD;qGJ&rSmxuf usaemfwdk@ a=umuf=uw,f?pmr&&ifawmh ao+yDomjyifayawmh? ol&JŒvufoD;awG/ abmzsufeJ@ acgif;udk acgufwmawGu Z,fqufovdk a&mufvmEkdifw,f?

wae@awmh q&mOD;bdkjrifh[m um;wdkuf+yD; aoqHk;oGm;ygw,f? 'Dowif;udkwa,mufu atmf}uD;[pfus,f vmajymw,f? wcef;vHk;u refcsufpwm ,ledufwuftoif;u òyifzuftoif;udk tEkdif*dk;oGif;vdkufEkdifovdk a0;qdkwJh wcJeuf =obmay;vdkufwJhtoHu [def;xoGm;w,f? wu,fu udk,fhq&morm;wa,muf aoqHk;oGm;wmudk usaemfwdk@u 0rf;enf;&rSm? q&meJ@ wynfh=um;rSm arwWmw&m; acgif;yg;oGm;wJhpepfudk usaemf odwwfvmwJhtcgrSm pOf;pmrd+yD; pdwfraumif;jzpfrdw,f?

tjypfay;wJhtcgrSmvnf; vl@*k%foduQmudk nd‡K;EGrf;apwJh tjypfay;r_awGvnf;ygw,f? usaemfoHk;wef;wkef;u q&mr&JŒ wDxGifxm;r_uvnf; pdwf"mwfusp&mtawmfaumif;ygw,f? pmr&wJhol&JŒ em;&Gufudk pm&wJholu vufeJ@qGJ+yD; wef;pOfvdkufjy&wm? wae@rSm q&mru usaemfudk pmar;ygw,f? usaemfu ajzEkdifoGm;w,f?

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usaemfodwmudk olu ar;rdwJhtwGuf uHaumif;oGm;wm? odyfawmfvSvdk@awmhr[kwfbl;? pmr&wJh aumifrav;wa,muf&JŒ em;&Gufukd usaemfu qGJ&w,f? ol@em;&Gufudk usaemfqGJ+yD; tcef;pOfvdkufjy&w,f? aumifrav;u rsuf&nfawGus+yD;vdkufvmw,f? ol@em;&Gufudk usaemfqGJ+yD; tcef;pOfvdkufjycJh&wJh cHpm;csufudk 'Dae@xdarhvdk@r&awmhbl;? wu,fu ol@vufudk usaemfuqGJ+yD; pm&Sif;jycdkif;&if ydkraumif;aybl;vm;? pmr&wJholi,fcsif;udk pm&wJholu &Sif;jyvdkufzdk@roifhbl;vm;? 'gqdk rdwfaqGjzpfr_/ &if;ESD;r_eJ@ arwWmw&m;awG usaemfwdk@ uav;awG=um;rSm &Sifoefrvmaybl;vm;?

usaemfwdk@[m uav;awGayrJh t&Sufw&m; &dSae=uyg+yD? ynma&;[m ol@twGuf t&SufwuGJjzpfp&mvdk@ ,lqoGm;ovm; rodaybl;? ol[m txufwef;ynmudk +yD;qHk;atmif oifroGm;EkdifcJhygbl;? apmapmpD;pD; tdrfaxmifusoGm;w,f?

±kduf+yD;oifwJhq&mrSmvnf; ouf&dSjzpfwJhtwGuf ol@rSmvnf; cHpm;csufawG&dSygw,f? olwdk@udk tm;rnfr#jzifh t&dSefrnfr#jzifh ±kduf&r,fvdk@ twdtus owfrSwfxm;wmr&Sdbl;? ol&JŒ ae@pOfb0rSm rdef;reJ@ jy\emwufvmwm? cifyGef;eJ@ jy\emwufvmwm? aiGa=u;tqifrajy jzpfvmwm? txufvl}uD;eJ@ jy\em&dSvmwm?vdifudpP tvdkrjynfhvmwm? tdyfraysmfwm? ol@b0udkol rausreyf jzpfaewm pojzifhjy\emawGu trsm;}uD;&dSaewwfw,f?

'Dawmh wynfhudk aumif;apcsifwJh apwemtay: rodpdwfrSm jzpfaewJh taxGaxGrauseyfr_awGu v$rf;rdk;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? wynfhudk ±kdufwJhtcgrSm t&rf;uma&mawGjzpfvmw,f? usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;b0rS r=umc% ñuHawG@cJhzl;w,f? b,fq&muawmhjzifh t±kduf=urf;w,f? b,fq&muawmhjzifh tjypfay;=urf;w,f pojzifhausmif;om;awGu aemufuG,frSm tcsif;csif; owday;=uavh&dSw,f? t±kduf=urf;wJhq&m/ q&mrawGqdk&ifvnf; xdyfeD/ vufoD;/ *Gwdk pojzifh emrnf0SufawG ay;+yD;ausmif;om;awGu rauseyfr_udk az:xkwf=uw,f? q&mudk acsmif;±kdufwJh Zmwfvrf;awGuvnf; renf;vSbl;? ausmif;om;awGudk ydk+yD; ±dkif;vmapw,fvdk@ usaemfjrifw,f?ausmif;om;eJ@ q&m qufqHa&;u at;pufukefw,f? ta=umufw&m;awG v$rf;rdk;aew,f? oabmoum,aumif;wJhq&mawGeJ@vnf; ñuHzl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh 'gawGu

38


wcgw&HjzpfawmifhjzpfcJudpP? 'Dvdkq&mrsKd;qdk&if ausmif;om;uvnf; rarhEkdifbl;?woufvHk; owdw&&dSw,f?

88 rwdkifrD tóuv_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm rdk;oD;wdk@ rif;udkEkdifwdk@udk trsKd;awGuawmiftdrfrSm vufrcH&J=ubl;? tdyfp&m/ aep&m/ pm;p&mr&dScJhbl;? 'geJ@ usaemfwdk@ESpfa,mufpvHk;&JŒ rlvwef;u q&mr&JŒ tdrfrSm ykef;atmif;aexdkifcJh&w,f? q&mru rkqdk;r?qif;qif;&J&J=um;u qdk;vSwJhwynfhESpfa,mufudk tEœ&m,fawGu umuG,fay;cJhw,f?olu “igwynfhawGudk xdvdk@uawmh igeJ@ t&ifawG@ap&r,f” vdk@ ñuH;0g;vdkufawmhusaemfwdk@ tm;wuf&w,f? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umayrJh tjrJwrf; atmufarhowd&rsuf&nfvnf?

q&mu wynfhudk ±kdufEkdifwJhpepfudk jrefrmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm acwftqufqufusifhoHk;cJhw,f? 'Dvdk±kdufwmudk udkvdkeDacwf/ zqyv/ rqveJ@ vuf&dSppftpdk;&acwfawGrSm ±kduf=uvd@k Oya't& rjyXmef;ayrJh ±kdufcGifh&dSae=uw,f?

usaemfwdk@ txufwef;ausmif;oHk; jrefrmpum;ajy vufa&G;pifrSmqdk&if arSmfyDq&modef;a&;wJh rif;wkef;rif;eJ@ ig;ajcmufjym;qdkwJh aqmif;yg;udk jyXmef;csuf tjzpfeJ@udkoif,l&ygw,f? aqmif;yg;rSmu rif;wkef;rif;}uD;&JŒ om;orD;awG[m wae@rSm bk&if}uD;udk vmwdkif=uw,f? olwdk@ q&m (bkef;}uD;) u olwdk@udk ±kdufw,faygh? 'DtcgrSmrif;wkef;rif;}uD;u om;orD;awGudk q&mudk txifrrSm;zdk@ olu qHk;rw,f? ol@ausmukef;udk om;orD;awGudk vSefjyw,f? bk&if}uD;&JŒ ausmukef;rSm t±d_;'%f&mawGeJ@jzpfaew,f? oli,fpOfu q&mawmfOD;pENdrmausmif;rSm ynmoif&w,f? bkef;}uD;uig;ajcmuf[if;udk odyfóuufw,f? wae@rSmawmh q&mawmfu rif;avmif;armifvGifudk( rif;wkef;rif;&JŒi,femrnf) ig;ajcmufjym; odrf;cdkif;w,f? 'gayrJh ig;ajcmufjym;uodrf;xm;wJhae&mu aysmufoGm;w,f? 'Dawmh bkef;}uD; pdwfqdk;w,f? }udrfvHk;eJ@armifvGifhausmukef;udk tao±kduf+yD; tjypfay;w,f? yg;pyfuvnf; ig;ajcmufjym;wjym;udkrS rxdef;odrf;Ekdif&if wdkif;jynfudk b,fvdkxdef;odrf;rvJvdk@ qlw,f? [kwfwmaygh/ig;ajcmufjym;udk rxdef;odrf;Ekdif&if wdkif;jynfudk b,fvdk xdef;odrf;EkdifrvJ? 'gayrJhig;ajcmufjym;u ol@bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSm aysmufwmqdkawmh bkef;}uD;rSmvnf;wm0ef&dSwmaygh? olcdk;&dSaeovm;? 'gqdk&if pm&dwW csKdŒ,Gif;aer_&dSaewJhausmif;aygh? ºuuf/

39


a=umif/ acG;awGrsm; qGJoGm;ovm;? 'gqdk&if ausmif;rD;zdkacsmifudk ydkrdk pepfwus&dSatmifjyifqifzdk@vdkw,fav?

wu,fu rif;avmif;armifvGifrS wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfzdk@ wm0ef&dSwm r[kwfygbl;? ausmif;om;wdkif;[m wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfzdk@ wm0ef&dSygw,f? olwdk@rSm wm0ef&dSr_todw&m;udk ta=umufw&m;eJ@ ,SOf+yD; acgif;xJudk oHr_d±kdufoGif;ovdkrsKd;awmh roifay;oifhygbl;?

aemufwcku Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;u wkwfw&rf;&rf; jzpfjzpfaewm b,faumif;yghrvJ? bk&m;u owW0grSefor#udk arwWmxm;zdk@eJ@ t=urf;zufr_udk qef@usifxm;wmyJ?

'Daqmif;yg;&JŒ tESpfom&u usaemfwdk@udk ausmif;rSm oifay;wmuawmhq&mu aumif;apcsifvdk@ ±kdufwmqdkwJh ±_axmifhuyg? pmar;yGJrSm olwdk@oifwJhtwdkif;usaemfwdk@u tvGwfjyefa&;&wmyJ? 'Daqmif;yg;tay:rSm usaemfwdk@&JŒ xifjrif,lqcsuf qifjcifoHk;oyfr_udk roifay;ygbl;? 'gudk usaemfwdk@ udk;wef;rSmoif&wm? q&mrpmoif+yD;wJhtcgrSm wcef;vHk;uvnf; bmrSra0zef=ubl;? q&mruvnf; usaemfwdk@qDu a0zefcsufudk rawmif;bl;?

'gayrJh 0if;armfqdkwJh ausmif;om;wa,mufu x+yD; “q&mr/ bkef;}uD;u Ak'<bmom jzpf+yD;awmh bmjzpfvdk@ ig;ajcmufjym;ay:rSm w%Smjzpfae&wmvJ”vdk@ xar; vdkufygw,f? usaemf 0if;armfudk b,fvdk av;pm;oGm;rSef;rodbl;?

(olu twef;xJrSm pmawmfwJhausmif;om;wOD;jzpf+yD;/ aemufydkif;rSm blrdaA'eJ@bGJ@&cJhygw,f) q&mru ±kwfw&uf bmjyefajz&rSef;rodbl;? eifr&SnfeJ@qdk+yD; pum;udkydwfvdkufw,f? usaemfwdk@udk cufqpfawG rSwfcdkif;w,f/ 'gyJ?

ol ar;wmu rSefom;yJ/ Ak'<jrwfpGmvrf;pOfqdkwmu a'go/ avmbeJ@ arm[awGudk ausmfv$m;atmifjrifoGm;vdk@ 'kuQqif;&Jjcif;w&m;u xm0&vGwfajrmuf&m edAŠmefudk rsufarSmufðyEkdifa&;r[kwfvm;? bkef;}uD;u bmjzpfvdk@ ig;ajcmufjym;udk 'Davmufawmif ckHrifae&ovJ? bmjzpfvdk@ 'Davmufawmif a'gow}uD;jzpf&wmvnf;? 'guusaemfwdk@bufu udk,fhtjrifawGav?

'gawGudk usaemfwdk@ ausmif;rSm aqG;aEG;cGifh wifjycGifh r&cJhbl;?

40


'Daqmif;yg; jyXmef;xm;wmu bk&ifjzpfrJh rif;wkef;rif;}uD;awmif ausmif;om;b0u t±kdufcH&w,f? olu pdwfrqdk;bl;? rif;wdk@vnf;vufcH&r,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dpepf[mynmoif=um;a&;rSm vdktyfwJhOya'owck/ rSefuefwJh enf;pepfwckvdk@ qdkvdkcsifwmyg?

'gudk usaemfu qef@usifygw,f? rif;wkef;rif;u vufcHrSmaygh? olu bk&ifjzpfrJholudk;? 'DpepfxJrSm ol[m ud&d,mwckjzpfw,f? ya'o&mZfpepfudk olu umuG,f&r,f? ya'o&mZfpepf&JŒ ab;xGufypPnf;jzpfwJh q&mawGu wynfhawGudk ±kdufcGifh&dSwJh,Ofaus;r_[m tm%mwnfjrJa&;twGuf t&if;tESD;wcsKdŒudk ol ay;&wmyJ? ol@twGuf xdkufwefygw,f? ±kdufESufwJhynma&;&JŒ xkwfukefu ta=umufw&m;? ±dkaousKd;EGHr_? 'gawGu ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm toufaoG;a=umudk;? q&mjzpf&if±kdufwynfhjzpf&ifcH? q&mawG ±kdufESufxm;wJhtwGuf ys0yfusKd;EGHaewJh wynfhawGudkol@EkdifiHrSm tkyfcsKyf&wmxuf q&mawG ajr‡mufyifhxm;wJh wynfhawGudk ol@EkdifiHrSmtkyfcsKyf&wm ydk+yD; vG,fulw,fav?

wynfhu apm'u rwufEkdifbl;? apwemeJ@ ±kdufwmygvdk@ qifajcudk ,lxm;wmudk;? ±kdufESufoifwJhpepfu t=urf;zufr_&JŒ rsKd;aphjzpf+yD; qifjcifwHkw&m;udk vHk;0jiif;y,fwmjzpfygw,f? ±kdufESufcH&wJh ausmif;om;awG[m pdwf'%foifhoGm;Ekdifw,f?olwdk@awG[m vl}uD;awG jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm vl@avmuudk tqdk;jrifawG jzpfvmapEkdifw,f?

'Dae@ jrefrmwyfrawmfxJu ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG/ ppfom;awGxJrSm avmueDwd&JŒ'%f&mawGolwdk@ ESvHk;om;xJrSm pl;epfpGm0ifaeygw,f? ol@rdom;pk/ ausmif;eJ@ ppfoifwef;awGwufpOfrSm olwdk@ &ifxJudk pepfqdk;'%fawGa=umifh ql;awGwacsmif;+yD;wacsmif;aygufvmapcJhw,f? uav;b0u n‡Of;yrf;tESdyfpufcH&r_awGu vl}uD;b0rSm tqdk;jrifr_awGudk jzpfay:apw,f?

OD;ae0if;[m ol tm%m&vmwJhtcgrSm avmu}uD;wckvHk;udk uHqdk;rdk;arSmif=uapawmhw,f? vufpm;acsr_awG/ &ufpufr_awGudk uef;ukefatmif usaemfwdk@ ñuHcJh&w,f?

OD;oef;a&$[m 88 v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rSm vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm&JŒ toufudk owfjzwfr_rSm yg0ifcJhw,f? +idrfcsrf;a&;Edkb,fqk&Sif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 'DyJ,if;ta&;tcif; zefwD;+yD; owfjzwfzdk@ pDpOfcJhw,f? vkyfazmfudkifzuf AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udk

41


zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;w,f? u&if vlrsKd;eJ@ &Srf;vlrsKd;awGudk rsKd;wkef;owfjzwfr_awGrSmwdkuf±kduf wm0ef&dSol jzpfw,f? 'Dvdk vlrqefwJh &ufpufr_awGudk usL;vGefcJhwJh

acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ i,fpOf uav;b0awG[m 0l;om;&if;[dkuf - (Wuthering Heights)

xJu [Duvpfvdk b0awGudk jzwfoef;cJh&yHk&w,f? OD;ae0if;tp AdkvfcsKyfapmarmif tv,fAkdvfcsKyfoef;a&$tqHk; ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m i,fpOfu rdom;pktwGif;/ uav;oli,fausmif;om;b0awGrSm emusnf;p&mawGudk jzwfoef;vmEkdifygw,f? 'Dtcsufudkaocsmapwmwckuawmh ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m wdkif;jynf&JŒ t}uD;qHk; wm0ef&dSolawGjzpfvm=uwmawmif olwdk@i,fb0awGudk wcgrSm wdkif;od jynfod xkwfazmfa&;om;cJhwm r&dScJh=ubl;? olwdk@[m olwdk@aemufa=umif;udk jyef rpOf;pm;csifbl;? twwfEkdifqHk;arhxm;csifyHk&w,f? arhxm;vdk@roifhwJhtcsufuawmh avmueDwdq&m&JŒ vrf;!ïefcsuf[m jrefrmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk usdefpmoifhapawmhwmyJ? tck 'DvlawG tm%m&vmwJhtcgrSmawmh olwdk@&JŒ wkef@jyefcsufawGu &uf&ufpufpufawG jzpfvmawmhwmyJ? olwdk@[m wjcm;vlawG r[kwfbl;? usaemfwdk@cE<m&JŒ tpdwftydkif;wck jzpfaeawmhw,f? olwdk@vnf; 'Dpepfudk zufwG,f? wwdkif;jynfvHk; twHk;t±kH;òyvJ? =um;uusaemfwdk@uvnf; 'Dpepfudk &GH&GHc|efc|ef ckcH umuG,fae=u&wmudk;?

'Dvdk ±kdufESufoifwJhtwGuf wynfhawGrSm ta=umufw&m;}uD;vm? rar;&Jrjref;&Jjzpf? pdwfxJrSm ql;awGayguf? 'Dvdkpepfu oHomavrqHk;Ekdifatmif jzpfaeawmhw,f? bmjzpfvdk@ qifjcifwHkw&m;enf;wmudk usaemfwdk@ roifcsif=u&wmvJ? qifjcifwHkw&m;uom wynfhudk ydk+yD; wdk;wufapw,f? q&meJ@wynfh &if;ESD;apw,f? vl@avmuudk r#wwJhtjrifeJ@ ±_jrifvmEkdifw,fav?

tcktaemufEkdifiHawGrSm usifhoHk;aewJh vpfb&,fynma&;pepf bma=umifhatmifjrif&ovJ? olwdk@[m uav;oli,fawGudk ±kdufESuf+yD; avhusifhwmr[kwfbJqifjcifwHkw&m;enf;pepfudk oif=um;a&;&JŒpepftjzpf t"du usifhoHk;vdk@jzpfygw,f?

jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHjzpfwJh xdkif;EkdifiHrSmawmh ausmif;awGrSm q&mawGuausmif;om;awGudk ±kdufESufoifwJhpepfudk 1998 ckESpfavmufu pwif zsufodrf;vdkufygw,f? 'Dtcsufu xdkif;EkdifiHudk atmifjrifr_vrf;a=umif;ay:udk a&mufap+yDvdk@ usaemfjrifrdw,f? xdkif;jynfolawG&JŒ tem*wftwGuf rk'dwmyGm;rdw,f?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

42


avmueDwd(pm - 27)16

avmueDwd ynm&dS&J Œr±dk;om;wJh pdwfxm;tqdk;qHk;wckuawmh ynm&dSawG&JŒ usifhoHk;&rJh pdwfxm;ydkif;

“ynm&dSonf rdrd.tjypfudk olwyg;wdk@ rodap&m/ olwyg; tjypfudkrlodatmif ðy&m.? vdyfonf vufajcOD;acgif;wdk@udk v#KdŒ0Sufxm;ouJodk@ rdrd.tjypfwdk@udk v#KdŒ0Sufxm;&m.? olwyg;. tjypfudkum; rSwfom;&m.”16

'gudk=unfh&if avmueDwd ynm&dS[m r±dk;om;olwa,mufyJ? udk,ftjypfudk0efcH&Jzdk@ vdkw,f? olwyg;&JŒ tm;enf;csufudk cGifhv$wfwwfzdk@/ ðyjyifay;zdk@vdkygw,f?'g[m vlom;wa,muf&JŒ usifh0wfwcktjzpfeJ@ usifhoHk;&if usaemfwdk@[m ydkrdk aumif;rGefwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk wnfaqmufEkdifr,f? avmueDwdu ynm&Sdwa,muf usifhoHk;wJh vlr_usifh0wf a&mifjyef[yfcsufawGudk jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm 0rf;enf;p&mawGtjzpf usaemfwdk@ jrifawG@cJh&yg+yD? 'gudk vlr_usifh0wft& usaemfwdk@ vufcHEkdifygovm;vdk@usaemf ar;cGef;xkwfcsifw,f?

avmueDwd&JŒ ynm&dSudk qdk&mtydkif;rSm ynm[m tcGifhxl;cHoabmrsKd;/ ylaZmfyor_ oabmrsKd;awGeJ@ om,maew,f? ynmudk ynm&dSqdkwJh vlawGxJrSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;csifwJh oabmxm;awG udef;atmif;aew,fvdk@ usaemf ajymcsifw,f? avmueDwdu ynm&dSqkdwm bmvJ? ynmqdkwmbmvJ qkdwJh oif=um;csufawG[m acwfe@Jrav#mfnDwmjzpfaeoavmuf Ak'<&JŒynmtay:rSm xm;&dSwJhoabmxm;uawmhtonf;xJpGJatmifudk jzpf&w,f? 'guawmh Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;u ynmqdkwm u±k%meJ@,SOf&r,fvdk@ a[mcJhygw,f?

ynmwwfvmwJhtcgrSm yv$m;wwfw,f? axmifv$m;wwfw,f? ynmeJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tvkyftau|;ðy&rJhtpm; rdrdynmeJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tEœ&m,f usa&mufcJhwmawGudk usaemfwdk@ urBmhordkif;rSm awG@cJh+yD;+yD? 'gawGudk Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;uóuwif odjrifawmfrlw,f? 'ga=umifh ynmwwfawG[m u±k%mw&m;udk tjrJwrf;vufudkifxm;zdk@ owday;cJhawmfrlwmjzpfr,f?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

43


okZeavmueDwd olawmfaumif;

olawmfaumif;awGeJ@ aygif;oif;zdk@ vlrdkufawGudk raygif;oif;zdk@ ae@nrjywfukodkvfaumif;r_ðyzdk@/ trsufa'gor}uD;zdk@/ aus;Zl;w&m;udk odwwfzdk@/ ynm&dS olawmfaumif;awGqdkwmu qif;&Jaomfvnf; olawmfaumif;w&m;udk rpGef@a=umif; wdkufwGef;xm;wmudkawG@&awmh ESpfoufrdw,f? =unf!dkp&mawGjzpfvmw,f? avmueDwdxJrSm olawmfaumif;&JŒ ±kyffyHkv$mu wowfrSwfwnf;r&dSbl;? wcgw&HrSm ol@oabmxm;awG El;nHhaewwfw,f? wcgw&HrSmawmh ppfajrjyifxGufrJh ppfom;wa,mufeJ@wlaejyefawmhw,f? ESvHk;om;rSm rm,mawGeJ@ zHk;aew,f?

“ udk,fhxuf jrwfaomoludk udk,fhudk EdSrfcsojzifh atmif&m.”17

“ &J&ifhaomoludk oif;cGJojzifh atmif&m.”18

“udk,fxufedrfhusaomoludk tenf;i,fay;ojzifh atmif&m.”19

“udk,fESifhtqifhwlaomoludk vHk@vðyojzifh atmif&m.”20

EdSrfhcswmu aumif;ygw,f? rmerxm;wJhoabmaygh? 'gayrJh udk,fhxufjrwfw,fvdk@ ,lqwJholwa,mufudk ESdrfhcswm&JŒaemufuG,frSm udk,fvdkwm&zdk@ ESdrfhcscdkif;aewmjzpfawmh tH=ordw,f? olawmfaumif;vdk@vnf; qdkao;w,f? bmjzpfvdk@ r±dk;om;&wmvJ? aemuf+yD; &J&ifhwJholudk oif;cGJwm aoG;cGJwJhenf;awGudkoHk;+yD; tEkdif,lcdkif;wmuawmh olawmfaumif;eJ@ rwlbJ axmufvSrf;a&;wa,mufeJ@ ydkwlaeawmhw,f?'Doif=um;csufawG jrefrmwyfrawmfppfacgif;aqmifawGu waoGrvGJ usifhoHk;=uw,f?'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk òzcJGwJhae&mrSma&m/ olwdk@tcsif;csif; tm%mudk vk=uwJhae&mrSma&m qifjcifwHkw&m; uif;rJhpGm usifhoHk;=uw,f? 1988 ckESpf vlxktHkºur_}uD;rSmvlxkxJrSm acgif;jzwfr_awGjzpfatmif pepfwus vkyfaqmifcJhw,f?

1989 ckESpfrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDukdòzcGJ/ 1995 ckESpfrSm u&ifhtrsKd;om;tpnf;t±Hk;xJu Ak'<bmomu&ifawGudk cGJxkwf? 1990 rSm atbDtufpf'Dtufzfudk

44


avmueDwd(pm - 46)17 / (pm - 38)18§19§20

a&vd_if;pDrHcsufeJ@ òzcGJ? 'Dawmh awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;awG csdeJŒoGm;awmh olwdk@[matmifa&mwJhvm;?

wdkif;jynfu wdk;wufvmygovm;? &v'fuawmh olwdk@vnf; raumif;pm;ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@&JŒ jzpf&yfuoufao? olvnf; tvkyfðywf/ axmif=u? om;awGvnf; olvdkjzpf&yfeJ@ ñuH? rdom;pkwckvHk; &SifuGJuGJ? upOfhuvsm;?

'Doif=um;csufawGu vlwa,mufb0rSma&m tm%m& tzGJŒtpnf;twGif;/pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG twGif;rSmyJ atmifjrif}uD;yGm;rJh enf;vrf;aumif;awG r[kwfbl;qdkwm jzpf&yfrsm;pGmu oufaocHaeyg+yD?

udk,hfxufedrfhusaewJholudkvnf; ay;urf;+yD;awmh &nfrSef;csufudk&atmifvkyfwm[mjzifh pm&dwWaA' ±_axmifhu=unfh&if vmbfpm;r_udk tm;ay;aewmaygh?'Dae@ jrefrmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm txufzg; atmufzdqdkwJhpum;eJ@ vkyf&yfawGudk usaemfwdk@ cHpm;zl;=urSmyg?

rdkufu,f&mb,fvD&JŒ tdrfa&S@rif;om; (Prince) xJuvdk &D&,fvpf tawG;tac:awGvdk udk,fEkdif&if+yD;a&m b,fvdkenf;yJoHk;oHk; w&m;wm rw&m;wm ab;csdwfqdkwmrsKd;awGudk usifhoHk;zdk@ vH_@aqmfxm;ovdkjzpfaewmaygh? avmueDwd&JŒ oGyfoGif;csufawGrSm aumif;wmxuf qdk;wmawGu jrefrmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk v$rf;rdk;aew,fvdk@usaemf cHpm;vm&w,f? 'Dae@ ppfwyftkyfcsKyfr_atmufrSm vlawGu pm&dwWr¾Kdifbma=umifh csKdŒ,Gif;ae&wmvnf;qdkwm avmueDwd&JŒ v$rf;rdk;csufawG 'Dvdk pm&dwWysufpD;apwJh tawG;tac:awGu vlr_oif±dk;nïef;wrf;tjzpf usifhoHk;rdae=uvdk@yg?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

45


Av 'kZe / vlrdkuf ol,kwf

vlrdkuf ol,kwfta=umif;rSmvnf; vufcHEkdifp&ma&m/ vufrcHEkdifp&ma&mawG@&w,f?

vufcHEkdif ESpfoufp&maumif;wmawGudk=unfh&if bk&m;a[mwJh "rRy' uvmwmawG jzpfaevdk@ygyJ? pOf;pm;=unhfyg?

vufcHEkdifp&mawGuawmh “olrdkufonf rdrdrdkufIaeonfudk odv#if ynm&dSrnf.? olrdkufonf rdrdrdkufIaeonfudk rodbJ ynm&dS txifa&mufcJhaomf olrdkuftppf[k ac:qdk&.”21

“olrdkufonf tiftm;&dSrl raumif;/ tEkdiftxuf olwyg;OpPmudk ,lwwf.?tod m%fenf;aom xdkolrdkufonf ao+yD;aemuf i&Jodk@ rvGJrkcs a&muf&m.”22

"rRy'xJu ESpfoufp&m tyk'fuawmh avmueDwdrSm azmfjyxm;w,f?“olrdkufonf rdrdðyvkyfaom raumif;r_ tusKd;ay;csdef ra&mufao;v#if

tukodkvfudk ysm;&nfozG,f atmufarhwwf.? raumif;r_ tusKd;ay;csdef a&mufonfhtcg qif;&J'kuQodk@ rkcs rvGJraoG a&mufjrJjzpf.”23 qdkwmrsKd;aygh?

'gayrJh p%us&JŒ '\etjrifawG 0ifa&mufvmwJhtcgawmh avmueDwd[m±kwfysufqif;ysufjzpfvmw,f? 'gawGuawmh æ

“vdkcsifwyfrufoludk wHpdk;vufaqmifay;jcif;jzifh odrf;ydkuf&m.”“cufxefoludk vuftkyfcsDojzifh odrf;ydkuf&m.”“olrdkufudk tvdkvdkufojzifh odrf;ydkuf&m.”“ynm&dSudk [kwfrSefwdkif; ðyojzifh odrf;ydkuf&m.”24

qdkwmawGrSmawmh vlrdkufraumif;a=umif; ajym&if;ajym&if;eJ@ udk,fyg vlrdkufjzpfvm&ovdk jzpfvmw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh vmbfay;vmbf,lr_udk tm;ay;vmw,f? vlawGudk ys0yfusKd;EGHr_udk vSnfhjzm;r_ twwfynmwckozG,f usifhoHk;zdk@wdkufwGef;vmw,f? qdk;oGrf;wJh t&m&dSawGudk jyefrajymeJ@/ [kwfuJh/ vufaxmifacgif;+idrfhvkyf+yD; aemufuG,frSm vkyfcsif&mvkyfwJh tavhtxawGudk jrefrmh0efxrf;

46


avmueDwd(pm - 38)21 / (pm - 44)22§23§24

avmurSm ,Ofaus;r_ozG,f tjrpfwG,fvmwm 'Doif=um;csufawG&JŒ v$rf;rdk;r_awGygyJ?

'D=um;xJrSm vlrdkufudk rrSD0JeJ@ a&SmifusOfaevdk@ oif=um;cJhwmawG&dSovdk tvdkvdkuf+yD; ydkysufatmifzsufaewmu vlrdkufeJ@twl i&Judkzuf+yD; ckefcsaeovdk jzpfvmw,f?

“vlrdkufudk tvdkvdkufojzifh odrf;ydkuf&m.” qdkwmu vlr_a&;rSma&m tusKd;r&dSovdk EkdifiHa&;eJ@ EkdifiHwumqufqHa&; txdrSmyg tusKd;r&dSyJ ysufpD;jcif;odk@ a&mufcJhwmudk 'Dae@ usaemfwdk@ rsuf0g;xifxif awG@ae&+yDr[kwfvm;? etzeJ@ aphpyfa&;vkyfoGm;wJh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifwa,mufu usaemhfudk ajymzl;w,f?

“etz vkyfaewmawG raumif;wm usaemfwdk@odygw,f? ol@bmomolysufpD;aewmudk bmrSrajymeJ@/ olwdk@vdkcsifwm bmvJ? olwdk@u aphpyfcsifw,f?a'ozGHŒòz;a&;vkyfcsifwmudk vufwGJvkyf+yD; usaemfwkd@vdkcsifwmudk usaemfwdk@ wajz;ajz; awmif;,loGm;EkdifwmyJ?”

vufawG@rSmawmh aphpyfa&;vkyfxm;wJh tzGJ@awG[m etzvdkyJ udk,fhvlxkudkESdyfpufaewmawGudkvnf; rumuG,fEkdif/ udk,f&JŒ EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufawGudkvnf;taumifxnfrazmfEkdif/ etz u tcGifhta&;awG ay;+yD; jyefzsufqdD;vdkufawmh tzGJ@twGif;xJrSm tuGJtjyJawG/ pdwf0rf;uGJr_awGudkyJ &v'ftjzpf &vdkuf=uw,f?

tmqD,HEkdifiHawG&JŒ tðyoabmaqmifa&; (Constructive Engragement)ay:vpD[mvnf; avmueDwd&JŒ oif,lcsufeJ@ odyfruGmvSbl;? vufawG@rSmawmh etzu'Drdkua&pDa&; ðyjyifajymif;vJcsufawG vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufaewmawGudk rwm;EkdifrqD;Ekdif jzpfvm+yD; aemufqHk;rSm a'ownf+idrfa&;eJ@ zGHŒòz;a&;awGudk +cdrf;ajcmufcHae&wJhb0udk a&mufvm&awmhw,f? 'g[m vlrdkufudk tvdkvdkuf+yD; udk,hf&nfrSef;csufudka&mufatmifvkyfr,fqdkwm wu,hfvufawGŒrSm usifh0wft& rrSefbl;qdkwmudk jyaew,f?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

47


tkd rdwfaqGiJh

rdwfaqGqdkwJhtydkif;rSmvnf; avmueDwdu (Realists) awG&JŒ oabmw&m;awGudkyJ xyfjyef wvJvJ &Gwfqdkaejyefw,f? avmueDwdrSm 'geJ@ yufoufvdk@ æ

“tusKd;pD;yGm;udk aqmif&GufcJhaomf &efolonf rdwfaqGrnf.”“tusKd;pD;yGm;udk raqmif&GufcJhaomf rdwfaqGonfyif &efolrnf.”25

“OpPmr&dSaom rdwfaqGonfyif ypfy,f.? xdk@a=umifh OpPmonf avmuY rdwfaqGrnf.”26

'DoGefoifcsufawGudk=unfh&if rdwfaqG=um;rSm xm;&dS&rJh ±dk;om;yGifhvif;&rJhqufqHa&;[m udk,f&JŒrdwfaqGu udk,hftay:rSm b,favmufaumif;ovJ/ raumif;bl;vJ qdkwJh wdkif;xGmcsuf[m tusKd;pD;yGm;udk b,favmuf aqmif&GufEkdifovJ/ raqmif&GufEdkifbl;vJ qdkwJhtay:rSm wnfrSDaeawmhw,f?

'Dae@ vl@avmurSm rdwfaqGcsif; qufqHa&;awG[m tjyeftvSef av;pm;r_awGjzLjzLpifpifeJ@ qufqHwwfzdk@ vdkw,fr[kwfvm;? tjrifawGudk zvS,f=u/ cHpm;csufawGa0r#=uwm[mjzifh rdwfaqGppfawG=um;rSm xm;&dS&wJhpHE_ef;awGyg? &apvdkwJh qENeJ@qufqHaeor# rdwfaqGaumif;[mvnf; awG@rSmr[kwfawmhbl;? 'Dvdk p%useDwd&JŒ=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_awGxufpm&if usaemfwdk@ rd±dk;zvm jrefrmawG&JŒ rdwf&if;aqGcsmawG=um;rSm usifh0wftjzpf “wOD;arwWm wOD;rSm” qdkwJh pum;av;u ydk+yD; cspfp&mraumif;aybl;vm;? r,Ofaus;aybl;vm;?

avmueDwd(pm - 47)25 / (pm - 48)26

48


avmueDwd(pm - 49 )27 / (pm - 51 )28§29

rdwfaqGcsif; pdwftcef@roifhvdk@jzpfap/ tusKd;pD;yGm;xdcdkufvmwJhtcgrSmjzpfapjy\emqdkwm&dSEkdifygw,f? jyomemjzpfwdkif; tjywf&Sif;qdkwJh oabmxm;udk vufudkifxm;&if rdwfaqGawG ukefoGm;Ekdifygw,f? 'gayrJh avmueDwduawmh jy\emjzpfzl;wJhrdwfaqGtay:rSm xm;wJhoabmxm;u pdk;&drfp&maumif;vSw,f?

“w}udrf trsufxGufzl;aom rdwfaqGudk wzefjyefvnfI aphpyfvdkaomolonf udk,hf0efudk,laom t\xdk&f jrif;ruJhodk@ aorif;udk ,lonf rnf.”27

t\xdk&f jrif;qdkwm jrif;awGxJrSm taumif;qHk; tjrwfqHk;jrif;/ 'Djrif;rsKd;uwom;yJarG;w,f? wom;arG;+yD;wmeJ@ aow,fvdk@ a&S;a[mif;pmawGxJrSm qdkw,f?ol&JŒw&m;udk,foabmtwdkif;qdk&if udk,feJ@ jy\emjzpfzl;&if rdwfaqG jzpfaewmawmif jyefvnf+yD; raygif;oif;zdk@/ oihfjrwfa=uat;r_ rvkyfawmhzdk@/ avmueDwdxJrSmqdkxm;w,f?

'Dtwdkif; usifhoHk;&if avmu}uD;rSm udk,f[m txD;usef jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f?vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rSm rdwfaqGawG=um;/ vkyfazmfudkifzufawG=um;/ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG=um;rSm jy\emqdkwm tjrJ&dSaewwfwJht&mawG jzpfaevdk@yg?

udkatmifEkdifOD;u jrefrmawGrSm aphpyfwJh ,Ofaus;r_r&dSbl;vdk@ ol&JŒ 'kdif,mavmhqdkwJh pmtkyfed'gef;rSm qdkxm;w,f? wu,fawmh olajymwm[mjzifh odyfawmh vGefw,fvdk@ usaemf rjrifbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh jrefrmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk euf±d_if;pGmtjrpfwG,faewJh avmueDwd oif=um;csufawGxJrSm rdwfaqG=um;xJrS jy\emawGay:vmwJhtcgrSm aphpyf&r,f? jyefvnf&if=um;aph&r,fqdkwmudk oif=um;ay;rxm;vdk@ygyJ?

“rdrd t=uHtpnf ratmifao;rD &efoludk ykcHk;jzifh &Gufaqmifxm;&m.? rdrdt=uHtpnf atmifjrifcsdefa&mufaomf &Gufxm;aoma&tdk;udk ausmufcJY ±kdufcGJouJhodk@ cGJzsuf&m.”28

“aºu;ºuif;/ rD;ºuif;/ &efºuif; (ToHk;rsKd;onf) tzefwvJvJ wdk;yGm;wwf.?xdk@a=umifh tºuif;udk rxm;&m?”29

49


'D*gxmESpfyk'fvHk;u &efoleJ@ ywfoufvm&if a=uat;a&;wdk@ oifhjrwfa&;wdk@qdkwmxuf tjywf&Sif;a&;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf ðyxm;w,f? [kwfygw,f? olrsm;&JŒtaºu;awG/ avmifapwwfwJh rD;ºuif;pawGudk csefrxm;zdk@? 'gayrJh &efaºu;qdkwJhae&mrSm &efjzpfr_rSm udk,fu rSm;oGm;vm;? olu rSm;oGm;vm;qdkwm &dSao;w,f?taumif;qHk;uawmh rdwfaqGtcsif;csif; wa,muftrSm;udk wa,muf cGifhv$wfzdk@?+yD; oifhjrwfa=uat;wm avmuudk aumif;apwmaygh? 'DvdktpGef;a&mufw&m;awGudkusifhoHk;rJhtpm; usaemfwdk@ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_rSm &dSae+yD;om; “vbHpm;I a=uat;”30

apqdkwJhpum;av;udk avmueDwdxJrSm azmfjyvdkuf&if ydkraumif;bl;vm;?'gayrJh tm%m&dSwJholawGu 'Doif=um;csufudk ydk+yD; ESpfouf vufcHusifhoHk;

=uw,f?uif;0efrif;}uD;u t*Fvefu jyefvmawmh t*FvefygvDrefpepfudk rif;wkef;

rif;udk &Sif;jyw,f?0ef}uD;awGudk a&G;aumufyGJeJ@ wifajr‡mufw,f? EkdifwJholu tkyfcsKyf/ ±H_;wJholu

xGufay;?'Dpepfu rif;wkef;rif;}uD;tzdk@ tH=op&mjzpfaew,f? bk&ifu uif;0efrif;}uD;udk

±H_;oGm;wJh 0ef}uD;csKyfudk EkdifoGm;wJh 0ef}uD;csKyfu b,fvdkxm;ovJvdk@ ar;w,f? uif;0efrif;}uD;u olvnf; olbmomol &dSaewmyJvdk@qdkawmh rif;wkef;rif;}uD;u “w,fvnf;&efaºu;&efp xm;oudk;”vdk@ rdef@awmfrlowJhav? twdkuftcHqdk&if tjywf&Sif;zdk@t±dk;pGJae&wJh jrefrmawG pdwfxJrSm avmueDwdu rD;avmif&m avyifh jzpfaewmaygh?vlr_a&;e,fy,frSmvnf; 'Dt,ltqu eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; &dSaew,f?

jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_rSm rdwfaqGawG=um;/ odkr[kwf pD;yGm;zufawG=um; jy\em jzpfvm&ifjy\emudk a=uat;atmifvkyfapwJh qENawG&dSw,f? 'gudk a&S;u cHk±Hk;awGrSm awmf±Hkwef±Hkjy\emawGudk vbHpm;I a=uat;apvdk@ qHk;jzwf=uw,f? vbHqdkwmvufbufudkac:wm? ESpfOD;ESpfzuf w&if;wESD; vbufav;pm;/ a&aEG;=urf;av;aomuf+yD; a=uvdkufzdk@ wdkufwGef;=uw,f? (pma&;ol)30

50


ukef;abmifacwfrSm xif&Sm;wJh trsKd;orD; pmayynm&Sif vd_ifxdyfacgifwifuxaemif;eJ@ catmif;yifqdkwJh aw;xyfuAsmu 'Draphpyfvdk@wJh oabmxm; t&dyftaiG@awGudk xif[yfaew,f?

“ ——a&$aemufqH r,frwif;atmifi,fpm&if; zsufvdkufawmh wcg//tcspfa=umifh rjypfom+yDtopfom &Smaygif;a&mhxaemif;eJ@ catmif;ESpfyif"m;xpfpdk@&Sif//edAŠde urRXmef;0ifr,fpcef;pOf eD;atmifyav;// //”

cspfvif uaemifrif;om;u topfawG@ae+yDvm;vdk@ vd_ifu oHo,awG 0ifaew,ff?

}udrfrD;tkH;vdk aomurD;awG waiG@aiG@awmufaew,f? 'DvdktopfawG@&ifawmhajym? oluawmif jywfEkdif&if udk,fu bmvdk rjywfEkdif&rSmvJ? tcspfudk Ekdifwmurme? vd_ifu rmeudk ppful,lvdkufw,f? w&m;±Hk;awG bmawG wufraebl;? tcsdefukefw,f? xaemif;yifrSm "m;xpf&mom vkyfxm;ay;ygaemf? 'gqdk&if vd_ifuvnf;catmif;yifrSm "m;xpf&m jyefvkyfjyxm;ygr,f? trkef;&JŒ oauFw? a'go"m;csufuxaemif;eJ@ catmif;yifrSm pl;epfusef&pfaph&r,f? vd_ifwdk@ zl;pmvrf;u 'DrSmwif pcef;odrf;=updk@? udk,fvrf;udk,foGm;=uwmaygh? 'Dvdkajymvdk@ topfwa,mufawG@vdkvm;awmh rxifeJ@aemf? oDv&Sifb0eJ@ woufvHk; t±dk;xkwfr,f? wcgw&H cspfol=um;pdwfaumufwmawG/ txiftjrifvGJwmawG &dSvm&dSEkdifwmaygh? avmueDwdu cspfolvifr,m;=um;txdawmh 0ifraESmihfoifhygbl;? tjywf&Sif;qdkwJh ,Ofaus;r_u vd_ifxdyfacgifwifudk v$rf;rdk;cHcJh&wm w&m;cHudk usaemfwdk@ odyg+yD?

51


tjyeftvSef todrSwfðyr_/ tjyeftvSef av;pm;r_/ tusKd;pD;yGm; tnDtr#cHpm;r_qdkwJhtcsufawG yÉdyuQawGudk ajyvnfapwJhenf;awGyg? 'Dvdkjy\emawGudktjywf&Sif;wmudk bmomjyefwJh q&mawmfOD;Ak'fudk,fwdkifu rSefw,fvdk@ ,lqovm;rodbl;?

yk*Hrif;&JŒ rdbk&m;r,fEku qdk;w,fvdk@ &mZ0ifq&mawGu qdkw,f? 'ga=umifhol&JŒ nDaemifawGjzpfwJh rif;wkef;rif;eJ@ uaemifrif;om;wdk@u ykefuefw,f? ykefuefolawGbufu EkdifoGm;w,f? rdbk&m;r,fEkudk owfzdk@ ac:vmw,f? olu raocifrSmq&mawmfOD;Ak'fudk zl;zdk@ yg;uGuftm%mom;udk awmif;qdkw,f?

q&mawmfOD;Ak'fu “r,fEk ol@aºu;&dS&if qyfvdkuf”vdk@ wcGef;omqdkw,f?'Dtcg rdbk&m;u “igaoaysmf+yDvdk@” qdk+yD; yg;uGuftm%mom;aemufudk owdW&dS&dSvdkufoGm;w,f?31

'Dtcsufudk usaemfwdfk@ pmawGrSm rSwfom;&wJhtcgrSm q&mawmfOD;Ak'fuynm&dS/ wdkwdkwkwfwkwf w&m;jywwfol/ pum;enf;olvdk@ yHkazmf=uw,f? usaemfuawmh 'DvdkyHkaz:xm;r_udk b0ifrusjzpfrdw,f? oHo,jzpfrdw,f? oHo&m 0Éfaºu;udkay;qyfzdk@ olu qdkwmvm;? 'grSr[kwf olbmomjyefcJhwJh p%useDwdu &efaºu;qdkwm'DvdkyJ tjywf&Sif;&±dk; xHk;pHyJvm;qdkwmudkygyJ?

ol&yfwnfoifhwmuawmh Ak'<w&m;twdkif; ol@toufudk rowfzdk@ wm;jrpf&rSmav? vufpm;acsr_awG/ oltoufowfwJhudpPawGu t,kwfw&m;awG qdkwmudkw&m;jy&rSm?

&Spfav;vHk; 'Drdka&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; tpydkif;umvrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfudkvkyf=uHzdk@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@apv$wfvdkufwJh axmufvSrf;a&;wyfu Akdvf}uD;pnfol/Adkvf}uD; m%fvif;/ Adkvf}uD;oufwifpdefwdk@udk vufeufawGeJ@twl ausmif;om;awGuzrf;qD; xdef;odrf;EkdifcJhw,f? a'gowGufaewJhvltkyfu olwdk@udk owfypfcsifw,f?'gayrJh &efukefòr@ odrfawmf}uD;ausmif;u oHCmawGu rowfzdk@ arwWm&yfcHwJhtcgrSm

!dkjr/ ukef;abmif&SmyHkawmf(pm - 222)31

52


axmufvSrf;a&;awGudk ausmif;om;awGu rowfcJhygbl;? oHCmawGvufxJudk tyfcJhvdk@ olwdk@toufcsrf;om&m&cJhw,f? (aemufydkif;rSm olwdk@ &mxl;awG/ bmawGawmifwufvmygao;w,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ ðywfawmh olwdk@vnf; =uufaysmufiSufaysmufjzpfukefawmhw,f?)

v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; t&dSefjrifhvmawmh +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjywJhvlxkawG aomufwJha&awGxJudk rqv axmufvSrf;a&;awGu tqdyfcwfw,f? wcsKd@ae&mawGrSm tqdyfcwfwJhvlawGudk a'goxGufaewJhvltkyfu yxrydkif;rSm acgif;jzwfowfcJhw,f? 'gayrJhaemufydkif;rSm oHCmawGu a'goxGufaewJh vlxkawGudk ajzmif;jzEkdifcJh=uw,f?

q&mawmfOD;Ak'fu &Spfav;vHk;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wkef;u oHCmawGvdk ol@toufudku,fwifovdkrsKd; u,fwifvdkufoifhwmaygh? tenf;qHk;awmh r,fEk toufudk csrf;omay;ygvdk@ olajymvdkufzdk@oifhwmaygh? tm%m&zdk@twGuf wa,mufa,mufudk tjywf&Sif;&wJh,Ofaus;r_udk usifhoHk;aer,fqdk&if 'DudpPu jrefrmhordkif;rSm rqHk;EkdifwJh tpOftvm jzpfvmr,fqdkwmrsKd;awG ol &Sif;jyoifhcJhwmaygh?

tckawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ olu “r,fEk olaºu;&dS&if qyfvdkuf”qdkwmuawmh&ufpufw,fvdk@ usaemfxifw,f? EkdifwJhtcgrSm vufpm;acs&rJhpdwf"mwfu yÉdyuQawGudk jyif;xefap+yD; wu,fppfrSefwJh +idrf;csrfa&;udkvnf; r&Ekdifygbl;? &mZ0ifwav#mufvHk;rSm &efudk tjywf&Sif;=uwJhtwGuf ukef;abmifacwfuae 'Dae@ EkdifiHa&;tajctaeawGxd qdkygpdk@? 'Doabmw&m;avmif;&dyfudk t}uD;tus,frdaewJh vuf&dSppftpdk;&twGif; jzpf&yfawGu cdkifrmapw,f?

OD;ae0if; wef;cdk;xufaewkef;u ykcHk;rSmwif+yD; AdkvfcsKyfawGu ajr‡mufpm;cJh=uw,f? ol tm;enf;vmawmh a&tdk;udk ausmufwHk;rSm ±kdufcGJvdkufovdk ol@aemufvdkufawGuyJ oludk ±kdufcJGvdkuf=uw,f? AkdvfcsKyfapmarmifudk wcgajr‡mufpm;=uw,f?aemufawmh AdkvfcsKyfapmarmifudk olwdk@ vkyf=uHvdkufw,f? AkdvfcsKyfwifOD;udk olwdk@tcsif;csif; vkyf=uHvdkufw,f? aemufawmh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ tvSnfh? ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGtm%mwnfjrJa&;twGuf ukef;±kef;trkef;cHvkyfay;cJhwJh AkdvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udk ol@&JabmfawGuyJ zrf;qD;vdkufw,f?

53


AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$ / AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;/ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@[m vkyfazmfudkifzufawGwifrubl;? tdrfeD;em;csif;awGvnf; jzpf=uw,f? tckawmh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@[m ol@tdrfeD;em;csif;awGuyJ ol@udk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;wm cHvdkuf&+yDr[kwfvm;? 'gjzifhAdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tvSnfha&m ppfAkdvfawGu wa,mufrsufvHk;wa,muf =unfhae=u+yD?olwdk@rSm tajz&dS+yD;om;?

wu,fawmh 'gawG[m &efol@twGif;xJrSm jzpfaewmyJvdk@ usaemfu 0rf;om&rJhtpm; pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfrdw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh olwdk@[m jrefrmawGyJjzpfw,f? avmueDwdxJu qdk;0g;wJht,ltqawG&JŒ v$rf;rdk;r_udk cHae&wmr[kwfvm;?

avmueDwd ewfqdk;yl;0ifr_a=umifh jrefrmawG&JŒESvHk;om;rSm euf±d_if;wJh emusnf;r_awG/ cg;oD;wJh vlr_tawG@tñuHawGudk cspfcif&rJh rdom;pkawG=um;/ oli,fcsif; taygif;toif;awG=um;/ vkyfazmfudkifzufawG=um;rSm '%f&mudk,fpD&dSae=uyg+yD? tcspfqHk;awGu rac:Ekdif rajymEkdifawG jzpfcJh&+yD? aqGrsKd;rdb oli,fcsif;awG=um; jzpfwJh jy\emtao;tzGJ@av;awGudk trkef;rmefawG yGm;raeygeJ@? 'Dvdk rac:rajymbJ aeEkdifwmowdW r[kwfygbl;? wu,fu t±H_;orm;pdwf0ifaewm?

avmueDwd oif=um;csufawGudk em;ra,mifygeJ@ ? cifAsm;&JŒ oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGawGudk zkef;av;vSrf;qufvdkufprf;yg? tD;ar;vfav;ydk@vdkufprf;yg? pmav;wa=umif;avmufa&;vdkufprf;yg? oli,fcsif; rif;udk igowd&w,fqdkwmav;udk vSrf;ajymvdkufprf;yg? 'grsKd;rS jrefrmhowdW?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

54


avmueDwd(pm - 55)?32

O-oiSuf/ trsKd;orD;/ tusnf;wefol/&[ef;wdk@eJ@ tvS

avmueDwdxJrSm trsKd;orD;awGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ oif=um;csufuawmh ckvdkqdkxm;ygw,f?

“O=oiSufwdk@&JŒ tvS[m wGefusL;jcif;/ trsKd;orD;wdk@&JŒ tvS[m cifyGef;udk ðypkjcif;/ tusnf;wefwdk@&JŒ tvS[m ynm/ &aoh&[ef;wdk@&JŒ tvS[m onf;cHjcif;”32 vdk@ qdkxm;w,f?

yxrqHk; axmufjycsifwmu O=oiSufav;waumifu rwGefEkdif&if rvSawmhbl;wJhvm;? O=oiSufu rJaevdk@vm;? a'gif;iSufwaumifvdkrvSvdk@vm;? vSw,fqdkwmbmvJ? avmu}uD;rSm b,fwd&dp>mefu vSw,f? b,fwd&dp>mefu rvSbl;qdkwJhvlom;&JŒ owfrSwfcsufawGu trSefw&m;vm;?

wd&dp>mefwdkif;[m vSae+yD;om;yg? O=oiSufu rwGefawmha&m bmjzpfwkef;?ol@udk ±kyffqdk;wJhowW0gvdk@ owfrSwfrSmvm;? vlom;awGu udk,fhudkudk,f bk&m;ocif&JŒr,m;ygom;awGvdk@ ,lqaeygovm;? igwdk@u bk&m;&JŒ r,m;ygom; 'ga=umifh igwdk@uvS+yD;om;? wd&dp>mefawGu wdk@xuf edrfhusw,f? 'ga=umifh rif;wdk@tvSudk,fpD&dSzdk@igwdk@ auseyfatmif vkyfayawmhvdk@ ,lqae&mrusbl;vm;?

'Dae@urBm}uD;rSm obm0ywf0ef;usif rysufpD;atmif wd&dp>mefwdkif;[mwm0efudk,fpD,lae=uw,fqdkwmudk odyHynm&SifawGu azmfxkwfwmudk usaemfwdk@ydkodvm&+yD? vif;wwaumif[m tykyftodk;awGudkpm;aomuf+yD; tnpfta=u;awGudk &Sif;vif;ay;wJhwm0efudk ,laew,f? ob0"mwfaiGŒydkufvdkif;awG aygufae

55


wmudk vif;wawG ysH0Jwmudk=unfh+yD; b,fae&mrSm ydkufaygufaew,f qdkwmudkvlom;awGu odvm&w,f? wd&dp>mefawGuvnf; udk,faewJhurBmudk udk,fenf;udk,fh[efeJ@ umuG,f xdef;odrf;ae=uw,f?

'Dae&mrSm [if'Dbmom0ifawG&JŒ t,lqwcsKd@u av;pm;zdk@aumif;w,f?wd&dp>mefawG[m urBm}uD;rSm &dSxdkufwJh owW0gawGvdk@ ,lqw,f? [dkowW0gjzifh rvSbl;/r&dStyfbl;/ 'DowW0gjzifh &dStyfw,fvdk@ olwdk@r,lq=ubl;?

avmueDwdrSmawmh wd&dp>mefawG[m avmuaumif;usKd;udk xrf;ydk;aew,fqdkwJh t,ltqawGudkawmh rawG@&ygbl;? wd&dp>mefawGudk rn‡Of;yrf;zdk@/ rESdyfpufzdk@umuG,fay;wmawGudk rawG@&bl;? taqG O=oiSuf toifu ±kyffqdk;w,f? toif&JŒtvSuawmh toHyJ? 'Dawmh wGefaya&mhvdk@ ajymaeovkd jzpfaew,f?

avmutvSudk OayuQmðy&m a&mufw,f? jcaoFh/ qif/ jrif;awGu *k%fj'yfawGeJ@ txif}uD;p&mawG jzpfatmif yHkE_dif;xm;oavmuf zm;oli,f/ 0uf/ a=umif/ºuuf/ arsmuf/ usD;uef;/ AsKdif; pwJh tjypfrJhwd&dp>mefawG[m csKd;EdSrfp&m oa&mfp&mawGjzpfaew,f?

wd&dp>mefawG[m vlom;&JŒ pmemarwWmw&m;u uif;a0aew,f? tqifhtwef; cGJjcm;owfrSwfr_pHawG vlawGacgif;xJudk oGyfoGif;aeovdk jzpfaew,f? 'g[mavmueDwd&JŒ tqifhtwef; cJGjcm;vdkpdwf vlrsKd;}uD; 0g'pdwfawG udef;atmifr_udka&mifjyef[yfaewmvm;vdk@ oHo, jzpfp&mjzpfw,f? 'DoHo,udk cdkifrmapwmuawmh æ

“jrwfaomtrsKd;Yjzpfaom trsKd;EG,fudk apmifhwwfaom trsKd;aumif;om;onf rdrdqif;&JIaeapumrl ,kwfnHhaom 'kp±kdufrlrsKd;udk rðyvkyf&m” vdk@ qdkxm;w,f?'kp±kdufqdkwmu edrfhedrfhjrihfjrifh rvkyfoifhbl;vdk@ uav;awGudk oifay;oifhwmaygh?trsKd;tEG,f cGJwmawG/ bmawG vkyfaeawmh vlrsKd;cGJjcm;r_ pdwf"mwfudk ay:apw,f?a&S;u tdENd, vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm trsKd;ZmwfcGJjcm;wmawG &dScJhw,f? tckawmh w&m;0ifr&dSawmhbl;? jy\emu jrefrmawGu 'Dae@xd 'Dvdk t,ltqawGudk jyefajymif;oHk;oyfjcif; rðy=uao;wmbJ?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

56


avmueDwd(pm - 55)33§34 / (pm - 56)35 / (pm - 57)36§37§38

(pm - 58)39§40 /(pm - 59)41 / (pm - 60)42 / (pm - 62)43

avmueDwdxJu xm;ESrawG

avmueDwd pmtkyfxJrSm trsKd;orD;awG[mjzifh ADvdef oufoufjzpfae&w,f?trsKd;orD;awGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ avmueDwd&JŒoif=um;csufudk=unfh&if tpm;=uL;wJholawG/ tvdk&rufudk tjrJwrf;awmifhwaeolawG/ azmufjyefwwfolawG/ rdef;rqdkwmt&ifb0u raumif;r_usL;vGefxm;wJh tjypf&dSolawG? vifa,mufsm;tay:rSm b0udkwnfae&wJholawGjzpfw,f? xm;&aeap&moGm;? tjyXmef;cHoufoufr#? trsKd;orD;awGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ avmueDwd&JŒ oif=um;csufwcsKd@udk aumufEkwfjyygr,f? =unfhyg?

“rdef;rwdk@&JŒ tvSum; (wefzdk;vdk@vnf; bmomjyef=uw,f?) cifyGef;udk tvkyftau|;ðyjcif;?”33

“rdef;rwdk@. OpPmum; tqif;”34

“rdef;rwdk@onf vif&dSrS wifhw,fukef.”35

“awmfrSef ajzmifhom;aumif;aom r,m;onf wv=umr# vifESifh uif;uGmrl ysufwwf.”36

“rdef;ronf a,mufsm;Yom arG@wwf.”37

“r,m;udk t&G,fvGefrS csD;rGrf;&m.”38

“ESpfvif/ oHk;vif/ uGm+yD;aom rdef;r y&d,m,frsm;pGm ðywwf.”39

“owdk@orD;onf vifrSuif;aomf rwifhw,f”40

“rdef;r[lor# qdwf+idrfaomt&yfudk &&dSaom raumif;r_udk ðyjrJwnf;”41

“jrifwdkif;aom tm±Hkudk wyfrufavh&dSjcif;/ rsm;pGm csufðywfIpm;jcif;/ vif. tOD;udk pm;jcif;/ olwyg;tdrfodk@ oGm;wwfaewwfaom tavhudk &dSjcif;”42

“r,m;wdk@Y tqif;vSaom r,m;onf jrwf.”43

57


aumufcsufawGu bmwckrS &p&mr&dSbl;? trsKd;orD;awG[m a,mufsm;udkvkyfau|;r_ oufoufyJjzpfw,f? apmapmx[,f/ csuf[,f/ ðywf[,f/vif&JŒ a0,sm0pPawG ðyvkyfay;&wmawGeJ@ rtm;Edkifatmif jzpfae=uw,f?

rdef;r&JŒtcef;u¾u vlwa,mufudk tvkyftauí;ðyae&wJh tqifhrSmyJ&dSw,f? ynma&;wdk@ qHk;jzwfcGifh&dSwJhae&mawGrSm r&dS=ubl;? rdom;pkwckrSm tar[mta&;rygwJhol/ tvkyftrsm;qHk;udkvkyf&+yD; xrif;0dkif;rSm tenf;qHk;pm;&wJholawGjzpfae=uawmhw,f? wcsKd@rdom;pkawGrSm tar[m =oZm&dSwwf=uygw,f? 'gayrJh'g[m wu,fhudk tenf;pkyg?

jrefrmawG&JŒ rlv±dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rSm trsKd;orD;awG&JŒ tqifh[m wjcm;EkdifiHutrsKd;orD;awGxufpm&if ydkrdkvGwfvyfcGifh&dS=uw,f? 'gayrJh p%useDwdvdk a&S;a[mif;t,ltqawG/ uGefjzL;&Syf0g' v$rf;rdk;r_eJ@ udkvdkeDacwfrSm t*FvdyfawG uwqifh pdrfh0ifvmwJh ysL&Dwef,Ofaus;r_awG 0ifa&mufvmwJhtcgrSm rdef;rqdkwm Adkif;aumif;ausmufyd ae&r,fqdkwJh ,Ofaus;r_awGjzpfvmw,f? rdef;rawGudk bmoma&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;rSm uef@owfcH&r_awG jzpfvmw,f? 'gudk jrefrmawGu udk,fh,Ofaus;r_vdk@ xifvmw,f?

wmvDbefawG tJvfcdkif&D;'gawG tmz*efepfpwefrSm wacwfxwJhtcsdefurdef;rom;awG &ifqdkif&wJh b0rsKd;jzpfw,f? vkyfief;cGifeJ@ ynma&;zufawGuyg trsKd;orD;awG armif;xkwfcHvdkuf&w,f? avmueDwdxJrSmvnf; 'DvdkoabmrsKd;awGudkoG,f0dkuf+yD; qdkxm;w,f? ol udk;um;xm;wJh trsKd;orD;wa,muf&JŒ tvSqdkwmudk=unfh&if 'DvdkqENawG udef;0yfaewmudk jrifEkdifw,f?

vifa,mufsm;tay: wm0efauswJhtrsKd;orD;rS vSw,fvdk@ xifjcif;[m trsKd;orD;awGudk wzufvSnfheJ@ ESdrfhcsvkdufwmomjzpfw,f? tdrfom;qdkwm b,folvJ?b,fu ieJvJ? olŒa,mufsm;vm;? olŒa,mufsm;tay:rSmyJ wm0efausrS oluvSw,fvdk@ qdkwmvm;? vifvkyfolu ae@w"l0 rl;±l;aewJholqdk&ifa&m?

udk,hfESrom;csif;awGxJu wa,mufa,muf 'Dvdkb0rsKd;a&mufae&if trav;at;pdef wa,mufawmh vSvScsnf&JŒvdk@ [dr0Eœm csD;rGrf;cef;udk b,folurS zGifhaewmrawG@zl;ygbl;?

58


xl;jcm;csuftaeeJ@ wcsKd@wavawmh vifqdk;r,m; wzm;zm; qdkovdk a&G;jc,fp&mvrf;r&dSawmh 'Db0rSm usdwfrdSwf+yD; aygif;oif;ae&wmrsKd;awGudk usaemfwdk@ ae@pOfb0awGrSm pdwfraumif;p&mawGtjzpf awG@cJh=uzl;ygw,f?

usaemfwdk@ jrefrmvlŒtzGJ@pnf;rSm trsKd;orD;awGu 'Dvdk irl;iayawGeJ@ nm;+yD;wm0efausatmif ðypkae&awmhrSmvm;? 'Dvdk uíefvdkðypkaewJh rdef;rudk wu,fhtvSvdk@

usaemfwdk@ ajymvdk@ oifhyghrvm;? 'gjzifh&if qef@usifbuf jyefawG;=unfh&atmifa,mufsm;wa,muf&JŒ cef@nm;r_qdkwm rdef;rudk aumif;rGefpGm ðypkwwfjcif;vdk@ avmueDwdxJrSm xnfhvdkuf=u&atmif? r[myk&d\awG b,fvdkcHpm;=u&rvJ?

avmurSm vif&,fr,m;&,fvdk@ jzpfvm&ifawmh ðypk=urSm obm0yg? tjyeftvSefawmh jzpfoifhwmaygh? wa,muf&JŒðypkr_udkawmh cHcsifw,f? udk,fbufu bmrSjyefvnfray;qyfbl;qdk&if b,fw&m;yghrvJ?

olrb0twGuf tzdk;wefwJhtcsdefawGudk cifyGef;udk ðypk&wmawGeJ@csnf; ay;qyfvdkuf&w,f? tdrfom;tay: wm0efausaewJh trsKd;orD;udkrS tvSvdk@qdkwm[mjzifhtrsKd;orD;awGudk tqifhjrifhwJhwm0efawGuae ESdrfhcsvdkufwJhoabm? trsKd;orD;awGudkjr‡ifhwifay;ovdkvdkeJ@ wu,fu ESdrfvdkufwJh oabmawG? olwdk@&JŒ tzdk;wefwJh ^m%pGrf;tm;awGudk ypfy,fvdkufwmawGyg?

uJAsm/ ukefukefajymr,f? avmueDwdq&mawG&JŒ tqdkt&qdk&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tvS r&dSovdk jzpfaew,f? wdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsKd;twGuf cspfpGmaomcifyGef;eJ@om;awGudk ypfcJh&wJholav? cifyGef;qHk;cgeD;wmawmif tem;rSm olr&dSaeEkdifcJhbl;?'Dae@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jynfolawG/ EkdifiHwumacgif;aqmifawGu vSywJhtrsKd;orD;wa,muftjzpf ajymae=uwm olr&JŒ acsmarmwJh ±kyff&nfwckwnf;a=umifhawmh r[kwfbl;? olr&JŒ pGrf;tm;/ owdWeJ@ wm0efawGu tvSudk &wemawGvkdusaemfwdk@ ydkvdk@ wefzdk;xm;ae=uw,f?

rdef;rawG[m rwdk@oifhrxdoifhwJh owW0gwaumiftxd jzpfaewmrsKd;vnf;&dSw,f?

59


“rD;udkvnf;aumif;/ a&udkvnf;aumif;/ rdef;rudkvnf;aumif;/ vlrdkufudkvnf;aumif;/ a¹rudkvnf;aumif;/ rif;udkvnf;aumif; rwdk@xd& a&Smif&Sm;oGm;tyf.?toufudk aoapwwfukef.”44 vdk@ qdkxm;w,f? trkef;rdk;awG oJoJrJrJ &GmoGef;vdkufwJh r[myk&d\0g' tjrifawG ? rdef;rawG[m tEœ&m,fudk ac:aqmifvmEkdifwJholawGvdk@ jrifw,f?

'Dt,ltq v$rf;rdk;r_awGu omref t&yfom;wa,mufudk rqdkxm;eJ@ Ak'<bmom bkef;awmf}uD;wyg;jzpfwJh refvnfq&mawmfudkawmif rodrom v$rf;rdk;Ekdifw,f?

olu trsKd;orD;awGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ rdef;r[lonfh xkdÁwd,um; r&dSraumif;&dSraumif;/ raygif;vnf;cuf aygif;vnf;cufvdk@ qdkcJhw,f? 'Dpum;u jrefrmvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rSm trSefw&m;wckvdk eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; tjrpfwG,faew,f? avmu}uD;rSmrdef;r&dS&if raumif;bl;vdk@ qdkvdk&ma&mufaew,f?

'Dawmh olajymcJhovdk jrefrmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u rdef;rawGudk z,fxkwf =unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if a,mufsm;awGcsnf;yJ usefvdrfhr,f? vlom;&JŒ raowJh rsKd;EG,f wnf&dSr_wm0efudk rdef;rawGrygbJ b,folu wm0ef,lrvJ? olajymwJhtwdkif;qdk&if jrefrma,mufsm;awG tm;vHk;[m bmawGjzpfukef=urvJ?

usaemfwdk@[m wcgwcgrSmvnf; bk&m;a[mtwdkif; a,mufsm;/ rdef;roligowW0gvdk@r=unfheJ@/ tm;vHk;[m ±kyfemrfawGyJvdk@ bkef;awmf}uD;awGuyJ wwGwfwGwfoif=um;csufudk vdkufem&w,f? wbufrSmvnf; trsKd;orD;awG[m raumif;r_tukodkvfwckvdk@ qHk;rwmudk cH,l&jyefw,f?

qef@usifzuf t,ltqESpfckudk usaemfwdk@u vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;rSm tqifajyovdk oHk;ae&awmhw,f? tbd"rRmt& ±dk;om;r_uif;rJhvmawmhw,f?

trsKd;orD;awGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ avmueDwd&JŒ oabmxm;awGu rlqviftajccH0g'DawGeJ@ c&pf,meftpGef;a&mufawG/ *sL;atmfodk@a'gufpfawG&JŒ tjrifawGeJ@xyfwl&dSaew,f?


60


*sL;atmfodk@a'gufpfawGrSmqdk&if vif&,f r,m;&,f tr_udpPrsKd;awmifrSa,mufsm;jzpfolu rdef;rudk rxdbl;? rdef;uudk apmifeJ@tkyf tvdk&dSwJht&mudkyJ taygufazmufxm;+yD; qufqH=uwJh txdjzpfw,fav? vdifudpPqdkwm rsKd;yGm;csif; wm0efom&dSw,fvdk@ olwdk@cH,l=uw,f? xdawG@rd&if tjypf&dSw,fvdk@ cH,lw,f?

wu,fu jrefrmawG&JŒ udk,fydkift,ltqawGu 'Dvdkr[kwfygbl;? yGifhvif;±dk;om;w,f? rdef;ru rxd&wJht&mvdk@ rjrif=uygbl;? tvSawGudk tvSvd@kjrifw,f?'DxJrSm acwfrDwJh bkef;awmf}uD;awGvnf; ygygw,f? &Sifr[m&Ïom&u xif&Sm;w,f?olu rdef;rwa,muftvSudk ckvdk zGJ@xm;w,f?

“jra=umpdrf;pdrf;&dSef;&dSef;pdkpdk/ vSonfhudk,fY±_dufzdk}uD;i,ftoG,foG,fr_wifhw,folrdk@ o=um;xkodk@”wJh ?uJ b,favmufvSovJ? tvSudk =unfhzdk@ vrf;nïefcsufawG ynm&dSqefqef

tjrifawG&JŒaemufuG,frSm ESdrfcswm/ csKd;ESdrfwmrsKd;xufpm&if ol&JŒ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;tjrifu tjypfuif;pifvSw,fvdk@ usaemfjrifw,fav? ol@tjrifu jrefrmtrsKd;orD;awGudk bmtEœ&m,fawGrS rusa&mufapbl; r[kwfvm;?

&efukefbaqG&JŒ jrefrmjynfom;0wˆKrSm jrefrmtrsKd;orD;awG[m vlr_a&;udpPawGrSm yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqmif&GufEkdif=uw,f? rdom;pkrSm orD;ysKdu w&Gmom;vlysKdudknOfheufoef;acgif tdrfudkvm+yD; pum;pjrnf tajymcHEkdifw,f? wOD;eJ@wOD; &nfwludk,fr# &dSEkdifw,f r&dSEkdifbl;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf tuJcwfEkdifcGifh&dS=uw,f? rGefvlrsKd;awG&JŒ "avhwcsKd@uvnf; cspfp&maumif;w,f? orD;ysKd&dSwJhtcef;rSm =urf;jyifudkatmufu azgufxm;ay;xm;w,f? cspfolumvom;u tdrfatmufuae vufuav;udkif+yD; pum;ajymEkdifw,f? jrefrmhwdkif;&if;om; rsKd;EG,fwckjzpfwJh em*vlrsKd;awGqdk&if tysKdvlysKd vli,fawG[m &Gmv,facgifrSm vli,fawGtwGuf Z&yf (uvyfoabmrsKd;) vkyfay;xm;w,f? acgif&nfaomufr,f? twlwl pum;ajym=ur,f?

61


twlwltdyfcGifh&dSw,f? uJ b,favmuf vSyvdkufvJ? avmurS zdk&,f r&,f jzpfvm&ifobm0awG&dSw,f? 'Dobm0awGtwdkif; vdkufavsmnDawGr&dSwJh t,ltq ,Ofaus;r_awGudk usifhoHk;wm[m obm0udk vGefqefwm/ yHkrSefpdwf r&dSwmom jzpfw,f?

wcgwcgrSm avmueDwdq&mawG&JŒ trsKd;orD;awGeJ@ ywfoufwJh oabmxm;awGudk azmfjy&if; olwdk@&JŒ twGif;pdwfrSm aygufuGJaewJh ±kyff=urf;0g' oabmxm;awGrzHk;Ekdif rzdEkdfif ay:vmw,f?

“r,m;wdk@Y tqif;vSaom r,m;onf jrwf.”“0if;0gpdkajyaom tom;ta&&dSjcif;/ orif. rsufvHk;uJhodk@ !kdeufaom

rsufpd&Sdjcif;/ cg;ao; wifus,f i,faom0rf;&dSjcif;/ qifESmarmif;uJhodk@ oG,faysmif;aomaygif&dSjcif;/ ajzI aemufodk@jzef@aomf zaemifhwdkifatmif oGm;vsuf tzsm;aumhIwufaom qHyif&dSjcif;/ }uD;i,f rxif nD!Gwfaom oGm;tpOf&dSjcif;/ eufaomcsuf&dSjcif;/aumif;aomtavhtusifh&dSjcif;”45

'Dvdk owfrSwfcsufawGrSm trsKd;orD;awGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ ±kyfydkif;qdkif&mudk tav;xm;aewmudk awG@&w,f? 'Dvdk t&nftaoG;rsKd;&dSwJh trsKd;orD;udkqdk&if trsKd;nHhaomfvnf; vufxyfoifhw,fvdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;w,f?

'DwdkufwGef;csufawG twdkif;omqdk&if tmz&duom;wa,muftwGuf 0g0if;aom tom;ta&&dSwJh trsKd;orD;wa,mufudk&zdk@ tawmftcsdefukefatmif &Sm&rSmjzpfovdk jrefrmwdk@vdk rGef*dkvdGKuf rsKd;EG,fawGtwGuf csufeufwJhtrsKd;orD;wa,mufudk&rS rdef;r,lr,fqdk&ifawmh vlysKd}uD;b0eJ@ t±dk;xkwfukef&vdrfhr,f? udk,feJ@ wGJaewJhtrsKd;orD;udk æ

“ ,lu csufeufvm;[if æ eufw,fqdk&if udk,fvufxyfcsifw,f” vdk@rsm;oGm;+yD; rurf;vSrf;vdkufygeJ@? tawmfa=umifpDpDEdkifwJh ieJqdk+yD; udk&ifhudk acgufoGm;rSmaocsmw,f?


62


w±kwfawG/ *syefawGtwGufvnf; orifrsufvHk;vdk&dSwJh trsKd;orD;udk &zdk@cufr,f? rdef;r&zdk@ cufr,f? 'ghxufpm&if tDpGyfyHkjyifrSm tDpGyfu ol&JŒ wynfhawGudkt=uHay;csufu rdef;r&r,fqdk&if wm0ef,lEkdifzdk@ wdkufwGef;csufu em;0ifvdk@ aumif;ao;w,f? olu rdef;r,lr,fqdk&ifawmh “ajrwuGufeJ@ EGm;waumifudk &SmEkdifatmift&ifvkyfyg” vdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;vdk@yg?

wu,fawmh trsKd;orD;wa,mufeJ@ b0wckudk xlaxmifzdk@twGuf avmueDwdq&m&JŒ wdkufwGef;csuf[m ta&;}uD;wJhtcsufawG r[kwfvSygbl;? udk,f vufxyfoifhwJh rdef;rrsKd;qdkwm ±kyf&nf±lyumxuf pdwfESvHk;aumif;&dSzdk@/ tusifhpm&dwW aumif;zdk@/udk,feJ@ pdwfwl&nfr#&dSzdk@ qdkwmawGu t"du xm;&rJh tcsufawGtjzpf &dSoifhwmaygh?

'DvdkrsKd;awG@&if ,loifhwmaygh? tom;jzLrS/ rsufvHk;vSrS/ csufeufrS qdkwmawGvkyfraeprf;ygeJ@armif&m? acwfrrDawmhygbl;?

vlom;&JŒ raowJhrsKd;EG,fawG wnf&dSzdk@&mrSm trsKd;orD;awGu trsm;}uD;wm0ef,lae&w,f? 'Dwm0ef,laer_awGudk avmueDwdq&mawGu jiif;y,f+yD; æ

“rdef;rwdk@onf a,mufsm;wdk@xuf umr*k%f&rRuf &Spfq vGefuJ.”46 qdkwJhaumufcsufcswm[mjzif h rrSefygbl;? tar&duefEk difiHu wDAD GtpDtpOfwckrSma,mufsm;eJ@ rdef;r vdifudpPudk wae@b,fESpf}udrf pOf;pm;ae=uwmvnf;qdkwmudktwGJawGudk yGifhyGifhvif; tifwmAsL;vkyfcJhwJh tpDtpOfwckrSm a,mufsm;awG[m rdef;rawGxuf ydk+yD; rsm;w,fqkdwmudk odvm&w,f? 'g[m vlom;a,mufsm;awGtwGufwifr[kwfbl;/ wd&dp>meftxD;awG tm;vHk;twGufyg tusKH;0ifaew,f qdkwmudkodvm&w,f? arG;jrLa&;jcHawGrSm txD; av;ig;aumifavmuf[m tr taumifw&mavmufudk tvkyfrsm;apaeawmhw,f? tmz&duawm}uD;xJu jcaoFhtxD;awG[m wae@udk t}udrf 50 avmuf rdwfvdkufcsif=uw,f? jcaoFhtrawGxuf


63


qENrsm;w,f? tmz&duom;awGu jcaoFhawGudk [ef;eD;rGefEGm;awGvdk@ aemufajymif+yD;ac:=uw,f? wdk;wufvmwJh aq;odyHynmawG avhvmawG&dScsufawGt& trsKd;om;awGomv#if trsKd;orD;awGxuf tvum;ae&if qENjyif;jyaewmudk usaemfwdk@ odvm&+yD?

avmueDwdq&mawG ajymovdkr[kwfygbl;? 'gawGudk oifwef;ay;aep&mrvdkawmhbl;? acwfeJ@tnD vdkufavsmnDaxG ajymif;&awmhrJhudpPawGudk bmvdk@zufwG,fxm;csif=uygovJ?

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64


rkef;rdwJh pum;wvHk;

aemufwcku “&aoh &[ef;wdk@&JŒ tvSu onf;cHjcif;”47 wJh? onf;cHjcif;qdkwJhpum;vHk;udk oHk;&moDvHk; usaemf rkef;rdaewm =umyg+yD?

'Dpum;vHk;av; oHk;vHk;u jrefrmawGudk twHk;t±Hk; usqHk;apvdk@yJ? udk,fuvlaumif;/ olu vlrdkuf/ onf;cHvdkufyg ighom;&,f? jyefrajymeJ@/ olu rdb? udk,fuom;orD;/ rSefaevnf; onf;cHvdkufyguGm? a'gufwmarmifarmifuvnf; EkwfxGufcgeD;txdawmif onf;rcHEkdifawmhbl;vm;vdk@ usaemfwdk@udk ar;cJhw,f? onf;cHvdkufygqdkwJhpum;vHk;u jrefrmjynfrSm taygqHk;pum;vHk;qdkawmh ,Ofaus;r_wck jzpfvmw,f?'Dawmh a&rvm&ifvnf; onf;cHw,f? rD;rvm&ifvnf; onf;cHw,f? pm;p&mr&Sd&ifvnf; onf;cH=uawmhwmyJ?

trSefw&m;eJ@ onf;cHjcif;=um;rSm qufqHa&; tjrJ ajyacsmcJhygovm;? ygVdvdkcEœDudk jrefrmvdk onf;cHjcif;vdk@ bmomjyefwm[m tjynfhtpHk rSef&JŒvm;vdk@ usaemfoHo,jzpfaewm =umyg+yD?

bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh cEœD onf;cHjcif;[m wu,fqdk&if a'gorygbJ wkef@jyef&r,f qdkwma&m rjzpfEkdifbl;vm;? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh &aoh&[ef;&JŒtvS[monf;cHjcif;vdk@qdk&if &aoh&[ef;udk qJr,f/ qdkr,f/ ±dkufESufr,fqdk&if olu onf;cHEkdifrSmyg?

'gayrJh &aohudk odk@r[kwf bkef;awmf}uD;wyg;udk udk,fawmfusifhoHk;aewJhw&m;u rSm;aew,f/ w&m;quf rusifheJ@awmhqdk&if &aohu onf;cHrSm r[kwfawmhbl;? olw&m;udk ol quf+yD;usifhEdkifatmif a'gorygbJ wkefŒjyefrSmjzpfvdk@yg?

avmueDwd(pm - 55)47

65


wcgwkef;u bk&m;tavmif;ykÀm;[m onf;cHjcif;w&m;udk a'go}uD;wJhe*g;rif;udk a[mygw,f? aemufwcg bk&m;tavmif; ykÀm;eJ@ e*g;rif;wdk@ awG@=uwJhtcg e*g;rif;&JŒ acgif;wckvHk; zl;a,mifaew,f? 'Dawmhbk&m;tavmif;u bmjzpfwmvJvdk@ ar;wJhtcgrSm oifu onf;cH&r,fvdk@ a[moGm;wJhtwdkif; igusifhaewmygvdk@ajymwJhtcgrSm bk&m;tavmif;u igonf;cHw,fvdk@qdkwmu a'gorygbJ wkefjyef@&r,fvdk@qdkwm? oifhudk ESdyfpufwJholawG&dS&if oifhwefcdk;udk oHk;+yD; umuG,fEdkifygw,fvdk@jyefvnf a[m=um;cJh&w,f?

aemufwcku onf;cHwJhae&mrSm c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG&JŒ oif=um;csufuvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zdk@aumif;w,f? a,±_c&pfu 'Dbufyg;udk±kduf&if usefwJhyg;wzufudkygxdk;ay;vdkufvdk@ ol&JŒom0uawGudk a[mcJhw,f? 'gayr,fh ol&JŒa&$ausmif;a&S@rSmaiGwdk;acs;pm;olawG vm+yD; pD;yGm;&Smaewmudk awG@awmh a,±_c&pffu =umyGwfudkxqGJrdw,f?

Ak'<0ifrSmvnf; =unfhOD;? eaENmyeEN e*g;rif;u rme}uD;w,f? a'go}uD;w,f?ol@udk ±dk;±dk;w&m;a[mvdk@ r&bl;? onf;cHaevdk@r&bl;? Ak'<&JŒ vuf±Hk;wqljzpfwJh&Sifarm*~vmefu olxufoHk;qavmuf}uD;wJh e*g;udkzefqif;/ e*g;rif;udk awmifeJ@n‡yfxm;jyvdkufrS oHa0*&+yD; vrf;rSefudka&mufoGm;w,f?

aumufcsufqGJcsifwmu avmueDwdq&mu &[ef;wdk@tvSu onf;cHjcif;vdk@ajymw,f? onf;cHw,fqdkwmbmvJ t±_H;ay;wmvm;? t±_H;ay;&wJh onf;cHwm[mtvSr[kwfbl;? 'Dvdk onf;cHwm[m ±kyfffqdk;wmyJ?

'Dae@ ppftpdk;&u vlawGudk ESdyfpufn‡Of;yrf;aew,f? w&m;vufvGwf owfjzwfaew,f/ 'gudk oHCmhr[mem,utzGJ@u vpfvsL±_aew,f? onf;cHaew,f?bmwcGef;rSm 0ifrajymao;bl;? atmf vSvdkufwJh bkef;}uD;awG&,fvdk@ csD;usL; vdkuf=ucsifygw,f? onf;cHr_&JŒ &v'ftay:rSmawmh wcsKdŒ bkef;}uD;awG tusKd;pD;yGm; &dSwmawmhtrSefyJ? wDAGDawG&/ bGJ@wHqdyfawG&/ um;awG &cJh=u?

onf;cHw,fqdkwm&JŒtESpfom&udk avhvmrdoavmuf trSefw&m;udk xdyg;vm&if a'gorygbJ wkef@jyefaewmawGudk awG@cJh&+yD? avmueDwdrSm zGifhqdkxm;wJhtvSawGudk ^m%frsufpdeJ@ =unfh&if tjyXmef;cHawG jzpfaewmawGudk awG@&w,f?

66


O=oiSufu toHaumif;atmifvkyf/ rdef;ru vifudkðypk/ &[ef;u onf;cH?'Dvdk rvkyf&if rif;wdk@[m t±kyfqdk; tusOf;wefwJholawG&JŒb0? 'Dawmh avmueDwdq&mudk ar;csifwmu cifAsm;&JŒ tvSua&m bmvJ? rdk;oD;a& rif;tvSua&m bmvJ?usaemfu ajzr,f? ar;&JwJhowdWu tvSvdk@ ajzr,fAsm? &Sifr[m&Ïom& uvnf;trsKd;orD;wa,muf&JŒ tvSudk zGJ@xm;+yD? wa,mufu oDvvdk@ ajzr,fAsm? ynmudktvSvdkŒwa,mufu qdkEdkifw,f? ESvHk;om;vdk@ ajzr,f? 'Dawmh tvS[m udk,fydkift,ltqawGxJrSm trsKd;pHkjzpfvmEkdifw,f? avmueDwdzGifhqdkxm;wJh tvSu trsKd;rsKd;aom t,ltqawGxJu wckomjzpfw,f?

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67


rif;udk qdkaomtydkif;tkyfcsKyfolawG&JŒ usifh0wf

avmueDwd&JŒ rif; odk@r[kwf tkyfcsKyfolawG usifh&rJh tydkif;rSm rif;awGuEkdifiHawmfudk xm0& tkyfcsKyfEkdifzdk@twGuf usifh0wfawGudk vrf;!ïefxm;w,f? ol@acwfol@tcguawmh 'Dvrf;!ïefcsufawGu rSefaumif;rSefvdrfhr,f? 'Dae@ umvrSmawmh'DtcsufawG[m acwfaemufusovdk jzpfaeyg+yD? rif; odk@r[kwf tkyfcsKyfolawGtwGufvnf; jynfhpHkwJh oif=um;csufawGawmh r[kwfbl;? 'gawGu rif; odk@r[kwftkyfcsKyfolawG&JŒ tm%mwnfjrJa&;twGuf t=uHðycsufawGomjzpfw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh æ

“rif;onf w&Hom tdyf&m.”48

“rif;tjzpfvdkaomf rif;vdkudk vdkuf&.”49

“rif;tpdk;&onf w}udrfomqdkjrJwnf;”“rif;onf rqifrjcif ðyavh&dSrl raumif;”50

“rif;wkd@rnfonf tcGefxGufonf rxGufonfudk udk,fwdkif odatmifðy&m.”51

“rsKd;&duQm ukefonf rukefonfudk ukd,fwdkifðy&m.”52

“trlxrf;onf rxrf;onfudk udk,fwdkifodatmif ðy&m.”53

“ESdrfxdkufaom oludk ESdrf&m.”54

“csD;ajr‡mufxdkfufoludk csD;ajr‡muf&m.”55

“ay;urf;jcif;/ cspfpzG,fqdkjcif;jzifh rdrdu olwyg;xuf omvGef.? olwyg;wdk@u rdrdbufodk@ !ïwfvmukef.”

avmueDwd(pm - 64)48 (pm - 68)49§50§51 (pm - 69)52 (pm - 70)?53§54§55

68


avmueDwd(pm - 70)56

qdkwmawGudk=unfh&if rif;[m tvkyfvkyfae&r,f? rysif;&bl;? owif;tcsuftvufawGudk odatmifóu;pm;ae&r,f? udk,f&JŒ twdkufcHawGudk ESdrfypf&r,f? udk,hfudkaxmufcHwJholawGudk ay;urf;&r,f? wcsKd@udk ay;urf;jcif;jzifh =um;aeawGjzpfatmifvkyf&r,fqdkwmawG r#omjzpfw,f? 'gawGtm;vHk;u rif; odk@r[kwf tkyfcsKyfolawG&JŒtm%mwnfjrJa&;udk usm;uefxm;wJh t,ltqawG?

urBm}uD;u wdk;wufvmwmeJ@ tr# ydkrdk yGifhvif;wJh 'Drdkua&pD&dSwJh tpdk;&awGudkvlawG wnfaqmufvm=uw,f? 'Dt,ltqawG pwif xGef;um;vmwJh tdENd,jynf[murBmt}uD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHvdk@ wifpm;ae=uw,f?

'gayrJh 'Dae@ rqv/ etz ppftpdk;&&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk =unfh&if 'Dv$rf;rdk;r_awGudkESpfoufpGm usifhoHk;ae=uwkef;? olwdk@[m olwdk@tm%mwnfjrJa&;twGuf owif;awG&atmif tcGifhta&;awGay;+yD; pnf;±Hk;wmrsKd;awGaygh/ vlawG[m tcGifhta&; ay;+yD;pnf;±Hk;wmcH&w,f? r[moHCm em,u tzGJ@0ifq&mawmfawGudk wDADGawG um;awG/qeftdwfawGudk vSLwmrsKd;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmifawGudk pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvef;awG ay;+yD; olwdk@atmufudk usa&mufvmatmif vkyfcJhwmrsKd;?

“Adkvfygol&J o[Jtaz: jynfhpHkaomfvnf; &efoludk ratmifEkdifaom rif;onf wefcdk;jzifh tb,fokd@ ðytHenf;/ av+idrfaomt&yfY xGef;nd‡aomrD; tvdkvdk +idrf;onfESifhwl.”56

zqyv/ rqvacwfeJ@ etz tpdk;&awG[m acwfawG ay:vpDawGomrwl=uwm? twdkuftcHawGudk xm;wJhoabmxm;uawmh wl=uw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;uwnf;uae 'Duae@txd tpdk;&awGu awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawGeJ@ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;a=umif;udk ausmcdkif;w,f? acsr_ef;zdk@udkyJ óu;pm;cJh=uw,f?olwdk@[m rif;w&m;}uD;pdwfawG0if+yD; &efolawGudkatmifEkdifzdk@ wav#mufvHk; tm;xkwfcJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh olwdk@om uG,fvGefukefw,f? &efolawGu ukefudk rukefEkdifbl;?olwdk@ usufrSwfaewJh avmueDwdtdrfpmawGu tajzrSefudk ray;EkdifcJhbl;?

69


avmueDwd&JŒ rif;udk jyqdk&mtydkif;rSm ta=umufw&m;awG emcHa&;oabmxm;awGudk oGyfoGif;awmhwmygyJ? 'gukd usaemf vufrcHEkdifatmifjzpf&w,f? jynfolawGuawmh rif;qdkwJh olawGudk rxd&bl;? rykefuef&bl;? emcH&r,f? 'gawGudk avmueDwdrSm azmfjyxm;wJh *gxmawGuawmh æ

“rif;r&dSonhfh EkdifiHonf wdwfqdwf.”57

“rif;tpdk;&udkvnf;aumif; rxdyg; a&Smif&Sm;oGm;tyf.”58

“tvHk;pHkudk rif;eJ@ ròyif&m”59

“rif;udkrxdyg;&”60

“Trif;onf ig. t&Sifocifwnf;vdk@ pdwfxJrSm av;av;pm;pm; xm;&r,f?”61

qdkwJ@ oif=um;csufawGu jrefrmawGpdwfxJrSm ausmpdrfhaeapw,f? tkyfcsKyfwJholawGqdkwm rif;awG bkef;&dSvd@kjzpf&wmvdkvdk/ olwdk@vkyfaewm qHk;jzwfaewmawGutifrwef}uD;av;wJhwm0efawGudk ,lae&ovdkvkd? udk,fu bmaumifrSr[kwfbl;?'ga=umifh rif;awGudk rxdyg;eJ@/ EkdifiHa&;qdkwm tifrwefrS ±_yfaxG;+yD; raewwf&ifudk,fu =um;u acgif;jywfr,fqdkwJhtxd tawG;u oufa&mufvmw,f? 'Dawmhrif;awG bmvkyfvkyf rSm;w,frSefw,fqdkwmudk cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifr_r&dSawmhyJ/ udk,fhb0eJ@tem*wfwckvHk;[m uHyJ? 'Drif;&JŒ tqHk;tjzwfyJvkd@ pdwfxJrSm pGJoGm;awmhw,f?'Dvdk ta=umufw&m;awGudk avmueDwdu oGyfoGif;ay;vdkufwm tawmfhudk atmifjrifw,f? omrefawm&Gmav;u v,form;wOD; aqmufvkyfa&;uefx±kdufrS vkyfaewJhtkyfonfaewJhuav;rwOD;uae jrefrmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ tjrifhqHk;tv$mu EkdifiHawmfutyfESif;xm;wJh bGJ@wHqdyf&q&mawmf}uD;awG/ a'gufwmawG/ ynm&SifawG pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif}uD;awG tqifhxdyJ?

avmueDwd(pm - 65)57 / (pm - 57)58 / (pm - 58)59 / (pm - 71)?60 / (pm - 75)?61

70


avmueDwd(pm - 72)62§63§64

cyfwnfwnfeJ@om olwdk@u oGm;vmvkyfudkif a[majymaewm? tqG,fjyL;jyL;eJ@t=umufw&m;qdkwJh bDvl;}uD;u wae&muae =unfhaew,fvdk@ olwdk@ rodpdwfxJrSmajcmufvSef@aew,f? taxGaxGu¾rSmygwJh rif; odk@r[kwf tkyfcsKyfolawGeJ@ oufqdkifaewJh *gxmwckudk aqG;aEG;csifao;w,f? 'gu p%us&JŒ t,ltqyg?

“raumif;r_udk om;orD;ðyv#if rdbðyonf rnf.”62

“raumif;r_udk wynfhðyv#if q&mðyonf rnf.”63

“raumif;r_udk wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;ðyv#if &Sifbk&ifðyonf rnf.”64

usaemfwdk@ ae@pOfb0rSm ajymaewJh om;orD;raumif; rdbacgif;? wynfhraumif; q&mhacgif;aygh? jynfoljynfom;awGraumif; bk&ifhacgif;qdkwm 'Du vmwm?=unfhvdkuf&ifawmh [kwfovdkvdkawmh&dSw,f? wu,f pOf;pm;awmh r[kwfbl;? 'gudktrSefvdk@ ,lqvdk@r&bl;? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh avmueDwd&JŒ tESpfom&u tay:uae atmufqifhuJ emcH&wm/ ta=umufw&m;udk oifwef;ay;aewm/ qifjcifwkHw&m;udk tajcrcHbl;vdk@ usaemf tqufrjywf jiif;csufxkwfcJhw,f?

'D*gxmawG&JŒ tESpfom&udk=unfh&ifvnf; rdbawG/ q&mawG/ &Sifbk&ifawGuvlŒtzGJ@tpnf;awGxJrSm tjrJwrf;wm0ef&dSaeolawGvdk zef;wD;xm;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f? tay:uae tjrJwrf; ujy toHk;awmfcHae&zdk@ tm;ay;aeovdk jzpfaew,f?'Dae&mrSm ta&;}uD;qHk;u avmueDwdu ajymwJh raumif;wmqdkwmu bmvJ? 'Dae@bmomw&m;awGu raumif;r_vdk@qdkwJh owfrSwfxm;csufawGu &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;&dSw,f? ig;ygoDvvdk ynyfawmfq,fyg;vdk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;&dSw,f? urBmavmu&JŒwm0efawGudk rif;awGxrf;&Gufzdk@ avmueDwdu ay;cJhw,f? tckwcg rdbawG/ q&morm;awGu avmu}uD;rSm tvum;ae&if; r[mwm0ef&dSaeol}uD;awG jzpfw,f?

71


aoG;}uD;p&mawG jzpfvmw,f? 'Dawmh uav;awGaumif;zdk@twGuf udk,fhrSm tjrJwm0ef&dSaeolawGvdk vlawGudk tajcmufwdkuf b0ifjrifhapcJhw,f?

avmu}uD;rSm rdbawG/ q&mawG/ tkyfcsKyfolawGurS aumif;wmeJ@ qdk;wmudkodolawG/ raumif;wmawGudk rjzpfatmif óuwif t=um;tjrif&aeolawGvdk@ jzpfvm=uw,f? rdbeJ@q&mu wcgw&HrSm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;xJu tzdESdyfcHae&wJh tzGJ@0ifawGjzpfaeawmh qHk;rEkdifcGifh tcGifhtvef;r& jzpfoGm;&wmawG&dSw,f? 'gayrJh vlr_a&;e,fy,frSm 'DtusKd;qufu om;orD;awG t&G,fa&mufaewmawmifrS olwdk@&JŒ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;&;/ ynma&;/ tdrfaxmifa&;awGudk pGufzufaewJh rdbawGudk usaemfwdk@ae@pOfb0rSm pdwfysufp&mawGtjzpf jrifawG@cJh&aygif;rsm;aeyg+yD?

jynfol raumif;/ tkyfcsKyfolawG&JŒacgif; qdkwJh tbd"rRm tm;enf;csufay:rSmtkyfcsKyfolawGu toHk;csyHkawG&dSw,f? tkyfcsKyfolawG[m t&mcyffodrf; aumif;wmudkodolawGvdk jzpfvmw,f? jynfolawG[m pnf;urf;r&dSbl;? ,Ofaus;r_awGudk rxdef;odrf;bl;? wdkif;jynfvHkðcHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;udk em;rvnfbl;/ umuG,f&aumif;rSef; rodbl;vdk@ olwdk@ txifa&mufaeapwm 'DavmueDwd oif=um;csuf&JŒ a&mifjyef [yfcsufawGjzpfvmw,f? tkyfcsKyfolaumif;awG jzpfapvdkjcif;tusKd;iSm jynfolawGudk tjrJwrf;pnf;urf;awGeJ@ zdESdyfvm=uawmhwmygyJ? tusKd;qufawG taeeJ@ qefavSmifwJhukefonfawGudkvnf; raumif;wJhjynfolvdk@ jrifw,f? aq;avSmifwJh ukefonfudkvnf;0doravmbom;vdk@ jrifvmw,f? qHyif&Snfxm;wmudk ,Ofaus;r_udk zsufqD;aeolawGvd@k jrifvmw,f? ,kwfpGtqHk; aumifav;eJ@ aumifrav; uefawmf}uD;rSm csdef;awG@wm[mvnf; raumif;r_}uD;vdk@ jrifvmw,f? w±kwfEkdifiHu pufr_awmfvSefa&;udkt&dSeft[kefeJ@ qifE$Jzdk@ &&moHwdkoHpawGudk pkaqmif;aecsdefrSm OD;ae0if;u *VKefpDrHcsufcs+yD; uefawmf}uD;u orD;&nf;pm;twGJawGudk vdkufvHzrf;qD;cJhwmrsKd;awG vkyfcJh+yD;+yD?65

wu,fu ckHawG/ ukvm;xdkifawG rsm;rsm;csay;+yD; twGJawGudk oufawmifhoufomjzpfatmifvkyfay;&rSm? erf;=uygapvm;? aumifrav;eJ@ aumifav; erf;vdk@ wdkif;jynfysufoGm;w,fqdkwm b,fordkif;rSmrS usaemfrawG@bl;ygbl;? &efjzpfaewmxufpm&iferf;aewmudk tm;ay;oifhwmaygh? olu arwWmw&m;udk tajccHwmjzpfawmhwdkif;jynf+idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;pvdk@awmif ajymvdk@&ao;&JŒ? (pma&;ol)65

72


OD;ae0if;u EdkifiHawmftwGuf ol@rSmwm0ef&dSaeovdkvdk vkyfcJhvdk@ wwdkif;jynfvHk;ysufcJh&+yD? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u a&$armfa"mbk&m;udk oGm;zl;wkef;u bk&m;zl;rSwfwrf;pmtkyfrSm jzpfav&mb0rSm EkdifiHawmfwm0efudk ta&;ygwJhae&muae xrf;aqmif&ygvdk.bk&m;vdk@ a&;oGm;wJhta=umif;udk ajratmuf&Jabmfwa,mufu usaemfhudkajymjyzl;w,f? twW&JŒyHk&dyfawGaygh? tzrf;rcH&ciftxd ol[m om;orD;awG EdkifiHom;awGtwGuf wm0ef&dSaew,fvdk@ cH,loGm;yHk&w,f?

usaemfar;csifw,f? vlawG[m udk,feJ@rqdkifwJh wm0efudk bmvdk@rsm; ,lcsifae&wmwkef;? wu,fu vlŒtzGJ@tpnf;rSm udk,hfwm0ef udk,f,l=uzdk@yg? udk,f,l&rJhwm0efuvnf; tcsdeftcgeJ@ tajctaet& uef@owfabmifxJrSmyJ &dS&r,f? xm0& wm0ef&dSw,fqdkwm rjzpfoifhygbl;?

udk,fu jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;udk vkyfau|;ae&wJholvdk@ tajcmufwdkufb0jrifhr_awGa=umifh jrefrmhvltzGJ@pnf; wckvHk;&p&mr&dS ysufpD;ae&yg+yD? jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk tEœ&m,fusa&mufapcJh+yD;yg+yD?

aemufwcsufuvnf; 'Dtay:rSm tawG;tac:udk acgif;yHkjzwfwmawG jzpfvmEkdifygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh etzu om;orD;awG EdkifiHa&;xJ vkyfvm&if rdbudkzrf;w,fav? ausmif;om;awG EdkifiHa&;vkyf&if q&mawGudk ta&;,lw,fav?'g=uawmh usaemfwdk@ vufrcHEdkif=ujyefbl;? ,Ofaus;wJh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;awGuvnf;'gudk vufrcHEkdifbl;? ol@om;u raumif;wmudk? 'ga=umifh etzu ol@tazudk zrf;wmaygh? ol@tazrSm wm0ef&dSwmayghvdk@ tifwmAsL;awGrSm EdkifiHa&;wufºu v_yf&Sm;olawG ajzwmudk wcgrS r=um;bl;cJhygbl;?

etz&JŒ 'Dvdkvkyf&yfawGudk ±_wfcsae=uw,f? 'ga=umifhusaemfu avmueDwd[m tm%m&Sifpepfudk oufqdk;&Snfaeapw,fvdk@ usaemf tav;teuf aqG;aEG;aewmjzpfw,f?

Oyrmwck xyfrH qdkyg&apOD;? uav;wa,muf[m wESpfuae ajcmufESpfom;txdyJ rdbu qHk;rvdk@&w,fvdk@ pdwfynm&SifawGu qdkw,f? ajcmufESpfausmfuwnf;uolbmomol qHk;jzwfae+yDvdk@ qdkygw,f? i,fpOfu uav;wa,muf raumif;wmudkðyrd&ifawmh [kwfwmaygh/ rdbrSm tjypf&dSwwfygw,f?

73


'gayr,fh t&G,fa&mufwJh/ vlvm;ajrmufvmwJh olwa,mufu jypfr_usL;vGefvm&ifawmh olbmomol cH&rSmyg? om;u rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJwmudk rdbu axmifrusap&ygbl;? tvm;wlyJ q&mawGvnf; wynfhudk awmfapcsif/ wwfapcsif=uwmyJ?wynfh raumif;wmudk q&mhacgif;vdk@ yHkaoaumufcsufcs rxm;tyfygbl;? jynfolawGraumif; &Sifbk&if odkŒr[kwf tkyfcsKyfwJhrif;awGacgif;qdkwmu [kwfwmaygh? 'gayrJhjynfhpHkwJh qHk;roGefoifcsuftxdawm hjzpfrvmbl;? raumif;wJhbk&ifudk usaemfwdk@ubmvkyf&rSmvJ tjypfajym±HkeJ@+yD;+yDvm;?

avmueDwdrSm bmajymxm;ovJ/ ewd? raumif;wJhbk&if odk@r[kwf tkyfcsKyfoludk wdkuf±kdufajym&JwJhowdWawmh avmueDwdu oifray;bl;? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh avmueDwdtESpfom&udku emcHa&;? txufatmufemcHa&;? ykefuefwmudktm;ray;bl;? ta=umufw&m;udk vdkcsifwm/ owdWudk tm;ay;wmr[kwfbl;?

Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;vdk raumif;wJhrif;qdk;rifnpfawGudk &efolpm&if;xJ rxnfh&Jbl;?EdkifiHa&;t&ajym&&ifawmh &ef ig pnf; rjywfbl;ayghAsm? avmueDwdu rodrom=uyfay;wJh oabmavmufyJ&dSw,f? t+rD;&dS&if &dwfrd/ aomufujrif;r uif;vdyfav#mqdkwmrsKd;vdk jzpfaew,f? wu,fu vlŒtzGJ@tpnf;aumif;zdk@twGufqdk&if tkyfcsKyfwJhrif;awG/ pepfawGrSm trsm;}uD;wm0ef&dSw,f? 'Dvdk a,bk,s ajym±HkavmufeJ@ rvHkavmufbl;aygh?

bk&ifraumif;&if bk&ifxGufay;aygh? ykefuefEkdifw,fvdk@ ajym&rSmaygh? p%us uwcsdefu oludk,fwdkif olykefjzpfcJholyg? rif;qdk;bk&if eENudk “I will destroy you” “rif;ighta=umif; od&apr,fa[h”vdk@ ajym+yD; olykefxcJhwJhol? 'gayrJh oltm%m &vmwJhtcgrSmawmh rw&m;&if ykefuef&r,fqdkwJh tawG;tac:udk vpfvsL±_vdkufawmhw,f?'gayrJh 19 &mpkqef;p taemufwdkif; EkdifiHa&;'\eynm&SifESpfOD;jzpfwJh ±l;qdk;wdk@abmvfwJ,m;wdk@u bk&ifraumif;&if bk&ifudkykefukef=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;vm=uwmudkawG@&w,f? 'gayrJh olwdk@tawG;tac:twGuf jrefrmawGacgif;xJrSm vufcHp&m ae&modyf r&dSawmhbl;? avmueDwdu jrefrmawGOD;aESmufudk y±dk*&rfwckyJ oHk;Ekdifatmifvkyfxm;vdkuf+yDav? olu uGefjyLwmAdkif;&yfydk;vdk toHk;uswJh y±dk*&rfawGudkyg&efowWK±kðyaeawmhwhJtxd jzpfaeyg+yD?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

74


ae@ajym aemuf-unf@najym atmuf-unfhb0rsm;

avmueDwd taxGaxGu¾rSmawmh ae@zufrSm pum;ajymwJhtcgrSm ywf0ef;usifudk =unfh+yD; pum;qdkyg? nzufrSm ta&;}uD;wJh pum;ajymr,fqdk&ifawmh ar;jref;pdppf+yD; qdkygvdk@ avmueDwdu qdkxm;w,f?

bmjzpfvdk@ avmueDwdu 'Dvdkqdk&wmvJ? tdEdN,eJ@ jrefrmordkif;yJjzpfjzpfacwfawGu rwnf+idrfbl;? EkdifiHawGrSm ppfyGJawG/ vkyf=uHr_awG/ opPmazmufr_awGeJ@jynfhESufaew,f? ppfrufjzpfaewJh ESpfawG&dSovdk +idrf;csrf;aewJhumvawGvnf; &dSygw,f? 'gayrJh enf;w,f?

'DawmhvlawGb0u rwnf+idrfvSbl;? wa,mufwa,muf r,kH&Jbl;? 'gudk=unfh&if a&S;wkef;u vlawG&JŒb0u oem;zdk@aumif;wmawG@rdw,f? pdk;&drfxdwfvef@+yD;&Sifoefae&wJh b0awGygvm;vdk@ odcGifh&w,f? 'Dae@ jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ b0[mvnf;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu vlawG&JŒb0eJ@ bmrSruGmao;bl;qdkwm od&awmh pdwfraumif;jzpf&jyefw,f?

a&S;wkef;u vlawGu pum;ajymcgeD;rSm bmjzpfvdk@ ab;bDudk=unfh+yD;rS pum;qdkae&wmvJ? tajzuawmh &Sif;ygw,f? rif;jypfrif;'%fudk a=umuf&w,f? rSefaewJhpum;udkawmif rajym&Jbl;? tzrf;cHxdEdkifw,f? touftEœ&m,f pdk;&drf&w,f? 'gqdk&ifavmueDwdu vlawGudk trSefqdk&Jatmif tm;ay;wmrsKd; roGefoifoifhbl;vm;? tajctaeudk rD;pif=unfh u ae&wJh b0u vGwfajrmufatmif rvkyfay;oifhbl;vm;?vlawGudk trSefw&m;udk &ifqdkif&JwJh owdWxuf tajctaeqdk;awGatmufrSm oduQmrJh&SifoefEdkifa&;udkyJ t=uHay;xm;wmyJvdk@om aumufcsufcsEkdifw,f?

0dy\emyJ vkyfvkyf/ pD;yGm;a&;yJ vkyfvkyf/ EkdifiHa&;yJ vkyfvkyf t±_yfawGudkxdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif ajz&Sif;&wmawGyg? t±_yfawGudk &Sif;vif;atmifvkyf&wmcsnf;yJ?xGufajy;vdk@r&bl;? t±_yfxJrSm &Sif;atmifaer,fqdkwJh pdwf"mwfuawmh edAŠmefrajymeJ@tar&duefawmif a&mufEkdifrSmr[kwfaybl;?

75


'Dae@jrefrmvlrsKd;awG[m ae@ajym aemuf=unfh/ najym atmuf=unfhqdkwJhb0rSm &SifoefaexdkifwmrsKd; usa&mufae+yD? wa,mufudkwa,muf r,Hk=unfr_awGjzpfaeatmif ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGu pepfwus vkyfaqmifay;aew,f? 'D0Éfu[dkbufb0udk rul;bl;? 'Db0rSmwif axmufvSrf;a&;awG[m tukodkvf twHk;vdkuftwpfvdkuf 0ifawmhwm/ r=umc% qdkovdkyJ? AdkvfrSL;}uD; armifvGif/ av;armif/ wifOD;/bdkeD aemufqHk;wa,muf cif!Gef@?

&v'fu bmvJ? jrefrmvlrsKd;awGb0u EdkifiHwumudk a&mufvm=uwmawmifrS jrefrmwa,muftzdk@ pdk;&drfp&mtaumif;qHk;u EdkifiHjcm;om;awGr[kwfbl;?ol@vdk yHkpHrsKd;&dSwJh jrefrmwa,muf jzpfaeawmhw,f? 'g[m tifrwef 0rf;enf;zdk@aumif;w,f? 'ga=umifh aemuf=unfh atmuf=unfh±Hkr[kwfawmhbl;? axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;vm;qdk+yD; tawG;xJtxd ajcmufvSef@apcJh+yD?

'Dvdkjzpfae=uwJhb0rSm cifAsm;u avmueDwdav; oifay;vkdŒ tckvdk &Sifoefae&ygvm;vdk@ =uHzef aus;Zl;wifEdkifygw,f? wu,fawmh avmuedDwdu taxGaxGcef;rSm 'Dtcsufudk oifay;vdkufwmuawmh odyfrxl;qef;vSygbl;? &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&ift}uD;tus,f r±dk;om;r_ygyJ?

avmueDwd&JŒ oif=um;csufawGu jrefrmvl@tzG@Jtpnf;udk tqifhqifh zdESdyfwJhtm%m&SifpHepfqdk; &v'fudk &apcJh+yD? trsKd;om;a&;pdwf'%foifhr_udk cHpm;cJh=u&+yD?'Dawmh avmueDwdu a=umifolawmf pum;qdkw,f? rif;wdk@udk tEœ&m,fqdk;awGuvGwfajrmufzdk@ enf;vrf;av;vnf; jyefvnfay;oem;vdkufr,faygh? atmf avmueDwd&,foem;p&mjrefrmudk r[mu±k%mxm;awmfrlayw,f?

uav;udk a=umufatmifajcmuf+yD;rS jyefacsmhaewJhoabmvm;vdk@ar;csifw,f?trSefwu,f avmueDwdtaee@J jrefrmawGudk oif=um;oifhwmu 'Dvdka=umufvef@ae&wJhb0u vGwfajrmufatmifvkyf=uzdk@yJ jzpfw,f? 'Dtwdkif; &Sifoefae&wJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk aumif;rGefwJhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;vdk@ ajymEkdifygovm;? 'Dvdk jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk usaemfwdk@ tem*wfrSm vdkcsifygovm;? ydkrdkyGifhvif;wJh ajym&Jqdk&JwJh jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk rwnfaqmufoifhawmhbl;vm;?

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avmueDwd(pm - 37)?66 (pm - 45)?67§68

avmueDwdxJu aumif;wmawG

avmueDwdxJrSm usaemf oabmruswmawGudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;cJh+yD;yg+yD? oabmuswmawGudkvnf; aqG;aEG;zdk@ wm0ef&dSvmygw,f? oabmusp&m aumif;rSmayhg? bk&m;a[m "rRy'xJu *gxmawGjzpfvdk@yg?

“,kwfrmaomtusifhrSvnf; wm;jrpf.? qHk;rwwfoludk olawmfaumif;wdk@ucspfcif.? rolawmfwdk@u rcspfcif=u?”66

“tdyfraysmfjim; Ekd;aeoltm; nOfhonf &Snfvsm;.? c&D;yef;aomoltm;w,lZemc&D;onf &Snfvsm;.? olawmfaumif;w&m;udk rodaomvlrdkufwdk@tm;oHo&monf &Snfvsm;.”67

“twwfynm pmayusrf;*efwdk@onf &GwftHo&ZÆm,fjcif;r&dSaomf aysmufysufukef.? tdrfaxmifpD;yGm;wdk@onf xºuvHk@vr&dS ysif;&daomf ysufpD;ukef.? ysif;&djcif;onf tqif;vSol. tnpfa=u;rnf.? arhavsmhjcif;onf ukÉDudk apmifhpnf;aom&[ef;. tnpfta=u;rnf.”68

'gawG bma=umifhaumif;wmvnf;qdkwmukd usaemf txl;&Sif;p&m rvdkawmhygbl;?

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p%us&JŒ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; t,ltqrsm;

p%us&JŒ '\et,ltqawGudk usaemf vufrcHvdkaomfvnf; urBmrSm a&S;tusqHk; EkdifiHa&;ynm&Sifwa,muftaeeJ@ ol@tjrifawGudk avhvmcGifh&w,f? a&S;a[mif;vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wcktwGif; EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; tajctaeawGudkoG,f0dkufodcGifh&w,f? avmueDwdxJrSm rygwJh ol&JŒ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfa&;t,ltq wcsKd@udkvnf; usaemf qufvuf aqG;aEG;wifjyygr,f? ol@t,ltqawGudkpmzwfolawG tjynfhtpHk odEkdifatmifvdk@yg? usaemfu ol&JŒ t,ltqwcsKd@udk rESpfoufwmawGcsnf;ajym+yD; pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh tcsufawGudk csefvSyfovdk rjzpfapcsifbl;? 'DxJrSm tcGeftwkwf aumufcHwmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ ol&JŒtjrifu ckvdkjzpfygw,f?

“ Taxation should not be a painful process for the people. There shouldbe leniency and caution while deciding the tax structure. Ideally, governmentsshould collect taxes like a honeybee, which sucks just the right amount of honeyfrom the flower so that both can survive. Taxes should be collected in small andnot in large proportions”.69

olu tcGeftwkwfawGudk vlawGudk 'kuQjzpfavmufatmif raumufcHoifha=umif;/ pmemr_&dS&dS/ r#r#ww aumufcHoifhw,fvdk@qdkw,f? tpdk;&u tcGefawGudkaumufwJhae&mrSm ysm;ykwkef;rsm; yef;0wf&nfudk pkwf,lovdkrsKd; jzpfoifhw,fwJh?

http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm#Chanakya,June 1,2006.69

78


ysm;ykwkef;u oifhawmhwJh yrm%udkyJ ,lw,f? 'Dvdk,lwJhtwGuf ysm;a&m/ yef;yga&&Snf &SifoefEkdifw,fvdk@qdkw,f? tcGefudk enf;enf;yJ aumufoifhw,f? trsm;}uD;raumufoifhbl;vdk@qdkw,f? 'Dae&mrSm tpdk;&u tcGefudkavsmhaumufwm wdk;aumufwmqdkwmxuf tpdk;&u tcGefudkb,fae&mawGrSm oHk;pJGovJ qdkwmuvnf; ta&;}uD;wJhtcsufwckvdk@ usaemfjrifw,f? 'Dtcsufudkawmh olu bmrSajymrxm;ygbl;?tpdk;&u tcGefudk wdk;aumuf+yD; aumufcH&wJhtcGefay:rSm usef;rma&;/ ynma&;eJ@pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttHkawGrSm wdk;wufoHk;pGJr,fqdk&ifvnf; wdkif;jynf&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udkjyefvnfwdk;wufapEkdifw,fvdk@ usaemfjrifw,f?

tar&duefu urBmrSm tcGeftaumufqHk;EdkifiH/ 0ifaiGtcGefa&m/ xGufaiGtcGefudkyg aumufwmjzpfw,f? tcGefavsmhraumufbJ wdk;aumufwJhoabmaygh?'gayrJh 'DtcGefawGudk wdk;aumufwJhtwGuf EkdifiHawmf&JŒ ,Eœ&m;awGjzpfwJh taqmuftOD;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ umuG,fa&;[m wjcm;EkdifiHxuf ydkrdk wdk;wufvmw,f?tiftm;awmifhwif;vmwJh tusKd;awG&dSwmudkvnf; owdðyoifhw,f?

ol&JŒ tjrifwcsKd@u vlawG&JŒpm&dwWudk xdcdkufapw,fvdk@ txufrSm usaemfaqG;aEG;cJhw,f? oludk,fwdkifuawmh vmbfpm;r_udk ESpfrsKdŒyHk r&bl;? 'geJ@ywfoufvdk@olu æ

“It’s just as difficult to detect an official’s dishonesty as it is to discoverhow much water is drunk by the swimming fish”.70

“tpdk;&t&m&dSwa,muf&JŒ r±dk;om;r_udk wdkif;wGm&wm odyfcufw,f? a&xJu ig;waumifu a&b,favmufaomufxm;ovJ qdkwmudk odzdk@ cufovdkyJ”?

olu tdENd,EkdifiHudk }uD;yGm;wdk;wufapcsifw,f? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;rSmr[mtiftm;}uD; EkdifiHwckvdk jzpfaeapcsifw,f? udk,fwdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsKd; }uD;yGm;wdk;wuf


79


apcsifwJhpdwf"mwfudkawmh usaemfwdk@ twk,loifhw,f? olu toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvrSm jynfwGif;pD;yGma&;[m udk,fxludk,fxrleJ@ xkwfvkyfr_udkvkyf&r,f? 'Duwqifh ydkrdkwdk;wufwJh xkwfvkyfr_eJ@ jzef@jzL;r_udk wuf&r,f? pD;yGm;a&;udkawmh pdkufysKd;a&;/ arG;jrLa&;eJ@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;udk tajccH&r,f? 'DoHk;ckrSm pdkufysKd;a&;[m t"dutusqHk;vdk@ olu cH,lw,f? 'Dtcsufuawmh acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;rSm taotcsm jyefpOf;pm;zdk@vdkw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh pdkufysKd;a&;rSm xkwfvkyfolawGu ydkrdkwdk;wufvmwJhtwGuf urBmhaps;uGufrSm ,SOfòyifr_awG rsm;vm+yD; wefzdk; usqif;vmEkdifwJhtwGuf a&&nfrSm pdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHwm[m pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_udktmrcHEkdifyghrvm;qdkwmjzpfw,f?

“A self sufficient economy which is not dependent on foreign trade.”jynfwGif; vHkavmufwJh pD;yGm;a&;pepfu EkdifiHwum ukefoG,fa&;udk tm;udk;

p&mrvdkbl;? 'Dtcsufudk usaemf pdwf0ifpm;w,f?usaemf *syefeJ@ tar&duef aps;uGufudk avhvmcJhwJhtcgrSm 'DtcsufawGudk

awG@&vdfkyJ? 'DEkdifiHawGrSm jynfwGif;aps;uGufudk awmifhwif;atmif tjrJwrf; vkyfaqmifavh&dSw,f? jynfwGif;aps;uGufu 0,fvdktm; odyfaumif;vmwJhtwGuf jynfyudkodyftm;udkp&mrvdkbJ wjcm;EkdifiHawG udk,hfEkdifiH&JŒaps;uGufudk jyefvnf rDScdkvm&wJhtqifhudk a&mufvmEkdifw,f? aiGwefzdk;wufvm+yD; vlawG tvkyftudkif rsm;rsm;&apw,f?

“Internal trade was more important to Chanakya than external trade.”vlr_tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vmapvdk@yJ? olu jynfwGif;ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,f

r_udk jynfyeJ@ a&mif;0,fr_xufawmif tav;xm;w,f? 'Dt,ltqudk tdENd,tpdk;&acwftqufqufu vdkufemusifhoHk;cJhayrJh tdENd, jynfwGif;aps;uGufu tm;raumif;vmwmuawmh xl;qef;vSw,f?

“ An egalitarian society where there are equal opportunities for all.”orpdwW vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wckrSm vlwdkif;tcGifhta&; wef;wl&nfr# &dSap&r,f?

'Dtcsufuawmh tar&duefvGwfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;xJu ausmf=um;vSwJh æ

80


“all Men are created equal”, “that they are endowed, by their Creator,with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and thePursuit of Happiness.”71

vlwdkif;rSm wef;wltcGifhta&;&dS=uw,f? 'DtcGifhta&;awGrSm touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdifcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifheJ@ csrf;omokcudk cHpm;ydkifcGifh&dSap&r,fqdkwJh tcsufudk oluvGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifhoHk;&mausmfuwnf;u xkwfazmfxm;oljzpfaejyefw,f?

0rf;enf;zdk@aumif;wmuawmh 'Dvdkaumif;rGefwJh t,ltq=ujyefawmh jrefrmEkdifiHu tkyfcsKyfoltqufqufu vufawG@rusifhoHk;=ujyefbl;? ppftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfaewJhjrefrmjynfrSm vlwdkif;[m wef;wltcGifhta&;r&dSbl;? 'ga=umifhwdkif;jynf[m qkwf,kwfysufpD;oGm;&w,f? p%us&JŒ e,fcsJŒ0g' t,ltqawGuvnf; ol&JŒ EkdifiHa&;tjrifawGxJrSm pHk;jyL;awGvdk &dSaejyefw,f?

“Establishment of new colonies for the augmentation of resources.”72

obm0t&if;tjrpfawG ºu,f0pGm&dSEkdifzdk@twGuf udkvdkeDe,fopfawGudk wnfaqmufzdk@ vdkw,fvdk@ qdkw,f?

“ the efficient management of land is essential for the development ofresources. It is essential that the state keeps an eye on the occupation of excessland by the landlords and unauthorized use of land. Ideally the state shouldmonitor the most important and vital resource – Land.”73

“ ajr,mawGudk xdxda&mufa&muf pDrHcef@cGJEkdifr_[m zGHŒòz;a&;twGuf ta&;}uD;vSw,f? ajrydkif&SifawG/ ajrudk w&m;r0if cGifhðycsufr& oHk;pGJr_awGudk EkdifiHawmftaeeJ@xdxda&mufa&muf umuG,faqmif&Gufoifhw,f? ajrawGudk EkdifiHawmfu pDrHcef@cGJzdk@ta&;}uD;w,f?”

http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/declaration_transcript.htmt/ June 1, 2006.72§73§74


81


“ The state should take care of agriculture at all times. Governmentmachinery should be directed towards the implementation of projects aimed atsupporting and nurturing the various processes; beginning from sowing of seedsto harvest.” 74

“EkdifiHawmfu pdkufysKd;a&;udk tjrJwrf; apmifh=unfhae&r,f? tpdk;&taeeJ@ysKd;=uJ/ ysKd;axmifcsdefuae &dwfodrf;csdeftxd apmifh=unfhae&r,f?”

'DtcsufawGudk =unfh&if ol@pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDu pdkufysKd;a&;udk vHk;0 tm±Hkpdkufxm;w,f?

vGefcJhwJhESpf ESpfaxmifausmfu pD;yGm;a&;u pdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHwmjzpfawmh'DtcsdefrSm rSefayrJh uae@tcsdefrSmawmh pdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHxm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;[m&Sifoefa&;ay:vpD tqifhrSmyJ&dSw,f? wdkif;jynf wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;a&;twGuf pdkufysKd;a&;[m tm;udk;vdk@ tjrJr&Ekdifbl;? pdkufysKd;a&;eJ@twl/ pufr_xkwfukefeJ@ ukefoG,fa&;/jynfwGif;aps;uGufeJ@ aiGa=u;aps;uGufawG wdk;wufaeatmifvnf;vkyf&r,f?

'Dae&mrSm aqG;aEG;p&m&dSvmwmu ajrawGudk pepfwus pDrHcef@cGJwwfzdk@upD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòz;a&;twGuf ta&;}uD;w,fqdkwJhtcsufudk jiif;p&mr&dSayrJh 'Dajrudk pDrHcef@cGJrJhtydkif;rSmawmh olu EkdifiHawmfrSm wm0ef&dSw,fqdkwJhtydkif;uawmh vufrcHEkdiffp&mjzpfw,f?

ol&JŒ =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_atmufrSm vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; tdEdN,eJ@jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uae@txd ajrawGudk tpdk;&u pDrHcef@cGJaewJhtwGuf jy\emawG trsm;}uD;udk ñuHcJhw,f?tdENd,rSm tpdk;&u ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;udk vkyf+yD; qif;&Jom;awGudk a0iSay;cJhayrJholwdk@[m pepfwus pDrHcef@cGJr_ rvkyfwwfwm&,f? ajrawGu tpdwftydkif; ao;av;awG jzpfoGm;wJhtwGuf xkwfvkyfr_rSm t&nftaoG;udk xdef;odrf;&cufvmw,f?'Dawmh EkdifiHwumaps;uGufrSm pdkufysKd;a&;xkwfukefawGu t0,fusw,f? aemufqHk;rSmpdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHwJhay:vpDu touf&Sifoef±HktqifheJ@ auseyfcJh&+yD; pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_ aESmifhaES;wmudk tdENd, ñuHcJh&w,f?

http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/declaration_transcript.htmt/ June 1, 2006.74

82


jrefrmjynfrSmawmh ajrawGtm;vHk;udk EkdifiHawmfydkifqdk+yD; vkyfxm;w,f? wu,fhvufawG@rSm EkdifiHawmftm%m[m vlwpkvufxJudk usa&mufoGm;wJhtcgrSm ajr,mu tusKd;tjrwfawG[mvnf; vlwpkvufxJudk usa&mufoGm;awmhwmyJ? jrefrmjynfvdk qif;&JwJhEkdifiHawGrSm vlxktwGuf t&if;tESD;qdkvdk@ vkyftm;eJ@ajr,myJ&dSw,f?'ga=umifh EkdifiHawmfu ajrudk xdef;csKyfrJhtpm; ajrawGudk yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ vkyfoifhw,f? ajrawGudk yk*~vduydkif vkyfvdkuf&if ajrwefzdk;wufvmw,f? 'Dae&mrSm v,frvkyfcsifwJholu v,fudka&mif;+yD; wjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfEkdifw,f? v,fuGufao;ao;av;awGu v,fuGuf}uD;awGtjzpf wpwp jzpfvmEkdifw,f? pepfuswJhyk*~vdupDrHcef@cGJr_atmufrSm v,f,majrtxGufwdk;vmr,f? t&nftaoG;udk xdef;odrf;vmEkdifr,f? v,f,mu tajccHwJh pufr_pD;yGm;a&;awGrSm v,fa&mif;vdkufwJh v,form;awGu tvkyfvkyfvmEkdif+yD; toufarG;0rf;a=umif; ydkrdk tqifajyvmEkdifw,f? ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufu v,f,may:rSm wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;udk yHk+yD; &yfwnfraeoifhwmyJ?pufr_zGH@òz;atmifvkyfzdk@u wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_&JŒ toufaoG;a=umyJ? xkwfukefr&dS&if jynfwGif;aps;uGufudk }uD;rm;vmatmif csJŒxGifvdk@r&bl;av?

“ The nation should envisage to construct forts and cities. These complexeswould protect the country from invasions and provide internal security. Thecities would act as giant markets increasing the revenue of the state.”

EkdifiHawmfudk cHwyfawG/ òrŒ}uD;awG/ wnfaqmuf+yD; umuG,fxm;oifhw,f?'D}uD;rm;wJhòr@}uD;awGu jynfyusL;ausmfolawG&efeJ@ jynfwGif;vHkðcHa&;udk umuG,fay;Ekdifw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh òr@}uD;awGu {&mraps;uGuf}uD;awG jzpfvmvdrfhr,f? ol@t,ltqawGxJrSm usaemf 'Dtcsufudk tóuufqHk;yJ? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh òr@}uD;awGudkwnfaqmufaewJhtcgrSm vlawGudk tvkyftudkifawG ydkrdk zefwD;ay;Ekdifw,f? 0ifaiGwdk;wufapEkdifw,f?

aps;uGuf}uD;udk zefwD;vmEkdifwJhtwGuf xkwfukefawG ydkrdk xkwfvmEkdifw,f?wdkif;jynf *sD'DyDwufvmapEkdifovdk òrŒ}uD;awG ay:aygufvmjcif;eJ@ aus;vufu vlawGòrŒ}uD;awGrSm ydkrdk aexkdifvmwmeJ@tr# EkdifiHawmfudk wdk;wufvmapr_eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk taumiftxnf azmfaqmifr_rSm ydkrdk jrefqefvmw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh

83


vlOD;a&wdk;wufvmwJhtcgrSm tm%modrf;r_awG ydkrdk cufcJvmEkdifw,f? vlawGutvG,fwul qufoG,fEkdif+yD; tm%modrf;r_awGudk ckcHvmEkdifw,f?

ol@rSm tpdk;&drfvGefuJwmawGvnf;&dSw,f? olu a&S;±dk;pGJ0g'D? o±kyfysuf,Ofaus;r_udk tjrJwrf; apmifh=unfhaezdk@ ckvdk wdkufwGef;xm;w,f?

“ Antisocial elements should be kept under check along with the spieswho may enter the country at any time.”75

o±kyfysufvlr_qufqHa&;awGqdkwmu bmawGvnf;qdkwmawmh olu twdtus t"dy`g,f rzGifhxm;ygbl;? 'Dt,ltqu vuf&dSysOf;rem;ppfacgif;aqmifawGusifhoHk;aewmeJ@ c|wfpGyfwlaew,f? olwdk@u vlawG&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_ qef;opfwDxGifcsufawGudk tjrJwrf;o±kyfysuf,Ofaus;r_vdk@ ±_jrifae=uwmav? trsKd;om;a&;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;&if;eJ@ vHkðcHa&;udk ta=umif;jy+yD; vlawG&JŒvGwfvyfr_udk xdcdkufapwJht,ltqyg?

“ Spiritual development is essential for the internal strength and characterof the individual. Material pleasures and achievements are always secondary tothe spiritual development of the society and country at large.”76

pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zGHŒòz;r_[m vlwa,muf&JŒ cHEkdif&nf&dSwJhpdwf"mwf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@ EkdifiHawmfrSm ±kyfydkif;qdkif&m aysmf&$ifr_awGqdkwmu pdwfydkif;qdkif&m zGHŒòz;r_avmuf t"du rusbl;? 'guawmh bmoma&; qefvGef;vS+yD; 'Dt,ltqu pD;yGm;a&;zGHŒòz;&r,fvdk@ aºu;a=umfxm;wJh ol@&Jt,lqeJ@ 0da&m"d qefusifzuf jzpfaejyefw,f?EkdifiHawmfeJ@ vltzGJ@tpnf;rSm ±kyfa&mpdwfydkif; wlnDzGHŒòz;r_[m wef;wl ta&;}uD;vSygw,f? usaemfwdk@[m EkdifiHawmfudk wdk;wufatmif wnfaqmufaewmr[kwfvm;?±kwffydkif;qdkif&mzGHŒòz;r_udk tqifhESdrfhcsvdk@awmhrjzpfbl;?

ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ

http://www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/declaration_transcript.htmt/ June 1, 2006.75§76

84


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86


usrf;udk;

1? !kdjr/ “ukef;abmif&SmyHkawmf” owWrt}udrf/ (2003/ 'DZifbm) &mjynfhpmtkyfwdkuf2? jrefrmpm!Gef@aygif;usrf;3? rm*"D (ompnf)/ “avmueDwd“ yg&rDpmaywdkuf/ 1998/ 230/ 29 vrf; (txufvrf;) &efukef4? txufwef;jrefrmvufa&G;pif5? orRmusrf;pm6? Niccolo Machivelli, “The Princes”, The University of Chicago Press,

1985.

7? Carlvon Clacusewitz, “ On War”, Princeton Unverstiy Press,William Street, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, 1976

8? Sun Tzu, “ The art of War” . Astrolog Publishnig House Ltd, 2003. P.O.

Box 1123, Hod Hasharon 4511,Israel.

9? Sun Tzu,” Art of War”. Oxford University Press Inc., 2005. 198 Madason Avenue, New York, NY10016.

10? http://www.brainsnchips.org/hr/sen.htm,May26,2006. Human Rights and Asian Values: ” What Lee Kuan Yew and Le Peng don’t understand about Asia” by Amartya Sen,

11? http://www.hinduism.co.za/chanakya.htm#Chanakya, June 1,2006.12? Francis Fukuyama, “ The End of the History and The Last Man” , Avron Book Inn. 1992. 1350 Avernue of America, New York, NY 10019

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13? Louis Fischer “The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas” , Vintage Books, A Division of Randon House Inc., 1983.

14? M.K. Gandhi,” An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth”,

15? Beasley, W. G. “The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic and Social Change Since 1850”. St. Martin’s Press, New York 1995. St Martin’s Press Schoalarly and References Division, 175 Fith Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

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