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Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
AI Planning, Waiting for the Results?
H.H. Hesselink ([email protected])
R.R. Seljée ([email protected])
2nd Gap-Bridging SeminarPLANSIG 2002
TU Delft21 November 2002
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
• NLR is a non-profit foundation since 1937/1919• NLR provides technical and scientific contributions to activities in aerospace related areas• NLR will independently serve public and private organisations
NLR
Education– Universities– Technical Colleges
GovernmentMinistries– Transport
– Defence– Environment
Operators
Industries– Aircraft
– Space– Other, incl.
Electronics,Remote Sensing
– Royal NL Air Force– Royal NL Navy– KLM– Air Traffic Control– Amsterdam Airport
Schiphol
NLR
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
NLR
- Civil aerospace: 65% - Military aerospace: 35%
- Aeronautics: 85% - Space: 15%
- Operations: 60% - Development: 40%
(non-aerospace: < 2%)
Turn over: 70 MEuro.
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
NLR
• Large Wind Tunnels (2 low speed, 2 transonic, 1 supersonic, 50% shared in DNW)• Simulators (flight, air traffic control, tower)
• Aircraft (Fairchild Metro II, Cessna Citation II)
• Computing environments (supercomputer, Network, middleware)
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
NLR
• NLR undertakes studies and implementations for Schiphol• Safety cases• Policy studies• Simulator trials• Implementations
• Co-operation with Dutch Industry (HITT)• TCM (Taxiway Collision Monitoring)• Triple-I: Intelligence Instead of Infrastructure
• Co-operation with Eurocontrol
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
• MADS:Departure Planning Decision Support at Airports• Runway Use Advisory and Inspection Systems: BGAS & BGCS• Tools for Route Planning and Manoeuvre Planning • Crew Assistant is a decision support system for a pilot • Mission Support System Campal (MSS/C) is a powerful tool
for military mission planning
Planning in Air Traffic Management (ATM): the Big Picture
Projects with AI Planning and Scheduling
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
5
1997 2000
2010 2020
DIVISION DED 4 - 4/11/97
7.0 Mio Flights 8.0 Mio Flights
11.9 Mio Flights 15.8 Mio Flights
Flights 150 or more
Flights 100 to 150
Flights 50 to 100
Traffic Growth
ATM Planning: the Problem
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Artificial Intelligence and Planning
• The traffic increase gives the operational need• Problem not recognised by controllers (the end users)
• Academia wants to experiment new techniques• Academia wants complex methods for operator modelling• Side effects:
• Establishing better collaboration• Acceptance of new technology in an organisation• Studying other solutions, e.g. use trains in case of Air Traffic Growth
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
The Problem: Division of ATM
• Arrival management• Departure management• Surface movement• Stand allocation• Flight management
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
The Problem: Many Actors
Many actors involved:• Airlines/AOC• Pilots• Air Traffic Controllers
• En-route ATC• Approach ATC• ATC Departure/Tower• Other Airports ATC
• Apron Controllers• Ground Movement Controllers• CFMU• Meteo Service Providers
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Each airport is different but the same
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Airport traffic management control loop
Guidance
control
surveillance
aircraft
planning
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Collaborate Decision Making (CDM)
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
How from FCFS to planning
RESEARCH• planning• more advanced technology• talk to operators• increase efficiency
OPERATORS• first heard first served• conservative (safety)• no time / no interest• one aircraft vs cowboys
The GAP
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
How to bridge this gap?
• Start with foundations of the bridge• Finances• Interest from operators• prototypes
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Foundation: finances
• Contributions from research (NLR itself)• Contributions from subsidiary projects (EC)• Contributions from Eurocontrol
• Where is industry to subsidise this work?
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Foundation: interest
• Make operators aware of their problem• Make operators aware of solutions• Convince operators that they will not be replaced (by automation)
• Convince operators of new challenges• Convince airport managers of the need
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Foundation: prototypes
• Build realistic prototypes• Give operators the possibility to interact• Large simulators, with controller-n-the-loop
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
The bridge
• Integration projects• Demonstrations • Emotional response to new things must be broken => give the operator a “positive feeling” about our work
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Where is industry?
• Industry is waiting for results (to sell)
• Operators are waiting (if at all) ...
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
NLR work to demonstrate to planners
• Introduce a planning and scheduling function at airports for scheduling traffic and assist traffic controllers• Evaluate the use and benefit of the tool• We build a planner with constraint reasoning (ILOG Solver and Scheduler)• Symbolic representation of the problem based on the “flight”abject• Constraints: separation, meteo, runway length, traffic distribution, ...
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Simplified model
• runway assignment
runway
SID
structure
2 min.
5 min.
exit
A
runway
holding
A2 min.
5 min.
• intersection take-off• take-off time (sequences)• SID allocation
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
HMI
EFS
AC T IVE
CALLSIGN STND CTOT EOBT TYPE/W DEST RWY SID SSR ALERT TAXIROUTE REMARK STAT CLR
TVS338 N26 1947 B734/M LEPA 24 BANAS2A 0234
BCS916 N5 1945 1940 B722/M EDDF 24 KADNO 0237
TAR8861 N22 1940 1928 B732/M DTTA 31 KADNO 0344
TAR229 N27 1930 1924 A30B/M DTTA 31 RAK 0332
CSA978 N20 1910 1904 AT72/M LZKZ 24 RATIS 0336 J-H-B
FFR8105 N1 1920 1915 B733/M LDDU 24 BANAS2A 0232
CSA270 N9 1916 1909 B735/M HECA 24 RATIS 0331 NO PUSH
Active Departures
Delete Edit TWR/APP
_ X-5 0 +5 +15+10
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
The result of our work
• Operators start to understand the idea of planning• Operators are willing to express their knowledge• Industry has been invited to participate and show their operational products (radars and HMIs)• Industry was invited for a “picnic day”
=> We brought industry in contact with end users
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
And further ...
• More experiments in our tower simulator• More demonstrations in real control towers• Bring results to airport decision makers (presentations)• Bring results to industry (software and design) … and sell it!
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Questions ?