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Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-1A
Overview of NLRFree Flight project ‘97 - ‘99
Jacco Hoekstra ([email protected])
Ronald van Gent
Rob Ruigrok
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-2A
• “Free Flight with Airborne Separationwill result in an uncontrolled, dangerous jungle
without a firm central controlling elementsuch as ATC.”
• “Pilots haven’t got the time, the training nor the mental resources available to
function as ATC on top offlying the aircraft.”
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-3A
1997: Three sub-studies: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Tool: Traffic Manager: Off-line simulations– Find a suitable base-line concept
SAFETY ANALYSISTool: TOPAZ (Traffic Organization and Perturbation AnalyZer)– Compare safety of Airborne Separation with
safety ATC
HUMAN-IN-THE-LOOP EXPERIMENT phase ITool: Research Flight Simulator– Validation of concept with Man-in-the-Loop– Human Machine Interface Validation
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-4A
1998: Four sub-studies: CONFLICT GEOMETRY STUDY
Tool: Traffic Manager: Off-line simulations– Check critical geometries: wall, etc.
AVIONICS STUDYLiterature survey– Check requirements for RNP, ADS-B etc.
COST-BENEFITS & PERFORMANCETool: Traffic Manager: Off-line simulations– Costs of conflict resolution
HUMAN-IN-THE-LOOP EXPERIMENT phase IITool: Research Flight Simulator– Validation of PredASAS & mixed equipage
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-5A
1999: Three activities:
DISSEMINATIONConferences, Web site, Contract report, RTCA, ICAO– Explain results obtained so far
DATA ANALYSIS phase II trials- Analysing data generated in phase II trials
DEVELOPMENT HUMAN INTERACTION EXPTool: Traffic Manager, Freesim & internet– Effect of competition
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-6A
Free Flight Operational Concept
Reduce Costs via user preferred routing– Horizontally
• direct to destination• optimum speed
– Vertically • optimum level => cruise climb
100% Airborne Separation Assurance (no ATC)
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-7A
Conceptual Design - Traffic Manager
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-8A
Conflict Detection & Resolution
Intruder’s protected
zone
Heading distance
Speed change
Avoidance vector
Minimum distance
Ownship
Intruder
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-9A
Complex Conflict geometries
‘Wall’ scenarios, ‘super conflict’ (n = 4,8,10,12,16) and ‘crossing the street’
Horizontal wall scenario Super conflict n=16 scenario
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-10A
Traffic Symbol added to ND Symbology on Navigation display based on data
available via ADS-B
Track indicated with arrow shaped symbol instead of track line to avoid clutter
Label text selectable with de-clutter switches
Call sign added to label of traffic symbol for inter-trafficand crew communication
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-11A
Conflict Detection & Resolution
Symbology based on resolution algorithm
Provides insight into resolution
Colour indicates urgency:Amber = 3 - 5 minRed = 0 - 3 min(time to loss of separation)
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-12A
Navigation Display
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-13A
Human-in-the-loop 97 Simulation Configuration
AIRSIM
RFS
TEM
(TMX)
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-14A
Human-in-the-Loop experiment 97Results
Subjective Workload
33.85 35.4228.76
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
first second third
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-15A
Human-in-the-loop experiment 98
Goals– study effect of Predictive ASAS (conflict prevention)– study the transition to Free Flight Airspace (in space) – study the transition towards Free Flight in time
Starting points:– equipping aircraft should be immediately beneficial to
the airlines– equipping should be economy driven in stead of
mandatory– benefit the equipped aircraft, without excluding the
unequipped aircraft
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-16A
Predictive ASAS
Don’t go indications:• Track• Vertical speed• Speed
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-17A
1998 Human-in-the-loopResults: Workload Airborne comparison
Pilot objective workloadTwo-way interaction of ATC
procedure and equipage (p<0.048)
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Equipage 25% Equipage 75%
Equipage
En
tro
py (
Z-sco
re)
Protected AirwaysFull Mix
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-18A
Overall Conclusions
The feasibility of Free Flight with Airborne Separation Assurance could not be refuted , based on 7 NLR studies on Free Flight
The flight deck crew was able to handle much higher traffic densities than the ground controller(distributed versus centrally organized nature)
Free Flight might be a solution for current and future airspace capacity problems
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-19A
Current men-in-the-loop experiment:human interaction experiment
Logging into Traffic Manager via internet using downloadable FreeSim flight simulation program
Goal: Test effect of• humans vs models• competition
on efficiency parameters
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-20A
Current & future activities: 2000+
HUMAN INTERACTION EXPERIMENTCheck web site
PHASE III FLIGHT SIMULATOR TRIALSFrom cruise to final incl. SUA, weather, RTA together with Langley
NASA LANGLEY SIMULATION DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT - Compatible sim configurations- Jointly develop ADS-B models
Continue dissemination efforts
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-21A
More information
NLR Free Flight web site: http://www.nlr.nl/public/hosted-sites/freeflightDownloads section contains reports, presentations and demos.
Comprehensive report on overall studies 1997-1999Check web site for download!
Demo sessions of human interaction experiment configuration will be announced on the website and NASA Langley.
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-22A
Distributed system vs. central system
Effect on workload, safety and technological requirements
221 )1( pNNp
gc
2)1( pNpac
Conflict rate
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
900 1000
0 10 20 30 40 Number of aircraft in sector
Pc/
P2
Air Ground
Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
CXXX-23A
Task comparison Controlled vs. Free Flight
Fly
Navigate
Communicate with ATC
Fly
Navigate
Separation
Controlled Flight Free Flight