National Academy of Sciences Autumn Meeting Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 66, No. 1 (May 15, 1970), pp. 221-227+229-247 Published by: National Academy of Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/60210 . Accessed: 06/05/2014 00:35 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . National Academy of Sciences is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 62.122.78.56 on Tue, 6 May 2014 00:35:13 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Transcript
National Academy of Sciences Autumn MeetingSource: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,Vol. 66, No. 1 (May 15, 1970), pp. 221-227+229-247Published by: National Academy of SciencesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/60210 .
Accessed: 06/05/2014 00:35
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
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The 107th Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences was held on April 27-29, 1970, in Washington, D.C. Academy Awards were presented at a ceremony held in the Great Hall on Monday evening. The presentation was followed by an informal reception for members and their guests in honor of the award recipients. At the Academy Dinner on Tuesday night, Barnaby C. Keeney, Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, was the guest speaker. Scientific sessions were comprised of symposia, sessions of in- vited papers, and contributed papers. Abstracts of contributed papers and groups of invited papers appear in this issue.
PRESENTATION OF ACADEMY AWARDS
George P. Merrill Award
KLAUS KEIL, University of New Mexico
National Academy of Sciences Award in Microbiology
EARL REECE STADTMAN, National Heart and Lung Institute
U.S. Steel Foundation Award in Molecular Biology
ARMIN DALE KAISER, Stanford University
Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal
THOMAS FRANCIS, JR. (Posthumous presentation), University of Michigan
Mary Clark Thompson Medal
RAYMOND CECIL MOORE, University of Kansas
J. Lawrence Smith Medal
EDWARD PORTER HENDERSON, Smithsonian Institution
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SYMPOSIUM ON THE CRISIS IN FEDERAL FUNDING OF SCIENCE
CURRENT PROBLEMS
Moderator: HARVEY BRooKs Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
WILLIAM G. ANLYAN, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina HERBERT E. CARTER, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
CARL M. YORK, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, D. C.
VICTOR F. WBISSKOPF, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts YARON E I, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
FUTURE COURSES
Moderator: EMANUEL R. PIORE International Business Machines Corporation
Armonk, New York
IVAN L. BENNErT, JR., New York University Medical Center, New York, New York CHARLES V. KIDD, The Association of American Universities, Washington, D. C. PHILIP ABELSON, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. ALAN PIPER, Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York PATRICK E. HAGGERTY, Texas Instruments, Incorporated, Dallas, Texas
INVITED PAPERS ON PHYSICAL METHODS IN STEROIDS
Chairman: FREDERICK T. WALL American Chemical Society
Washington, D. C.
JOHN D. ROBERTS, H. J. REICH, M. JAUTELAT, M. T. MESSE, R. A. SMITH, and F. J. WEIGERT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California: Carbon-13 Mag- netic Resonance for Structural Analysis of Steroids.
CARL DJERASSI, Stanford University, Stanford, California: Recent Applications of Mass Spectrometry in the Steroid Field.
PIERRE CRABBE', Research Laboratories, Syntex, S. A., Mexico City, Mexico: Some Novel Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Stutdies in the Steroid Field.
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SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS GENOME EFFECTS IN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS
Chairman: ROBERT J. HUEBNER
GoRDON M. TOMKINS, San Francisco Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California: Censorship of Genetic Information: Gene Regulation in Mam- malian Cells.
SOL SPIEGELMAN, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York: A Molecular Approach to the Oncogenic RNA Viruses.
MAURICE GREEN. St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri: DNA and RNA Viral Gene Expression in Cell Transformation and Cancer.
ROBERT J. HUEBNER, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: Is Cancer Due to an Inherited RNA Viral Genome?
PETER BENTVELZEN, Radiobiological Institute of the Organization for Health Research INO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands: Genetic Transmission of Mammary Tumour Incit- ing Virusres in Mice.
INVITED PAPERS ON THE BARBADOS SEA-AIR EXPERIMENT OF 1969 AND THE PROBING OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
Chairman: THOMAS F. MALONE The Travelers Insurance Company
Hartford, Connecticut
JOSHUA Z. HOLLAND, Environmental Science Services Administration, Rockville, Mary- land: An Overview of the 1969 Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experi- ment.
RICHARD J. REED, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington: New Perspectives on the Structure and Organization of Tropical Weather Systems.
DAVID ATLAS, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois: Ultra-High Resolution Atmos- pheric Radar Probing.
C. GORDON LITTLE, Environmental Science Services Administration Research Labora- tories, Boulder, Colorado: Multistation Doppler Radar and Acoustic Echo-Sounding of the Atmosphere.
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SYMPOSIUM ON AIDS AND THREATS TO SOCIETY FROM TECHNOLOGY
Chairman: RUSSELL E. TRAIN Council on Environmental Quality
Washington, D. C.
J. ERIK JoNSSON, Texas Instruments, Incorporated, and Mayor, Dallas, Texas: Priorities of Attack on Urban Problems.
T. Y. LIN, University of California, Berkeley, California: Recent Technological Develop- ments in Housing Construction.
IRVING K. Fox, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Gamesmanship in the Making of Standards of Tolerance.
ARIE J. HAAGEN-SMIT, State of California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California: A Message from the Smog Caitol of the World.
GEORGE S. BENTON, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland: Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere and its Role in Climatic Change.
J. GEORGE HARRAR, Rockefeller Foundation, New York, New York: The Global Food Supply.
JAMES V. NEEL, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Threat of Chemical Mutagenesis to Man.
INVITED PAPERS ON AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN AND HEPATITIS
Chairman: CECIL JAMES WATSON University of Minnesota Medical Unit
Minneapolis, Minnesota
BARucH S. BLUMBERG, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Persistence of Australia Antigen and its Relations to Chronic Hepatitis.
LEWELLYS F. BARKER, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland: Australia Antigen. Isolation, Purification and Physical Properties.
W. THOMAS LoNDON, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Transmission of Australia Antigen to Man and Non-Human Primates.
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Chairman: JAMES D. EBERT Carnegie Institution of Washington
Baltimore, Maryland
ROY J. BRIrN, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C.: Discrete Components of the Repetitive DNA of Higher Organisms.
JOSEPH G. GALL and MARY Lou PARDUE, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: Nucleic Acid Hybridization in Cytological Preparations.
DONALD D. BROWN, IGOR B. DAWID, and RONALD H. REEDER, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland: The Isolation and Characterization of the Genes for Ribosomal RNA from the Amphibian Xenopus leavis.
OscAR L. MILLER, JR. and BARBARA R. BEATy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Visualization of Nucleolar Genes at Work.
Wednesday Afternoon:
INVITED PAPERS ON CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Chairman: DAvm E. GREEN University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
JOHN H. YOUNG, GEORGE A. BLONDIN, G. VANDERKOOI, and DAvID E. GREEN, Uni- versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Conformational Model of Active Transport.
BRirroN CHANCE, GEORGE RADDA, and CHUAN-PU LEE, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Functionality of Membrane Structure Changes sn Electron Transport and EnFegy Coupling.
MANUEL P. MORALES, Cardiovascular Researdh Institute, University of California, San Francico, California: Conformation and Displacement in Muscle Contraction.
LUBERT STRYER and ALAN S. WAGGONER, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: Pluorescent Probes of the Structure and Dynamics of Biological Membranes.
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Chairman: HERBERT FRIEDMAN U. S. Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C
JAMES R. ARNOLD, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California: Scientific Resslts from Apollo 11.
CHARLES H. TOWNES, University of California, Berkeley, California: Interstellar Poly- atomic Molecides.
J. BEVERLY OKE, Hale Observatories, Pasadena, California: Nuclei of Galaxies.
A. G. W. CAMERON, Yeshiva University, New York, New York; Physics of Neutron Stars.
CONTRIBUTED PAPERS
Monday Afternoon:
CURT P. RICHTER, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland: Blood-Clock Barier: Its Penetration by Heavy Water. (10 minutes)
S. J. SINGER, J. D. McLEAN, K. TOKUYASu, and H. HIRANO, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California: The Staining of Specific Macromolecules for Electron Microscopy. (10 minutes)
HARRY F. HARLOW and STEPHEN J. SuoMI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon- sin: Induction and Treatment of Psychiatric States in Monkeys. (10 minutes)
BERTA SCHARRER, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York: Ultrastruc- tural Study of the Sites of Origin and Release of a Cellular Product in the Corpus Allatum of Insects. (10 minutes)
LAWRENCE R. BLINKS, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California: The Reversal of Bio-Electric Potential of Valonia and Boergesenia by Oxidants. (10 minutes)
ARTHUR D. HASLER, RosS M. HORRALL, AIVARS B. STASKo, and ANDREW E. DIzON, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Orientation Cues and Tracking of Migrating Salmonid Fishes. (10 minutes)
RAYMOND M. Fuoss, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: A Two Parameter Conductance Function. (10 minutes)
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R. H. BURRIS and JUNE E. SUNDQUIST, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin: Light-Dependent Sogcttrai Changes in Isolated Chioroplasts. (10 minutes)
LEONARD S. LERMAN, C. F. JORDAN, J. H. VENABLE, JR., and T. P. MANIATIS, Vander bilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (Introduced by Theodore T. Puck): A Structure Transition in DNA. (10 minutes)
DAVID P. C. LLOYD and A. E. U. EDISEN, Rockefeller University, New York, New York: Antiadrenergic Agents and a Putatively Cholinergic System: The Action of TM 10 (Xylocholine) on Transmission to Sweat Glands. (10 minutes)
W. SHOCKLEY, Stanford University, Stanford, California: "Cooperative Correlation" Hypothesis for Racial Differences in Earning Power. (10 minutes)
ARTHUR R. JENSEN, University of California, Berkeley, California (Introduced by Ralph W. Chaney): IQ's of Identical Twins Reared Apart. (10 minutes)
Wednesday Afternoon:
THOMAS GOLD, Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York: The Present Understanding of the Pulsars. (10 minutes)
LAWRENCE H. ALLER and JOHN Ross, University of California, Los Angeles, Cali- fornia: Solar Abundance of Gallium and Other Rare Metals. (10 minutes)
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Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the Annual Meeting Washington, D. C., 27-29 April 1970
Invited Papers
Ultra-High Resolution Atmospheric Radar Probing
The recent development, by J. H. Rich- ter of the Naval Electronics Laboratory Center, of a high sensitivity FM-CW radar with range resolution of only lm has opened up a wide-range of hitherto invisible at- mospheric phenomena to "microscopic" examination. The use of this technique, though limited to regions of sharp re- fractive index (moisture and/or tempera- ture) gradient, promises advances in meteorological knowledge comparable to those in medicine resulting from X-ray fluoroscopy. For example, the marine in- version over San Diego has been detected routinely in the form of remarkably thin echo strata, sometimes thinner than the lm resolution, and having reflectivities 10 to 100 times stronger than previously observed. The inversion and other de- tectable strata nearby are frequently marked by long period gravity waves, and by shorter period breaking waves. The latter clearly show the sequence of wave amplification, vortex formation, and final breakdown to turbulence, and are thought to represent our first view of the life cycle of clear air turbulence (CAT). Applica- tions to practical CAT detection await an attainable increase in sensitivity. How- ever, immediate application to monitoring of the depth of the mixing layer for air pollution prediction should be considered. Other scientific and practical uses con- nected with the low level marine inversion,
the trade wind inversion, and the tropo- pause will be discussed.
DAVID ATLAS University of Chicago
Australia Antigen: Isolation, Purification, and Physical Properties
The Australia antigen (Au) is located on spherical and tubular particles with an average diameter of 200 A and with knob- like sub-units on the surface, 25-35 A in diameter. The buoyant density of the particle in cesium chloride is 1.21; it ap- pears to be composed predominantly of protein with a minor lipid component. No nucleic acid associated with the particle has been detected. The antigen is re- sistant to treatment with proteases, lipases, and nucleases and also to diethyl ether, fluorocarbon, and deoxycholate. Heating for 16 hr at 56C or for 10 hr at 60C does not destroy Au, but the antigen is de- stroyed by heating for 1 hr at 85C or 10 min at 100C and by treatment with so- dium dodecyl sulfate. Injection of serum or plasma containing Au is associated with transmission of Au-positive hepatitis to the recipients. From human transmis- sion studies, the diameter of serum hepati- tis virus has been estimated to be 260 At or less. In other transmission studies, the infectivity of this virus in plasma sur- vived heating for 4 hr at 60C, triple ex- traction with ether, ultraviolet irradiation, and betapropiolactone treatment. The incubation periods were longer after inocu- lation of the same lot of treated than of untreated plasma, possibly reflecting par- tial inactivation of the virus by treatment. The size of Au as well as its stability bear
229
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striking resemblances to the properties of serum hepatitis virus gleaned from trans- mission studies in the past. If Au is lo- cated on a virus particle, possible explana- tions of its low density include: (1) the population of particles in serum is com- posed predominantly of incomplete, non- infectious particles, or (2) this is a unique type of infectious agent containing very little nucleic acid.
LEWELLYS F. BARKER
National Institutes of Health
Persistence of Australia Antigen and Its Relations to Chronic Hepatitis
Australia antigen (Au(1)), which we first identified in serum in 1964, was found by 1966 to be associated with hepatitis. We have been testing the hypothesis that Au(1) is or is located on a hepatitis virus. The evidence in support of this includes:
(1) The association of Au(1) with acute and chronic hepatitis.
(2) On electron microscope examination Au(1) is a virus-like particle.
(3) Using the immunofluorescence tech- nique, material with what appears to be the same antigenic specificity as Au(1) is found in the liver cells of patients with hepatitis.
(4) Patients transfused with blood con- taining Au(1) may develop Au(1) in their blood, and hepatitis.
(5) Au(1) can be transmitted and pas- saged to nonhuman primates.
Au(1) may appear in the blood of pa- tients with acute viral hepatitis (both in- fectious and serum) early in the disease, often before the appearance of any other symptoms or findings. In most cases the antigen is transient and disappears within days or weeks. Patients with a variety of chronic diseases (Down's syndrome (mon- golism), lymphocytic leukemia, leproma- tous leprosy, chronic renal disease) when exposed to Au(1) (either by transfusion or other routes) will develop Au(1) which may persist for months or years. In three of
these groups the presence of the antigen is associated with chronic anicteric hepati- tis.
Millions of asymptomatic people living in the tropics have persistent Au(1) and appear to be asymptomatic hepatitis car- riers. In these populations Au(1) appears to be inherited as a autosomal recessive trait.
Some patients with chronic hepatitis (chronic active hepatitis, persistent active hepatitis) also have persistent Australia antigen.
BARUCH S. BLUMBERG
Institute for Cancer Research
Discrete Components of the Repetitive DNA of Higher Organisms
Recent measurements indicate that the spectrum of repeated sequences of higher organism DNA contains a few discrete components, each with a narrow range of repetition frequency (number of copies). Each of these components makes up a significant fraction of the total DNA of each cell. There is at present no explana- tion or known function for these surprising families of similar DNA sequences. How- ever, their discreteness supports the view that they are introduced into the genome in rather sudden events for which the name "saltatory replication" has been suggested. The table summarizes the observations for a few species that have been examined in some detail. The green monkey com- ponent was first studied by J. Maio (pri- vate communication). The guinea pig component was measured by Flamm et al. (J. Mol. Biol., 42,441, 1969). The charac- teristics of most of the components have been measured after isolation by hydroxy- apatite fractionation of partially reas:. sociated sheared DNA. The accuracy for the quantities of the components is proba- bly about 25%, while the frequencies are probably within a factor of 2. Closer examination may show that some of the
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The parentheses indicate less certain or unavailable data. The fourth column gives the basic length of DNA sequence that is repeated in the component calculated from its rate of reassociation. Full length stretches of sequence of this size do not necessarily occur together in the DNA. In the last column a broad melting range indicates a wide degree of divergence among the member se- quences of a component. A narrow range indicates a more homogeneous set which may neverthe- less not be perfect copies.
fractions contain several components. More components will probably be ob- served if the degree of relationship is lowered. The listed components all form strand pairs that are stable at tempera- tures within 20'C of the melting tempera- ture of precisely base-paired DNA.
R. J. BRITTEN
Carnegie Institution of Washington
Isolation and Characterization of the Genes for Ribosomal RNA from the Amphibian Xenopus laevis.
The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Xenopus laemls, the South African clawed toad, contains the first genes which have been purified from animal cells. Its original isolation was made possible by the observa- tion of Wallace and Birnstiel (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 114, 296 (1966)) that this homogeneous DNA component has a much higher buoyant density in CsCl than the bulk DNA of X. laevis. The rDNA comprises about 0.2% of the chro- mosomal DNA of somatic cells (chromo- somal rDNA). In oocytes of X. laevis, the rDNA is amplified about one-thousand-
fold (Brown and Dawid, Science, 160, 272 (1968); Gall, these PROCEEDINGS, 60, 553 (1968)) and the extra copies (amplified rDNA) are located in the multiple nucleoli of oocyte nuclei.
Both amplified and chromosomal rDNA have been isolated in pure form. They differ slightly in two physical properties, their buoyant density and melting profiles. These differences can be attributed to the fact that chromosomal rDNA contains about 4.5% of its deoxynucleotides as 5-methyl deoxycytidylic acid (5-MeC) while amplified rDNA contains no de- tectable 5-MeC residues. The over-all base composition of either rDNA is 67% GC (including 4.5% 5-MeC in the case of chromosomal rDNA), compared to 40% GC in bulk DNA of X. laevis. A model of rDNA has been constructed which is based on the data obtained from four dif- ferent laboratories. The rDNA consists of a repeating unit of about 9 X 106 daltons which recurs about 450 times at each nucleolar organizer region. About half of each repeating unit is a DNA sequence which is transcribed in vivo into a 40S RNA molecule. This RNA is known to be a polycistronic precursor of 18S and 28S rRNA in X. laevis. The other half
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of each repeating unit is not transcribed in vivo and has been termed "spacer" DNA. The model presents our estimates for the lengths and base composition of each re- gion and for their arrangement in rDNA.
DONALD D. BROWN IGOR B. DAWID, RONALD H. REEDER
Carnegie Institution of Washington
The Functionality of Membrane Structure Changes in Electron Transport and Energy Coupling
Overt signs of energy coupling are in- creased respiratory or electron flow rate, altered oxidation-reduction states of the electron carriers, increased H+ binding, and altered light scattering of the mem- brane suspension. Intrinsic and extrinsic probes afford a correlation of these signs with membrane structure changes. Simul- taneously with the activation of energy coupling, anilino-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) binds to the membrane more tightly (KD changes from 24 to 12 ,uM), doubles its quantum efficiency of fluorescence, and increases the lifetime of its relaxation from '--'5 to --'7 nsec. However, the number of ANS binding sites (8 nmoles/mg protein), the wavelength maximum of its fluorescence emission (470 nm), and the extent of its fluorescence depolarization (0.19) remain constant. These results identify the en- ergized state of the membrane with some altered, presumably more hydrophobic, membrane environment.
Model experiments with cytochrome c and cardiolipid vesicles identify both lipid and protein moieties as possible sites of ANS responses.
The carotenoids of photosynthetic mem- branes indicate an energized state by a shift of their absorption bands to longer wavelengths. Similar shifts are observed when relatively small hydrostatic pres- sures are applied to the membranes, in- dicating that the energized state cor-
responds to a small-scale volume decrease, possibly due to extrusion of water.
Increased H+ binding is closely related to energy coupling but lags behind electron flow, especially in membranes from photo- synthetic bacteria, where fast electron transfer occurs in 2 to 30 Msec, and H+ binding in 800 usec. The H+ binding may arise from the changes in membrane struc- ture that shift the pK's of membrane pro- teins and lipids to low values as, for exam- ple, in the shift of an imidazole pK in the deoxygenation of hemoglobin -a "mem- brane Bohr effect."
Light-scattering changes resulting from large-scale alterations in the matrix state can be suppressed by appropriate anions (I-, NO3-, C104-) in membrane fragments and may not be essential to energy coupling.
Electron transport, and subsequent al- terations of membrane structure and pro- tonation reactions, appear essential to the formation of chemical intermediates of oxidative phosphorylation.
BRITTON CHANCE GEORGE RADDA, CHUAN-PU LEE
University of Pennsylvania
Some Novel Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Studies in the Steroid Field
In recent years important breakthroughs in the development of sophisticated in- strumentation for the investigation of the optical properties of active compounds have radically altered the nature and scope of optical rotatory dispersion (RD) and circular dichroism (CD) in organic chem- istry. RD and CD can provide both structural and stereochemical information. Often these techniques will give informa- tion which, although limited, cannot be obtained readily by any other method.
The stereochemistry of the steroidal polycyclic system is well established and rather rigid, so that the RD and CD data
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obtained with steroids have not only re- solved problems in this class of compounds, but the observations made in this series have led to general rules (e.g., the octant rule and extensions, quadrant and sector rules, etc.). These rules have been suc- cessfully extrapolated to numerous other classes of optically active substances, such as terpenes, alkaloids, antibiotics, flavones, peptides, proteins, etc.
In this communication, some recent ob- servations related to solvent effects will be presented. An investigation of ketal formation of saturated ketones has shown that the percentage of ketal formed strongly depends on structural and stereochemical factors, as well as on the amount of water present in the reactive medium.
A reinvestigation of the optical proper- ties of various skewed steroidal dienes in- dicates that several factors have to be taken into consideration, so that caution should be exercised before drawing stereochemi- cal conclusions from the sign of their Cotton effect.
Allenes and cyclopropenones are shown to be inherently symmetric but asym- metrically perturbed chromophores.
So far little attention has been paid to the Cotton effects exhibited by optically active allenes. This is partly due to the reduced number of such allenes which were available in the past, as well as to the fact that previous RD and CD instruments could not reach the low wavelength region where this chromophore absorbs. The optical properties of several steroidal al- lenes prepared recently show at least one major optically active absorption band between 220 and 250 nm. The sign and the intensity of the Cotton effects are functions of the stereochemistry of the allene itself, of its surrounding, as well as of the nature of the substituents on the allene chromophore.
The optical properties of various steroi- dal cyclopropenones have been investi- gated by RD and CD. Their ultraviolet transitions are shown to be optically active.
In view of the broad range of applica- tions of RD and CD in the steroid group, one can anticipate future advances in three major directions, namely the field of instrumentation, new applications to stereo- chemical problems related to all classes of optically active substances and in theoreti- cal interpretations of experimentally ob- served phenomena.
PIERRE CPABBE
Research Laboratories, Syntex, S.A.
Recent Applications of Mass Spectrometry in the Steroid Field
Of all physical methods currently used in steroid chemistry, mass spectrometry is the most recent one. It is rapidly be- coming an indispensable tool, principally because a substantial amount of informa- tion has been accumulated in recent years by isotopic labeling about the course of the electron impact induced fragmentation of steroids.' The utility of the method will be illustrated in conjunction with a recent structural investigation (R. L. Hale, J. Leclercq, B. Tursch, C. Djerassi, R. A. Gross, A. J. Weinheimer, K. Gupta and P. J. Scheuer, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., in press) of the marine sterol gorgosterol. In contrast to all other known sterols, gorgosterol possesses a C,, (rather than C8, Co or C10) side chain-a feature first recognized by mass spectrometry. 'Even more striking is the observation that every carbon atom of the side chain possesses a one-carbon branch-in other words that gorgosterol contains carbon substit ution at positions 22 and 23-and that one of them is incorporated in a cyclopropane ring. While six structures are compati- ble with the accumulated chemical and NMR spectral data, consideration of the mass spectral fragmentation behavior leads to the conclusions that this marine sterol must possess the hitherto unprecedented structure I or II.
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Nucleic Acid Hybridization in Cytological Preparations
Techniques have been worked out for the hybridization of nucleic acids in solu- tion with the stationary DNA in a cy- tological preparation. Success has been obtained both with DNA-DNA and with RNA-DNA hybrids. In the latter case hybrids have been formed with ribosomal RNA and with complementary RNA syn- thesized enzymatically from various DNA fractions. The localization of ribosomal cistrons has been investigated in the giant polytene chromosomes of Diptera and in the developing oogonia and oocytes of Amphibia and several insects. The chro- mosomal location of the mouse satellite DNA has been studied using both radio- active DNA and complementary RNA synthesized tn vitro from the satellite DNA. The satellite DNA sequences are located in the heterochromatic blocks immediately adjacent to the centromeres on all of the somatic chromosomes. Satellite DNA is present on the X chromosome but is not detectable on the Y. Cytological hybridiza- tion experiments permit the recognition of
human and mouse chromosomes in the nuclei of hybrid cells that contain chromo- somes from both organisms.
JOSEPH G. GALL, MARY Lou PARDUE
Yale University
An Overview of the 1969 Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment
BOMEX had two distinct scientific programs and, in addition, a major tech- nological objective.
The Sea-Air Interaction Program, con- ducted during May and June, sought to measure the rate of transfer of energy from the sea to the atmosphere. The energy which drives the atmospheric circulation comes principally from the Tropical oceans via turbulent transfer of water vapor. In order to introduce variable energy source terms in the meteorological prediction equations, it is necessary to test the param- eterization models which use conventional meteorological observations as inputs. For this purpose a 500km square east of Barbados was selected, simulating the elementary grid unit of a global observa- tion network, and was heavily instrumented using ships, aircraft, buoys, balloons, satel- lites and radars. In order to obtain pre- cise statistical data, complications due to terrain and travelling weather disturbances were avoided in this first experiment of its type through the choice of location and season.
The Tropical Convection Program, con- ducted during July, sought to obtain first- approximation descriptions of the three- dimensional structure of typical cloud groupings such as are seen regularly in satellite photographs. Some subset of these convective systems seems to account for the entire upward transport of mass required by the general circulation of the atmosphere over the equatorial half of the globe. Information on the dimen- sions, lifetimes, and amplitudes of the wind, temperature, humidity, and cloud
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fields is essential for the construction of relevant theoretical models. The ships were rearranged to cover a greater latitude range, and the aircraft were employed in a flexible exploratory mode based on real- time satellite information.
The technological objective was to ob- tain critical data on system performance, needed for the design of future experiments and networks. The relatively steady en- vironment was favorable for the determina- tion of accuracy, reliability and compati- bility of the available measurement sub- systems. BOMEX constituted a test of the concepts of organization, logistics, communications control and data manage- ment as applied to this new type of ex- perimental research.
The program was an operational success. Preliminary data samples analyzed so far indicate that the scientific programs will meet their goals.
JOSHUA Z. HOLLAND
Environmental Science Services Administration
Multistation Doppler Radar and Acoustic Echo-Sounding of the Atmosphere
This paper describes two new advances in remote sensing of the atmosphere. The first involves the use of two microwave Doppler radars to obtain echoes, from ap- proximately orthogonal directions, of pre- cipitation associated with localized con- vective storms. For each radar, the Dop- pler shifts of the echoes are used to derive two dimensional plots of the radial com- ponent of the velocity, for each of several heights. The data from the two radars is then combined to derive the vector wind field at each level in the region of the storm scanned by both radars. Initial results show that the technique offers two to three orders of magnitude, more information on the three-dimensional wind field, and precipitation field in severe storms than
is currently available by other techniques; this information is expected to provide totally new insight into the dynamics and physics of localized severe storms.
The second technique uses the back- scatter of acoustic waves by atmospheric irregularities to continuously monitor the structure of the lower atmosphere. Ex- amples of acoustic soundings during stable and unstable atmospheric conditions are given, and provide striking evidence of the atmospheric structure during tempera- ture inversion, thermal plume, and break- ing wave conditions. It is expected that acoustic echo-sounding will find its primary role in the study of boundary layer profiles of wind and turbulence for use in air pollu- tion studies.
C. G. LIrTLE
Environmental Science Services Administration
Transmission of Australia Antigen to Man and Non-Human Primates
We and others are testing the hypothesis that Australia antigen (Au(1)) is a virus which can cause hepatitis. If this is correct, then Australia antigen must be transmissible from man to man and must replicate in the cells of the new host. Since Au(1) is also found in some non- human primates, the transmission and repli- cation of Au(1) in monkeys should also occur.
Reports from many laboratories have shown that transfusion of blood containing Au(l) is associated with a 5080% risk in the recipient of developing clinical hepatitis and Au(1) in his blood. This risk is significantly greater than that of developing hepatitis after receipt of blood not containing Au(l). Although develop- ment of hepatitis and Au(1) in the blood is the most common result of Au(1) trans- fusion, the following may occur: (a) clini- cal hepatitis without detectable Au(1); (b) Au(1) without evidence of hepatitis;
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(c) antibody to Au(1) and clinical hepatitis; (d) anti-Au(1) without evidence of hepati- tis; (e) development of neither detectable antigen nor antibody and no evidence of hepatitis. Barker et al. have shown that humans inoculated with a plasma pool diluted 10-7 (pre-dilution Au(1) CF titer 1:10) still developed Au(1) in their blood.
Transmission studies in humans have used whole blood, whole serum, or dilutions thereof. We have studied the transmis- sion of partially purified Au(1) in African green monkeys (vervets). Two infant vervets, 7 and 3 days old, were inoculated with Au(1) which had been partially puri- fied by column chromatography and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The inocu- lum for the second vervet was also treated with proteolytic, glycolytic, and lypolytic enzymes. Twenty-four hours after inocu- lation more antigen was present in the blood than could be accounted for by dilution. One ml of serum from the second vervet was inoculated into a third infant vervet. Forty-eight hours after inocula- tion Au(1) was detected by immunodiffu- sion and is still detectable more than thirty days post inoculation. This Au(1) has been transmitted to vervets, replicated, and passaged. These experiments in con- jection with our other data support the hypothesis that Au(1) is, itself, a virus and capable of causing hepatitis in man.
W. THOMAs LONDON
Institute for Cancer Research
Visualization of Nuclear Genes at Work
The high degree of extrachromosomal amplification of nucleoli in amphibian oocytes has allowed observation of the fine structure of the redundant genes coding for rRNA precursor molecules. These genes, each near 2.75 ,um long, can be visualized because approximately 100 RNA molecules are synthesized simultaneously on every gene. Protein-specific staining shows that as the RNA molecules are
synthesized, newly-made portions are coated immediately with protein in a manner that prevents the RNA strands from extending their full length. The RNP fibrils are 50-100 A in diameter and are about 0.5 ,m long at the termination ends of the genes, indicating that com- pleted precursor molecules are coiled within their protein coats to give approximately an 11: 1 ratio of RNA to RNP fibril length. Each RNP fibril is attached to a spherical granule about 125 A in diameter located on the DNA axis. The 100 or so granules per gene thus occupy nearly half the total length of each gene and almost certainly are RNA polymerase molecules.
The repeating genes show the same po- larity along the DNA axis, and they are separated by inactive segments of DNA up to ten times the length of a single gene. Measurements of relative lengths of genes and adjacent segments show that the mean length of intergene segments is about two- thirds that of an rRNA precursor gene, indicating that about 60% of the nucleolar DNA consists of precursor genes.
Research sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation.
0. L. MILLER, JR. BARBARA R. BEATTY
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Conformation and Displacement in Muscle Contraction
Present evidence suggests that shortening involves the relative translation of actin and myosin filaments parallel to the fiber axis, but the mechanism producing such displacement is uncertain. Potentially, substrate-coupled conformational changes in monomers of actin or of myosin could be the cause. There is a growing catalog of such changes. Although actin clearly influences the pathway and rate of the fuelling reaction (ATP hydrolysis) neither X-ray diffraction nor ATP spin-label stud-
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ies suggest that conformational changes in actin monomers produce the transla- tion; however, spin labels on actin filaments do assume different states when carried into the myosin filament region. By con- trast, fluorescence, spin-label, chromo- phoric probe, and transient kinetic methods all show that the globular "heads" of myosin suffer conformational changes upon interaction with substrates or modifiers. Moreover, the positions of the radial pro- jections of myosin molecules in filaments are different depending on whether the fiber is relaxed, contracting, or in rigor. Thus myosin behavior suggests that the relative translation results from cyclic, oar-like impulsions delivered by the pro- jections on the surrounding actin filaments. However, the double filament array con- tracts isovolumically, thus requiring the transverse distances between actin and myosin filaments to be variable. This means "oars" would have to be double- jointed. Because this requirement is diffi- cult, the idea that translation occurs be- cause of charge differences between fila- ment arrays should not yet be discarded. In summary, conformational changes occur in the macromolecules constituting the contractile system, but it remains problem- atical whether they cause force-generation or displacement.
MANUEL F. MORALES
University of California
New Perspectives on the Structure and Organization of Tropical Weather Systems
Analysis and mathematical modeling of weather systems have not advanced as rapidly for the tropics as for middle lati- tudes. In large measure the lag can be attributed to the lack of an adequate ob- servational network in the tropics. Two recent developments are helping to over- come the data deficiency and are leading to significant new perspectives on tropical weather patterns.
First is the meteorological satellite which, through cloud photography and remote sounding of temperature and mois- ture fields, is providing valuable new in- formation on the characteristics and organization of the tropical circulation. Second is the application of spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis to time series of radiosonde data. This technique is yield- ing quantitative information on the struc- ture of large-scale disturbances which, in conjunction with the satellite data, offers an improved basis for constructing the- oretical models.
The further exploitation of these de- velopments and the observational results anticipated from BOMEX and similar future GARP field programs promise to bring about a new level of understanding of the tropical atmosphere by the end of the current decade. This understanding will make possible the numerical predic- tion of large scale motions in the tropics and in so doing will improve the accuracy and extend the range of forecasts in middle and high latitudes.
RICHARD J. REED
University of Washington
Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance for Structural Analysis of Steroids'
Although proton magnetic resonance has been of great value in structural studies of steroids, the relatively small range of chemical shifts of most of the aliphatic and alicyclic hydrogens, combined with the manifold possibilities for spin-spin cou- pling, make the bulk of the steroid proton resonances virtually uninterpretable.2 The advent of practical systems for determina- tion of 18C resonances with complete de- coupling of the associated protons in organic compounds' has revealed a high degree of differentiation in the carbon resonances in the common steroids-so much so that with most steroids all of these resonances
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can be distinguished from one another even when as many as thirty different car- bons are present.
The assignment of the steroid carbon resonances to specific carbons has been achieved by correlation of shifts with sub- stitution and special structural features, specific and off-resonance single-frequency decoupling and deuteration.4 Of particu- lar interest is the important role of steric effects, especially of 1,3-diaxial interac- tions, on the carbon shifts of steroids.
Carbon-13 resonance spectroscopy clearly has great potential for structural studies of steroids as well as providing a nonde- structive means of following biosyntheses of steroids with other than a radioactive label for carbon. This latter use can be expected to become of substantial utility with the increase in sensitivity of detec- tion of carbon resonance signals expected by use of the Fourier transform techniques.
' Supported by the Public Health Service and the National Science Foundation.
2 Bhacca, N. S. and D. H. Williams, "Ap- plications of NMR in Organic Chemistry, Illustrations from the Steroid Field," Holdein- Day, Inc., San Francisco, 1964.
3Weigert, F. J., M. Jautelat, and J. D. Roberts, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 66, 1152 (1968).
4 Reich, H. J., M. Jautelat, M. T. Messe, F. J. Weigert, and J. D. Roberts, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91, 7445 (1969).
JOHN D. ROBERTS, H. J. REICH, M. JAUTELAT, M. T. MESSE,
R. A. SMITH, F. J. WEIGERT
California Institute of Technology Fluorescent Probes of the Structure and Dynamics of Biological Membranes
Fluorescent and phosphorescent probes which have readily interpretable emission properties can be specifically inserted into biological macromolecules to reveal facets of their structure and dynamics: (1) Proximity. Singlet-singlet and triplet-sin- glet energy transfer can serve as spectro- scopic rulers in the 10 to 65 A range, whereas triplet-triplet transfer can be used to show that two groups are less than about 12 X apart. (2) Rotational mobility. Nan- osecond fluorescence polarization measure- ments can reveal whether a macromolecular system has any modes of flexibility in times of nanoseconds. (3) Polarity. The pres- ence of mobile dipoles in the environment of certain chromophores is reflected in their fluorescence quantum yield and emis- sion spectrum.
0 II
R1C012 1130 /01
lt2-C--O-CH N\N/C
o 11 0
0=P-0-CHr~-CH2--N---S=0 I HII1
v ~~~0 I
H3C c c \ c N0 o o ' Il
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We have synthesized a number of new fluorescent probes for biological mem- branes. Dansyl phosphatidyl ethanol- amine (I) and diphenylpyrazoline stearate (II) are readily incorporated into bilayer vesicles composed of phosphatidyl choline. In the vesicle, the dansyl chromophore of I is located between the aqueous exterior and the hydrocarbon interior of the mem- brane. In contrast, the diphenylpyrazoline group of II is in the hydrocarbon region. Other fluorescent labels can probe the aqueous interface of the membrane. Thus, fluorescent chromophores can be selectively placed in different transverse regions of biological membranes.
ALAN S. WAGGONER
LUBERT STRYER
Yale University
Conformational Model of Active Transport
According to the conformational model, the energy-yielding redox reactions in the mitochondrion are coupled to an energy- requiring conformational transition. Bind- ing studies (mitochondria, submitochon- drial particles) have directly confirmed this postulate and strongly suggest the generation of a membrane potential (nega- tive inside) as the determinant of energized cation accumulation. The conforma- tionally dependent membrane potential is generated either by the binding of anions or by the ionization of proton-yielding groups in the membrane. Under condi- tions of active transport, both cations and anions are extensively concentrated but only a small proportion of the anions (acetate, phosphate) is osmotically active as required by the Donnan equilibrium.
A key point of this model is that ions always move down an electro-chemical gradient-a conclusion supported by the evidence that ionophores such as valinomy- cin facilitate ionic equilibration across the membrane, just as they do across lipid
bilayers. Since under conditions of active transport the ions move against a concen- tration gradient, there must be a compen- sating electrical potential if the ions are to move down an electrochemical gradient.
The present model possesses an in- trinsic conceptual simplicity for it allows one to distinguish between those factors which determine the ionic equilibrium across the membrane, i.e., the thermo- dynamic aspects of the problem, from those factors which determine the approach to ionic equilibrium, i.e., the kinetic aspects of the problem.
J. H. YOUNG, G. A. BLONDIN
G. VANDERKOOI, D. E. GREEN
University of Wisconsin
Contributed Papers
The Solar Abundance of Gallium and Other Rare Metals
In the method of spectrum synthesis one takes the point of view that the shape of spectral lines as well as their total in- tensity must be interpreted. The shape or profile of a spectrum line depends not only on the abundance of the element, the line absorption coefficient and the temperature-density structure of the at- mosphere, but also on the sources of line- broadening-Doppler effect due to gas kinetic motions and mass motions, natural damping, and collisional damping. It is necessary to specify both the tempera- ture-pressure structure of the atmosphere and its kinematical structure. The latter task is difficult because one must separate the influence of collisions upon the profile of a line from those imposed by large scale mass motions. Earlier applications of the technique appear to have assumed too large damping constants and too small
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values of macroturbulence. These as- sumptions appear to have had little in- fluence on abundances derived from weak lines of rare metals, but led to erroneous values of abundances of metals of the iron group. For the rarer metals, which are represented only by resonance lines, the f-values are probably well-known, but line blending becomes a serious and diffi- cult problem, particularly when an ele- ment is represented by only one or two lines, or the lines fall in the crowded ultra- violet region.
L. H. ALuzR JOHN Ross
University of California, Los Angeles
The Reversal of Bio-Electric Potential of Valomna and Boergesenia by Mild Oxidants
The unusual polarity of the bio-electric potential (sap positive to the measuring circuit) in Valonia and Boergesenia raises questions as to the cause of this anomaly. Several agents which reverse the polarity are already known, e.g., weak acids, metabolic inhibitors, phenolic compounds, and increase of turgor. Some mild oxidiz- ing agents can also do this. In the dark, ferricyanide and permanganate (10--10-8 M in sea water) can reverse the potential from +10 my to -70 or -80 mv, with good recovery on return to sea water. At the lowest concentrations, the effect is often in the opposite direction, particularly with ferricyanide; with good aeration, the potential can rise to +50 my before decline or reversal sets in. Permanganate generally produces little rise, and an abrupt reversal 2 or 3 min after application.
Illumination (100 mc or less) enhances both effects: with dilute ferricyanide, pushing the potential to nearly 100 mv positive, followed by an abrupt fall; with permanganate, only a small rise, followed by a very abrupt reversal. There is quick recovery in the dark, and the light-dark
sequence may be repeated many times, the effect wearing off as the oxidant is reduced.
After return to sea water, the cell may still respond to light, even after 12 hr in the dark, indicating either penetration of the oxidant or persistence of its effects. These may be direct (e.g. upon the lipids of the membrane, or on the tertiary struc- ture of its proteins) or indirect (e.g. upon the acidity of the cytoplasm, or the ac- cumulation of salts). They do not seem to be a direct expression of a redox poten- tial (the reversals being in the wrong direc- tion for such).
LAWRENCE R. BLINKS
Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University
A Two Parameter Conductance Function
The equations of motion for rigid charged spheres in a continuum in an external electrical field have been integrated, using the Fuoss-Onsager potential for the internal electrical field. This potential is an ap proximate solution of the nonlinear Pois- son-Boltzmann equation for short range electrostatic forces (a < r < j5/2, where a is the diameter of the sphere, r is distance from the center of a reference ion, and ,/2 = e2/aDkT is the distance at which the pair probability function has its mini- mum value), and for r > 3/2 goes con- tinuously into the Debye-Hiickel potential with the screening function exp (- Kr). The limiting conductance A0 is a measure of ionic friction and serves to define the radius R of the equivalent hydrodynamic sphere. When concentrations are given in terms of r = #K/2, the conductance func- tion assumes a simple form, general for all solvents: A/Ao -1 = -0.19526 r/(l + r) + r2Tl(r) - 2r/h(1 + T) + (T2/h) T2(T) - 72 exp[-2r/(1 + r)]F(b) + A(b, h)T2 + OI() where b = ,/a and h = ,B/R. The terms linear in r are the limiting coefficients of the relaxation and
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electrophoresis effects, the r2TJ(r) terms are transcendental functions also arising from long range interactions, and AT2 collects a group of terms which appear at the lower limits of integration a and R. The term in F(b) = Ep(b) - eb(l/b + 1/b2) + 2.4349 corresponds to the de- crease in conductance due to ion pairs. The function A = A(c; q, D, T) is thus reduced to a function of one variable T
and two parameters A0 and a: A = A(r; Aoe a).
RAYMOND M. Fuoss Yale University
The Present Understanding of the Pulsars
The evidence obtained in the last year adds to the understanding that pulsars represent neutron stars that spin fast and gradually slow down; that they are rigid objects with strong magnetic fields; and that highly organized patterns of motion of charges in their vicinity are responsible for extremely intense electromagnetic radia- tion. The concentration of energy is greater than in any other known object: the central density must be in excess of 1014 grams/cm", and the radiation in- tensity in the vicinity of the star must be greater than 1020 ergs/cm.
THOMAS GowD Cornell University
Induction and Treatment of Psychiatric States in Monkeys
Four rhesus monkeys were subjected to total social isolation from birth until 6 months of age. Previous research has shown that this period of privation pro- duced monkeys that could not adjust socially to age-mates; were grossly sexually deficient, particularly if males; became in- different or brutal mothers if impregnated; and remained socially fearful and non-
responsive as adults. In spite of pervasive social fear the deprived adults were ab- normally aggressive toward helpless in- fants. Intensive tests showed that these adult rhesus suffered little or no learning or intellectual loss.
At 6 months the deprived monkeys in this study were removed from isolation and placed in cages adjacent to four 3- month old "psychiatrist" monkeys who had been surrogate-reared with 2 hr of daily peer social interaction and who ex- hibited essentially normal exploratory and social behavior both in social and non- social situations. The isolate monkeys were then allowed to interact with the psychiatrist monkeys 2 hr per day in two situations: in pairs within the home cage and as a group of four in a larger playroom. Within 3 weeks all four isolates showed dramatic improvement in both social and nonsocial home cage behavior as in- dicated by decreases in self-orality, self- clasping and rocking and huddling and by increases in exploratory and locomotor behavior as well as by rapid emergence of social contact and play. Similar dramatic recovery, although slightly more delayed, was observed in three of the four isolate subjects in the playroom situation.
HARRY F. HARLOW
STEPHEN J. SUOMI
University of Wi8consin
Orientation Cues and Tracking of Migrating Salmonid Fishes
Underwater ultrasonic telemetry was used in a study of movements of 54 un- restricted mature sockeye and pink salmon on their spawning migration in salt water near the Fraser River. Positions of in- dividual fish carrying a transmitter (50-70 kH2 signal; 1 km range; up to 2 week "life") in their stomach were determined at half-hour intervals. In an attempt to identify possible orientation cues, various environmental factors (water currents,
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wave height and direction, sun-moon visi- bility and position, cloud cover) were measured along the fish's path and correla- tions were made between changes in condi- tions and changes in movements of fish.
Active fish traveled at average speeds of 1.5-3.0 km/hr, maintaining straight courses in open water. They moved generally toward the river, swimming in appropriate directions both against and with the ebb and flood currents, traveling in the day and often at night, although few fish were tracked after dark. Water currents and sun are implicated as orientation cues, but we feel that a complex of cues is used by migrating salmon.
Preliminary tracking studies with sal- monid fishes elsewhere were done in salt water (10 sockeye-Northern British Co- lumbia, 10 chum-Japan) and in fresh water (11 lake trout-Lake Superior, 20 coho-Lake Michigan).
Coho in Lake Michigan showed the greatest consistency in movement pat- terns, returning rapidly when displaced either 65 km in open water or 1.5 km down- stream in the "home" river. Responses of precocious male coho to olfactory cues were tested by EEG (electroencephalo- graph) recordings off the olfactory bulb. EEG responses were most intense to waters from the home tributary and to tap water in which coho had resided.
A. D. HASLER
R. M. HORRALL
A. B. STAsKO, A. E. DIZON
Univrsily of Wisconsin
IQ's of Identical Twins Reared Apart
A new analysis of the original data from the four largest studies (Newman, Free- man, and Holzinger, 1937; Shields, 1962; Juel-Nielsen, 1965; Burt, 1966) of the intelligence of monozygotic twins reared apart, totaling 122 twin pairs, leads to conclusions not found in the original studies
or in previous reviews of them. Statistical analysis of the twin differences reveals no significant differences among the twin sam- ples in the four studies; all of them can thus be viewed statistically as samples from the same population. They can therefore be pooled for more detailed and powerful statistical treatment.
The 244 individual twins' IQ's are nor- mally distributed, with the mean = 96.82, SD = 14.16. The mean absolute dif- ference between twins is 6.60 (SD = 5.20), the largest difference being 24 IQ points. The frequency of large twin dif- ferences is no more than would be expected from the normal probability curve. The over-all intraclass correlation between twins is 0.824, which may be interpreted as an upper-bound estimate of the herit- ability (h2) of IQ in the English, Danish, and North American Caucasian popula- tions sampled in these studies. The ab- solute differences between twins (attribut- able to nongenetic effects and measure- ment error) closely approximate the chi distribution; this fact indicates that en- vironmental effects are normally distrib- uted. That is, if P = G + E (where P is phenotypic value, G is genotypic value, and E is environmental effect), it can be concluded that for this population P, G, and E are each normally distributed. There is no evidence of asymmetry or of threshold conditions for the effects of environment on IQ. The lack of a sig- nificant correlation (r = -0.15) between twin-pair means and twin-pair differences indicates that magnitude of differential environmental effects is not systematically related to intelligence level of twin pairs.
ARTHUR R. JENSEN
Universy of California, Berkeley
A Structure Transition in DNA
DNA undergoes a reversible cooperative structure transition at 250 in neutral
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aqueous solutions containing sufficiently high concentrations of simple neutral or anionic synthetic polymers and univalent salts. Abrupt, correlated changes are seen in a number of physical properties; these are clearly different from the changes on denaturation or superhelical twisting. Since the sedimentation rate (at infinite dilution) for bacteriophage DNA ap- proaches that of the intact virus, the new conformation is inferred to be unusually compact. The transition cannot be in- duced with relatively small, double-helical fragments of bacteriophage DNA. Im- mediate reversal of the transition occurs when the polymer or salt concentration is lowered below the critical level.
The circular dichroism spectra, absorp- tion spectra, and certain other measure- ments are conspicuously similar to the corresponding properties of DNA in nu- cleoproteins and related model systems. The spectra of intact T4 and T7 phage, deducting the protein contribution, can be reasonably well fitted assuming that part of the DNA retains its ordinary solu- tion spectrum and part has the spectrum of the polymer-and-salt-induced conforma- tion.
Considerations based on the efficacy of negatively charged (as well as neutral) polymers, the molecular weight dependence, and polymer theory suggest that the inter- action of the polymers with DNA is es- sentially repulsive. It may be inferred that the new conformation, as well as the in vivo state with which it may putatively be identified, is determined largely by intramolecular interactions intrinsic to DNA when subjected to rather nonspecific constraints imposed by nearby proteins or the polymers.
L. S. LERMAN, C. F. JORDAN
J. H. VENABLE, JR., T. P. MANIATIS
Vanderbilt University
Antiadrenergic Agents and a Putatively Cholinergic System: Action of TM 10 on Transmission to Sweat Glands
Sweat glands (cat) are muscarino- cholinergically innervated. The secretory actions of pilocarpine and acetylcholine, and rapid complete transmission block by atropine attest to the fact, as does the classical experiment of Dale and Feldberg demonstrating liberation into a perfusate of acetylcholine upon stimulation of sudo- motor nerves. Yet numerous experiments prove that catecholamines, injected, stimu- late sweat secretion, even after atropine blockade. So too, numerous experiments prove that antiadrenergic agents block response of sweat glands to sudomotor stimulation. Amongst these are phenoxy- benzamine, guanethidine, bretylium, hy- drogenated ergot alkaloids, phentolamine, tolazoline and TM 10 (xylocholine). These substances possess, in addition to their antiadrenergic properties, in varying nature and degree other actions-"side effects" which for some purposes are a nuisance; for others, a boon. As the number of agents studied expands differences become evident. TM 10, stated to have no effect on response to stimulation of cholinergic nerves, boasts a strong muscarinic action. Ergot alkaloids per contra exhibit nicotinic properties. Both are adrenergic blockers: both block transmission to sweat glands. TM 10 in the process of so doing depolarizes sweat gland cells. Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids do not. Thus the open question, aside from the fact that TM 10 does affect response to stimulation of "cholinergic" nerves, is whether TM 10 depolarizes sweat gland cells by muscarinic action and blocks by antiadrenergic action, or whether by depolarizing sweat gland cells, whatever the means, TM 10 prevents them from de- veloping an action potential. Failure of postjunctional structures to act as otherwise they would to prejunctional im- pulses, for whatever reason, is block!
DAVID P. C. LLOYD, A. E. U. EDISEN
Rockefeller University
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Blood-Clock Barrier: Its Penetration by Heavy Water
Evidence at hand indicates existence of a barrier between the blood and the 24-hr clock-a blood-clock barrier.
Until recently, not one of many sub- stances tried by various workers pene- trated this barrier. Bruce and Pitten- drigh,' however, reported that heavy water slowed the clock of the single-celled micro- organism, Euglena; and Suter and Raw- son,2 that heavy water administered in drinking water slowed the clock of the mouse, Peromyscus. We confirmed these observations in rats. In Suter and Raw- son's experiments, the clock was freed from light by keeping the mice in constant dark- ness; in our experiments, by blinding the rats.
It has now been found that the strictly "dark" active hamster, when simply kept in alternating 12-hr periods of light and darkness, becomes an ideal animal for studies on penetration of the clock by heavy water and also for gathering infor- mation about functioning of the clock and synchronization of the clock and light. Hamsters were given heavy water in drink- ing tubes in concentrations ranging from 1 to 100% (98.8% D20) for periods of 15 to 50 days. In most hamsters, lines of onsets of the daily active periods are closely synchronized with the start of the dark periods. Divergences of these lines of onsets were used to measure effects of heavy water. On D20, onsets occurred later each day with great regularity. These readings showed that: (1) times of onsets were delayed in direct proportion to con- centrations of heavy water-1% concen- trations had a doubtful effect, while 100% concentrations slowed the clock by 4 hr; (2) when lines of onsets approached start of the 12-hr light period, the clocks be- came disrupted so that no sign of the clock remained. Some animals stopped eating; one died; (3) in some, the clocks gradually resumed their activity at the start of the dark period and at their previous rate.
H2180 given in drinking water in a 100% concentration had no effect on the clock.
Nature of the barrier remains unknown. ' Bruce, V. G., and C. S. Pittendrigh.
"An effect of heavy water on the phase and period of the circadian rhythm in Euglena." J. Cell. and Comp. Physiol., 56, No. 1, 25-31; August 1960.
2Suter, R. B., and K. S. Rawson. "Circa- dian activity rhythm of the deer mouse, Peromyscus: effect of deuterium oxide. Science, 160, 1011-1014, May 31, 1968.
CURT P. RICHTER
Johns Hopkins Hospttal
Ultrastructural Study of the Sites of Origin and Release of a Cellular Product in the Corpus Allatum of Insects
The corpus allatum of insects is the source of an important morphogenetic principle, the juvenile hormone. Ultra- structural evidence for the manufacture and release of distinctive cellular products in this endocrine gland is, therefore, of interest. One such product, first detected in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, is readily identified by its morphological characteristics which permit it to be traced through an extracellular pathway that affords access to the circulation. The highly electron dense material makes its first appearance within Golgi elements of corpus allatum cells and then seems to aggregate within cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Under the vari- ous conditions of tissue preparation used, assemblies of this secretory product tend to acquire a regularly structured (often crystalloid) appearance. The resulting pattern, although frequently obscured by excessive electron density, is nevertheless very characteristic. Small, more or less angular bodies can be readily identified both intra- and extracellularly. Wedged between the plasma membranes of adja- cent cells, they seem to squeeze their way into the more spacious stromal compart-
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ment that constitutes the partitions and the sheath of the gland. Within this ma- trix, larger aggregates (diameters up to 1.2 ,u) of this conspicuous material may be stored for an undetermined time. They lose their identity prior to entry into the hemolymph. The dynamics of synthesis and release of this cellular product appear to be related to variations in physiological states, but a possible correlation with the changing pattern of juvenile hormone pro- duction remains to be demonstrated.
BERTA SCHARRER Albert Einstein College of Medicine
"Cooperative Correlation" Hypothesis for Racial Differences in Earning Power
The "cooperative correlation" theory is based on known correlations between vari- ous mental traits including personality traits and intelligence. Data in the Cole- man, H. E. W. report Equality of Educa- tional Opportuntty show pronounced racial differences for correlation between student attitudes and achievement test perform- ance. Increased interest in school is as- sociated with improved achievement about four times less strongly for Negroes than for white and for orientals (correlation coefficients 0.07, 0.30, and 0.25 respec- tively). Comparable correlations of about 0.25 i 0.1 for whites have been extracted from data in The Gifted Group at Midlife of Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius. These high achievers averaged 151 IQ or three sigma (standard deviation units) above average and had an earning dis- tribution 1.45 sigma above the national average. Current best estimates (personal communication from Phillips Cutright, Joint Center for Urban Studies, M.I.T. and Harvard) of the correlation coeffi- cients between earnings and intelligence are 0.36 for whites and 0.15 for Negroes. The cooperative correlation model ex- plains this large racial difference on the
basis that an IQ increment for a white pulls up with it other personality traits valuable for earning power to a greater extent than does an equal IQ increment for a Negro. By demonstrating that dis- crimination and prejudice need not be the only remaining cause of earning disad- vantages for Negroes after allowing for IQ and other factors, the cooperative cor- relation theory may widen possible re- search approaches to social ills-a valuable first step on any remedial path.
W. SHOCKLEY Stanford University
The Staining of Specific Macromolecules for Electron Microscopy
The high degree of specificity of the reaction of antibodies and their antigens makes antibodies ideal reagents with which to detect and localize their specific macromolecular antigens. By coupling to the antibody the electron-dense protein ferritin, individual antibody (and hence antigen) molecules may be detected in electron microscopy with a resolution of about 300 A. - The availability of a new and chemically mild method of embedding cells and tissues, the cross-linked bovine serum albumin method, permits the spe- cific ferritin-antibody staining of intra- and extracellular macromolecules on thin sections. To illustrate the specificity of staining, and the potential applications of the method, several systems have been examined, including hemoglobin in red blood cells, T4 bacteriophage in infected E. coli cells, alkaline phosphatase in E. coli cells, and the myelin-specific basic protein in myelinated nerve fibers.
S. J. SINGER, J. D. MCLEAN
K. TOKUYASU, H. HIRANO
University of California, San Diego
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Light-Dependent Structural Changes in Isolated Chloroplasts
The distance between the lamellar mem- branes of isolated spinach chloroplasts fixed by glutaraldehyde-acrolein in the dark or after varying periods of illumina- tion was measured by electron microscopy. The interlamellar distance decreased upon illumination by an amount which depended upon the illumination time, experimental conditions, and the condition of the spinach from which the chloroplasts were isolated. Under optimal conditions, a decrease in interlamellar distance of 21.4% (224 i 22 A to 176 i 25 A) occurred during 20-30 sec illumination of the chloroplasts; 32%0 of this decrease occurred during the first 5 sec. With apparatus designed to sep- arate the light and dark phases of photo- phosphorylation, chloroplasts could be fixed for electron microscopy and samples could be taken simultaneously for mea-
surement of their capacity for phosphoryl- ation. By varying the illumination time of pre-darkened chloroplasts it was possi- ble to demonstrate that structural changes in the chloroplasts and their potential for dark-phosphorylation after illumination showed a very similar dependence upon the time of illumination. This suggests a relationship between the observed struc- tural changes and the generation of high energy intermediate(s) in photophospho- rylation. The time-course of the light- dependent decrease in interlamellar dis- tance and of the light-dependent increase in light scattering of isolated chloroplasts were different. The light-dependent de- crease of interlamellar distance was 68% inhibited by 10-4 M carbonyl cyanide meta-chlorophenylhydrazone.
JUNE E. SUNDQUIST
R. H. BuRRIS University of Wisconsin
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Atlas, David....... 229 Barker, Lewellys F.229 Blumberg, Baruch S.230 Britten, R. .230 Brown, Donald D., Igor B. Dawid, and Ronald H. Reeder.231 Chance, Britton, George Radda, and Chuan-pu Lee .232 Crabb6, Pierre.232 Djerassi, Carl.233 Gall, Joseph G., and Mary Lou Pardue.234 Holland, Joshua Z.234 Little, C. G.... 235 London, W. Thomas.... 235 Miller, 0. L., Jr., and Barbara R. Beatty.236 Morales, Manuel F.236 Reed, Richard J.237 Roberts, John D., H. J. Reich, M. Jautelat, M. T. Messe, R. A. Smith, and
F. J. Weigert.237 Waggoner, Alan S., and Lubert Stryer.238 Young, J. H., G. A. Blondin, G. Vanderkooi, and D. E. Green. 239
Contributed Papers
Aller, L. H., and John Ross. 239 Blinks, Lawrence R.240 Fuoss, Raymond M.240 Gold, Thomas......... 241 Harlow, Harry F., and Stephen J. Suomi........... 241 Hasler, A. D., R. M. Horrall, A. B. Stasko, and A. E. Dizon.241 Jensen, Arthur R.242 Lerman, L. S., C. F. Jordan, J. H. Venable, Jr., and T. P. Maniatis ......... 242 Lloyd, David P. C., and A. E. U. Edisen.243 Richter, Curt P.244 Scharrer, Berta............ 244 Shockley, W.. 245 Singer, S. J., J. D. McLean, K. Tokuyasu, and H. Hirano.245 Sundquist, June E., and R. H. Burns.246
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