NATIONAL CAPACITY SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTION PLAN · SAFMAR Maritime Surveillance and Safety Service...

1

REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE

Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs

NATIONAL CAPACITY SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTION PLAN

January, 2008

2

List of acronyms CDM Clean Development Mechanism CDS Center for Sustainable Development CDS- RN Center for Sustainable Development – Natural Resources CDS- ZC Center for Sustainable Development – Coastal Zones CDS- ZU Center for Sustainable Development – Urban Zones CONDES National Council of Sustainable Development CTA Confederation of Economic Associations DCI Departament of International Cooperation DINAPOT National Directorate of Territorial Planning DNAIA National Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment DNGA National Directorate of Environmental Management DNPA National Directorate of Environmental Promotion DUAT Right of Land Use EPADB Strategy and Action Plan for Biological Diversity FEMA Environmental Forum for the Enterprises FUNAB National Environment Fund INAM National Institute of Meteorology INAHINA National Institute of Hidrography and Navigation INE National Institute of Statistics INGC National Institute for the Management of Calamities GEF Global Environment Facility JIP Johannesburg Implementation Plan MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements MDG’s Millenium Development Goals MAE Ministry of State Administration MINAG Ministry of Agriculture MCT Ministry of Science and Technology MINEC Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation MIC Ministry of Industry and Commerce MPD Ministry of Planning and Development MF Ministry of Finance MOPH Ministry of Public Works and Housing Mpescas Ministry of Fisheries MITUR Ministry of Tourism MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication MICOA Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs MISAU Ministry of Health NEPAD New Partnership for Africa Development NCSA National Capacity Sel-Assessment NGO Non-Government Organization PNACSD National Action Plan for the Combat of Drought and Desertification PNAA National Action Plan of Adaptation PARPA Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty PNGA National Environmental Management Programme

3

SAFMAR Maritime Surveillance and Safety Service UEM Eduardo Mondlane University UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity UNCCD United Nations Convention for the Combat of Drought and

Desertification UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WEHAB Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity

4

Table of content

Content page

List of acronyms ............................................................................................. i Table of content ................................................................................................ iii List of tables ................................................................................................... iv List of appendices............................................................................................ iv Aknowledgements.............................................................................................. v Executive summary .......................................................................................... vi Introduction......................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background......................................................................................... 2 1.2. Preparation process ........................................................................... 2 2. Characterization of current situation................................................... 4 2.1. Biophysical context.............................................................................. 4 2.2. Socio-economic context ……………………………………………… 4 2.3. Institutional framework......................................................................... 6 2.4. Policy and legal framework................................................................. 10 2.4.1. Environment.................................................................................. 10 2.4.2. Land and Forests........................................................................... 11 2.4.3. Tourism......................................................................................... 12 2.4.4. Mineral resources........................................................................... 13 2.4.5. Other relevant fields…………………............................................. 13 3. Thematic issues and identified constraints......................................... 15 4. Action plan.................................................................................... 18 4.1. Strategic objectives................................................. 19 4.2. Activities.......................................................................................... 20 4.3. Implementation of the Action Plan...................................................... 32 4.4. The role of stakeholders....................................................................... 32 4.5. Institutional arrangements..................................................................... 34 4.6. Monitoring and evaluation .................................................................... 35 5. References .......................................................................................... 37

Appendices

5

List of Tables

Table 1. Institutions involved in the implementation of the Rio Conventions 15 Table 2. Action Plan Framework 21

List of Appendices Appendix I......................................................................................................... 18 Appendix II....................................................................................................... 41

6

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of this National Capacity Self-Assessment Action Plan for an effective implementation of the Rio Conventions, namely the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention for the Combat of Drought and Desertification, was only possible due to the involvement of a number of key personalities as well as due to the active involvement and contribution of staff members from different institutions that suplied relevant information. It was a joint effort of all these stakeholders that allowed this document to be completed. All are highly aknowlegded. Focal Points of the Rio Convetions and many others staff of MICOA linked to the NCSA project are thanked for their involvement, commitment, dedication and support for the successfull completion of this document. Aknowledgements to the senior staff of MICOA at various levels, for their dedication during the negotiation of this project as well as due to their leadership capacity that allowed Mozambique to be part of the first group of countries that benefited from the NCSA initiative. We are highly indebded with UNEP, in particular the staff linked to GEF and the division of Conventions, for prioriotizing Mozambique during this first phase of the preparation of the self-assessment reports. Finally, we gratefully aknowledge all those that direct or indirectly contributed to the completion of this report.

7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document is the National Capacity Self-Assessment Action Plan for an effective implementation of the Rio Conventions, namely the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention to Combat Drought and Desertification particulary in Africa. It resulted from a participatory process at national level, whereby technicians and government leaders from different institutions including Government and public institutions, Non-Government Organizations, private institutions and the civil society were involved at all stages of the preparation of the document. The report is a response to the obligation that countries that are part of the conventions have in timely providing reports about the level of the implementations of the conventions, including the constraints facing the effective implementation of the conventions. It is also the result of the need of the country in building capacity at all levels in order to translate the provisions of these international agreements for the promotion of sustainable development in its own tools, integrating them on national development policies and strategies. The report is divided in chapters as follows:

1. Introduction 2. Caracterization of the situation of the country 3. Thematic area assessment and identified constraints 4. Action Plan 5. References

The introduction part describes with some details the motivation for the request of this project to UNEP by the Mozambique Government as well as the background from the ratification of the three Rio Convetions by the country. It is also described in this chapter the process of the national capacity self-assessment and the process for the preparation of this report, with emphasis on the participatory approach at national and provincial level, with involvement of professionals from public institutions, among ministries and research and training institutions, NGO’s, private sector and local communities. The second chapter of the report addresses the characterization of Mozambique, from the biophysic and economic context. The current institutional, policy and legal framework is also covered in this chapter. From the socio-economic point of view, it is highlighted the fact that the majority of the about 18 millions of mozambicans being rural and poor, depending heavily on the use of natural resources for subsistence. In this chapter it is also highlighted that Agriculture is the main economic activity in the country, despite the existence of high potential in other areas such as wildlife, forests, fisheries and mining. The vulnerability of the country to extreme events such as droughts, floods and cyclons is identified as one of the key constraints to the sustainable development of Mozambique. The document identifies PARPA as the main tool, whereby the Government of Mozmbique aims to work towards poverty erradication. In the institutional component, the key public, private and civil society organizations whose different and complementary efforts contribute to the implementation of the Rio Conventions, are identified. Emphasis is placed on the coordination role of CONDES and MICOA in the implementation of actions towards sustainable development. Similarly, the main policies and legislation that guide and rule the sustanable use of natural resources, including the responsibilities of the

8

citizens, are identified. The Environment Framework Law and the Land Law are the most important legal instruments in the context of sustainable use of natural resources and participation of rural communities. The third part of this report addresses the thematic areas reported on previous studies as well as the identified constraints to the effective implementation of the Conventions. Here, focus is placed on constraints at three levels: individual, intitutional and general. The institutions involved in the implementation of the conventions are listed and it can be concluded that there is an enormous opportunity for the exploration of the cross-cutting issues across the Rio Conventions. The Action Plan is covered in the fourth part of the report, where the following objectives are identified:

1. To Strengthen the capacity of MICOA to improve the coordination of the implementation of the Rio and other complementary conventions;

2. To strengthen the capacity of the ministries to better implement the Rio and other complementary conventions;

3. To strengthen the capacity of the partners of the productive sector; 4. To strengthen research and extenstion capacity at national level; 5. To strengthen international cooperation; 6. To strengthen the participation capacity of local communities and civil

society; 7. To enhance the capacity of the National Environment Fund; 8. To improve the participation of the Government in the implementation of the

Conventions These objectives are thereafter, described in details, indicating specific objectives, activities, institutions responsible for each activity, goals and indicators of success. In this chapter, there are also discussed issues related to the implementation of the Action Plan. Emphasis is placed on the role that different stakeholders should pay for the successful implementation of the Action Plan, specifically the role of the Governement, scientific community, private sector, international partners, NGO’s and local communities. It is also indicated that funding of the Action Plan will be the responsibility of the Government and the partners. The need of institutional arrangements to the effective implementation of the identified activities is highlighted in this chapter, it is proposed the establishment of the Convention Technical Group as a specialized body that reports to CONDES. At the end of this chapter, the need of monitoring and evaluation of the Action Plan as well as the leadership role of CONDES in moniroting and evaluation, is emphasized. A list of the references used during the preparation of this document is presented in chapter 5. The document ends with some appendices, whose content complement the information available on the main text.

9

1. INTRODUCTION

Mozambique is signatary of the three Rio Conventions, namely the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Drought and Desertification (UNCCD). Other complementary conventions about the environment were also ratified by Mozambique. These include the Nairobi convention, the RAMSAR convention and the Basel and Bamako conventions. The ratification of these important international instruments is intgrated within the national strategies towards promoting sustainable development, such as the Agenda 2025, the PARPA and the PNGA. The ratification of these conventions by Mozambique is also in the context of the efforts of the country to implement international policies aimed at promoting sustainable developement, in particular, NEPAD, MDG’s, JIP, among others.

The implementation of the three Rio Conventions benefits from the coordinated participation of the Government, private sector, institutions of the civil society as well as international partners that provide resources for capacity building and implementations of some activities related to the conventions.

Despite the effort of various sectors and departments, there is a number of factors that constrain an effective implementation of national strategies and action plans. This results in an inadequate compliance of international commitments and obligations by Mozambique. The most important constraints include the absolute poverty that characterize the majority of Mozambique population, weak human and institutional capacity, limited financial capacity, weak coordination between institutions, among others.

In order to systematically asess the capacity needs in the context of the Rio Conventions, the Government of Mozambique requested support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) to implement the NCSA project. The aim is to systematically assess the existing capacity and the priority capacity needs in the fields of biodiversity, climate change and drought and desertification/land degradation and accordingly, prepare an action plan for capacity building.

The constraints above identified can only be addressed through a participatory approach. The Action Plan presented in this document, represents an attempt to address the identified constraints in relation to the three Rio Conventions in the form of challenges and specific activities, with an indication of the responsibilities of each institutions as well as indicators and deadlines.

This Action Plan, is for the period of 5 years and was prepared on the basis of consultations of relevant documents, including texts of the conventions, national strategies and action plans prepared in the context of the implementation of the conventions, thematic area and cross-cutting (synergies) assessment reports and discussions with focal points of the conventions and other relevant entities.

10

1.1. BACKGROUND

As mentioned in the introduction, Mozambique is part of the Rio Conventions, including their protocols (Cartagena protocol on Biosafety and the Kyoto protocol on climate change). Following the ratification of these international agreements, a number of national strategies and action plans were prepared, including the Strategy and Action Plan for the Biological Diversity, the National Action Program for Adaptation to Climate Change and the National Action Plan to Combat Drought and Desertification. Due to their importance at the international level, climate change and biodiveristy projects have benefited from more support. For instance, the first international program in which Mozambique participated related to climate change was carried out in 1994, with the establishment of National Study Programs supported by the United States of America, which included the inventory of greenhouse gases and studies of the vulnerability of the country to climate change. Of paramount importance related to the convention on biological diversity, is the first study promoted by UNEP, whose aim was to identify the non-addressed needs and the inventory of biological species of Mozambique, from the available literature. Other initiatives with internal funding were implemented in the context of programs and plans prepared by different sectors in the context of the Social and Economic Plan of the Government.

The implementation of these agreements has revealed, however, the existence of constraints that limits the country from satisfying international commitments and obligations associated with these agreements. Therefore, in 2003 Mozambique requested UNEP to assist in the preparation and implementation of a project whose main objective was the self-assessment of its capacity needs for an effective implementation of the conventions. The request was accepted and Mozambique became part of the first 5 countries selected by UNEP for the pilot phase of the NCSA project that started in 2004.

Following the signing of the project, and following the aproved work plan, a National Coordination Committe was established, integrating professionals from institutions that play key roles in natural resource management. Thereafter, a detailed assessment of the level of implementation of the three Rio Conventions, including the coordination mechanisms was carried out and resulted in three thematic reports. An inventory of the capacity needs for each convention was undertaken and priority capacity needs were identified. These steps made possible the identification of cross-cutting issues among the three conventions, which was the basis for the preparation of this Action Plan.

1.2. THE PREPARATION PROCESS

The preparation of the NCSA started in 2004 and is coordinated by MICOA. It is a participatory process, involving all Government institutions, private sector and NGO’s whose mandate is relevant to the implementation of the Rio Conventions at the central and local level. To ensure coordination of all implementation activities, each convention as a coordinator called Focal Point, appointed by MICOA and a

11

Working Group, which is a multi-disciplinary team of techicians from different sectors. This organizational structure formed the starting point for the whole process.

The self-assessment process consisted of three phases. The objective of the first phase was to assess the conventions for the identification, confirmation or revision of priority issues within each of the three thematic areas and to identify other capacity needs relevant for an effective implementation of the conventions. During the second phase, the cross-cutting issues among the three Rio Conventions as well as the common priorities for capacity building were identified. The third and final phase consisted on the preparation of the Action Plan for capacity building for the implementation of the conventions and protection of the global environment.

The consultation process took place at the central and local level, with involvement of professionals from public and Government institutions such as ministries, training and research institutions as well as private sector, local communities and the civil society in general. The process was conducted by national consultants, with support from the Focal Points and members of the thematic working groups. At the Government institutions, the consultation process was started at the central level (ministries) and followed a vertical and horizontal line until the provincial and distrital level. The consultation process consisted of semi-strutured technical interviews.

Following the consultation process, the reports were presented to the Focal Points and to the NCSA staff for preliminary evaluation and general comments before the presentation of these ducuments in the national workshop. Afterwards, a national workshop was organized with the objective of obtaining inputs and comments from partners on the priority capacity needs identified within each thematic area during the consultation process. Therefore, three thematic workshops, one for each convention were organized at the national level, in Maputo.

Based on the final drafts of the self-assessment capacity needs reports for each of the Rio Convention, a consultant was hired to develop the second phase of the process, i.e. to assess the cross-cutting capacity needs in close colaboration with the Focal Points. The report on the cross-cutting issues (synergies) was discussed by a wide audience of participants from different thematic working groups and different institutions. These participatory reports formed the basis for the preparation of this Action Plan.

The Action Plan was discussed with the Focal Points and presented in a national workshop, following which the document was presented and discussed in provincial workshops to obtain local inputs on the proposed Action Plan. The contributions obtained from the national and provincial workshops were incorporated on the document, and the preparation of the Action Plan was finalized with another national workshop organized to collect final judgements of the document from different partners.

12

2. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CURRENT SITUATION

2.1. Biophysical context Mozambique is located in the south-east coast of Africa and extends from the Rovuma River mouth (10º30º’S) to the border with the Republic of South Africa (26º49’S). It is bounded by Tanzania in the North, by Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Swaziland in the West, by South Africa in the South and by the Indian Ocean in the East. Mozambique occupies an area of about 784 755 sq. km and has a population of about 18 millions of inhabitants. The northern part of the country is a great mountainous block with maximum elevation along the eastern edge of the East African Rift Valley System. The central region is dominated by the lower Zambezi Valley and its delta plains, but in the interior, in Tete Province, the rims of the valley are mountainous reaching 2095 m at Mt. Domue (14º28’S/34º15’E) on the border with Malawi.. The southern region, is composed by a wide plain area limited by mountains along the western national border. In southern Mozambique, the elevation is less than 500 m above sea level, except along the border with Zimbabwe and South Africa. A number of important watercourses drain the highlands along the western border, including those of the Púngue, Revue, Búzi, Gorongosa, Save, Limpopo, Incomati, Umbeluzi and Maputo River. These rivers start in inland countries and run towards the Indian Ocean. In many of these rivers, dams were build upstreams before these rivers enter the Mozambique territory. For most of the year, the weather is dominated by the high-pressure system, which prevails over the Southern African Plateau, but NE and SE air streams from the Indian Ocean generate rains during the months from October to March.

Despite the proximity to the sea, most of the country is dry. Rainfall is erratic, unreliable and with considerable annual variations, specially in the southern and central region. Rainfall is highest in coastal areas with an average annual rainfall of about 800 - 900 mm, from where it decreases towards the inland regions but rises on the mountains along the western border. In general, northern Mozambique is wetter than the south, except the lower Zambeze in the Tete province, that receives an annual rainfall of less than 600 mm per year. There is a number of foci of very wet areas along the western border, particularly in the proximity of mountains in the border with Zimbabwe. 2.2. Sócio-economic Context According to INE, Mozambique has a population of about 18 million inhabitants. The mean population density is 19.7 inhabitants/sq.km. However, the population is highly concentrated on coastal areas, creating an elevated pressure on coastal resources both terrestrial and marine. Human densities are lowest in inland regions. About 75% of the population from Mozambique is rural and poor. The central region is the poorest of the country, with an index of poverty of 75% while the north and the

13

south have indices of 66 and 65%, respectively. Absolute poverty is exacerbated by HIV/AIDS that affects the country at a prevalence of 16%, being the central region the most affected with a mean prevalence of 21%, followed by the southern and northern regions. Agriculture is the sector of the economy that occupies most of the population. Agricultural fields include land for rain-fed agriculture, agriculture based on irrigation schemes and grazing areas. It is estimated that about 90% of the cultivated land is owned by the subsistence sector, being the remaining 10% (about 200 000 ha) explored by the commercial sector (joint venture, private sector and State). Considering the low population density at the national level, there appears to be sufficient land for agriculture in the country. However, due to a range of physical and climatic factors, the land available for agriculture is limited. Furthermore, due to the occurrence of tse-tse flies, many areas of the country are not suitable for livestock grazing. It is estimated that about 70% of the livestock is in the southern region.

Apart from land for agriculture, Mozambique is blessed with a wealth of natural resources which have a high economic potential, such as wildlife, forests and fisheries resources. It is estimated that 75% of Mozambique’s population resides in rural areas, depending entirely on subsistence agriculture and on a wide variety of natural resource for their livelihoods. Consequently local communities are important custodians of biodiversity in Mozambique, and it is therefore of vital important to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity that these communities are involved in all decisions related to land and natural resource use. Through the Land Law (1997), the rights of the local communities over their land are recognized, which serves as an incentive for these communities to play their role as custodians of the resources.

Climate change, drought and desertification and the loss of biodiveristy have a significant negative impact on the economy of the country. The geographic location of the country, makes it vulnerable to climate extreme events, particularly floods, droughts and tropical cyclons, which have caused the loss of human lifes, loss of agricultural fields and destruction of social and economic infrastructure. Climate change is also associated with the deterioration of human health because it increases the incidence of malaria, cholera and other diseases related to the prevailing environmental conditions. The effect of drought and desertification, which is also associated to climate change has caused negative impact on food security in several parts of the country. Mozambique is rich in terrestrial and marine fauna and flora. However, due to limited capacity of monitoring, law enforcement and surveillance, valuable resources including rare and threatened species of medicinal plants and wild fauna are being lost due to unsustanable harvesting both for domestic use and for export. In the efforts to erradicate poverty, the Government of Mozambique prepared the Poverty Reduction Action Plan (PARPA) for the period 2001 – 2005 and in 2006 the Government started the second phase of PARPA, i.e. the PARPA II. PARPA is a document that contains the strategic vision for the reduction of poverty, the objectives and specific actions to be undertaken in the preparation of budgets and development programs.

14

The current strategy for the reduction of poverty is based on the following six priorities that will promote human development and the establishment of an adequate environment for the rapid development of the country: education, health, agriculture and rural development, basic infrastruture, good governace, macro-economic and financial management. Apart from these guidelines for the actions, cross-cutting areas such as environment, science, technology and culture are also part of the PARPA priorities. In its design and implementation, PARPA takes into account complementary regional and international agreements, particularly the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD), the Millenium Development Goals (MDG’s) and the recomendations of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD).

2.3. Institutional Framework

Various public and private institutions and NGO’s undertake actions relevant to the implementation of the Rio Conventions. In this section the most relevant institutions are identified and their role and competence briefly described.

a)MICOA. The main responsibilities of MICOA are to coordinate, advise, control and evaluate the degree of use of natural resources in the country, promoting their wise use and taking into account the need to ensure the integration of the environmental, social and economic variables in the development of the country planning process. This Ministry was created in 1994 with the mandate to i) coordinate the sustainable development process, harmonizing the plans and programmes of all stakeholders in the exploitation, use, protection and management of natural resources; ii) develop appropriate policies and laws that will ensure the sustainability of these resources; and iii) develop public environmental awareness and culture in Mozambique.

MICOA also has the responsibility of monitoring the compliance with obligations under international environmental conventions. MICOA hosts the Secretariat for the National Sustainable Development Council (CONDES). Under MICOA there are 3 centers of sustainable development (CDS’s), being one for integrated management of coastal zones , CDS-ZC in Xai-Xai; one for the management of natural resources, CDS-RN in Manica; and one for the management of urban areas, CDS-ZU in Nampula. The main mandate of these centres is research and extension work in coordination with the relevant public and private institutions. Apart from the CDS’s, MICOA has a number of national directorates and departments that carry out actions linked to the implementation of the conventions. Some of these directorates include DNGA, DNAIA, DNPA, DINAPOT, DCI, among others. In addition, MICOA is the focal point of the RAMSAR convention, an important legal instrument for the conservation of wetlands, which therefore, complements the convention on biolgical diversity.

b) MINAG: This ministry is a member of CONDES. MINAG plays an active role in the implementation of the Rio Conventions, through a number of institutions under this Ministry, particularly, the National Directorate of Land and Forests, Livestock

15

Services, National Directorate of Agrarian Services, Mozambique Institute of Agrarian Research, among others.

MINAG is responsible for forest reserves, which function as carbon storages, for the areas designated for multiple use of forest and wildlife resources, for the forest concessions and other areas of forest exploitation and for the reforestation programs. In its approach MINAG emphasizes the integrated management of land and biological resources and the preservation of the equilibrium between the biological resources and the abiotic environment, such as rivers, climate, geology, etc. MINAG is part of all inter-institutional working groups for the implementation of the conventions and is the focal point for CITES and for the Cartagena Protocol on biosafety.

c) ME: This ministry is relevant for the implementation of the Rio Conventions due to its role as the coordinator of the implementation of the national energy policy and strategy, using renewable and non-renewable resources. ME is dynamically involved in activities linked with climate change, specially hidro-power and Clean Development Mechanisms. It is member of CONDES and of the inter-institutional working group on climate change. The dependency of most of the rural communities on fuelwood, makes this ministry also relevant for the UNCBD and UNCCD, particularly in developing activities aimed at achieving an equilibrium between the needs of fuelwood and the conservation of forest resources and prevention of unsustainable harvest of forest resources.

d) Mpescas: The Ministry of Fisheries has the responsibility of assuring the sound management of the fisheries resources in the country, with a view of increasing their contribution to the development of the country. Of particular relevance is the research on marine resources conducted by the National Institute for Fisheries Research. This research produces information that contributes to the conservation of marine biodiversity in Mozambique. Mpescas is member of CONDES and of the biodiversity and climate change working groups.

e) MITUR: Apart from planning and regulating the development of tourism in Mozambique, the Ministry of Tourism, through the National Directorate for Conservation Areas (DNAC), is responsible for the gazzetment and management of conservation areas, important for in situ biodiversity conservation. MITUR is relevant in promoting tourism as an alternative source of income, particularly in arid and coastal areas unsuitable for agriculture. MITUR is member of CONDES.

f) MTC: relevant institutions attached to this ministry include INAM, INAHINA and SAFMAR. MTC is one of the dynamic stakeholder in the field of marine pollution caused by ship, therefore has the potential to contribute to the conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity. The field of meteorology is of high importance for Mozambique because the country is frequently affected by extreme events such as floods and droughts. INAM is part of the thematic working group on climate change and desertification. MTC is also member of CONDES.

g) MINEC: This Ministry is responsible for the relationship with international partners, coordinating therefore all donor support to Mozambique and participates on the discussions of the conventions, protocols and other international agreements. MINEC is member of CONDES.

16

h) MEC: the Ministry of Education and Culture is responsible for the definition of the expansion of the school network for the reduction of iliteracy, which is one of the constraints affecting the quality of the environment. It is also responsibility of MEC to promote the development of technical and scientific knowledge including the introduction of environmental matters in all levels of education. MEC also coordinates higher education in Mozambique.

i) MCT: the Ministry of Science and Technology has the mandate to coordinate and promote initiatives of scientific research, technological innovation and identification of adequate and sustainable technologies for the development needs of different sectors of the economy and for the needs of conserving the quality of the environment. MCT is active in the field of climate change and biodiversity, particularly biotechnology and it is member of the inter-institutional working group on climate change and biodiversity. Working with MCT, there are Scientific Councils related to important areas of development, such as water and energy.

j) MF: the Minstry of Finance coordinates the allocation of budgets to different ministries to undertake their planned annual activities. In this context, MF is an important partner in the efforts of promoting sustainable development of the country because it contributes in building capacity to implement the country’s development programs and plans. MF is member of CONDES.

k) MOPH: This ministry is in charge of water affairs. Therefore, activities of this ministry are relevant to the Rio Conventions. A number of institutions play role in the water sector, through the National Water Council, a body that integrates different institutions with interest in the development and sustainable utilization of water resources in the country. This sector plays a key role on the relationships between Mozambique and the neighboring countries in the management of water resources, particularly international rivers. MOPH is also member of CONDES. l) MPD: this is one of the newest ministries in the country. This institution is ultimately responsible for the monitoring of PARPA and of the annual social and economic plans. MPD is also responsible for issuing national statistics. It also coordinates actions related to rural development, thus it is a relevant institution in the management of land and associated resources. m) MIC: this ministry coordinates actions related to industrial development and the commercial relationships between Mozambique and other countries. MIC is relevant for climate change and biodiversity, particularly for the transfer of clean industrial technologies as well as for the commercialization of species through CITES. n) MDN: the surveillance of the coast of Mozambique and consequently, that of marine natural resources is undertaken by this ministry, which also participate in the assistance to people affected by extreme climate events, specifically the Mozambique Armed Defense Force (FADM). Thus, MDN plays an important role in the implementation of the convention on biodiversity and climate change.

17

o) MAE: the coordination of public administration in Mozambique is done by this ministry, one of the oldest of the country. The relevance of this ministry to the implementation of the conventions is that it hosts the National Institute for the Management of Calamities (INGC), which responds for the emergency situations related to food insecurity and loss of housing due to extreme climate events. INGC is part of a number of working groups related to the conventions, in particular climate change and drought and desertification. MAE is member of the Council for the Management of Calamities, which is a body chaired by the Prime-Minister and also integrates other ministries relevant for emergency situations.

p) CONDES: CONDES was created by the Environment Framework Law as an advisory body to the Council of Ministers and also as a tool for sounding out public opinion on environmental matters. Its aim is to secure an effective and correct coordination and integration of environmental management activities and principles in the country’s development process. Is part of CONDES, a number of ministries and organizations whose activities are harmful to the environment and those whose activities are damaged by the quality of the environment.

q) NGO’s: the participation of NGO’s or of the civil society in the development of the country in general and in the implementation of the Rio Conventions in particular, is still at an early stage. There is a growing number of associations that promote sustainable development, although their intervention is in a small and localized scale. It is expected, however, that the participation of this important group grows within the next few years. Many of the NGO’s work on the rural communities. Therefore, they will potentially play an irreplaceable role in the management of natural resources.

r) Academia: in the last few years there is a growing number of institutions of higher education. For instance, from only 3 public institutions of higher education existing during the 1990’s, currently there are more than 10 institutions both public and private. The private sector holds higher nember of higher education institution than the public sector, though the public sector has more students and offers a wider range of courses. More public institutions of higher education will be opened in 2008, covering more provinces of the country. The role of universities and higher education institutes in the implementation of the Rio Conventions is demonstrated by the research projects conducted in the fields of biodiversity, atmospheric chemistry, physics, particularly by the departments of biological sciences, forest engineering, agriculture, geography, chemistry, physics and chemical engineering of the UEM. The Department of Chemistry through its production unit is implementing a capacity building project for the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism, in coordination with MICOA. The contribution of the academia is also shown by the qualified graduates that work in institutions that participate in the implementation of the conventions in Mozambique.

18

2.4. Policy and Legal Framework

In the context of the implementation of the decisions of the UNCED held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and in the WSSD held in Johannesburg in 2002 (Rio + 10), Mozambique has advanced considerably in adapting its development polices o these international decisions.

The multidiciplinary nature of sustainable development means that there is a need of participation and collaboration of different sectors of the society (Government, private sector, non-government organizations). In this context Mozambique has made effort to establish an adequate policy, legal and institutional framework. The main policies, strategies and laws upon which the development of the country is driven are presented bellow.

2.4.1. Environment

2.4.1.1. National Environmental Policy

The National Environmental Policy was approved by the resolution nr. 5/95, of 03 August 1995 of the Council of Ministers, and constitutes the instrument through which the Government clearly recognizes the links between the development and the environment. It forms the basis for sustainable development of the country, to eradicate poverty and improve the life quality of Mozambicans while simultaneously the negative impacts on the environment are reduced. The Environmental Policy’s main objective is to assure the sustainable development of the country, considering the specific conditions, through an acceptable and realistic commitment between socio economic progress and the protection of the environment.

2.4.1.2. National Environmental Strategy

The National Environmental Strategy fully embraces the priority development needs of Mozambique, and the livelihood and life-style aspirations of its people. At the same time it takes into account the natural resource base of the country and maintaining the productive systems that guarantee human development. It is focused on the health of the environment for both people and ecological processes, and the need to ensure that future generations inherit an environment that is at least as productive and healthy as the one left by the previous generation. The strategy was prepared in a participatory way, with the involvement of all sectors of the society nationwide. The strategy identifies the main problems in each sector relevant to the development of the country and the correspondent relevant actions to be taken. It takes also into account the MDG’s as well as principles established in the multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEA), and considers the need to reduce the current national poverty levels, as defined by the Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty (PARPA) adopted by the Government of Mozambique.

The priority areas identified in the strategy include biodiversity conservation, land degradation, health, education, agriculture, water, energy and technology transfer.

19

These priorities are consistent with WEHAB (water, education, health, agriculture and biodiversity) program, as agreed in the Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. The implementation of the strategy will be supervised by CONDES and by the Council of Ministers.

2.4.1.3. Environmental Law ( Law nr 20/97 of 01 October) Following the endorsement of the environmental policy, the Environmental Law (Law nr. 20/97, of 01 October), was endorsed with the objective of establishing the legal framework for wise use and management of the environment and its elements, towards sustainable development.

This law is applicable to all public and private activities that could directly or indirectly influence environmental elements. The Law calls for the involvement of all fractions of the civil society in environmental protection, including biodiversity conservation, environmental impact assessment, preparation and or revision of the legislation.

To achieve the objectives of this Law through its effective implementation, other legal instruments were approved, such as the environmental impact assessment regulation, environmental auditing regulation, management of biomedical wastes regulation, among others.

2.4.2. Land and Forests 2.4.2.1. National Land Policy The National Land Policy was endorsed by the Resolution nr. 10/95, of 28 February. The policy highlights and supports the objectives of the economic and social policy of the Government, considering the need of increasing national production in the context of combating absolute poverty. The policy establishes the mechanisms of land and other natural resource sustainable use taking into consideration the needs of the different land uses, such as agriculture, urban, mining, tourism and development of social infrastruture, meanwhile the environment is protected.

2.4.2.2. Forests and Wildlife Strategy and Development Policy (PEDFFB) The Forests and Wildlife Strategy and Development Policy was approved by the Resolution nr. 8/97, of 1 April. The objectives of this strategy and policy is to protect, conserve, develop and utilize forest and wildlife resources in a sustainable manner for the economic, social and ecological benefits of the present and future generations of mozambicans. It targets an increasing participation of the rural communities, as active stakeholders in the integrated management of natural resources, including the protection from uncontrolled and illegal fires, use and conservation of forests and wildlife resources towards sustainable development at national and local level, and thereby the improvement in the welfare of the population.

This policy is founded on the principles established in the environmental policy, land policy, tourism policy and other relevant policies for the conservation and sustainable

20

utilization of natural resources. It is also based on the priorities and objectives indicated in Chapter 11 of the Agenda 21 and on the forest principles associated to this Chapter.

2.4.2.3. Land Law ( Law nr. 19/97, of 01 October) The Land Law (Land n. º 19/97, 1 October) was approved in 1997 and determines that all the land in Mozambique is owned by the State and that land cannot be sold, pledged or alienated in any way. However, citizens can obtain the right of land use (DUAT). The law recognizes the importance of community consultation in the process of issuing land titles to individuals, associations or companies and the participation of communities in land demarcation and conflit resolution.

In addition, Land Law provides an legal basis for the demarcation of land for nature conservation and protection. According to this Law, it is not allowed to issue land use right titles for areas under total or partial protection.

2.4.2.4. Forests and Wildlife Law ( Law nr. 10/99, of 07 July)

The Forests and Wildlife Law establishes the basic rules for the protection, conservation, development and sustainable use of forests and wildlife resources for the economic, social and ecological development of this and future generations of mozambicans. The Law calls for the participation of the private sector and local communities in the management of forests and wildlife resources and complements the land law in the need to establish areas for nature conservation, such as national parks, national reserves, areas for muliple resource use and cultural value.

To ensure the implementation of the principles of the Policy and Strategy for the Development of Forests and Wildlife and of those of the Forests and Wildlife Law, the Regulation of the Forests and Wildlife Law (Dec. nr. 12/2002, of 06 June) was endorsed by the Government. This regulation establishes the rules of resource use as well as the penalities in case of violations of the rules.

2.4.3. Tourism

2.4.3.1. Tourism Policy

Tourism policy and the strategy for tourism development for the period 1995/1990 were endorsed by the Resolution nr. 2/95, of 30 May 1995, with the following main objectives:

o To contribute to poverty alleviation; o To promote a proactive approach for the development of tourism,

business and to manage the sector in a responsible and integrated manner;

o To preserve the quality and sustainability of biodiversity-based tourism.

21

This policy was designed with the objective of attracting national and international tourist to enjoy the tourism resources of Mozambique and promote a sustainable development of the sector

2.4.3.2. Tourism Law (Law nr. 04/2004, of 17 June) This Law has the objective of stimulating the social and economic development of the country, without jeopardizing the forest, wildlife and mineral resources for the benefit of future generations

Article 7 of the Tourism Law, emphasizes that, in order to achieve sustainable development of tourism the environment should be respected and protected from degradation

2.4.3. Mineral Resources 2.4.3.1. Mining Law ( Law nr. 14/2002, of 26 June) There is no mining policy in Mozambique. The mining law was approved, with the objective of regulating the conditions for the development of mining and use of mineral resources, while the standards of environmental quality are considered to ensure a sustainable use of these resources for the benefit of the national economy.

To support the implementation of the mining law, the Regulation of the Mining Law was approved, by the Dec. nr. 28/2003, of 09 July, which contains the important provisions and guidelines for environmental management through environmental impact assessment.

2.4.5. Other relevant fields

2.4.5.1. Water policy (Dec. Nr. 7/95, 08 August)

The water policy was approved by Resolution nr. 7/95, of 08 August 1995 by the Council of Ministers after the approval of the Water Law (Law nr. 16/91, of 03 August 1991). The water policy emphasizes the institutional aspects related to water management. The water law establishes the water resources that belong to the public domain, the principles of water management, the need to conduct inventories of the existing water resources in the country, the general regime of water use, the priorities to be taken intp account, the general rights of the users and the respective obligations.

2.4.5.2. Fisheries policy

The fisheries policy was approved by Resolution nr. 11/96, of 28 May 1996, after the approval of the Fisheries Law, which has been approved by Law nr. 3/90, of 3 September 1990. This policy had been approved with the objective of integrating fisheries activities in the framework of economic development of the country, taking into account that the fisheries sector is one of the most important generators of the incomes for our country. The fisheries law, as well as all the legislation related to

22

natural resources in the country, reaffirm the principle of public domain of the fisheries resources, and the State as the only institution with power to regulate its access and use.

2.4.5.5. Energy policy The energy policy was approved by the Resolution nr. 5/98, of 3 March, to achieve the following objectives:

• To ensure the supply of reliable energy at the lowest possible price, in order to satisfy the needs of energy use for the economic development;

• To increase the availability of energy for the sector of energy, in particular mineral charcoal, petroleum, gas and electricity;

• To promote forest plantations in the country to increase the availability of fuel wood and charcoal;

• To promote economic investment programs to develop energy resources, namely hidro-power, charcoal and natural gas;

• To promote the development of technologies for transforming environmental frindly energy sources, such as solar-power and biofuel;

Apart from the legislation described above, many other regulations that contribute to the implementation of the Rio Conventions were endorsed by the Government. These include the Regulation for land use, Agrarian Extension Plan, Strategy and Action Plan for the Combat of Uncontrolled Fires, National Strategy of Environmental Education, etc.

23

3. THEMATIC ISSUES AND IDENTIFIED CONSTRAINTS

Each thematic report provided a detailed assessment of the situation of each convention in terms of actions undertaken, existing capacities and capacity needs. The assessment covered the policy, legal and institutional framework, existing programs, capacity needs, current initiatives and actions for capacity development taking place at the institutions. Table 1 shows the institutions involved or with potential involvement in the implementation of the Rio Conventions in Mozambique. The second column shows the institutions with interventions in the area of biodiversity, while the key institutions for the implementation of the convention on climate change are indicated in the third column and those that contribute to the combat to drought and desertification and land degradation are identified in column 4.

Table 1. Institutions involved in the implementation of Rio Conventions in Mozambique

Institution/Sector UNCBD UNFCCC UNCCD Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs

X X X

Ministry of Agriculture X X X Ministry of Fisheries X X Ministry of Health X X X Ministry of Tourism X X X Ministry of Finance X X X Ministry of Planning and Development X X X Ministry of Education X X X Ministry of Science and Technology X X X Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation X X X Ministry of Energy X X X Ministry of Mineral Resources X X X Ministry of Public Works and Housing X X X Ministry of Industry and Commerce X X Ministry of Transport and Communication X X Ministry of National Defense X X Ministry of Home Affairs X X National Institute for the Management of Calamities (INGC)

X X X

Academia X X X Private Sector X X X National and International NGO’s X X X According to Table 1, the institutions involved in the implementation of the Rio Conventions in Mozambique are almost the same, with differences lying on the specific departments that undertake specific activities within each institution. This reveals the existence of an environment favorable to better collaboration among departments and institutions and for the identification and prioritization of cross-cutting activities.

24

In the Appendix I are identified the activities that have been undertaken in the country since the ratifcation of the conventions. It is important to mention that the assessments carried out in the country, including the thematic assessment reports indicate that the implementation of the Rio Conventions as well as of other environmental conventions is not satisfatory due to limited human and financial resources at all levels and sectors of the society. In addition to these constraints, there limitations related to legislation and coordination among institutions. These factors were also confirmed by the participants of the workshops organized to discuss the activities of implementation of conventions, existing capacity and priority capacity needs in the context of the NCSA project. In general, the main capacity constraints for sound environmental management and for the implementation of the Rio Conventions in particular, are as follows:

a) Limitations at the individual level

Language: Most of the documents related to the Rio Conventions and to the environment in general are written in United Nations languages such as English, French and Spanish. This limits the ability of national technicians to participate, negociate and discuss with partners in international meetings. Portuguese is not a language used on ducuments of the conventions.

Weak public awareness: Environmental matters are relativelly new in the mozambican society. As a consequence, there is a limited knowledge of them. Therefore, it is a capacity need to rise the awareness of the population and of the institutions about the global environment and sustainable development.

Limited skills: One of the major contraints is the limited access to higher education, specifically to postgraduate courses relevant to the implementation of environmental conventions. This results in an overall limited skills and sufficient knowledge for the implementation of the conventions. However, during the last 10 years there is a clear expansion of the higher education and with the introduction, at the universities, of subjects and courses related to the environment, including at the postgraduate level.

b) Limitations at the institutional level

Weak inter-institutional collaboration and coordination: Apart from MICOA as the coordination institution, there is a number of other institutions that activelly participate in the implementation of the Rio Conventions. However, the potential of each institution to contribute in the implementation of each convention is not clearly known and the limits of responsibilities among institutions are not clearly established. In addition, the coordination between institutions involved is weak, which results in duplication of efforts and unwise use of the existing limited equipment, human and financial resources. The lack of coordination is recorded even among departments of the same institution and among Government institutions, private sector and NGO’s.

Limited availability of information: There is a general shortage of information related to environmental management in a format that can be readily understood and used by the main stakeholders in environmental managemnt in the country. This

25

weakness is exacerbated by the weak coordination among institutions involved in producing and archiving information at national level. Similarly, there is a need of bringing together the information related to the global environment to the national development agenda.

Limited research capacity: There are few research institutions in Mozambique. In general, these lack adequate scientific equipment and in some professional fields there are limited suficiently qualified human resources to undertake detailed research. Furthermore, the mission of these institution is not to carry out research related to the Rio Conventions. The existing research institutes only produce basic data about the components of biodiversity, climate change and drought and desertification.

c) General limitations

Absolute poverty: More than half of the population from Mozambique is poor people that depend heavily on the exploitation of natural resources (small scale farming, livestock grazing, fishing, hunting, fuel wood, harvest of medicinal plants, etc) for subsistence. The dependency on natural resources coupled with the rapid population growth results in an increasing pressure over these resources and limited implementation of national and international legislation related to the utilization of natural resources. Unsustanable natural resource harvesting have negative impacts on biodiversity, on ecosystem integrity, on the global climate and on land and water conservation.

High incidence of iliteracy: Mozambique has a high level of iliteracy that undermines the ability of mozambicans to contribute to the development of the country, despite the efforts that the Government has made to promote education at all levels. Materials for public awareness on the conservation of the environment have to be translated into local languages or translated in visual formats such as panflets and drawings, to be understood. This limits the opportunities for the dissemination of information, national legislation, conventions and limits the options for public awareness about environmental issues, particularly in the rural areas of the country.

Legal aspects: Although the conventions were ratified, there are gaps in integrating their content within the existing national policies and laws at the different sectors of the mozambican society. In addition, the shortage of human and financial resources constrains the implementation of the existing national legislation, particularly law enforcement and surveillance, which in large extent would contribute to satisfy some international commitments and obligations.

Financial aspects: As a less developed country, Mozambique faces limitations in resources for the needs of economic and social development as well as for capacity building, aquisition of equipment and materials and public awareness. These resources are crucial to improve the performance of the country in the implementation of international agreements. This constraint also affects the implementation of action plans prepared in the context of the conventions (NBSAP, NAPA e PAN). This is probably the most important limitation and the country depends mainly on financial support from international partners.

26

High vulnerability of the country to extreme climate events: Due to its geographic location, Mozambique is highly vulnerable to extreme climate events such as floods, droughts and tropical cyclones. The floods that every year affect parts of the country, the cyclons that regularly affect some coastal districts, the drought that annually affects more than half of the country, make evident the limited capacity of Mozambique to adapt and or mitigate the impact of these calamities on the population and on the institutions.

4. ACTION PLAN

As it was mentioned in the previous chapter, thematic assessment revealed a number of capacity constraints at the individual and institutional levels. These constraints undermine the implementations of specific actions related to the Rio Conventions.

Human capacity building is aimed at reducing the technical and scientific gaps identified as the main constraint for the implementation of the conventions. Particularly, capacity building should be directed at creating new capacity or develop the existing capacity at the institutions through formal or short courses to individuals involved or with potential involvement in actions related to the conventions, with the goal of developing a body of national scientists and professionals and promote the implementation of cross-cutting activities among the three Rio Conventions.

Training should include key area for the environmental management in its variety of aspects, including training professionals in fields such as zoology and animal ecology, taxonomy, botany and plant ecology, fresh water biology, marine biology, natural resource inventory, atmospheric chemistry, risk assessment and management, toxicology, marine polution, sociology, land use planning, natural resource economics, business management, environmental law, environmental auditing, rural extension, conflict management, community-based natural resource management, agricultural sciences, physics, information and communication technology, topography, Geograhic Information System (GIS), among other fields of knowledge.

Capacity building could take place on national institutes and universities or through scholarship schemes that would create opportunities for specific training abroad. Short-courses to improve the existing capacities could include courses taught to technicians from different institutions by contracted national or international facilitators or by means of workshops and experience exchange visits.

The capacity building at the individual level should not follow an ad hoc and isolated approach, but rather, integrated in the context of a national strategic planning to ensure that the created capabilities are used in specific tasks related to the implementation of the conventions through providing employment to qualified professionals on the relevant institutions. Currently, there is high number of graduates in areas relevant for the protection of the global environment that are unemployed due to limited budgets at the institutions.

27

4.1. Strategic objectives

The exercise of inventoring the activities undertaken, allowed the identification, confirmation or revision of priorities for each convention as well as the common priorities that must be correctly addressed for the successful implementation of the conventions. These priorities are presented in Appendix II and these formed the basis for the elaboration of the strategic objectives presented in Box 1.

Box 1. Strategic objectives for national capacity building

Strategic objectives • To strenghten the capacity of MICOA in the position of coordination

institution. This capacity building should include the establishment of an environmental technical unit or technical office for the conventions with scientific and technical autonomy to support partner institutions in the implementation of the conventions. Capacity building should include negotiation and communication techniques, inter-institutional coordination, preparation of national reports and national communications, dissemination of information, among other relevant contents.

• To strengthen the capacity of the ministries to improve the implementation of the Rio and other complementary conventions, including the establishment and strenghtening of the mechanisms for inter-institutional coordination, changes or adaptation of national legislation to make compatible with the commitments and obligations from the conventions, with emphasis on the development of capacity response to extreme climate events.

• To strengthen the participation capacity of local communities and civil

society, including the identification and promotion of mechanisms of income generation and subsistence for the communities depending on natural resources. Capacity building should cover techniques of efficient use of biomass energy, technology transfer for sustanable use of natural resources by local communities, methodologies and or adaptation and mitigation practices to the effects of drought and land degradation, climate change and loss of biodiversity.

• Building capacity of the public and private productive sector for the

identification and promotion of clean industrial and agricultural technologies, i.e., with the minimum pollution and low environmental impact. Training should consider the techniques of sustainable use of soils to reduce erosion and fertility loss, water management techniques (harvest and storing) for irrigation and sanitation, techniques of sustainable use of biological resources, control of fires, use of clean energy and environmental impact assessment to the development projects.

• To strengthen the capacity of the National Environmental Fund (FUNAB)

to increase its effectiveness in the implementation of actions towards the reduction of poverty on the basis on the conventions.

28

• To strengthen international cooperation and the participation of the

Government in the implementation of the conventions, including the participation of Mozambique on international events related to the Rio Conventions. This cooperation should be targeting more support for the development programs of the country by international partners.

• To strengthen research and extension capacity at national level, including

public education about environmental matters. Environmental issues should be incorporated on school curricula at various levels of education, identification of mechanisms of disseminating environmental information to different sectors and different levels of the society. Promotion of communication between scientists and the decision-makers.

These strategic objectives were, in Table 2, translated into specific objectives and specific activities to be carried out by all stakeholders, in a period of 5 years. It is expected that with this Action Plan, a national capacity for the effective implementation of the conventions, will be created.

4.2. Activities

Based on the identified strategic objectives and on the thematic assessment for each convention, as previously indicated, a framework was developed that indicates for each strategic objective, the specific objectives, activities to be developed, institutions responsible for each activity, expected results, indicators and the deadlines for the implementation of these activities.

29

Table 2. Framework of the Action Plan

Objective 1: To strenghten the capacity of MICOA for better coordination of the implementation of the Rio and other complementary conventions

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To increase the efficiency in the implementation of actions related to the conventions

To create and empower a division of international conventions within the department of international cooperation (DCI)

MICOA High efficiency in dealing with issues linked to the international conventions

Division created and working

June 2008

To identify sectors at the provincial level responsible for the coordination of the implementation of the conventions

MICOA High efficiency in dealing with issues related to the conventions at the provincial level

Sectors identified and in coordination

June 2008

To establish and empower an inter-institutional and multi-disciplinary working group for the implementation of the conventions

MICOA and other government institutions

Secured the coordination among institutions and improved the competence of the group

Group established, working and submitting regular reports

Immediate

To integrate environmental issues within the district development programs

MICOA, MPD and other relevant institutions

Sustainability in the use of natural resources in the district

District economic plans with environmental perspectives

December 2008

To improve the technical competence of the Focal Points of the conventions

To prepare the Terms of Reference (TORs) for the Focal Points

MICOA Defined criteria for the identification and selection of Focal Points

Focal Points selected Immediate

To assess the technical capabilities of the Focal Points and train them on issues related to the conventions

MICOA More competent Focal Points

Potential of each Focal Point identified and explored, gaps of knowledge eliminated

June 2008

To submitt Focal Points and other staff members to English and French courses at central and provincial level

MICOA Higher capacity of communication and participation on international meetings related to the conventions

At least 3 Focal Points and 3 substitutes competent in English and French languages

Setember 2008

30

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To improve the capacity of negotiation, dissemination of information, monitoring and evaluation in the implementation of the conventions

To train techicians in techniques of international negotiations

MICOA Higher negotiation capacity in the context of the conventions and other MEA

At least 10 technicians from MICOA trained

December 2008

To prepare bi-annual reports about the state of the implementation of the conventions

MICOA/DCI More regular information about the level of implementation of the conventions available for consultation

2008 and 2010 reports prepared and submitted to the ministers council for assessment

2008 and 2010

Objective 2: To strengthen the capacity of the ministries to improve the implementation of the Rio and other complementary conventions

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To establish a Memorandum of

Understanding for the establishment of environmental units on the ministries and at the provincial level

Ministries and MICOA Issues related to the conventions better integrated on the plans of different sectors

Environmental units established in at least 10 ministries and relevant institutions for environmental affairs at the provincial level

December 2008

To improve the integration of the conventions and other environment matters on other sectors

To appoint environment Focal Points on the sectors and submit them to English and French courses

Ministries and MICOA Sectors more active in the implementation of the conventions

At least 20 Focal Points appointed and trained in English and French language

December 2008

To identify responsibilities of the focal points and of the environmental units on the ministries

MICOA and Ministries Responsibilities of the sectors and focal points documented

At least 1 workshop organized to discuss the responsibilities of each sector in relation to the conventions

December 2008

31

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To train technicians from the

ministries in negotiation techniques

Ministries Improved capacity of the ministries on the negotiations and better response to environmental challenges

At least 20 technicians trained

December 2008

To improve the capacity of the Focal Points and technicians of the ministries in negotiation techniques and in the preparation of projects related to the conventions

To identify the field of intervention of each sector in the context of the Rio Conventions and integrate the relevant issues of the conventions on the work plans of the sector

Relevante ministries and MICOA

Clarity in the responsibilities of the sectors for the preparation of sustainable work plans, duplication of efforts reduced

Work plans prepared and under implementation

Permanent

To train focal points of the sectors in the preparation of projects related to the conventions

MICOA and other relevant ministries

Higher sustainability of the activities on the sectors

At least 1 project per institution for each of the three conventions prepared

Setember 2008

To identify materials and financial resources for the implementation of activities related to the conventions

MF, MPD and other relevant ministries

Sectors with higher response capacity to environmental problems

Funding identified and projects under implementation

Permanent

32

Objective 3: To strengthen the participation capacity of the productive sector and the civil society

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To organize and empower the productive sector and the civil society

To identify public and private enterprises, NGO’s and association that direct or indirectly participate in the implementation of the conventions

MICOA Enhanced participation of the partners in the implementation of the conventions

A partners handbook published annually

Annual and permanent

To design and implement capacity building programs for the enterprises

MICOA and partners Reduction of the indices of environmental degradation

Available capacity building program. Enterprises with environmental management plans

Permanent

To create and empower a Forum of environmetal NGO’s at the central and provincial level

MICOA and other government institutions

Enhanced participation of the civil society on sustainable development programs

Forum created and working

June 2008

To prepare and implement environmental awareness programs focusing on the conventions

MICOA and associations

Rised awareness and participation of the population on development programs

At least 4 programs on the radio and television disseminated to social groups

Permanent

To estimulate the contribution of the enterprises in the implementation of the conventions and in the management of the global environment

To identify opportunities for the reductions of activities with negative impacts on the environment

MIC/MICOA/ CTA/MITUR/MISAU/MINAG

Reduction of the levels of environmental degradation

Establishment of one more centre of clean production

Permanent

To identify incentives to the enterprises for the development of activities with posetive impact to the environment in the context of CDM

Government/MIC/MICOA

Sustainable use of natural resources and reduction of environmental degradation

Reduced levels of environmental degradation

Permanent

33

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To empower CTA and FEMA in

issues related to the conventions, in particular on the use of clean technologies

MICOA/Private sector/Institutions of Higher Education

Better integration of issues related to the conventions on the annual plans of the enterprises

One annual course taught on clean technologies at each of the regions of the country


To create and empower surveillance groups for monitoring the activities of the enterprises

MICOA High compliance with environmental legislation and enterprises with better environmental performance

Groups created, empowered and undertaking regular surveillance

Permanent

To promote the knowledge of environmental issues by the civil society

To include environmental matters on the study plans and programs from the primary level

MICOA and MEC Environmental matters better understood by the society

Environmental matters included in subjects linked to the environment, at all levels of education

February 2009

To organize regular workshops with the participation of NGO’s, about issues of interest to convention and the environment in general

MICOA and NGO’s Better understanding and participation of the civil society in environmental management

Reports and brochures about the environment produced

Setember 2008 and Permanent

34

Objective 4: To strengthen research and extension capacity at national level

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To increase training opportunities in fields related to the conventions

To introduce on public higher education institutions, postgraduate courses in fields linked to the conventions

UEM and other institutions of higher education/Government

More national staff trained in fields relevant to the conventions

All public univeristies and higher education institutes with postgraduate courses at the MSc level

2012

To inventory research and extension institutions with potential to contribute in the implementation of the conventions and prepare a project for capacity building

Government/MICOA/MEC/MCT

Better knowledge of the existing capacity

Available data base of institutions with capacity to provide scientific advise to decision-makers

Setember 2008

To empower and disseminate the Mozambique network of ecological and environmental research (RIEAM) and to promote research and extension related to the conventions

Research institutions/Universities/MICOA

Increased exchange of information among scientists and extensionists

Researchers and extensionists better integrated and playing role in the development of the country

June 2008

To improve technical and scientific knowledge and information exchange among national staff involved in research and extension related to the conventions

To train technicians in the fields of natural resource inventory, mapping, classification and monitoring, greenhouse gas inventory, etc and promotion of mechanisms of collection and procesing of environmental data

UEM/Research institutions

Detailed and documented knowledge of the status of the natural resources, vulnerability of the country to extreme events and better response capacity

Environmental statistical data available for use by researchers and decision-makers

Permanent

To assess and implement measures to mitigate the vulnerability of the country to extreme events

Government/MAE/MICOA

Reduction of the vulnerability of the country to extreme events

Vulnerable areas mapped and developed response capacity to the extreme events

Permanent

35

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To increase the technical and

financial capacity of the centers for sustainable development in order to play their role of centers of reference

Government/MICOA/UEM

CDS’s empowered and integrated within the network of research institutions able to provide advice to decision-makers

3 short-course to CDS’s staff members annually

Permanent

To promote the exchange of experience between Mozambique and the neighboring countries about sustainable development

MICOA and other Ministries

Better knowledge of the situation of each SADC country and better coordination in the preparation of environmental policies

At least one SADC country visited per year by a multi-intitutional team


Objective 5: To strengthen international cooperation Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To prepare annual plans and

reports on the implementation of the conventions

MICOA/DCI Compliance of the obligations of the conventions

Annual plans and reports available


To improve the dissemination of the status of the implementation of the conventions to international partners

To strengthen the communication with the secretariates of the conventions, specialized international organizations and other relevant institutions

MICOA More support for the implementation of the conventions in the country

Focal Points more updated and able to disseminate updated and useful information for the development of the country

Permanent

To organize regular meetings with the partners of international cooperation to discuss the mechanisms of promoting the implementation of the conventions

MICOA/other government institutions

Partners more informed and interested in providing additional support for the implementation of the conventions

Increased participation of international partners in environmental protection in Mozambique

Permanent

36

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To increase the efficiency of the Department of International Cooperation (DCI) in the negotiations with international partners

To mobilize human and financial resources to improve communication and negotiation capacity of the DCI

MICOA A higher number of projects related to the conventions approved by international partners for implementation in Mozambique

More qualified staff and identified more funding

Permanent

To participate in international events about the conventions, including COP’s and technical meetings

MICOA and other institutions

Institutions more informed about international agreements for environmental management

Mozambique participating in all international relevant events

Permanent

Objective 6: To strengthen the participation capacity of local communities Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To increase the awareness of local communities about environmemtal issues and conventions in particular

To develop public awareness campaigns about the impotance of conventions and of the sustainable use of natural resources

MICOA/Government institutions and NGO’s

Communities more receptive and participating in the implementation of the conventions

Awareness programs published using the media and public talks

Permanent

To increase the number and capacity of extensionists towards improving the quality of their work with the rural communities in matters related to the conventions

MICOA and other government institutions, rural communities and community leaders

Better assistance to rural communities in the sustainable use of natural resources

At least one course per year for extensionists per province


To recognize the value of traditional knowledge in the sustainable use of natural resources

To identify and train community leaders about the importance of the conventions and the sustainable use of natural resources

Government institutions, NGO’s

Community leaders as active partners of the Government in the implementation of the conventions

Leaders identified and trained every two years

Permanent

To develop actions towards better appreciation of the importance of traditional knowledge in the sustainable use of natural resources

MICOA and other Government institution

Better results in sustainable natural resource use

Traditional natural resource use practices documented and disseminated

Permanent

37

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To reduce the dependency of rural communities on natural resources

To identify alternative means of income generation for rural communities

MICOA and other Government institutions, NGO’s and rural communities

Reduction of the levels of poverty and enhanced sustainability in the use of natural resources

At least 3 projects of income generation implemented per year

Permanent

Objective 7: To strengthen the capacity of the National Environmental Fund (FUNAB) Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To improve the participation and efficiency of FUNAB in the implementation of the conventions

To identify, formulate and implement investment projects related to the conventions

MICOA Improved capacity of FUNAB in implementing projects that contribute to sustainable development and reduction of poverty

At least 2 projects for each province implemented in the context of the conventions

Permanent

To include FUNAB in the Conventions Working Group (GTC)

MICOA/FUNAB FUNAB more informed and actively participating in the implementation of the conventions

1 FUNAB technician appointed to integrate GTC

June 2008

38

Objective 8: To strengthen the participation of the Government in the implementation of the conventions Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To consolidate knowledge about the conventions and their status of implementation by the Government

To revitalize the National Council for Sustainable Development (CONDES) towards its integration in the current situation of the conventions

Government/MICOA CONDES more recognized and working in the coordination of sustainable development

Revision of CONSES statutes

Setember 2008

To regularly check the implementation of the conventions

Government/MICOA Government well informed and participating in the implementation of the conventions

1 annual report reviewed by the Government


To participate on international events related to environmental conventions, in particular the Rio conventions

Government Government able to influence international policies about the environment in support of Mozambique

Participation in all COP’s sessions

Permanent

To expand national environmental legislation

To adopt an adequate legal framework, in particular to cover aspects such as benefit sharing, invasive species and the use of biotechnology

Government/relevant Government institutions

Benefit sharing, invasive species and use of biotechnology ruled

Developed additional legislation towards wise natural resource management

December 2009

To improve the adaptation and or mitigation capacity to extreme events

To empower the system of previous notice to reduce the impact of extreme events, particularly floods, droughts and cyclons

Government/INGC Higher response capacity to the problems caused by drought, floods and cyclons. People less vulnerable to these events

Identified funding and equipment to assist affected people

Permanent

To integrate issues related to the conventions on national development plans, programs and strategies

To incorporate the Rio Convention on PARPA

MICOA, MPD and other government institutions

Promotion of sustainable development of the country, reduction of poverty

Activities related to the implementation of the conventions included on projects for the reduction of poverty


39

Specific objective Activity Responsible institution Expected results Indicators Deadline To disseminate PARPA to

international partners, with priority issues of the conventions included

Government/MPD, MF and MINEC

Increased awareness of the development partners about matters related to the conventions More funding opportunities for projects addressing the implementation of conventions and the reduction of poverty


4.3. Implementation of the Action Plan

The effective implementation of this Action Plan depends firstly, on the allocation

and compliance of responsibilities by the institutions at the central, provincial and

local level, for which sound coordination will be fundamental. A basic condition for

the success of the Action Plan is its endorsement by the Government, which will

make this document an working tool accepted and applied by all relevant institutions.

For the success of this Action Plan, it is important that different sectors of the

mozambican society be considered and included in the implementation process,

namely the private sector, NGO’s and the civil society. MICOA must ensure the

coordination of the activities of the implementation and ensure the integration of

different sectors in the process, using the institutions and mechanisms already

established. This Action Plan will be regularly revised and updated if deemed

necessary, to make it permanently an adequate tool to the needs of the implementation

of the conventions.

The success of the implementation of this Action Plan will also be greatly dependent

upon the ability of all partners, particularly the Government in providing the

necessary financial resources. Therefore, the Government through the competetnt

institutions, should raise the required funding from the cooperation partners. GEF

should play an important role regarding this matter. Furthermore, the proposed GTC

should identify additional funding opportunities from the private sector and other

organizations as well as identify mechanisms for the development of incentives to

projects promoting sustainable development and prevention of activities with negative

environmental impact.

4.4. The role of different stakeholders

a) Government

The Government, at all levels, is the ultimate responsible for the implementation of

this Action Plan, but creating opportunities for the participation of other stakeholders.

Thus, it is of crucial importance to ensure the integration of the proposed activities

with the development plans at central, provincial and distrital level. The institutions

identified as relevant, should benefit from capacity building, both in terms of human

and financial resources. At provincial and distrital level, it will be necessary to

provide extension services to ensure that the use of natural resources is ruled and

monitored. At local level, the Government should encourage the creation of

committees for community-based natural resource management.

b) Scientific community

The role of the scientific community, through higher education and research

institution both public and private is fundamental for the effective implementation of

this Action Plan. The scientific community should provide technical and scientific

information that should be the basis for decision-makers. Thus, scientists should

participate in the different phases of the implementation process of the Action Plan

and be integrated in the GTC and CONDES.

c) Private sector

The role of this sector is basically to comply with the environmental provisions and

legislation endorsed by the Government, to accept the civil responsibility by

implementing measures to mitigate the negative impacts of their activities and

implementing economic development activities that support the objective of the

conventions and contribute to the improvement of the life quality of the population.

Associations of enterprises such as CTA and FEMA, will play an active role in rising

the value of this sector’s role in the implementation of the Action Plan. Therefore, it is

recommended that the private sector be represented in the GTC.

d) Non-Government Organizations

It is important to recognize that many activities carried out in Mozambique in the

context of the implementation of the conventions, in particular the Rio Conventions,

have NGO’s and other organizations of the civil society actively involved. NGO’s

have the advantage of operating at local level, where generally Government

institutions are not adequately represented. Therefore, these will always play an

important role in meeting the objectives of this Action Plan, through the

implementation of specific projects and programs at local level. In addition, NGO’s

will provide useful and updated information to the Government, as such NGO’s

should be part of GTC.

e) Local communities

Although generally not considered in the formal process of decision-making, local

communities play an important role in the implementation of the Action Plan, because

these are the main users of natural resources upon which depend for their livelihoods.

By means of community-based natural resource management committees,

communities should be involved in the process of gathering information, monitoring,

surveillance, rehabilitation of degraded land as well as by providing traditional

knowledge usefull for natural resource management. Therefore, capacity building and

job opportunities should be provided to local communities. Local communities also

have a key role in the implementation of natural resource sustainable use pratices for

the improvement of their long term welfare.

4.5. Institutional arrangements

In order to integrate all sectors, the Council of Ministers created the National Council

for Sustainable Development, CONDES, whose responsibilities were described

previously in previous chapters of this plan. On the other hand, for each convention

there is a technical committee made up by members from different Government

institutions, private sector and NGO’s. These technical committees have the task of

planning and supervising the activities of the implementation of the conventions. To

improve the coordination of different activities in the perspective of the conventions,

it is proposed the combination of all technical committees to create the Conventions

Working Group, GTC, that should report to the CONDES technical council. The

working group should be suficiently represent all stakeholders and ensure that their

recommendations and activities are incorporated on the plans and programs of

different sectors. The working group will have the following tasks:

• To identify and update priority areas of those presented in the action plan and

identify specific projects to be submitted for funding by GEF;

• To identify annual activities to ensure the implementation of the action plan

and establish the deadlines for these activities;

• To coordenate activities of the implementation including the submission of

funding requests to GEF and other partners;

• To promote the training of technicians in issues related to the conventions;

• To prepare, update and disseminate national annual reports of the activities

undertaken;

• To coordinate the monitoring of the proposed activities;

• To promote public education and awareness campaigns at different levels;

• To promote research according to the priorities identified in the action plan;

• To design a communication and information exchange strategy, including the

creation of a data base with information from relevant sectors;

• To coordinate the collection of data necessary for the elaboration of national

reports and communications in the context of the conventions, including the

identification of sources of data and preparation of formats to collect and

archive data

GTC activity plan should be defined annually, taking in cognisance the priority

activities suggested in the Action Plan. To ensure proper funcioning of GTC there will

be a need to prepare detailed Terms of Reference, as well as details on a work

methodology that will ensure the active participation of the members.

4.6. Monitoring and evaluation

MICOA through CONDES will be in the center of the task of monitoring and

evaluating the implementation of the Action Plan. Therefore, MICOA should prepare

an annual report based on the information supplied by different stakeholders involved

in the implementation of the conventions. This report will be submitted to all partner

institutions, including UNEP. This arrangement, however, will not remove the

obligation that Focal Points have of preparing regular reports to comply with the

obligations related to each of the convention. The annual report should be endorsed by

CONDES. The basis for monitoring the implementation of the Action Plan will be the

indicators established for each of the activities indicated in the Action Plan. This

Action Plan is subject to revision and change, based on the results of the monitoring

process. There will be an annual financial auditing, following mechanisms to be

agreed on with the funders of the Action Plan. Other mechanisms of monitoring and

evaluation could be adopted if deemed necessary. However, the adoption of such

monitoring tools should depend on a previous endorsement by CONDES.

5. REFERENCES

CBD. 2003. Handbook of the convention on Biological Diversity, 2nd edition,

Montreal

MICOA.2003. Estratégia e Plano de Acção para a Conservação da Biodiversidade,

Maputo

MICOA. 2004. Plano de Acção Nacional de combate à seca e desertificação, Maputo

MICOA. 2005a. Avaliação das Necessidades Nacionais de Capacitação e

Potencialidades para o cumprimento das obrigações da Convenção Quadro das

Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas (CQNUMC), Maputo

MICOA. 2005b. Necessidades nacionais de capacitação para o cumprimento efectivo

das obrigações da convenção do Rio sobre a biodiversidade em Moçambique, Maputo

MICOA. 2005c. Avaliação das necessidades nacionais de capacitação nacional para a

implementação da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Combate a Seca e

Desertificação, Maputo

MICOA. 2005d. Sinergias entre as três convenções do Rio e necessidades de

capacitação,Maputo

MICOA. 2005e. As três convenções do Rio e os respectivos protocolos, Maputo

APPENDIX I - Main activities undertaken in Mozambique in the context of the

Rio Conventions

UNCBD

• Establishment of the National Biodiversity Unit, integrating representatives of

different public and private institutions, NGO’s. The unit is coordinated by

MICOA;

• Establishment of the National Biodiversity Committee;

• Preparation and endorsement of the Strategy and Action Plan for biological

diversity;

• Ratification of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and establishment of an

inter-institutional working group on biotechnology and biosafety;

• Preparation of the technical report about the status of biodiversity in

Mozambique;

• Preparation of national reports on the implementation of the convention on

biological diversity;

• Implementation of a number of projects related to Community-Based Natural

Resource Management;

• Inventory of threatened plant species in the context of the “Southern African

Plant Red List project”. Under this project, 269 threatened plant species were

identified in Mozambique.

UNFCCC

• Establishment of the inter-institutional working group on climate change with

the objective of integrating climate change issues on the sectors work plans

• National inventory of greenhouse gases using data from 1990 and later update

of the invetory using data from 1994;

• Study of the vulnerability of the national economy to climate change, covering

the sector of Agriculture in Chokwe and international Rivers and coastal zones

in Beira;

• Preparation of the national capacity building plan for the implementation of

the Clean Development Mechanism-CD4CDM. The project objective was the

establishment of the National Designated Authority for the purposes of CDM;

• Implementation of the CD4CDM project;

• Establishment and training of the national technical group for the

implementation of Clean Development Mechanism

• Regional workshops for the dissemination of the Clean Development

Mechanism and of the results of the participatory diagnosis

• Preparation of the National Action Plan for Adaptation (NAPA);

• Participatory assessment of the vulnerability of the country to extreme climate

events in the context of NAPA implementation;

• Preparation of the summary of available information on the negative impacts

of climate change;

• Preparation and submission of a project proposal to the Netherlands Climate

Change Studies Assistance Programme (NCCSAP), whose objective was to

prepare the preparation of the climate change strategy;

• Workshop for technical training about the Quioto Protocol issues;

• Dissemination and public awareness of the issues related to the climate change

convention and the Quioto Protocol.

UNCCD

• Diagnosis and mapping of areas affected by drought and or under risk of

desertification in the country;

• Inventory of the causes of drought and desertification in the country;

• Socio economic study of the Chicualacuala district in order to prepare a

project for the rehabilitation of degraded soils;

• Establishment of the National Coordination Body for the implementation of

the UNCCD, integrating the following institutions: MICOA (focal point),

INAM/MTC, MINAG and MOPH;

• Selection of ARO- Juvenil as the NGO focal point for UNCCD and its

integration on the National Coordination Body;

• Establishment of an inter-institutional technical group to prepare a proposal of

the Desertification National Fund

• Public education and awareness using the public and nation-wide television

(TVM) in the programm “The ABC of drought and desertification” in

coordination with FILMARTE;

• Implementation of the project “Establishment of Environmental Youth

Organization in Mozambique” in Magude and Funhalouro, with the objective

of involving youth in activities related to environmental conservation while at

the same time creating opportunities for income generation

• Preparation of the National Action Plan for Desertification (NAP).

APPENDIX II - Identified, confirmed and revised priorities

Thematic assessment reports allowed the identification of priorities for the

implementation of each conventions, as indicated in this appendix:

UNCBD

The analysis of the thematic issues of the NUCBD revealed a number of priority

activities for the implementation of the convention as well as priorities for capacity

building for an effective implementation.

The summary of the identified, confirmed and revised priorities in the context of the

implementation of the UNCBD in Mozambique is presented bellow:

• Strengthening of the technical and scientific capacity of MICOA to increase

the efficiency in its task of coordinating the implementation of the

conventions;

• Strengthening of MICOA partner institutions;

• To improve the collaboration among institutions, including a clear definition

of responsibilities of the institutions involved and the promotion of

information exchange;

• Strenghthening the technical capacity at national level about biodiversity at all

levels of biological organization (genes, species, ecosystems and the

associated ecological processes), biotechnology, invasive species and benefit

sharing;

• Preparation of a data base about the biodiversity of the country and its

conservation status;

• Insertion of biodiversity matters on the agenda on national institutions;

• Promotion of development iniciatives with low impact on biodiversity (eg.

Conservation agriculture, etc) and capacity building for the environmental

impact of economic activities on biodiversity;

• Enhanced dissemination of the convention in the country to increase the level

of its knowledge, particularly by the natural resource dependent rural

communities;

• Identification and promotion of alternative sources of income and livelihood

for the communities dependent on natural resources;

• Identification of economic alternatives for the reduction of poverty and

pressure on natural resources;

• Identification and promotion of clean industrial and agrarian technologies to

minimize pollution and other environmental impacts;

• Dissemination of national legislation, law enforcement and surveillance to

slow down the rate of illegal and excessive harvesting and degradation of

biological resources and ecosystems;

• Development of specific legislation for the invasive species and for benefit

sharing;

• Development of a legal framework and strenghtening of the institutional

capacity about the use of biotechnology in Mozambique;

• Promotion of public awareness about the direct and indirect value of

biodiversity, sustainable use, causes and consequences of biodiversity loss for

the rural communities;

• To strenghten the participation of communities and the private sector in the

management of natural resources, including the sharing of benefits obtained

from the genetic resources;

• To recognize the contribution of traditional knowledge and traditional

resource use practices in the sustainable use of natural resources;

• Promotion of projects for the restoration and rehabilitation of biological

resources and degraded ecosystems;

• Preparation of a national policy for the conservation of biodiversity, including

the definition of specific goals for the conservation species and habitats;

• Strenghtening of the national facilities for ex situ biodiversity conservation.

UNFCCC

The analysis of the thematic aspects of the UNFCCC suggests the following priority

activities for the implementation of the convention in Mozambique:

• Continuously building capacity on the rural communities to reduce the

pressure over natural resources an other components of the environment;

• Dissemination of relevant national laws, the convention and the Quioto

protocol at the rural community level;

• Support of forestation programs to compensate the fuelwood used for different

purposes as well as to compensate for vegetation loses caused by deforestation

during agricultural practices and to increase the availability of fuelwood for

the rural communities;

• Promotion of the conservation of carbon storage in natural forests;

• To stimulate the use of integrated land use systems, such as agroforestry;

• To promote the production of drought resistent crops;

• Monitoring wheather parameters through the network of wheather stations;

• To inventory greenhouse gases regularly;

• To build the capacity of the institutions for the implementation of CDM;

• To support the enterprises for the implementation of CDM;

• To plan housing taking into consideration the vulnerability of different zones

to extreme events;

• To carry out more climate change vulnerability studies to cover more regions

of the country and sectors of the economy;

• To consider the Quioto Protocol during the Environmental Impact Assessment

for industrial licensing

• To promote environmental education and awareness campaigns about the

consequences of biomass burning on the climate system and for the human

being;

• Destruction of the inventoried obsolete pesticides;

• Assessment of the impact of military activities in the terrestrial and marine

environment;

• To strenghtnen the system of previous notice in case of extreme climate

events;

• To update the hydrological and meteorological equipment existing in the

country;

• To increase the awareness of the enterprises for the need to considered the

rules for environmental certification;

• To improve the collaboration among institutions, including the allocation of

responsibilities for each institution involved in the implementation of activities

related to the convention, and to improve the mechanisms of information

sharing and exchange;

• To disseminate the methods of accessing GEF funding by the enterprises;

• To strengthen surveillance.

UNCCD

• Dissemination of national legislation and of the convention at all levels of the

society;

• To promote studies towards identifying other areas affected by drought and or

under risk of desertification;

• To organize awareness campaigns about the causes and consequences of

drought, and how to mitigate the effects of drought;

• To strenghten the technical and scientific capacity of the institutions involved

in activities related to UNCCD;

• To promote the participation of local communities in the management of land

and other natural resources;

• To identify and support alternative sources of income in areas affected by

drought, such as ecotourism;

• To develop facilities for rainfall water capturing and conservation for

agriculture and family use in areas affected by drought.

Date post:	14-Aug-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	2 times
Download:	0 times

NATIONAL CAPACITY SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTION PLAN · SAFMAR Maritime Surveillance and Safety Service...

Documents