National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) notified on 7th September, 2005Aims at Enhancing livelihood security of households in rural areas of the country by Providing at least 100 day of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled workGeneral status of NREGA in Karnataka state (As on April 6 2009)

Number of Districts covered in Karnataka StateI Phase (2006-07) : 5 districts were introduced

II Phase (2007-08) : 6 districts III Phase (2008-09) : remaining 18 districts were brought

Particulars Quantity

Employment provided to households 7.5 Lakhs

Total person days generated 6.09 Lakhs

Women 2.91 Lakhs (47.59%)

Total fund 15435.98 crore

Total works taken up 47277

Expenditure 9944.8 crore

Districts

Good(Higher Person Days)

Poor( Low Person Days)

Chitradurga( I Phase)

Hassan( II Phase)

Shimoga( II Phase)

DavanagereI Phase

Basis for Selection of Block\Taluk

Proximity to urban centre

Based on financial performance

Based on person days

Basis for selection of GP and works

Random selection

One village and one work for each G.P( 4 G.Ps per Block)

Out of 4 works per block, 3 ongoing worksand one completed work

Good Performing(Higher Person days)

Poor Performing(Low Person days)

Total sample size in each district: 80 workersTotal sample size in each district: 80 workers

Out of 4 works per block, 3 ongoing works and one

completed work

Out of 4 works per block, 3 ongoing works and one

completed work

Data was collected at Micro and Macro levels

Macro level-Block levelDistrict level

Micro Level- Gram Panchayath levelVillage levelWork site level

Interaction with Deputy

Secretary

Interaction with G.P secretary

Interaction with Rozgar

Sahayak

Data collection

from labourers

  Chitradurga Before AfterPaired t test

Annual mean income 6902.5 8250 2.71**

No. of beneficiaries per family 1.9 2.75 3.59**

No. of working days per year 180 198 3.27**

Job satisfaction (%) 35 70

 

Bank account opened (%) 7.5 100

Migration (% of respondent) 35.5 22.5

Hassan Before AfterPaired t

test

Annual mean income 6725 7584.5 2.16*

No. of beneficiaries per family

2.25 2.55 0.95NS

No. of working days per year

187.75 216.25 3.15**

Job satisfaction (%) 30 77.5

Bank account opened (%) 7.5 95.0

Migration (% of respondent)

22.5 20.1

  Shimoga Before AfterPaired t test

Annual mean income 6867.5 7750 2.49*

No. of beneficiaries per family 1.9 2.3 2.72**

No. of working days per year 187.9 208.75 3.35**

Job satisfaction (%) 37.5 62.5  

Bank account opened (%) 17.5 90  

Migration (% of respondent) 47.5 32.5  

.

** indicates that 1 per cent level of significance, * indicates that 5 per cent level of significance

** indicates that 1 per cent level of significance, * indicates that 5 per cent level of significance

** indicates that 1 per cent level of significance, * indicates that 5 per cent level of significance

Shimoga

2%2%

78%

11%7%

Flood control

water conservation andwater harvesting

Drought proofing

Irrigation canals

Land development

Chitradurga

25%

37%

13%

25%Flood control

w ater conservation andw ater harvesting

Drought proofing

Irrigation canals

Hassan

2%

41%

23%

15%

4%11% 4%

Rural connectivity

w ater conservation and w aterharvesting

Renovationof tradition w aterbodies

Irrigation canals

Irrigation facilities to SC/ST

Land development

Other w orks

Constraints-General• Demand driven approach is not properly appreciated at all levels •Inadequate manpower to implement and supervise NREGA works•Wherever Market wage rates are higher, implementation of NREGA suffered•Inadequate technical support

Labour level

• Most of the GP secretaries are not adequately qualified/trained to understand the procedures and process to execute the NREGA works efficiently

• Delay in payment due to delay in writing the MB book • MIS not updated (Arasikere block)

• Poor level of entries in job cards

•Lack of awareness about social audit

•Weak convergence of NREGA with other Departments like Watershed

• Most of the GP secretaries are not adequately qualified/trained to understand the procedures and process to execute the NREGA works efficiently

• Delay in payment due to delay in writing the MB book • MIS not updated (Arasikere block)

• Poor level of entries in job cards

•Lack of awareness about social audit

•Weak convergence of NREGA with other Departments like Watershed

Gram Panchayath level

•NREGA Wage rate lower than Market wage rate (Rs.111.7/day)•Demand for advance payment • Less labour demand for NREGA work due to migration • Organizing Labour is difficult• In case of community works, sense of belongingness is lacking• Delay in Payment (20 days-Arasikere)•Especially in summer, works which involve digging there is shortage of men labour•No awareness about Provision and procedures of the Act ( 10 %)

•NREGA Wage rate lower than Market wage rate (Rs.111.7/day)•Demand for advance payment • Less labour demand for NREGA work due to migration • Organizing Labour is difficult• In case of community works, sense of belongingness is lacking• Delay in Payment (20 days-Arasikere)•Especially in summer, works which involve digging there is shortage of men labour•No awareness about Provision and procedures of the Act ( 10 %)

Hassan DistrictHassan District

Labour level

•Implementation of NREGA is difficult because of Irrigation.

• No demand for NREGA works in Irrigated area

• Most of the secretaries are not adequately qualified to clearly understand and appreciate the procedures and efficiently execute the works

• MIS not updated

• No technical support

•Implementation of NREGA is difficult because of Irrigation.

• No demand for NREGA works in Irrigated area

• Most of the secretaries are not adequately qualified to clearly understand and appreciate the procedures and efficiently execute the works

• MIS not updated

• No technical support

Gram Panchayath level

•Demand for daily payment

• NREGA Wage rate lower than Market wage rate for men ( Female: Rs. 64.12/day, Male Rs.106.3/day)

• Work available through out the year due to irrigation (Bhadravathi area) •No awareness about Provisions and procedures of the Act

• Men labour ridiculed by neighbors for working under NREGA due to equal wage rate for men and women

•Demand for daily payment

• NREGA Wage rate lower than Market wage rate for men ( Female: Rs. 64.12/day, Male Rs.106.3/day)

• Work available through out the year due to irrigation (Bhadravathi area) •No awareness about Provisions and procedures of the Act

• Men labour ridiculed by neighbors for working under NREGA due to equal wage rate for men and women

Shimoga DistrictShimoga District

Labour level

•Most secretaries are not adequately qualified to clearly understand the procedures and efficiently execute the works

• Delay in payment due to delay in writing the MB book , check measurement book

• MIS not updated

• Shortage of Staff to maintain NREGA records

• No entry in job cards ( 53.42 %) •No technical support

• Problem of middle men, use of mechanical devices like JCB and tractor

•Most secretaries are not adequately qualified to clearly understand the procedures and efficiently execute the works

• Delay in payment due to delay in writing the MB book , check measurement book

• MIS not updated

• Shortage of Staff to maintain NREGA records

• No entry in job cards ( 53.42 %) •No technical support

• Problem of middle men, use of mechanical devices like JCB and tractor

Gram Panchayath level

•Demand for daily payment

• No awareness about Provisions and procedures of the Act

• Delay in payment ( 1 to 3 months)

• First aid kit not provided at work site( In four blocks)

•Assets are of average quality, •in some cases below average

•Demand for daily payment

• No awareness about Provisions and procedures of the Act

• Delay in payment ( 1 to 3 months)

• First aid kit not provided at work site( In four blocks)

•Assets are of average quality, •in some cases below average

Chitradurga DistrictChitradurga District

Best Practices • Change of work timings -7 AM to 2-30 PM

(Soraba)

• Performance of street play to create awareness

• Mobilization of labour force for executing community works, despite low NREGA wages

MIS is good in Hassan District

• Selection of works which provide benefit to the community.

For instance construction of diversion canal in Barandur G.P limits prevented damage to the road, water stagnation and rain water gushing to the houses in low lying area

Soraba: Desiltation of Tanks resulted increased water storage which enabled

• Increased productivity of paddy from 20 to 22 quintals/ac (area under paddy-50 ac)• Two crops per year• Ground water recharge ( 42 wells)• Incremental Benefit cost ratio: 3.12 Rs.

•Though the programme is said to be demand driven, actually labourers are not

volunteering to participate in NREGA works- Needs motivation

• Where there is assured irrigation and in blocks close to Urban centers, NREGA

implementation need not be target oriented

•Partial use of machineries may be permitted where manual work is difficult

• Need inter-sectoral approach for technical guidance

• Separate setup needs to be given for NREGA with professionals

•Need to reduce complicated procedures to make timely payment

• Ratio of labour to material needs modification from 60:40 to 50:50 in order to improve the quality and durability of assets.

•Improving capacity building at G.P level

•Provide employment for 100 days for each individual in the household

•Provision for fencing the afforestation in CPR

•Enhance the administrative expenses from present 4 % to 10 %

•Wage rate may be enhanced from Rs.82 to 100/day (Difference in wage rate

between men and women needs further debate)

ContinuedContinued

• Rigorous efforts to create awareness among all the stakeholders regarding the procedures and provisions of NREGA

• Implementing agency at various level needs both administrative and technical strengthening

• Separate cadre of executive officers are required to implement NREGA more efficiently

• Minimize the number of records under NREGA

G.P

Employment demanded Employment providedNo of families completed 100 days

Gaps between employment demanded and provided(No. of HHs)HHs persons HHs persons person days

Ambuga 196 673 193 659 7880 14 3

Kowshika 86 227 86 226 2452 4 0

Markuli 307 678 304 671 18496 48 3

Tejur 38 86 38 86 1316 3 0

General Status of NREGA in Selected Gram Panchayath of Hassan Taluk

Panchayath nameLabour

cost(Rs.)

Material cost(Rs.)

Total(Rs.)

Proportion of expenditure on material and labour

cost

Male Female

Participation of Female per

one male Total

Ambuga 4.501 2.858 7.359 61:39 924 917 0.99 1841

Koushika 0.47 0.15 0.62 76:24 805 653 0.81 1458

Markuli 27.165 0.837 28.007 97:3 1458 1367 0.94 2825

Tejur 0.984 0 0.984 100:0 984 779 0.79 1763

Financial performance of NREGA in Hassan Taluk

Panchayath nameLabour

cost(Rs.)

Material cost(Rs.)

Total(Rs.)

Proportion of expenditure on material and labour

cost

Male Female

Participation of Female per

one male Total

Ambuga 4.501 2.858 7.359 61:39 924 917 0.99 1841

Koushika 0.47 0.15 0.62 76:24 805 653 0.81 1458

Markuli 27.165 0.837 28.007 97:3 1458 1367 0.94 2825

Tejur 0.984 0 0.984 100:0 984 779 0.79 1763

Financial performance of NREGA in Hassan Taluk

   Ambuga Koushika

Markuli Tejur

Education (%)Literate 30 10 50 60

Illiterate 70 90 50 40

Caste (%)SC/ST 80 0 0 60

OBC 20 100 100 40

Land holding (Acre)

Landless 30 40 0 10

Land holding < 2.5 acre 70 60 100 90

Composition of beneficiary

N=10

Tejur Ambuga Koushika Markuli

General Awareness

about NREGA

through this medium (%)

Wall writing 35.0 7.7 14.7 21.6

Radio 0.0 7.7 11.8 13.5

Announcement through auto rickshaw 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

tom tom 0.0 19.2 20.6 18.9

Working neighbors 25.0 34.6 29.4 24.3

Through Village Secretary /Local leader 40.0 30.8 23.5 21.6

Families still need to know about NREGA 25.0 40.0 30.0 20.0

Awareness about provisions and procedures of the Act (% of respondent)

30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Meeting attended (% of respondent) 30.0 0.0 0.0 20.0

Willingly participating in NREGA (%) 60.0 70.0 60.0 80.0

Awareness among people about Provisions and their rights under NREGA in selected G.P of Hassan taluk and district

N=10

Tejur Ambuga Koushika Markuli

Application Submitted for Employment (%) 40.0 20.0 0.0 50.0

Registration without risk (%) 100.0 90.0 100.0 100.0

Avg. Gap between registration and issue of job card (No. of Weeks)

2.2 2.6 2.1 2.4

Entry in job card (%) 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Dated receipt issued by gram Panchayath (%) 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Photo in job card (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.0

Job card under custody (%)

House Hold 100.0 0.0 90.0 100.0

Gram Panchayath 0.0 100.0 10.0 0.0

Work allotted in 15 days (%)

Yes 100.0 70.0 90.0 100.0

No 0.0 30.0 10.0 0.0

Usefulness of the work (%) 85.0 90.0 84.0 90.0

Status of Application submitted, Job card and Registration of Job card in Hassan (N=10)

Facilities at work site

Tejur Ambuga Koushika Markuli

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Drinking water 90.0 10.0 80.0 0.0 80.0 20.0 90.0 10.0

Shade 70.0 30.0 0.0 100.0 10.0 90.0 0.0 0.0

Medical aid 80.0 20.0 60.0 40.0 90.0 10.0 90.0 10.0

Creche 0.0 100.0 0.0 100 0.0 100 0.0 100

Facilities at work site in Selected Gram Panchayath of Hassan Taluk

N=10

Gram Pancyath

SexAvg. Wage

outside

Avg. wage rate in

NREGA

No. of days worked per

HHs

Avg. No. of days

required to receive wages

Bank account opened

Type of bank account

Joint Individual

TejurFemale 128.0 82.0 14.0 14.3 100.0 75.0 25.0

Male 157.8 82.0 14.0 12.8 100.0 100.0 0.0

Ambuga

Female 100.0 82.0 10.2 100.0 83.3 16.7

Male 137.5 82.0 14.7 100.0 75.0 25.0

KoushikaFemale 72.0 82.0 43.0 9.8 100.0 100.0 0.0

Male 100.0 82.0 43.0 9.8 100.0 80.0 20.0

MarkuliFemale 80.0 82.0 12.0 9.0 100.0 100.0 0.0

Male 112.2 82.0 13.2 10.5 100.0 22.3 77.7

Details of Wage Payment, No of days worked per HHs and Details of Bank account of Beneficiary N=10

N=10

128

157.8

100

137.5

72

100

80

112.2

82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

Tejur Ambuga Koushika Markuli

Wag

e R

ate

(Rs.

/day

)Market w age rate (Rs./day) NREGA Wage rate (Rs./day)

NREGA wage rate Vs Market wage rate

G.P

Avg. No. of days worked

under NREGA

Amount earned through NREGA

(Rs.)

Bank account opened (%)

Savings per weeks

(Rs.)

Participate in home

management (% of Respondent)

SHG members

(%)Joint Individual

Tejur 14.0 1148.0 75.0 25.0 58.0 85.0 100.0

Ambuga 83.3 16.7 80.0 66.7 83.5

Koushika 43.0 3526.0 100.0 0.0 80.0 60.0 80.0

Markuli 12.0 984.0 100.0 0.0 40.0 49.0 100.0

Women Empowerment

N=10

Tejur Ambuga Koushika Markuli

No. of training attended

Panchayath Secretary 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Wage seekers 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0

Number of staff given to supervise And

implementation of NREGA3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

Execution of work

Evidence of contractors and machinery

No No No No

Measurement of work done one time with in a fortnight

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Technical supervision No No No No

Monitoring

Measurement of work done Yes Yes Yes Yes

Certification of work done Yes Yes Yes Yes

Monitoring functionariesGram Panchayath

and BlockGram

PanchayathGram

PanchayathGram

Panchayath

Social audit done (Yes/No) No No No No

Status of Staff, Training and monitoring in selected Gram Panchayath of Hassan