Nature at the Edge of the City

Nature at the Edge of the City...Reconnecting Ecology & Community Through

Adaptive Reuse of Folcroft and Clearview Landfills.



Reconnect the ecology and communities to Folcroft and Clearview.

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Revive the culture and history of the Eastwick neighborhood and the John Heinz Wildlife Refugee.

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Encourage economic growth around Folcroft and Clearview.

property values

infrastructure recr

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job creationre

aethetics

Restore Cobbs & Darby Creeks. Educate the community on its watershed. To improve water management around Folcroft and Clearview.

restore pollution

upstream bmps

Resurrect the rural context and lost ecology of the area to enhance the community of today.

Protect and enhance the resources of the John Heinz Wildlife Refuge.

Integrate built and natural systems to recreate the unique intersection of urban and rural life of the past.

Identify lost elements of the past that defi ned the strong positive values of the community.

Recognize the surrounding communities that existed and embrace them within the design interventions.

Revive the culture and history of the Eastwick neighborhood & the John Heinz Wildlife Refugee.

The Township developed into an active center for the movements of the Underground Railroad. 1715-1865

Textile making moved from private homes to newly erected mills.1830’s

Earliest European settlement dates back to 1643, when colonel John Printz established a settlement at Tinicum that served as the seat of the Swedish government in North America for 12 years until it was surrendered to the Dutch.1640’s

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Darby Creek Floodplain (c.1920’s)

A Home at the edge of Marsh

Darby Creek Swimmers above Baltimore Pike (c.1925)

Cobb’s Creek River Edge (c.1925)

“The sewage shown in this stream is a defi lement of god’s gift of a beautiful stream. Why not let the boys regain a clean swimming hole..... B. Wallace1925

View up a typical street in Folcroft. (c.1910’s)

Cow Pasture Along Cobb’s Creek (c.1920’s)

Ashland Ave (c.1909)

Shallcross Ave - Knowles House (c.1890)

During this time period, industrial development fl ourished over the rural landscapes. 1890-1930

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430 Charmont Ave. Folcroft (c.1930)

Delaware Co. Firemens Association Co. (c.1940)1700 Shallcross Ave. Folcroft (c.1930)

Open Sewer 85th & Brunswick Ave. (c.1942)

1930 -1950An unusually racially diverse community for the 1950s... ...A mix of 60 % urban and 40% rural land uses.

Eastwick was not heavily populated and was characterized by “small farms, trailers, scattered housing developments.

Folcroft High School @ Elmwood Ave.

1951

Eastwick Row homes (c.1951)

Public Outhouses 90th & Eastwick Ave. (c.1951)

90th & Eastwick Ave. (c. 1951) An Eastwick Family (c.1951)

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Eastwick single family homeEastwick rural home

By the 1950s Eastwick had an aging, dilapidated housing stock, much of which lacked private baths; unpaved streets and sidewalks; inadequate sewage, water, and stormwater facilities. There were two extremes within this community -- the rural romanticism of Eastwick’s farms, and the compact, community - fostering blocks of row homes. Unfortunately, this urban anomaly was to be wiped away by the wrecking ball.

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The pursuit of [redevelopment] brought an attendant element of tragic irony, as the urban renewal initiative required the destruction of the area’s unique existing community, which, unlike most of Philadelphia during this period, was already a racially integrated community. 1950-1980

Folcroft Dump Backfi ll (c.1977) Urban Renewal (c.1960’s)Folcroft Stream bank (c.1970’s)

By 1982, more than 4,200 new dwelling units, (2,000 single-family homes and 1,300 apartment units), three shopping centers, three churches, two schools, a library, parks, playgrounds, and the pedestrian esplanade had been completed.

By 2000, we fi nd that it area is 41% white and 53% black, thus indicating a true diversity and achievement of the city’s original goal. However, looking at the census data more closely, it reveals a polarization races within the community.1980-2000

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70th Street shopping centerLindbergh BoulevardPedestrian EsplanadeCul-de-Sac on Buist Ave

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Borough Hall (Former Folcroft High School) Elmwood Ave. East View from John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge

The Future Looking to the future, using Fresh Kills, N.Y. as a case study to guide our communities cultural development; We will bring the rural component back into the urban setting, by establishing open air markets , recreational fi elds, pavilions and pathways as essential destinations points to draw the residents of the surrounding com-munities back together. In addition to, welcoming new visitors into the community.

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Restore Cobbs and Darby Creeks while educate the community on the watershed to improve water management around Folcroft and Clearview.

Pinpoint pollution sources to clean up around Folcroft and Clearview.

Educate the community on what the watershed means to them, that water quality is affected by water management upstream.

Outline BMPs that would improve the fl ooding and general water management around Folcroft and Clearview.

Restore Cobbs and Darby Creeks and educate the community on the watershed to improve water management around Folcroft and Clearview.

restore pollution

upstream bmpsdeveloped

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1937 1958 1971 2011lost green space lost wetlands

6%17%

-6%-17%

5%-1% (gain)

5%2%

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restore pollution

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1938

Modest fi lling of the fl oodplainSignifi cant pervious coverageWetlands provide fl ood storageBuildings beginning to en-

Limited development within fl ood plain

Flow in multiple channels

Tidally driven fl ooding to the south

Agriculture in fl oodplain

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restore pollution

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1958

Noticeable fi lling of Clearview fl oodplainPervious coverage decreasesWetlands being fi lledFloodplain levels rise with fi ll & development

Clearview site being fi lled

Fewer channels restrict fl ow


Industry built in fl oodplain

Folcroft site active

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1971

Signifi cant fi lling of Clearview & Folcroft sitesRapid development & pervious coverage increaseFill consumes signifi cant landfi ll areasFlooding levels continue to increase

Clearview site rises and spreadsVegetation increases along streams


Increased industry in fl oodplain

Filling for commercial sites

Filling at Folcroft

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2011

Fill areas stableContinued increases in pervious coverageSome wetland in refuge reclaimedFlood levels rising & severe fl ash fl ooding

Constrict diverts fl ow to EastwickFilling increases fl ood level


More industry in fl oodplain

Wetland restoration projects

Folcroft Inactive

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1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000McCobb & Weiskel 2003

Fresh Water

SaltWater

Increased sea level will push mix-ing zone species upstream where marshe habitat no longer exist, marsh species become extinct

Salt & Fresh WaterMixing Zone

Groundwater discharge zone

Contaminated groundwater discharges to streams & marshes

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restore pollution

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Rain falls on uncapped landfi ll

Polluted runoff to parkland

Darby & cobbs creek fl owdrectly against the landfi ll

Pollutants fl owdownstream

Pollutants fl ow ingroundwater below landfi ll

Polluted runoffto stream

Stream fl ows erode the banks& pollutants enter the creeks

Pollutants belowpark & homes

Surface runoff to eastwickHeavy metals, arsenic, VOCSurface runoff to creek

Rainfall

Leachate seepage to creek

Groundwater fl ow to south

Heavy metals, svoc, pah, pesticides

Arsenic, heavy metals, benzopyrene, pesticides

Groundwater fl ow to eastArsenic, benzopyrene, benzene, heavy metals, VOC, SVOC, pesticides, PCB

Arsenic, benzopyrene, benzene, heavy metals, VOC, SVOC, pesticides, PCB

PCBLinked to multiple cancers including brain cancer

AntimonyExposure can lead to decreased lung function & cancer

LeadPuts children at great risk for Impaired neurological development

BenzeneCan impact red blood cells, bone marrow, and cause low birth weights

BenzopyreneLinked to skin, lung, and bladder cancers

Landfi llGasses

Methane

Benzene

Metals remain on the surface and in the ground

Metals

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restore pollution

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Rest

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Cre

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Isolate

Remove Homes From the Floodplain

Cap & Cover

Excavate & Consolidate

Nature at the Edge of the City

Create Flood Storage

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Create green corridors for terrestrial animals to safely navigate through urban infrastructure.

Restore habitats to encourage protected and / or endangered species in the watershed region.

Identify access points, landmarks, gateway areas, and transit locations to improve connections to Folcroft and Clearview.

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Identify access points,landmarks, gateway areas,and transit locations toimprove connections to Folcroft and Clearview.

Existing Conditions

High

Proposed Airport Expansion

Ecological Quality

Low

Vacant Lands

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0 - 15 Years


Ecological Quality

Low

Vacant Lands

High

Con

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15 - 30 Years


Ecological Quality

Low

Vacant Lands

High


Ecological Quality

Low

Vacant Lands

Con

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30 - 45 Years

High

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Projected Habitats

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Riverine Open Water

Freshwater Tidal MarshTidal hydrology in combination with marsh surface elevation. Natural ac-cretion of alluvial sediments across marsh surface. Development of natu-ral channel morphology within marsh plain.

Focal Species: American Bittern, Black-bellied Plover, Greater Yellow-legs, King Rail, Least Bittern, Marsh Wren, Short-eared owl, Sedge Wren, Red-bellied Turtle.

Coastal Plain & Floodplain ForestSeasonally wet or saturated silt and clay soils; Regeneration of dominant canopy species through a combina-tion of period fi re of canopy open-ings.

Focal Species: American Woodcock, Northern Oriole, Prothonotary War-bler, Wood Thrush, Worm-eating War-bler, Coastal Plain Leopard Frog.

Upland ForestHardwood dominated forests occur-ring on fairly mesic sites, and is quite variable in composition. Quercus rubra is usually present, often domi-nant/co-dominant, most often with Acer rubrum, Q. velutina, Q. alba, Carya tomentosa, C. ovata, Betu-la lenta, B. alleghaniensis, Fraxinus americana, Fagus grandifolia, and/or Liriodendron tulipifera.

Perennial tidal fl ows and periodic fl ooding. Open water with periodic mudfl ats.

Focal Species: American Eel, Alewife, Blueback Herring, Striped Bass.

Impoundment.

Focal Species: American Black Duck, Bald Eagle, Black-crowned Night Heron, Great Egret, Least Tern, Semi-palmated Sandpiper, Spotted Sand-piper.

Wet Meadows & GrasslandsNaturally maintained by periodic fi re; contain season saturation or fl ooding.

Focal Species: American Woodcock, Northern Oriole, Coastal Plain Leop-ard Frog, Sedge Wren, Short-eared Owl.

Doxiadis Plan

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Create green corridors for terrestrial animals to safely navigate through urbaninfrastructure.

Restore habitats toencourage protected and / or endangered species inthe watershed region.

Main Roads and Expressway

Existing

Car Bus Bike

I-95

N-S Arterial RoadsProvide great access to work if you live out of the city or at the nearby airport.

Provides access to both the airport and connects Delaware state to Philadelphia along the Delaware River.

Doxiadis Plan

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ExistingIssues

I-95

N-S Arterial RoadsEastwick is bisected by Island Avenue & Lindbergh Boulevard. “As a result, the community is split up into three residentialquadrants that are separated by wide, high-speed arterials, which discourage pedestriancrossings”

Eastwick is disconnected to the Deleware River by 1-95. This Major Interstate further fragments the community, especially the parts of Eastwick closest to the landfi ll.

The 1959 PlanThe Doxiadis Plan though forward thinking for its day gave people and cars the same importance, creating wide roads and ample parking.

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ExistingIssues

FragmentationWith Eastwicks design giving equal weight to cars and people in addition to its location along Cobbs creek and I-95. Eastiwick has major issues with fragmentation due to vehicular circulation and geographic placement.

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ExistingIssues

FragmentationThis creates an Island effect, especially for the community nearest the Eastwick landfi ll

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Framework

I-95

N-S Arterial RoadsProvide pedestrian bridges and fi nish the esplanade as the original Doxiadis Plan had intended. Turn unneeded or redundant parking lot areas into miniature parks so that the community has small meeting spaces that they can call their own.

Connect the airport and Delaware river with Eastwick to bring people into the site. This is possible by ways of underpasses and other thoughtful connections

Provide more signage to engage drivers as well as people waiting at the airport of both the Eastwick landfi ll and John Heinz Nature Refuge.

Signage

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Framework

I-95

N-S Arterial RoadsProvide pedestrian bridges and fi nish the esplanade as the original Doxiadis Plan had intended. Turn unneeded or redundant parking lot areas into miniature parks so that the community has small meeting spaces that they can call their own.

Connect the airport and Delaware river with Eastwick to bring people into the site. This is possible by ways of underpasses and other thoughtful connections

Provide more signage to engage drivers as well as people waiting at the airport of both the Eastwick landfi ll and John Heinz Nature Refuge.

Signage

Bike Path at John Heinz

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Existing

Bike Trail

Doxiadis PlansPedestrian Esplanade

Refuge TrailGreat for hikers and bikers. This trail lets you experience the refuge as a whole. Has plans to be part of the East coast Greenway.

Cobbs Creek TrailA walkable path along the trail, has plans to extend to the Refuge

EsplanadeFragmented and incomplete

Bike LanesMany bike lanes connect Philadelphia and Delaware County.

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ExistingIssues

Refuge TrailDoes not connect to Delaware River, Airport or . No welcome area on the west end entrance.

Bike LanesAre Broken and fragmented across the Eastwick Community.

EsplanadeFragmented and incomplete

Bike Trail

Doxiadis PlansPedestrian Esplanade

Photos of Existing Pedestrian Esplanade

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Framework

Refuge TrailConnect under I-95 as well as to Eastwick Train Station stop.

EsplanadeContinue “feel” of esplanade along existing roads by adding landscape elements. Make more aesthetically pleasing

Complete and connect all existing bike lanes to Eastwick and future east coast greenway to the East. Traffi c lane direction and lane removal will take place to promote pedestrian and bike accessibility.

Bike Lanes

Bike Trail

Photos of Vacant Trolly Road

Welcome AreaCreate a welcome area at the intersection of route 420 and Refuge. Promote link to East coast Greenway here as well.

Extend trail to the RefugeCobbs Creek Trail

Proposed East Coast Greenway

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Existing

Eastwick Train Stop

Eastwick Landfi ll

John Heinz Welcome Center

Island Ave Trolly

Bus Trolly Regional Rail

Bisects the community

Great drop off location for Eastwick from the city.

Island Ave Trolly

Regional Rail

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ExistingIssues

Island Ave TrollyUnder-utilized in construction of Eastwick. Great connection into the city

Regional RailDoes not connect directly to landfi lls or John Heinz Nature Preserve.


Island Ave Trolly

Island Ave Trolly

Regional RailDoes not connect directly to landfi lls or John Heinz Nature Preserve.

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Framework


Island Ave TrollyRedesign Island Ave to accommodate the Trolly.

Regional RailConnect to both John Heinz Welcome Center and to Trails. Bring information and restrooms to this area to promote visits from schools in the city.

Eastwick Train Station

Trail Head

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Access Points Gateways Landmarks

Existing

Eastwick Park

Refuge Entrance

Train Stop

Basketball, Playground and tennis courts dominate this community hub.

Gateway access into John Heinze Wildlife Rufuge

Less known trail head into John Heinze Wildlife Refugeaccessible by rt 420

Eastwick Park

Refuge Entrance

Trail Head

Cobbs Creek TrailProposed connection

Access to Center City Philadelphia and the airport

Train Station

Vacant Trolly RoadCurrently unused

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Trail Head

Access Points Gateways Landmarks

Framework

Turn the park into an access point for the newly designed Eastwick Landfi ll Park

Add signage to make refuge more prevalent

Create multiple Gateways into the refuge

Eastwick Park

Refuge Entrance

Train Stop

Eastwick Park

Refuge Entrance

Trail Head

Cobbs Creek TrailTurn connect and turn Cobbs creek trail into access point

Expand Refuge to train station. Creating an Informational Gateway to the welcome center from Philadelphia

Train Station

Vacant Trolly Road

Trolly RoadLink Eastwick and the refuge to the Delaware River

Econ

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Encourage economic growth around Folcroft and Clearview

property values

infrastructure recr

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job creationre

aethetics

1900

2000

1990

1980

1970

1960

1950

1940

1930

1920

1910

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000population of philadelphia

year

http://theboardwalkempire.blogspot.com/2010/09/atlantic-city-becoming-haven-for-vices.html

declining population decreases development and increases vacant land

“Due to a declining population, the landscape of Southwest Philadelphia is dotted with vacant lots and abandoned buildings and contains a disproportionate amount of transportation infrastructure serving the airport and local industry” (interface studio). These abandoned spaces are most often seen by communities as liabilities, places for drug dealing, violent crime, prostitution, trash, and unsightly vegetation.

These physical liabilities can be seen as assets. The vacant land and infrastructure can be re-purposed to improve the local business economy. Commercial infrastructure will increase local commerce and additional open space will add to the aesthetics and improve property values.

http://interface-studio.com. Philadelphia PA. Accessed on 10.24.11

OPPORTUN

ITIES

OPPO

RTUNITIES

ECONOMIC POTENTIAL

COMMERCIALINFRASTRUCTURE

VACANT LAND

RECREATIONAL OPEN SPACE

Econ

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Gro

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Encourage economic growth around Folcroft and Clearview

property values

infrastructure recr

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job creationre

aethetics

“Virtual Offi ces” are a unique way to help local small businesses. Proposed in an abandon lot in the Sharon Hill neighborhood, this facility would be near local transit and the existing Neighbor to Neighbor Community Development Corporation. Virtual offi ces are clean, neat locations where local entrepreneurs can rent space for meetings or other professional engagements.

“A problem with the 1950’s design of Eastwick was too much land was set aside for institutional uses and remains unused to this day. It seems as if the plan allocated more open space than the city could afford to maintain (Wysong)”. Utilize the open space for green industry such as a plant nursery for the East Coast Greenway and the Philadelphia Green Plan.

http://www.intelligentoffi ce.com. Accessed on 10.24.11Wysong, Matt. Planes, Drains, and Automobiles: A Case Study of Urban Renewal in Eastwick. 2005.



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Nature at the Edge of the City

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