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Nature of science
What is science
Knowledge of facts and laws arranged in an orderly fashion.
Scientific law- is a rule supported by a body of scientific knowledge, that is believed to be true.
Key termsScience
Law
Scientific method
Hypothesis
Experiment
Sample
Control
Constant
Dependent variable
Independent variable
SI
Mass
Volume
Density
Microscope
Charts
Diagrams
Mean
Mode
Median
A branch of science that looks at past civilizations based on:
technological studies
radiometric dating
relative age of relics.
Scientific methodMake observationsAsk a question based on observationsHypothesis- make an educated guess about an expectationBased on the hypothesis make a predictionDesign an experiment to test the hypothesisSet experimental controlsRun your experimentBased on the outcome make a theory or find a new hypothesis and start againCommunicate your results
Simple Experiment Lab.
Make observations
Make predictions, formulate a question
or hypothesisDesign an experiment
Some hypothesis
are supported
Some hypothesis are rejected
Form a Theory
Inference
Is a conclusion that can be drawn from an observation based on what you already know!
Hypothesis
Must be testable
The experiment
Must be repeatable
Sample size
Must be adequate to get results
But not be so large that it can’t be tested.
Controls
The control group is the group that receives no treatment.
What is being done (steps)
Independent variable
The thing that is changed.
Dependent variable
The thing that is being measured or tested. IE the growth of a set of plants or animals.
Constant
The factors that stay the same.
IE the amount of water or sunlight.
Measurement
Weight : Measure of the force of gravity on an item. Will not be the same everywhere.
Measurement
Mass - The amount of matter in an object.
Volume
The amount of space occupied by matter.
V = L x W x H
Will always be written in the 3rd power because it measures 3 items.
Density
The rate of mass in an amount of volume.
Is written like this. g/cm3
D = M Is the formula to find density.V
Measurement SI(System international)
Length- meter-M
Mass- kilogram-kg
Volume- liter-L 1ml = 1centimeter3
Time –second-s
Electric current- ampere- A
Thermodynamic temperature- Kelvin- K
Amount of a substance –mole – mol.
Luminous intensity- Candela- cd
SI Prefixes
Kilo k 1,000
Hecto h 100
Decka da 10
Deci d 0.1
Centi c 0.01
Milli m 0.001
Micro u 0.0000001
SI units Area meters square m
Circumference
Volume cubic meters m
Mass density kg /cubic meter or g/ cubic centimeter kg/m3 g/cm3
Fraction- part to whole
Decimal- Expression of a fraction or power
Celsius temperature degree c C
2 2
33
0 0
Microscopy and measurement
A microscope is an instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object. Pg. 196 C
EyepieceOcular lens
Body tube
Focus
Objective lenses
Storage clip Slide
Light source Stage
Nosepiece
Magnification -The apparent increase in size.
Resolution-the power to show details clearly.
The two main types of data
Quantitative data uses numbers.
Qualitative data uses color changes or observed differences.
Tables and charts
Histogram
Circle charts or pie charts
Scatter plots
Stem and leaf plots
Line and double line
Best fit line
Ways to communicate Data
Mathematical Standards
Mean- The average number Sum/by number of items.
Mode - the most repeated number or data result ( the most common way)
Median- the middle number in a series.
Math skills
Ratio and proportion 2 to 1 is 2:1
Percentage 25 out of 100 is 25%
Significant figures 2.56 rounds to 2.6
Scientific notation or powers 103
Venn diagrams
Think like a scientist
Make close observations
Infer (use what you know and build on it)
Make predictions based on knowledge
Classify organisms in an orderly fashion
Make models to study
Communicate your ideas clearly with others
Science can be fun
We all use science to make discoveries, this year you will learn just how cool science can be.