Impact Assessment
Of
The project entitled
“Food Self reliance and Sustained Livelihoods through Improved land and
Water
Management, under central India Initiative”
Implemented by
Nav Bharat Jagriti Kendra (NBJK), Khunti
Done by
Collectives for Integrated Livelihood Initiatives (CInI)
Jamshedpur
Contents Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 About the Project: ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................... 10
3.1: Methodology followed .................................................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Establishing and Strengthening of Community Based Organization: ............................................................................ 11
4.2 Land and Water Development for Agriculture Diversification: ....................................................................................... 15
4.3 Horticulture development .............................................................................................................................................. 22
4.4 Enterprise Development. .............................................................................................................................................. 23
4.5 Knowledge and access to services: .............................................................................................................................. 30
Acronyms
NBJK Nav Bharat Jagriti Kendra
CInI Collectives for Integrated Livelihood Initiatives
FGD Focused group Discussion
SRI System of Rice Intensification
HYV High Yielding Variety
AVRDC
NTFP Non Timber Forest Product
SHG Self Help Group
PV Project Village
CV Control Village
CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Collectives for Integrated Livelihood Initiatives (CInI) have conducted the Impact Assessment study of the project entitled
“Food Self Reliance and Sustained Livelihoods through Improved land and Water Management” implemented by NBJK,
Khunti.
The assessment was done in the six intervened villages of the project School Salga, Jurdag Salga, Digri, Lupungdi,
Maelburu and Anidihto witness the changes been brought by the project.
The project area is in Murhu block of Khunti districtwhich falls under the Chota Nagpur Plateau region which is the home
of the Munda tribes. The topography of the area is undulating and the habitants follow agriculture as the primary
occupation. Mundari( an Austro- Asiatic) language is the prime language spoken by Munda tribes of the area. The region is
governed under Chotanagpur Tenancy Act which came into force in 1908. This act gives land ownership rights to tribals,
known as Mundari Khuntkatti system. The village governance system is unique, headed by the Munda and Pahan. This
acts as a Kangaroo Court whose decisions are respected by the locals.
The study was conducted by using both the quantitative as well as qualitative tools. Focused Group Discussions were
carried out with the Gram Sabha members, Lac cultivators, SHG members to gain insight about the percolation of the
projects objectives.. Along with this, Household level interviews were conducted with over a 10% sample in the project
villages and a significant no of HHs were interviewed in the control village also.
Snapshots of the field findings are as follows:
There is an overall increase of 4 months of food sufficiency for farmers engaged in paddy production. The average
combined yield (SRI and traditional plots) of SRI farmers is 16 quintals per acre, and for farmers still engaged in traditional
method of paddy production is 6.40 quintals per acre. In the control village the production remained at 6.75 quintals per
acre. The difference in yield is largely due to handholding support given to farmers of project village on following the PoP
of SRI promotion. Moreover, across the project village farmers were provisioned with high yielding variety like lalat and
Swarna.
The income from Basket of livelihood options is Rs 36,228. which is 54% more as compared to that of control village. In
the total basket wage labour takes the largest chunk of the pie (66%), this is followed by horticulture and NTFP(16%),
income from Vegetable sale (10%) and income from animals (7%).
Vegetable promotion in form of field trials and Kitchen garden is another new intervention which was done in the project
area in collaboration with AVRDC. It is seen that farmers have started to adapt to new cultural practices of vegetable
promotion and an increase in the vegetable intake in their regular diet. Further, vegetables are also sold in local markets
and adds up to household‟s income basket.
Villagers were enthusiastic about lac cultivation which have been their traditional fall back mechanism if and when
monsoon failed. However in recent year there was a gradual decline in production due to large scale mortality of Rangani
lac insects and decreasing forest cover. Howvever, there are successes seen in case of Kusumi species inoculated on ber
or semialata trees. As a result of which many farmers have again started to grow lac. And Lac fetches an average income
of Rs 1324 per household. However, the production is yet to be stabilized since farmers are yet to reap the benefits from
cultivation of Lac in Semialata.
Horticulture trees like Mango, Nimbu were provisioned to individual households. This intervention is in its gestation phase,
hence benefits reaped from it should be considered over a period of time.
SHGs within the project villages have evolved as an institution which gives small loans to members for consumptive
purposes.
The traditional Gram Sabha of the Mundari villages still has a strong relevance in the developmental interventions initiated by the NGO and GO. There is a gradual evolution within the internal systems of Gram Sabha.
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION
Jharkhand, the 28th State of the Indian Union is best known for its rich mineral resources. However, 78% of the total population of 2.69 crore live in rural areas, largely dependent only on agriculture and allied activities. The total cultivable land in the State compares well at 52% of the total geographical area with 55% in the country. But, unfortunately while 76% of the total cultivable area is under net sown area in the country, only 43% is cultivated in Jharkhand. Khunti, is the newly formed district carved out of Ranchi is the main target area of the project. As per 2001 census, the total population of the district is 8.35 lakh. The tribal population in the district is 3.49 lakh, consisting of Munda, Pahariya,
Asur, Birhor, Dwijiya, Nagesia, etc. 89 per cent of the population live in villages and is engaged in agriculture. The economy of the district is agrarian. A brief of Khunti District’s profile1 is given below:
Sl No
1 Geographical area 2272 Sq KM
No. of Village Inhabitated 616 No. of village electrified 45%
No of villages connected by all weather roads 38%
No villages having supply of potable water na
2 Rainfall
Normal 1500mm
Actual (2006) 1050mm
2010 120mm ( data from soil
conservation office, Khunti) 3 Agro climatic Region and Zone Eastern plateau and hill
region
4 Population (as per 2001) census: (in '000)
Male 431.09
Female 404.72
Total 835.51
Population density / sq km 362
Population below poverty line (family) 28.20
5 Classification of workers as extracted from district profile of combine Ranchi dist ( in Lakh)
Cultivators 1.42
small and marginal farmers .85
Agricultural Labourers .6
Artisans NA
Household cottage industry .10
Allied agro activities NA
Other workers 1.09
1 Source: www. Jharkhand.nic.in
The Six villages Digri, Mailburu, Lupundi, School Salga, Jordagsalga and Aanedih falls in Murhu block of Khunti District. A
brief village profile of the six villages are as follows:
Name of Village/Items
Mileburu Digri Salga Aanredih Pandan toli
Thana Number
118 115 116 121 121
Panchayat Saparom Saparom Saparom Saparom Saparom
Block Murhu Murhu Murhu Murhu Murhu
Population 264 (1991) 681 (1991) 480 (1991) 265 (1991) 217
Tribal 264 681 480 265 167
SC 0 0 0 0 42
Others 0 0 0 0 8
No. of Household
49 123 90 65 43
Distance from Block
25 km 26 Km 27 Km 26 Km 21 Km
Total Geographical Area
153.31 hec 380.45 hec 342.96 hec 165.02 hec 104.10 hec
Forest Area 0 0 0 0 0 hec
Non-Cultivable Land
15.22 hec 24.37 hec 0.94 hec 34.55 hec 62.46 hec
Cultivable Land
138.09 hec 356.08 342.02 130.47 41.64 hec
Irrigated Area 2.02 hec 4.92 hec 3.74 hec 4.25 hec 4.16 hec
Unirrigated Area
136.07 hec 351.16 hec 338.28 hec 126.22 hec 37.5 hec
Cropping System
Monocropping Monocropping Monocropping Monocropping Monocropping
Yield (Quintal per Acre)
5
No. of Household depending on Agriculture, Forest & Labour 49 123 90 65 43
The intervened villages were mainly dominated by the Munda community following Christianity as well as Hinduism and
practicing traditional agriculture which is far away from the scientific techniques of paddy production.
Overall scenario of the village as analyzed from the primary data reveals that the average the family size is of six
members, parents were concern about sending their children to schools. The primary source of livelihood is agriculture and
most of the farmers‟ community having an average cultivable land holding of less than an acre. Most of the cultivation is
done during the Kharif period in the mid land and up land followed by low land. In fact most of the total rice areas in the
villages are concentrated in rainfed eco-system. Transfer/adoption of improved production technology in harsh rainfed eco-
system has not picked up its desired momentum. Therefore, productivity of rice in these ecosystems is considerably poor.
Agriculture as primary occupation is followed by wage labour within and outside the village, NTFP specially lac cultivation
and rearing livestock and goat rearing. Most of the families are food secured for 8-9 months.
2.1 About the Project:
The three years project was towards enabling NBJK to implement an Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM)
based livelihood project for about 350 tribal families in six villages in Murhu block of Ranchi district, Jharkhand. The
proposed project tried to address various livelihood needs of the community, focused largely on creation of natural
resources and promoting their optimum utilization. The overall project area is about 1,042 acres, which is treated with
emphasis on land and water conservation measures. The terrain is highly undulating and has high variations in soil and
water conditions. The six villages comprise of 100% tribal population with farmers having land-holding in the range of 1-2.5
acres, this being highly fragmented with divisions within the families. The cropping system followed is mostly
monocropping, which is paddy crop. The paddy yield in the villages is about 3.98 quintals / acre, which is much below the
state average of 6.07 quintals / acre. The average annual household level incomes, from a combination of agriculture,
forest produce and migration, aggregates between Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 15,000. The INRM approach followed in all the six
villages, focussed on enhancing the livelihood options for the tribal communities, which would increase their incomes from
the present Rs. 10,000 – 15,000 per annum to about Rs. 25,000 – 30,000 per annum, through the promotion of
interventions such as agriculture, horticulture, irrigation infrastructure, Non Timber Forest Produce, animal husbandry and
micro-enterprises.
The key components of the project include:
Establishing and Strengthening of Community Based Organizations,
Land and Water Development for Agriculture Diversification,
Horticulture Development and
Enterprise Development.
CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Impact Assessment was done to understand in detail, the outcomes of the project on livelihood enhancement of tribal
households. The learning‟s from the study would help both NBJK and CInI in defining way forward for intervention in the
area. .
The Key objectives are as follows:
To assess the outcomes of the project on 4 Key Result Areas (KRA) i.e Establishing and
Strengthening of Community Based Organizations, Land and Water Development for Agriculture
Diversification, Horticulture Development and Enterprise Development
To assess the farmers response towards the adoption of the Improved Agricultural Practices
To assess socio economic outcomes within the community
To assess the months of food sufficiency achieved in the project
To generate learning‟s of the project, along with recommendations for the next phase of field
programme
3.1: Methodology followed a) Sample: The study was conducted in all the intervened villages of the project. A total of 350 households were
involved in the interventions. A random selection of the 10% of households from the list of project intervened
families was prepared and studied using the questionnaire. The sample chosen were involved into the various
interventions for two years. The questionnaire prepared captured the overall glance of the village including social
(family, children, education), economic (livelihood options and its practices) and political (Gram Sabha) scenario.
In addition to this in order to know the status of households in the project a set of control villages were also
selected in which interview was conducted with 20 participants on the same parameters. The control villages
were such selected that no interventions from the host as well as from any other organization had taken place.
b) Tools: following tools and methods were used to collect the data;
Secondary data analysis: Review of the project data and information from the routine monitoring system
(i.e. the BToRs, NGO progress reports).
Primary data collection:
1. Discussion with NBJK personnel
2. A detailed survey through individual interview schedule was conducted in six project villages by a team
of enumerators with translator who are fluent in the local dialect in order to understand the adoptability
and practicing the package of practice of the SRI techniques, adoption of vegetable cultivation along
with enterprise development, usage of water harvesting structures and an assessment of the sources
of credit. .
3. FGDs were conducted with groups of people involved in lac cultivators, Gram Sabha members and
SHG members.
c) Data Analysis The data collected were analyzed on few parameters which are as follows: the acceptance and
involvement of the beneficiaries in the project, the adoption of the practices amongst the farmers and cultivators
of lac and the overall growth in comparison with the control villages and to the baseline situation.
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS
A detailed study of the project gives a significant insight of the various components of the project. The project has the
following key result areas.
Establishing and Strengthening of Community Based Organizations,
Land and Water Development for Agriculture Diversification,
Horticulture Development and
Enterprise Development.
In this section information based on the information collected, the analysis is made collected and analyzed under the
above mentioned areas.
4.1 Establishing and Strengthening of Community Based Organization:
The objective behind strengthening the Gram Sabha and SHG was to empower the local people and the women groups to
initiate the livelihood development activities and to link with various government programmes and for providing a platform
to women for their economic and social growth.
Traditionally the system of governance in a Khuntkhatti2 area was in form of Parha Panch. A Panch consisted of one or
two headmen (the munda3 and/ or the Pahan4 ). The parha panchayat is however conveyed only to decide serious
disputes or punish serious offences. In case of ordinary private disputes a private panchayat is conveyed by disputants to
decide the dispute. (Source: the Mundas and their country, S. C. Roy)
The legacy is carried forward and even in the current days it is very strongly rooted, whereby, the Munda is the President
who presides over the Gram Sabha. The other office bearers are the secretary, and a treasurer, both of whom are
appointed by the Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha is held every week and day to day matter which is mostly related to
charging fines to owners of cattles grazing in others farms. The money collected from the fines as well from the corpus
(given to gram sabha as RLF by NBJK) loans are given to the villagers at a fixed rate of interest. Besides this customary
issues are generally discussed in a gram sabha. A set of registers like the Minutes book, Cash book, Developmental
activity register, Visitor‟s book and record on birth and death are maintained in the Gramsabha.
NBJK through its involvement had facilitated the planning of the project in the Gram Sabha. It was further observed that in
the gramsabha in the project village the attendance of other members (mostly woman) of the household is more as
compared to that of control village. Gramsabha in its own way is trying to link up with several government schemes, like
there is a „nigrani committee‟ which is formed for NREGA activity in the village from the members of Gram Sabha,
Members, especially the secretary goes to the Block for schemes which they come to know from Village level worker
(VLW). The Gram Sabha has knowledge of the existing government schemes. ,and several efforts to link with various
government sources are made by Gram Sabha, as and when it gets necessary information. However, the benefits from
most of the schemes are yet to be fully realized since the efforts are sporadic lacking regularity.
2 Is a terminology used in ChotaNagpur tenency act, which means a land which is reclaimed by a Munda from the forest belongs to him and is
owned by this descendants in the male lineage. 3 The village head
4 The village priest
The Gramsabha claims that documentation through various registers and focus on giving loans for personal purpose are a
few changes which have happened after NBJKs involvement in the village.
.
Self Help Groups: A total of 17 SHGs were promoted in the project villages having 315 women as members. During the
project discussion it was seen that the SHGs formed in the current years are second generation SHGs. Before that, almost
in all villages SHGs were formed through ICDS and even by NBJK in its earlier projects. Most of the earlier groups,
especially from the government programmes are non functional due to irregularity of meetings and non repayment of
loans.
The current groups promoted by the organization exhibits some disciplines and book keeping standards which is common
across. The groups meets weekly on a fixed day with the primary objective to deposit weekly saving which is in multiple of
5 and give loan to the needy. The NGO functionary is not always present in all the meetings. The group maintains a
minute book, cash book and an individual pass book. The office bearers are usual president, secretary and treasurer. In
the groups visited the office bearers are never changed since inception.
NBJK has provided the training to groups on book keeping, and livelihood trainings like Vermicompost preparation,
trainings on Kitchen garden preparation and maintenance.
Some observations made during the visit which is common across in the groups were:
The trial balance in most of the groups is not made for the groups and the books of accounts are limited only to
cash book, minutes book and pass book.
The books of accounts are written by literate member of the group who is usually the treasurer.
There is no tracking system to know the on time repayment of the groups as a result of which most of the groups
has delayed repayments.
The members are aware of the government schemes; however groups are yet to be linked with the government
schemes (even SGSY).
The basic MIS on attendance is yet to be maintained by the organization, whose much of the focus is in it Micro
finance initiatives for whom the
From the sampled household it is seen that 67% of the Households have women from the family in an SHG where as in
control village 10% of households have membership in SHGs. An analysis of the sources from where loans are taken and
the places where sources of saving reveals the following:
An analysis of from where loans are taken:
It is seen that in the project Villages SHGs are the main source from where loans are taken ( around 80%) , whereas in
case of the Control villages 60% of loan is categorized under other sources. This 60% are the individuals who have
mortgaged their lands and taken an amount from it.
In control village Loan taken from SHGs accounts 20% of the different loans
taken.
10%
80%
5% 5%
Source of loan in project villageBank
SHG
Money-lender
Family/Friend with interest
Family/Friend without interest
Loans in kind from moneylender/trader/grain merchang
Other source
0%
20%
20%60%
Source of loan from Control Village
Bank
SHG
Money-lender
Family/Friend with interest
Family/Friend without interest
Loans in kind from moneylender/trader/grain merchang
Other source
The table below gives the average loan taken per household from various sources:
Bank SHGs
family and friend without interest
any other
Moneylender in kind
Total loan
Average loan taken in PV 11500 806.25 2000 500 0 14806.25
Avg. loan taken CV 0 200 0 10837.5 750 11787.5
In the project village even though the no. of people taking loan from SHGs is maximum, but the loan size is more for
households taking from Bank. The purpose of loan taken was for Agriculture and business. Whereas loans taken from
SHGs were majorly for consumptive purposes.
In case of project village loan taken from giving land on mortgage occupies the highest position. The loan taken from
money lender was in form of 50 kgs. of rice by a household, which will be returned during the next harvest. Two
households belongs to the SHG but one member didn‟t took loan for last three years.
While ranking the amount saved, it is seen in case of Project village 36% of the households save under various sources.
87% of the households have given SHGs as the primary source of saving; this is followed by 13% of households who
ranks banks as the primry source.
Although there seems no less effort from the NGO side to motivate and bring out tangible benefits in terms of
strengthening the SHGs through trainings on documenting with financial records. However the project has been successful
in grouping the women under one umbrella. But, a lot more visioning exercise to be done with the women group to reiterate
the SHG concept internally.
.
13
0
87
0
20
713 13
0 0 07
0 0 0 0
Bank Post office SHGs Others
Rank according to amount saved in various sources in PV (in %)
Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank3 Rank 4
4.2 Land and Water Development for Agriculture Diversification: Paddy/Rice is cultivated in India under widely varying condition of altitude and climate. It is grown in almost all types of soils including alkaline and acidic soils. In fact, rice plant has got wide physical adaptability. Therefore, it is grown from below sea level (Kuttanad area of Kerala), up to an elevation of 2000 meters in Jammu & Kashmir, hills of Uttranchal, Himachal Pradesh and North-Eastern hills (NEH areas). Hence, rice/paddy growing seasons vary in different parts of the country, depending upon temperature, rainfall, soil types, water availability and other climatic conditions. The productivity of rice varies very much from one region to another region, from one season to another season etc. due to various reasons such as imbalance use of fertilizers, soil moisture stress, incidence of insect pests and diseases. The transfers of cost effective technology for the farmers too act as a decisive factor for the paddy productivity. The average paddy yield in Jharkhand is 6.07 q/ acre5, which is half the national average. The average paddy yield in the villages during a good year when rainfall is about 1100-1500 mm is about 8.78 quintals per acre6 . However, for the past two consecutive years Khunti district didn‟t get sufficient rainfall. Paddy, which is a water loving crop, is the hard hit owing to the drought. The target set by NBJK to cover 250 farmers last year as well as the current year resulted in only 40 farmers to adopt to the PoP of Kharif Paddy Stabilization. Keeping the context of rain in backdrop a comparison of the Project and control village was made. NBJKs promoted use of HYV seeds like Lalat and Swarna, thus farmers who didn‟t even adopt to the new POP were also found to use High Yeilding Varities. This is slightly different from the control villages where farmers though use High yielding varieties, but traditional seeds are also largely used by them. In the Control village the farmers mostly practices the traditional broad casting method of paddy cultivation. However, in the Project village it is seen that 40 farmers were introduced to the Kharif Paddy stabilization‟s package of practice. In the sample study it was however seen that the adoptability of Package of Practice is limited to farmers with whom organization had intensively worked. However, on closely looking at the degree of adoptability of key steps in Package of practice of those 40 farmers, it is seen that
Seed sorting using brine water test and seed treatment by bavistin powder is done by 95 % of the farmers.
Nursery raising, more so raised bed nursery was done by 89% of farmers.
89% of farmers tell that they have done line sowing and have maintained a spacing more than 9 inch and the same
farmers have done transplantation of 3-4 seedlings per hill.
The first usage of weeder is done by 95% of farmers and, second weeding by 83% of farmers and 3 rd weeding by
53% of farmers.
68% of farmers have done fertilizer application, second split dose was applied by 53% of farmers and 26% of farmers did the 3rd split dose of application.
5 Source: Detailed Project Report, on “ Food Self Reliance and Sustained Livelihoods through Improved Land and Water Management” by NBJK 6 Source: Detailed Project Report, on “ Food Self Reliance and Sustained Livelihoods through Improved Land and Water Management” by
NBJK
From the sample it is found that KPS was undertaken by farmers in an average of 13 decimals of mid land, and the range varies from 5 decimals to 35 decimals of land. The average production is 3.40 quintals from 13 decimal of land. (Thus from an acre the production is 26.15 quintals). The production of the farmers in the traditional plots is 6.40 quintals per acre. Thus the average yield (average of KPS and Traditional yield) from an acre of land in project village is 16.26 quintals. Whereas the yield from an acre of land in the control village is 6.75 quintals per acre. The months of food sufficiency from the paddy grown from the field is coming to be as follows:
While comparing the control villages with the project village it is seen that the average months of food security is increased from six months to 10 months. For contributing to the increased productivity, one of the critical inputs is the availability of timely irrigation. According to the Productivity Status of Rice during 9th Five Year Plan (Directorate of Rice Development, GoI, Ministry of Agriculture) rice area is more in Eastern states and these states are facing drought situation frequently and irrigation
facilities is not sufficient to offset hazards exist by vagaries of monsoon. Besides, cultivation is fully dependant on monsoon with poor management package of practice. Therefore, productivity of rice is considerably low in these states. The sources of irrigation comprises of Wells, Ponds majorly during Kharif. Whereas there is acute crisis during Rabi and Summer for irrigation which paralyses the whole agricultural activities. In the project area water conservation in a ridge to valley approach was adopted in the entire region. As a result five earthen check dams were constructed in the foot of the upper ridges. This is followed by construction of 9 earthern ponds, 40 farm ponds and 10 . wells in the middle and lower ridges. The status of the physical achievement against the plan is given in the annexure. However, most of the new structures are yet to harness its fullest potential due to two consecutive years of dry spell. Keeping this in back drop while doing the impact assessment it was seen while doing an interview with almost 81% of farmers were benefited from several WHS, the command area under irrigation have increase by 50%. Even though, the command area is not completely utilized; there is an increase in 63% of the overall area coming under irrigation. This is depicted below in table no 1. Table 1: Status of command area of Water harvesting structures and its utility in pre project and post project scenario.
Command area
Utilized area
% utilization
Pre project 26.13 16.13 61.72981
64
25
6 610 15
30
45
12 monts FS between 8 to 11 months
6-7 months less than 6 months
food sufficiency from own plot(in %)
Project Village Control Village
Post project 38.83 23.68 60.98378
Table 2:
season Kharif Rabi Summer
total cropped area 85.27 14.88 3
command area under utilization 11.1 10.05 2.53
In the pre project scenario it was seen that in Murhu block only 12.27%of total cropped area was under irrigation7. From the sampled intervention it is seen that with the construction of the water harvesting structures almost 23% of the total cropped area is currently put under irrigation and on harnessing its full potential, almost 38% of the gross cropped area wil l be brought under irrigation. For Lift irrigation sites, especially in case of the three acre cultivation of Semialata in Digri rules and regulations for repair and maintenance and water distribution are clearly laid down. However, for other structures like the wells and the ponds the group norms and not so clearly been laid out. The construction of the wells and small ponds from the NBJK has been a boon for them as a result in such a stress condition the farmers were able to cultivate rice/paddy in the low lying area near the wells. The available water lend a hand in vegetable cultivation including Pumkin, Tomato, Soyabean, Bodi, Kohra in addition to Paddy in Kharif and during Rabi and Summer farmers cultivated Tomato, Raddish, Cabbage, Lady‟s finger. Nevertheless, the percentage of irrigated land coverage may show an increase with amount of rainfall. The farmers have found to make a shift in the cultivation practices of vegetables. The seeds provisioned by the NBJK, through AVRDC for the vegetable cultivation. The backyard vegetable cultivation in a model plot of 6x6 meter plot having 23 vegetables round the year is a widely accepted model. The plot is fenced using local materials like lantana. From the group discussion it was found that the households due to availability of vegetables in their backyard have started to increase their intake in their daily diet. Further, local innovations like diversion of the water drained from hand pumps into the kitchen gardens for watering showed households interest to sustain the activity. It was said that the extra vegetable which is grown is been sold in the market fetching income to the households. However, in the control village like Aayubatu, Saidba Dudih and Diudih the consumption of rice with roughages and salt is the daily diet of the surveyed household. The green content in the daily diet includes “ chakod a plant wh ich grows wild in the area” and Sanai flower, which is dried, powdered and then eaten. During the rainy season when jack fruit is found abundant the household eats it as part of daily diet. . It was observed that on an average in an experimental plot of an ideal 6x6 meter kitchen garden the total yield of all 23 vegetables comes to be around 262.59 kgs. A detailed yield data of all the vegetables in 4 quarters of a year II kitchen garden is given below ( Source AVRDC data collected from an experimental plot in Harp, Palandu, Ranchi).
7 Source: Detailed Project Report, on “ Food Self Reliance and Sustained Livelihoods through Improved Land and Water Management” by
NBJK
Weekly yield data (Kg) from home garden during Year II
Crops
April – June 2009
Total 30 Mar-5 Apr
6 – 12 Apr
13 – 19 Apr
20 – 26 Apr
27 Apr-3 May
4-10 May
11-17 May
18-24 May
25-31 May
1-7 Jun
8-14 June
15-21 June
22-28 June
Amaranthus 0 0 0 1.5 0 2.5 0.13 2.7 0 1.33 0 1.67 9.83
Bottle gourd 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 1.8 0 0 2 0 7.3
Eggplant 0 0 2 0 0 3 0.6 0 1.6 0 1 0 1 9.2
Chilli 0 0 0 1 0 0 2.4 0 0.8 0 0 1.2 0 5.4
Coriander 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.3 0 0 0.4 0 0 1.2 0 2.4
Cowpea 0.15 0.2 0 0.3 0.2 0 0.2 0 0.3 0 0 0 0.15 1.5
Kang kong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.5
Mint 0 0 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2.5
Okra 0 0 0 0 1.2 0 0 0.8 0 0 0.6 0 0 2.6
Onion 0 5 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
Poi 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 2.7
Ridge gourd 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.27 0 0.27 0.22 0.5 0.23 1.99
Sponge gourd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.33 0.5 1.33
Tomato 0 1.2 0 0.5 0.5 1.5 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 4.7
Total 0.15 6.4 2 8.8 6.4 6.3 9.2 3.5 8.3 0.27 6.35 3.73 3.55 64.95
Crops
July – September 2009
Total 29
Jun-5
July
6 – 12
July
13 –
19
July
20 –
26
July
27
July -2
Aug
3-9
Aug
10-16
Aug
17-23
Aug
24-30
Aug
31 Aug
– 6 Sept
7-13
Sept
14-20
Sept
21-27
Sept
Amaranthus 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.45 0.6 0.5 0.7 1 0.4 0 1 6.95
Bitter gourd 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.5 0.5 1.6 1.1 7.2
Bottle gourd 1.2 0 1 1.5 2 1 0.5 1.6 0.4 0.6 0 2 0 11.8
Eggplant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.9 1.2 1 0.8 4.3
Chilli 0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.2 0.7 0.3 2.8
Coriander 0.1 0 0.5 0.3 0 0.2 0 0.3 0 0.2 0 1 0.6 3.2
Cowpea 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.8 1 0 0.3 0 1 4.2
Kang kong 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.5 5.6
Mint 0 0 1.5 0.2 0 1 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0 0.3 0 3.8
Okra 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 2.2 1 0.4 0 6.8
Poi 0.5 0 0 0.6 0 0.4 0.6 1.1 0 1.3 0 0.4 0 4.9
Ridge gourd 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4
Sponge gourd 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5
Tomato 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 1.4 1 0.5 0.6 9.2
Lab Lab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 2.2
Total 3.1 0.5 3.5 3.6 3.9 6.15 5.6 8.3 8.5 10.3 5.2 8.8 6.4 71.65
Crops
October – December 2009
Total 28 Sep
- 4 Oct
5 – 11
Oct
12 –
18
Oct
19 –
25
Oct
26
Oct -1
Nov
2-8
Nov
9-15
Nov
16-22
Nov
23-29
Nov
30
Nov – 6
Dec
7-13
Dec
14-20
Dec
21-27
Dec
Amaranthus 1.07 0.42 1.07 0.77 0.77 0 0 0 0 0 4.1
Bottle gourd 1.5 0 2.33 2.07 0 2.03 0 2.67 1.77 1.6 2.13 1.63 1.23 18.96
Eggplant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 1.1 1.23 0 1.9 1.27 7.4
Chilli 0.23 0.27 0.2 0 0.37 0 0 0.33 0 0 0.2 0.2 1.8
Coriander 0.3 0 0.32 0.2 0 0 0.4 0 0.37 0 0.17 0.08 0 1.84
Cowpea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.13 0.9 0 1 0.73 0 0.47 4.23
French Bean 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.17 0.2 0.93 0.4 1.1 3.8
Kasuri Methi 0 0 0 0.4 0.17 0 0.3 0 0 0.17 0 0.23 0 1.27
Mint 0 0 0.2 0 0.2 0 0.27 0 0 0.27 0 0.2 0.2 1.34
Okra 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0.73 0 0 1.17 0 0 0 0 3.56
Spinach 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0.5 0 0.75 1.2 1.3 2.1 6.45
Radish 0 0 0 0 0 1.73 0 1 0.87 0 0.9 0.7 0.9 6.1
Tomato 1.23 0.93 0 1.7 0 1.67 0 1.3 0 1.53 0 0 0 8.36
Total 4.33 2.45 2.85 6.47 0.37 7.9 2.1 9.04 6.78 6.75 6.06 6.64 7.47 69.21
Crops
January – March 2010
Total 28 Dec
- 3 Jan
4 – 10
Jan
11 –
17
Jan
18 –
24
Jan
25 -31
Jan
1-7
Feb
8-14
Feb
15-21
Feb
22-28
Feb
1-7
Mar
8-14
Mar
15-21
Mar
22-28
Mar
Amaranthus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chenopodium 1.33 0.83 0.92 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 4.68
Chilli 0 0 0.43 0 0.2 0 0.32 0 0.27 0 0.27 0 0 1.49
Coriander 0 0.37 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0.53 0 0.2 0 0.4 1.7
French bean 0 0.93 0 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.73
Garlic 0.73 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0.73 0 0.43 0 0 1.27 3.96
Kasuri methi 0 0 0.28 0 0.27 0 0.27 0 0.37 0 0 0.47 0 1.66
Lab lab 0 0 0.97 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.17
Lettuce 0 0 0 0 0 1.85 0.73 1.13 0.83 0.9 0.83 0.87 0 7.14
Mint 0.2 0 0 0.17 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0.17 0 0.74
Onion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2.5 2.6 1.7 12.8
Radish 0 0.83 1.1 1.43 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 5.02
Spinach 1.5 1.2 0.6 0 0.77 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 4.9
Tomato 0.83 0.8 1.93 0 0 0 1.83 0 1.7 0 0 1.7 8.79
Total 4.59 4.96 4.3 4.73 2.64 3.55 2.35 4.72 8.93 3.03 3.8 4.11 5.07 56.78
Summary
Quarter I II III IV Total
Total Year II 64.95 71.65 69.21 56.78 262.59
Vegetables also become an important component from which a Household fetched their income. Incomes derived from key vegetables promoted are given below: Table 3: Average vegetables sold per household (in Kgs)
Cow pea Kaddu Ladyfinger Muli Tomato Onion
Kharif 8 13 16 24 14 0
Rabi 0 0 11 0 11 2
Summer 0 0 0 0 1 1
4.3 Horticulture development
Horticulture is an intervention which was proposed to be undertaken in 14 acres of land covering 56 households, which
after its gestation period generates an annual income of Rs 10,000 per household. However, during implementation of the
project convincing famers for giving their lands for horticulture was a challenge for the organization. This ultimately resulted
in plantation of an average 8-10 plant in the backyard of farmers. Saplings of Mango, litchi, Khatal, Amrud and Nimbu were
given to farmers. The plantations done mostly are in gestation phase and hence income from them is yet to come.
However, from the analysis of the sample a few other revelations of the horticulture cultivation are as follows:
Of the total plantation there is 69% survival.
The replacement of mortality was done by NGOs (91%) and rest (9%) was done by the community member.
65% of the households have some or the other irrigation facilities. The breakup of various sources is given below:
50
22.73
13.64
9.09 4.55
Source of irrigation
Hand-pump
Well
Pond
Tube-well
Dependency on rain
4.4 Enterprise Development.
Two prominent enterprises have been perceived in the intervening villages namely Goat rearing and Lac cultivation in
addition to their primary occupation of agriculture.
Lac is scale insect (Laccifer Lacca) that lives on trees called Lac host trees. On these trees they secrete the Lac resin
that is scraped off (stick Lac) and manufactured into shellac. On an average families get a fifth of their total income
from the production of stick Lac. In specific villages in Murhu block, the production of stick Lac brings up to 50 % of
the income. The exploitation of Lac is suffering from two problems The weak value of marketing & Production
difficulties.
For the selling of „Stick Lac‟, tribals are confronted to middlemen called “Paikars”. The other main problem with the
Lac exploitation is its production. Up to the beginning of the nineties, each family was able to produce a minimum of
200 kg of Stick Lac in a year's time but now this quantity is falling to a maximum of 100 kg per family only. This fact is
the result of both the decrease of forest cover and also the climatic changes.
FGDs were carried with Lac cultivators for getting an understanding of the sector with the involvement of NBJK.
Traditionally, Rangini strain of lac was available which farmers used to get from market or from friends and
relatives. Rangini strain was usually inoculated in Pipal, Ber and Palash trees. Lac was the major secondary
occupation of the area. After harvest of paddy and during the lean season, income from selling of Lac in local
markets was a traditional fall back mechanism for most of the villagers. The steps followed for lac cultivation was
also quite primitive. During October to December Lac was inoculated in the host trees and was harvested in the
months of May- June. Initially the cultivators used to tie up the brood with the branches without any proper
estimation of the quantum of lac being inoculated in the branches. No spraying or insecticides were applied. The
brood were cut into pieces and covered with a polythene bag and tied against the pruned tree branches. However,
currently there is some change in the practice followed
- After 21 days of inoculation, insecticides were sprayed after detaching it from the branches. Care was
taken that it should be immediately placed with the branches on the same day, else the insects number
may reduce as they can move away from the bags, thus reducing the harvest
“jis din utartey hai, usi din daali mai fir laga detey hai varna upaj kam ho jata
hai, yeh humko NBJK walo na bataya hai”
- The amount to be inoculated is now well versed amongst the cultivators, utilizing of about 20 gms of
brood per meter of the branches.
However, in the current decade Rangini strains are not able to survive. Villagers says that it is due to climatic variations,
especially foggy weather during the inoculation period in the month of November- January as a result the brood does not
survive. Even, due to the insufficient downpour the soil lacks its water content as a result the host plant too receives
inadequate amount of water, therefore restricting its growth and as a result fresh twigs/ branches do not grow and the
brood do not multiply in number and found to be dead. In addition to this, few showers during the festive season of Holi
(March), just a phase before harvesting destroys the total productivity..
With the passage of time a new strain known as the Kusumi is introduced amongst the farmers. The host tree as the name
says should majorly be Kusum trees, it was observed that with decreased forest cover a village was left with very few
Kusum trees. The projecthave off late started to cultivate Lac on Semialata which seems to be an successful intervention
when done through close involvement of the community.
Many farmers, who had stopped Lac cultivation, were again reintroduced to the new technology
.Lac promotion was done with 300 farmers. It was seen that lac cultivation is done in average 4 trees by each farmers.
Almost 75% households said there they observed mortality in Lac. The range of mortality varied from 25% to 50%. The
major reasons cited are as follows:
Rank
Poor quality
of brood Wash
out
Excessive foggy
condition
Excessive heat
condition
Less care taken
rank1 0 3 8 1 2
rank 2 0 2 1 0 2
rank 3 0 0 1 0 0
Thus, excessive heat condition is the major reason for mortality which is followed by wash out during the male emergence.
Lac dies due to less care taken, mostly timely sprays were not done. However, timely pruning and inoculation was carried
out by 100% farmers. Timely availability of brood lac was also a major reason for which many farmers were not able to
take up lac cultivation.
Lac production is yet to get stabilized and farmers are yet to see the benefit of cultivating Lac in Semialata. However,
farmers after selling in the local market are fetching a good price. A family growing lac gets Rs 1,324, which ranks first in
the basket of income which he/ she gets from selling NTFP and horticulture produce. Where as in the control village only
5% of the total sample was doing lac cultivation and fetching an average income of Rs 800.
Animal husbandry in form of goat rearing and backyard poultry are two major occupations which households in Khunti are
unusually engaged in. The project promoted goat rearing as an allied activity for the landless and marginal families with an
objective to increase income of the households.
From the sample it is seen that the income from sale of animals in a household is Rs 2644. Whereas in case of sample
village average income is Rs 863.
However it is seen that a high rate of mortality was observed in case of both the set of villages. In Project village the
mortality rate was37 and in case of control village the mortality rate was 39. In most of the case the villagers say that the
goats die due to dysentery.
Key Impacts of the project: The three year project duration seems to be a short time to show impacts of the project as few
of the interventions are still in its gestation period and are yet to harness the benefits from it. Most of the interventions need
consolidation and a constand hand holding of the community is required to get to the desired end state. None the less,
there are a few tangible as well as intangible impacts which the project have made.
Income enhancement: The basket of livelihood options for the tribals consisted of Agriculture, NTFP, Wage labor and
animal rearing.
The graph below depicts a comparative occupational status of various livelihood options available in project village and
control villages.
In case of Primary occupation as mentioned earlier both the catagories depicts that the villages are largely agrarian
economy. In project village a small percentage (2.8%) does Wage labor within village as the primary source of occupation.
This is so because one of the sampled household is a blacksmith whose major source of income comes from daily earning
which he gets from the village.
The Graph above shows the % wise engagement of households in different sources of occupations.
Agri, 94.4
WL in Vill., 2.8
Primary occupation in Project Village
Agri, 100.0
Primary occ. in Control Villages
Agri, 8.3
NTFP, 47.2
WL in Vill., 41.7
WL outside Vill, 33.3
Livestock, 16.7 Goat rearing, 13.9
Others, 0.00.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0 2 4 6 8
%
Axis Title
Second. occupation in Project Village
Second.
It reveals that NTFP is the major secondary source of Livelihood followed by Wage labor in village and Wage labour
outside village. Livestock rearing in form of goat rearing is carried by 13.9% of HH.
The graph above shows (in percentage) the families engaged in various secondary sources of occupations. In the case of
control village also Wage labour (of both the categories) and NTFP occupies the top most position. This is followed by
Livestock.
A comparative analysis of the incomes from various sources for the project villages and the control villages are as follows:
From the graph it is clear that wage labor gives has the maximum share in the income of an hosehold (92% of the basket
for Control village and 66% for the Project Villages). This is followed by Horticulture and NTFP which accounts to 16% for
PV and 4% for Control village, Livestock also gives 4% of income in the HHs of Control Village, In the third position comes
Agri, 0.0
NTFP, 50.0
WL in Vill., 80.0
WL outside Vill, 70.0
Livestock, 30.0 Goat rearing, 25.0
Others, 0.00.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
0 2 4 6 8
%
Secondary occupation in Control Village
Second.
1713753 2479
5955
23869
36228
0 73 863 1057
2152323515
Paddy* Vegetable**
Agriculture Livestock Horticulture/NTFPWage labour Total
Incomes (in Rs) for basket of livelihood options
Project Village Control Village
Income from Vegetables which has 10% of the share followed by 7% for Livestock in Project village. Income from Paddy
which is the staple food of the region occupies the last position in the whole basket on income.
In comparing both sets of data it is seen that the project village has 54% more income as compared to that of Control
Village.
The above mentioned explanation is depicted in the graph below.
Share of different products in the income basket: A further analysis into the various products which makes up the whole of
income basket for NTFP/ Horticulture and Wage labor was done.
Agriculture
Paddy*1%
Agriculture
Vegetable**10%
Livestock7%
Horticulture/N
TFP16%
Wage labour
66%
Project VillageAgricult
ure Paddy*
0%
Agriculture
Vegetable**
0%
Livestock
4%Horticulture/NT
FP4%
Wage labour
92%
Control Village
i) NTFP/ Horticulture: From the figure below it is seen that Lac gives the highest income followed by sale of
Bamboo and Tamarind which is found in abundance in the region. Tamarind is sold to the local traders who
come to the village. The income from sale of wood log occupies the third position. Jackfruit which is a key
source of food security for poors of the region, especially during the rainy season, is also sold in the market.
This is followed by mango and Ber.
ii)
iii) Wage Labor: The wage labor from Migration occupies the major chunk of the pie for both the set of villages.
Here migration is not specifically categorized. But it was seen that in many households members have
permanently migrated ouside Jharkhand and come once in a year.
Horticulture/ fruits Mango
8% Horticulture/ fruits Kathal
12%
NTFP Lac23%
NTFP Woodlog15%
NTFP Tamarind18%
NTFP Ber2%
NTFP Mushroom
4%
NTFP Bamboo18%
Share of Income of From NTFP and Horticulture in Project Village
Food security: While comparing with the control village it is seen that the average food secured months from
produce of the own plot have increase from six to ten months. The graph below gives a comparison of the
households in both set of villages having different months of food security.
It was observed that the Villagers both in project village as well in control village, the consumption of rice with roughages and salt are the daily diet of the surveyed household. The green content in the daily diet includes “ chakod a plant which grows wild in the area” and Sanai flower, which is dried, powdered and then eaten. During the rainy season when jack fru it is found in abundance the household eats it as part of daily diet. Traditionally as well as in case of few villages the household depends on various plants which grow wild in various seasons. A PRA exercise for understanding the availability of seasonal wild plants which are eaten by households is mentioned in the annexure.
The Public distribution system is also a mechanism to ensure the food sufficiency at the household level. From the
analysis was seen that 90% from Project Village and 70% from the Control Village says that they consistently gets ration (
Rice, Wheat and Sugar) throughout the year from the local PDS.
Migration73%
Nrega7%
Wage in
village20%
Wage Labor distribution in Project Village
Migration68%
Nrega7%
Wage in
village25%
Wage Labor in Control Village
64
25
6 610 15
30
45
12 monts FS between 8 to 11 months
6-7 months less than 6 months
food sufficiency from own plot(in %)
Project Village Control Village
The graph below gives an understanding of the % of households who are currently are entitled to various government
schemes. In the FGD conducted with the Gram Sabha it was quoted by the members that Gram Sabha occasionally liaison
with the Block for approving the list of BPL families.
4.5 Knowledge and access to services:
In order to understand the knowledge and access to services and government schemes, a set of questions were
administered during household interviews. The answers to it are shown in self explainatory graphs and it gives the
following revelation:
a) Knowledge and access to NREGA:
NREGA is been implemented in both project and control villages. The graph below shows the following
Ration card
Job CardAantodaya
cardAnnapurn
a card
project village 89 94 11 0
control village 70 70 0 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
in %
Entitlements
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3
No. of entitlements in HH. (in %)
project village
control village
0
50
100
K nowledge about
NR E G A
E xperience in
working in NR E G A
K nowledge about job
card
J ob card with the
res pondents
K nowledge of exac t
wage rate per day in
NR E G A
K nowledge regarding
P os t Offic e as the
place to get money
for the work done in
NR E G A
K nowledg e a nd a c c ess to NR E G A in P rojec t Villa g e
Y es (% )
No(% )
0
20
40
60
80
Knowledge
about
NREGA
Experience in
working in
NREGA
Knowledge
about job
card
Job card with
the
respondents
Knowledge
of exact
wage rate per
day in
NREGA
Knowledge
regarding
Post Office
as the place
to get money
for the work
done in
NREGA
Know le dg e and ac c e s s of NREGA in C ontrol V illag e
Y es (% )
No(% )
0
20
40
60
80
K nowledge about s cheme K nowledge of the amount
(R s 25,000) received by S HG
after the firs t grading
K nowledg e on S G S Y in P V
Y es (% )
No(% )
0
20
40
60
80
100
K nowledge about s cheme K nowledge of the amount
(R s 25,000) rec eived by
S HG after the firs t grading
K nowledg e on S G S Y in C V
Y es (% )
No(% )
0
20
40
60
80
100
K nowledge
regarding the
location of AWC
K nowing the
name of the
Anganwadi
S evika
R egular going of
res pondents ' kids
to AWC
K nowledg e a nd a c c ess of AWS in P V
Y es (% )
No(% )
0
20
40
60
80
100
K nowledge
regarding the
location of AWC
K nowing the
name of the
Anganwadi
S evika
R egular going of
res pondents ' kids
to AWC
K nowledg e a nd a c c ess of AWC in C V
Y es (% )
No(% )
0
20
40
60
80
100
Information regarding
loc ation of B ank branch
G oing to the B ank atleas t
once
K nowledg e a nd a c c ess to B a nk in P V
Y es (% )
No(% )
4.6 ASSETS CREATED:
The asset created is a proxy indicator of economic progress that a household have made over a period of time.
Mortgaging land for getting loan at the time of need is a very common practice amongst the tribals. It was quite interesting
to see that almost 100% of the sampled household in the project villages who had mortgaged land have redeemed back
some or complete land. In probing it was seen that most of the redemption of loan was done from the amount which
households used to get from the wage labor which was done in the project. Whereas in case of control village 18% of the
households have said to have redeemed their mortgaged lands.
The graph above shows in percentage the assets which were purchased during the last two years by households of project
and control villages. On categorizing we see that 47% of Hoseholds in project villages and 10% of households in control
0
20
40
60
80
100
Information regarding
loc ation of B ank branch
G oing to the B ank atleas t
once
K nowledg e a nd a c ess to B a nk in C V
Y es (% )
No(% )
01020304050607080
Ho
use
co
nst
ruct
ion
Bed
Ch
arp
oy
Ute
nsi
ls
Ch
air
Suit
case
Tab
le
Tru
nk
Gas
sto
ve
K S
tove
Lam
p
Bic
ycle
Mo
torc
ycle
CD
pla
yer
Rad
io TV
Pu
mp
-set
Asset ownership( in %)
PV
CV
villages have repaired house. Similarly for daily use almost 16% of Households and 7% of households in respective set of
villages have purchased assets of daily utility. Assets for conveyance are purchased by 18% and 5% of households.
Assets categorized under entertainment purpose were purchased by 15% of households in Project village, whereas there
was no household in control village are in this category.
