Nematode Diseases of PerennialsNematode Diseases of PerennialsSymptoms & SignsSymptoms & Signs

Dr. James A. LaMondia Dr. James A. LaMondia

Plant Pathologist/NematologistPlant Pathologist/Nematologist

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley LaboratoryStation, Valley Laboratory

Windsor, CTWindsor, CT

Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials

Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot

AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes

DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes

PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes

Nematode DiagnosticsNematode Diagnostics

30% (99 of 333) samples 30% (99 of 333) samples submitted over 5 years submitted over 5 years were infected with were infected with Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla

Perennial OrnamentalsPerennial Ornamentals

> 2500 species in >500 genera. > 2500 species in >500 genera.

Value over $1 billion in US.Value over $1 billion in US.

Propagation by division, seed, Propagation by division, seed, and cuttings.and cuttings.

Non-specific DamageNon-specific Damage

Symptoms of poor rootsSymptoms of poor rootsPoor color and vigorPoor color and vigorReduce winter hardinessReduce winter hardinessSecondary pathogens/diseasesSecondary pathogens/diseases

Non-specific DamageNon-specific Damage

Symptoms of poor rootsSymptoms of poor rootsPoor color and vigorPoor color and vigorReduce winter hardinessReduce winter hardinessSecondary pathogens/diseasesSecondary pathogens/diseases

Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials

Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot

AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes

DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes

PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes

Nematodes Infecting PerennialsNematodes Infecting Perennials

Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot

AAphelenchoidesphelenchoides - foliar nematodes - foliar nematodes

DitylenchusDitylenchus - stem/bulb nematodes - stem/bulb nematodes

PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes

Nematode Diseases of Tree FruitsNematode Diseases of Tree Fruits

Nematode DamageNematode Damage

Reduce tree vigor and yieldReduce tree vigor and yieldReduce winter hardinessReduce winter hardinessTransmit viruses (TmRSV)Transmit viruses (TmRSV)

- apple union necrosis- apple union necrosis- peach stem pitting- peach stem pitting

Replant DiseasesReplant Diseases

Nematode DamageNematode Damage

Reduce tree vigor and yieldReduce tree vigor and yieldReduce winter hardinessReduce winter hardinessTransmit viruses (TmRSV)Transmit viruses (TmRSV)

- apple union necrosis- apple union necrosis- peach stem pitting- peach stem pitting

Replant DiseasesReplant Diseases

Nematodes Infecting Tree FruitsNematodes Infecting Tree Fruits

PratylenchusPratylenchus - lesion nematodes - lesion nematodes

XiphinemaXiphinema - dagger nematodes - dagger nematodes

CriconemellaCriconemella - ring nematodes - ring nematodes

Meloidogyne haplaMeloidogyne hapla - root-knot - root-knot

Nematode Damage LevelsNematode Damage Levels

Lesion - 25-150 per 100 cmLesion - 25-150 per 100 cm33 soil soil

Ring - 50-200 per 100 cmRing - 50-200 per 100 cm33 soil soil

Dagger - 1-100 per 100 cmDagger - 1-100 per 100 cm33 soil soil

(depends on TmRSV)(depends on TmRSV)

Apple ReplantApple Replant

Trees appear stunted, and growth Trees appear stunted, and growth uneven and slow.uneven and slow.

Associated with lesion nematodes, Associated with lesion nematodes, soil fungi and bacteria, and poor soil fungi and bacteria, and poor soil conditions.soil conditions.

Apple or Fruit Replant Disease

Ring NematodeRing Nematode

Apple Union NecrosisApple Union Necrosis

Apple Union NecrosisApple Union NecrosisProblem only on size-controlling Problem only on size-controlling

rootstocks such as MM106 and rootstocks such as MM106 and scions such as Red Delicious.scions such as Red Delicious.

Shoot growth reduced, heavy set Shoot growth reduced, heavy set of small fruit, not always lethalof small fruit, not always lethal..

HistoryHistoryHistoryHistory

Tomato RingSpot VirusTomato RingSpot Virus

Weed Hosts of TmRSVWeed Hosts of TmRSVCommon chickweed Common chickweed LambsquartersLambsquartersWhite-head aster White-head aster Oxeye daisyOxeye daisyCommon thistle Common thistle Dandelion Dandelion Wild carrot Wild carrot Swine or Pennycress Swine or Pennycress Leafy/prostrate spurge Red or White cloverLeafy/prostrate spurge Red or White cloverCommon polkweed Common polkweed Buckhorn plantainBuckhorn plantainCommon mullein Common mullein Common plantainCommon plantainSheep sorrel (red) Sheep sorrel (red) Curly dockCurly dockWild strawberry Wild strawberry Broadleaf plantainBroadleaf plantain

Peach Stem PittingPeach Stem Pitting

Affected trees appear girdled, lose Affected trees appear girdled, lose vigor and eventually die. vigor and eventually die.

Trees often yellow early, and set a Trees often yellow early, and set a large number of small fruit.large number of small fruit.

Pits or grooves occur in rootstock.Pits or grooves occur in rootstock.

Cultural PracticesCultural Practices

• Site preparationSite preparation

• Rotation crops - Brassicas or Rotation crops - Brassicas or sorghosudan/sudangrass.sorghosudan/sudangrass.

• Sod strips - perennial rye or Sod strips - perennial rye or fescue grasses and weed control.fescue grasses and weed control.

NematicidesNematicides• Need determined for each fieldNeed determined for each field

• Fumigant Nematicides Fumigant Nematicides 1,3-dichloropropene1,3-dichloropropenemetam sodium or dazometmetam sodium or dazomet

• Non-fumigant NematicidesNon-fumigant NematicidesFenamiphos or oxamylFenamiphos or oxamyl

Strawberry Black Root Rot: Plant Strawberry Black Root Rot: Plant and Pathogen Interactionsand Pathogen Interactions

James A. LaMondia James A. LaMondia

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Station

Valley LaboratoryValley LaboratoryWindsor, CTWindsor, CT

Strawberry Black Root Rot: Plant Strawberry Black Root Rot: Plant and Pathogen Interactionsand Pathogen Interactions

James A. LaMondia James A. LaMondia

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Station

Valley LaboratoryValley LaboratoryWindsor, CTWindsor, CT

DISEASE TRIANGLEDISEASE TRIANGLE

DISEASEHos

t Pla

nt

Hos

t Pla

ntC

ausal Agent

Causal A

gent

EnvironmentEnvironment

Effect of pathogens on root disease Effect of pathogens on root disease and lengthand length

%BRR%BRR StructuralStructural FeederFeeder

NoneNone 1010 526526 11241124

Rf aloneRf alone 2222 491491 14401440

Rf + PpRf + Pp 4646 411411 654 654

Effect of pathogens on root disease Effect of pathogens on root disease and lengthand length

%BRR%BRR StructuralStructural FeederFeeder

NoneNone 1010 526526 11241124

Rf aloneRf alone 2222 491491 14401440

Rf + PpRf + Pp 4646 411411 654 654

Strawberry Root TypesStrawberry Root Types

Structural roots – 1Structural roots – 1°° & 2 & 2 °° well well developed cortex.developed cortex.

Perennial roots – 2 Perennial roots – 2 °° tissues tissues root cortex sloughed off.root cortex sloughed off.

Feeder roots – 1 Feeder roots – 1 °° tissues tissuesshort-lived, quick cycles.short-lived, quick cycles.

Strawberry Root TypesStrawberry Root Types

Structural roots – 1Structural roots – 1°° & 2 & 2 °° well well developed cortex.developed cortex.

Perennial roots – 2 Perennial roots – 2 °° tissues tissues root cortex sloughed off.root cortex sloughed off.

Feeder roots – 1 Feeder roots – 1 °° tissues tissuesshort-lived, quick cycles.short-lived, quick cycles.

PratylenchusPratylenchus recovery per g root recovery per g root

Root typeRoot type 19971997 19981998

PerennialPerennial 1.2 1.2 23.5 23.5

StructuralStructural 27.8 27.8 118.1118.1

FeederFeeder 136.6136.6 335.0335.0

SoilSoil 1.2 1.2 8.4 8.4

PratylenchusPratylenchus recovery per g root recovery per g root

Root typeRoot type 19971997 19981998

PerennialPerennial 1.2 1.2 23.5 23.5

StructuralStructural 27.8 27.8 118.1118.1

FeederFeeder 136.6136.6 335.0335.0

SoilSoil 1.2 1.2 8.4 8.4

R. fragariaeR. fragariae isolation %2mm roots isolation %2mm roots

Root typeRoot type SpringSpring HarvestHarvest

PerennialPerennial 52 52 78 78

StructuralStructural 3 3 40 40

FeederFeeder 12 12 27 27

Pp lesionPp lesion 17 17 73 73

R. fragariaeR. fragariae isolation %2mm roots isolation %2mm roots

Root typeRoot type SpringSpring HarvestHarvest

PerennialPerennial 52 52 78 78

StructuralStructural 3 3 40 40

FeederFeeder 12 12 27 27

Pp lesionPp lesion 17 17 73 73

Nematode-Fungus Interactions Split Nematode-Fungus Interactions Split Root ExperimentsRoot Experiments

pot 1pot 1 pot 2pot 2

PpPp Rf RfNoneNone Pp+Rf Pp+RfNone None Pp PpNone None Rf Rf

Nematode-Fungus Interactions Split Nematode-Fungus Interactions Split Root ExperimentsRoot Experiments

pot 1pot 1 pot 2pot 2

PpPp Rf RfNoneNone Pp+Rf Pp+RfNone None Pp PpNone None Rf Rf

Nematode-Fungus Split Root Nematode-Fungus Split Root

pot 1pot 1 pot 2pot 2 %BRR%BRR

PpPp Rf Rf 14 b 14 b

NoneNone Pp+Rf Pp+Rf 26 a 26 a

None None Pp Pp 12 b 12 b

None None Rf Rf 8 b 8 b

Nematode-Fungus Split Root Nematode-Fungus Split Root

pot 1pot 1 pot 2pot 2 %BRR%BRR

PpPp Rf Rf 14 b 14 b

NoneNone Pp+Rf Pp+Rf 26 a 26 a

None None Pp Pp 12 b 12 b

None None Rf Rf 8 b 8 b

Nematode-Fungus InteractionsNematode-Fungus Interactions

Rf and Pp associated with BRR.Rf and Pp associated with BRR.

Additive pathogen interaction.Additive pathogen interaction.

Split root – local interaction.Split root – local interaction.

Pp no effect on root exudates or Rf Pp no effect on root exudates or Rf growth in amended media.growth in amended media.

Nematode-Fungus InteractionsNematode-Fungus Interactions

Rf and Pp associated with BRR.Rf and Pp associated with BRR.

Additive pathogen interaction.Additive pathogen interaction.

Split root – local interaction.Split root – local interaction.

Pp no effect on root exudates or Rf Pp no effect on root exudates or Rf growth in amended media.growth in amended media.

Nematode-Fungus InteractionsNematode-Fungus Interactions

Rf resident on strawberry roots.Rf resident on strawberry roots.

Secondary growth > Rf infection.Secondary growth > Rf infection.

Nematode lesions > Rf infection.Nematode lesions > Rf infection.

Pp, 2Pp, 2°° growth cause cell death. growth cause cell death.

Rf infects dead cells Rf infects dead cells healthy. healthy.

Nematode-Fungus InteractionsNematode-Fungus Interactions

Rf resident on strawberry roots.Rf resident on strawberry roots.

Secondary growth > Rf infection.Secondary growth > Rf infection.

Nematode lesions > Rf infection.Nematode lesions > Rf infection.

Pp, 2Pp, 2°° growth cause cell death. growth cause cell death.

Rf infects dead cells Rf infects dead cells healthy. healthy.

Strawberry healthStrawberry health

Root growth vs. root lossRoot growth vs. root loss

Tolerance to BRRTolerance to BRR

Insect interactions, white grubs and Insect interactions, white grubs and weevils - breedingweevils - breeding

Strawberry healthStrawberry health

Root growth vs. root lossRoot growth vs. root loss

Tolerance to BRRTolerance to BRR

Insect interactions, white grubs and Insect interactions, white grubs and weevils - breedingweevils - breeding

Management ResearchManagement Research

Nonhost / antagonistic crops. Nonhost / antagonistic crops.

Effect of fertilizer/pH on BRR.Effect of fertilizer/pH on BRR.

Fungicides - Root drench/dip trtFungicides - Root drench/dip trt

Biological control: PGPR; cvs.Biological control: PGPR; cvs.

IPM – nematode bioassayIPM – nematode bioassay

Management ResearchManagement Research

Nonhost / antagonistic crops. Nonhost / antagonistic crops.

Effect of fertilizer/pH on BRR.Effect of fertilizer/pH on BRR.

Fungicides - Root drench/dip trtFungicides - Root drench/dip trt

Biological control: PGPR; cvs.Biological control: PGPR; cvs.

IPM – nematode bioassayIPM – nematode bioassay