NeophytesandTreemicrohabitats
AmélieQuarteroni-july2016
1
I-Neophytes
2Source:C.Düggelin,E.Jorg
I–Neophytes• DefiniHon:
! Neophytes
! «Subspontanneous»/«Naturalized»
! Invasiveneophytes
• Aimsofthestudy:
! Createalistofneophytestodetailthecategory«übrigeNadelbaume»,«übrigeLaubbaume»and«übrigeSträucher»
! Createalistofwoodyinvasivneophytesandalistofherbaceousinvasivneophytes
! CreatedocumentsusableonfieldtohelptorecogniHon
! GetneophytesGPScoordinates3
I–Neophytes• Method:
! BibliographicandInternetResearch
o BlackListandWatchList
o GPScoordinates:h\ps://obs.infoflora.ch/app/neophytes/fr/index.html
o Differentbooks
! Interviewofexperts
o MichaelNobis(WSL)
o GabrieleCarraro(DioneaS.A)
o SylvainMeier(independantforestengeneer)
4
I–Neophytes• Method:
! Criterias
o Neophyte
o Inforestorinforestedge
o InvasivpotenHal
o ReparHHoninSwitzerland
! Listcomparison
Red:invasivneophytesin«musttohave»listOrange:invasivneophytesin«nicetohave»listBlu : neophytes described as potenHally invasiv butonlybyonesourceBlack:otherneophytesItalic:inLFI4list
Latin name (Black and Watch Lists) W
atch
ou
blac
k lis
t (20
14)
Plantes invasives de
SuisseEwald Weber
(2013)
Plantes invasives d'EuropeBenjamin
Lisan2014
http://www.neophyten-
schweiz.chDecision commentaires
B:Blacklist
W:watchlist
MichaelNob
is
(NorthWest)
GianRe
troWalther
(BAFU
)
SylvainMeier(p
artie
francaise)
GabrieleCarraro
(Ticino)
présence1ouabsence0
présence1ouabsence0
Musttohave(M
)Nicetohave(N)
nonenvahissante(0
)
Woody plantsAcacia dealbata W ? M 0.5 1 1 NAcer negundo 0 M - 1 0 N forêtsalluviales
Amorpha fructicosa B ? M 0.5 0 1 M foretsalluvialesApios americana N - 0 0 0 dansinfofloramaispasd'informationsArundo donax N - 0 0 0 milieuhumide
Aucuba japonica N - 0 0 0 dansinfofloramaispasd'informationsCornus sericea W ? N 0.5 1 1 NDeutzia crenata N - 0 0 0 pasdansinfoflora
Jasminumnudiflorum N - 0 0 0 parfoissubspontanéd'aprèsflorahelveticaLonicera henryi B M M N 1 1 1 M
Lonicera japonica B M M M 1 1 1 MLonicera nitida N - 0 0 0 parfoissubspontanéd'aprèsflorahelvetica
Mahonia aquifolium N M N 0.5 0 0 NParthenocissus inserta W ? N 0.5 1 1 N
Parthenocissus quinquefolia N 0.5 1 0 N pasforestièreParthenocissus tricuspidata N 0.5 0 0 0 pasforestière
Paulownia tomentosa W ? M N 0.5 1 1 NPrunus serotina M 1 1 1 0 LFI4Prunus subhirtella N - 0 0 0 pasdansinfoflora,cultivé
Pterocarya fraxinifolia N - 0 0 0 dansinfofloramaispasd'infoPueraria lobata B M M M 1 1 1 MQuercus rubra M - 0 0 0 LFI4
Rhodendron ponticum N 0.5 1 0 0 pasensuisse
Rubus armeniacus B0 1 1 1 0
tropdifficileàidentifier,impossibledel'incluredanslalistedefaçon
pertinenteSicyos angulatus B M 0.5 1 1 M lisières
Spiraea japonicaN - 0 0 N
souventsubspontanédansleSud(infoflora)
Symphoricarpos albus W ? N - 1 1 NToxicodendron radicans B N - 1 1 N toxique,encoreabsenteenSuisse
Viburnum rhytidophyllum N M 0.5 0 0 NViburnum tinus N - 0 0 N
Herbacea plantsHelianthus tuberosus W 0 0.5 1 0 0 pasforestière
Heracleum mantegazzianum B M M M 1 1 1 MImpatiens balfourii W ? N 0.5 1 0 N
Impatiens glandulifera B M M N 1 1 1 MImpatiens parviflora N 0.5 0 0 0 pasenvahissanteLupinus polyphyllus B N 0.5 1 1 N
Lysichiton americanus 0 1 1 1 NOpuntia humifusa W N - 1 1 0 pasforestière
Phytolacca americana W ? N 0.5 1 1 NPolygonum polystachum B 0 1 1 1 N
Reynoutria sp B M M M 1 1 1 MSolidago sp B M M M 1 1 1 M
Avis experts
5
I–Neophytes• Results
! Lists:
o ListofwoodyneophytestoaddtoLFIlist
62species
Red:invasivneophytesin«musttohave»listOrange:invasivneophytesin«nicetohave»listBlu : neophytes described as potenHally invasiv butonlybyonesourceBlack:noninvasivneophytes
Nomlatin Nomlatin
Abiesgrandis Lonicerajaponica
Abiesnordmanniana Loniceranitida
Abiespinsapo Lyciumbarbarum
Acaciadealbata Mahoniaaquifolium
Acernegundo Malusdomestica
Acersaccharinum Morusalba
Actinidiadeliciosa Opuntiahumifusa
Alnuscordata Parthenocissusinserta
Amorphafructicosa Parthenocissusquinquefolia
Apiosamericana Parthenocissustricuspidata
Arundodonax Paulowniatomentosa
Aucubajaponica Philadelphuscoronarius
Berberisjulianae Phyllostachisaureaaggr.
Berberisthunbergii Prunusdomestica
Cercissiliquastrum Prunusdulcis
Chamaecyparislawsoniana Prunusinsititia
Cinnamomumglanduliferum Prunuspersica
Cornussericea Prunussubhirtella
Cotoneasterbullata Pterocaryafraxinifolia
Cotoneasterdivaricatus Puerarialobata
Cotoneasterhorizontalis Pyracanthacoccinea
Cotoneastersallicifolia Quercusilex
Cydoniaoblonga Rhododendronponticum
Deutziacrenata Sicyosangulatus
Diospyroslotus Spiraeasalicifolia
Elaeagnuspungens Spiraeajaponica
Elaeagnusxebbingei Sympharicarposalbus
Eryobotriajaponica Syringavulgaris
Euonymusjaponicus Thujaoccidentalis
Forsythiaxintermedia Tiliatomentosa
Gleditsiatriacanthos Toxicodendronradicans
6
I–Neophytes
o Listofwoodyinvasivneophytes
o Listofherbaceousinvasivneophytes
Ligneusesmusttohave nicetohave
AmorphafrucHcosa AcaciadealbataLonicerahenryi AcernegundoLonicerajaponica CornussericeaPuerarialobata MahoniaaquifoliumSicyosangulatus Parthenocissusinserta
Toxicodendronradicans ParthenocissusquinquefoliaPaulowniatomentosaRhodendronponHcum
SpiraeajaponicaSymphoricarposalbus
ViburnumrhyHdophyllumViburnumHnus
Herbacéesmusttohave nicetohave
Heracleummantegazzianum ImpaHensbalfourii ImpaHensglandulifera ImpaHensparviflora
Reynoutriasp Reynoutriajaponica Lupinuspolyphyllus Reynoutriasachalinensis Lysichitonamericanus
Solidagosp Solidagogigantea Polygonumpolystachum Solidagocanadensis Phytolaccasp Phytolaccaamericana
Solidagograminifolia Phytolaccaesculenta
7
I–Neophytes• Results
! Fielddocumentsforinvasivneophytes:
o Data:o FromFloraHelveHca
" DescripHoningerman" DescripHoninfrench" Habitatsinboth
languages
o Pictures" Leave" Buds" Flower" Fruit" Bark" Generalpicture
o LocalisaHon" ReparHHonmap" GPScoordinates
685512 245863 2006710233 112213 2010709710 112988 2015718736 88225 2007719310 87120 2016(G.Cararo)
Amorpha fructicosa
Bis4mhoherStrauch.Blätterunpaariggefiedert,mit6–17Fiederpaaren,kurzgestielt,wiederStängelkurzbehaartoderkahl.Teilblätterovalbislanzettlich,ganzrandig,mitaufgesetzterSpitze,kurzgestielt,1–6cmlang,unterseitszerstreutpunktiert.Blütenindichten,aufrechten,ährigenTraubenamEndederZweige,sehrkurzgestielt.Kronedunkelviolett,4–6mmlang,ohneFlügelundSchiffchen(nurbeidieserFabaceae-Gattungso).Frucht6–9mmlang,drüsig,oftgebogen.
Arbusteatteignant4mdehaut.Feuillesimparipennées,à6–17pairesdefolioles,elliptiquesàlancéolées,entières,mucronées,longuesde1–6cm,pubescentesouglabrescommelatige,ponctuéesdeglandesdessous;pétiolecourt.Fleursengrappesdressées,longuesde10–15cm,denses,spiciformes,terminales;pédonculescourts.Corollevioletfoncé,longuede4–6mm,sansailes,nicarène(seul.chezcegenredeFabacées).Gousselonguede6–9mm,glanduleuse,souventarquée.
5-6Flussufer,Kiesgruben;kollin;AlsZierpflanzekultiviertundinderSüdschweizgelegentlichverwildert
5-6Buissons,rives,graviers;cultivéetparfoissubspontané;coll.;OuestetsuddelaSuisse
Bastarindigo
685512 245863 2006710233 112213 2010709710 112988 2015718736 88225 2007719310 87120 2016(G.Cararo)
Amorpha fructicosa
Bis4mhoherStrauch.Blätterunpaariggefiedert,mit6–17Fiederpaaren,kurzgestielt,wiederStängelkurzbehaartoderkahl.Teilblätterovalbislanzettlich,ganzrandig,mitaufgesetzterSpitze,kurzgestielt,1–6cmlang,unterseitszerstreutpunktiert.Blütenindichten,aufrechten,ährigenTraubenamEndederZweige,sehrkurzgestielt.Kronedunkelviolett,4–6mmlang,ohneFlügelundSchiffchen(nurbeidieserFabaceae-Gattungso).Frucht6–9mmlang,drüsig,oftgebogen.
Arbusteatteignant4mdehaut.Feuillesimparipennées,à6–17pairesdefolioles,elliptiquesàlancéolées,entières,mucronées,longuesde1–6cm,pubescentesouglabrescommelatige,ponctuéesdeglandesdessous;pétiolecourt.Fleursengrappesdressées,longuesde10–15cm,denses,spiciformes,terminales;pédonculescourts.Corollevioletfoncé,longuede4–6mm,sansailes,nicarène(seul.chezcegenredeFabacées).Gousselonguede6–9mm,glanduleuse,souventarquée.
5-6Flussufer,Kiesgruben;kollin;AlsZierpflanzekultiviertundinderSüdschweizgelegentlichverwildert
5-6Buissons,rives,graviers;cultivéetparfoissubspontané;coll.;OuestetsuddelaSuisse
Bastarindigo
8
I–Neophytes• Results
! Fielddocumentsforinvasivneophytes:
o HelptorecogniHon
9
Source:C.Düggelin
I–Neophytes• Results:
o ListofGPScoodinates
• Conclusion,discussion
10
II–Treemicrohabitats
11Source:U.-B.Brändli
II–Treemicrohabitats• DefiniHon
• Aimsofthestudy:! HowtointegratetreemicrohabitatstothenextLFI?
" Whichones?" Reproducibility?" TimeconsumpHon?" ComparisonwithpreviousLFIandotherprogramms?
• Steps:! Bibliographicresearch! AnalysisofEFImarteloscopesdata
! Fieldexercises
! Analysisoffieldexercises
! ModelisaHonofecologicalvalueofforests
12
II–Treemicrohabitats• Bibliographyresearch
Whichtreemicrohabitatsshouldweconsider?Why?! Historic
o 2000’s:beginningofinteresto 2000-...:diffentpublicaHons
(Larrieu,Winter,Lachat,Bütler,Müller...)o 2014:Larrieu’sthesiso 2013-2016:project«Integrat+»byEFI
! Treemicrohabitatslist
o Method:SelecHonoftreemicrohabitatsinli\erature" RespectoftreemicrohabitatdefiniHon" EuropeantemperateandMediteraneancontext
o Results:Listof76microhabitats 13
II–Treemicrohabitats• Bibliographyresearch
! Treemicrohabitatsecologicalhierarchy
o Methodo Results
14
II–Treemicrohabitats• EcologicvaluecalulaHon:
! EFImethod
! R.Bütlermethod
! Test1(T1)method
𝐸𝐹𝐼𝑖 =&𝑛𝑖,𝑗 × 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑗 × (𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑗 + 𝑑𝑣𝑝𝑗 )𝑗
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡1𝑖 = 𝑚𝑖,𝑗 × , 𝑛𝑖,𝑗 𝑗
15
II–Treemicrohabitats• AnalysisofEFImarteloscopesdata
Whichtreemicrohabitatscouldwereallyobserveinforest?
! Frequenceanalysis:meanoftreemicrohabitatnumberperhectar
! Treemicrohabitats’percentageof
ecologicalvalueofthestand
! Group
16
II–Treemicrohabitats• AnalysisofEFImarteloscopesdata
Onwhichtreesshouldweobservetreemicrohabitats?
! Statusoftrees
! Diameteroftrees
17
II–Treemicrohabitats
• Fieldexercises
! ReproducHonofEFIinventory(LFITest)o SimilarscondiHons:
" Withoutfoliage" NoHmelimit" Binoculars
o Similartreemicrohabitatscatalogue:someinaddiHonandpossibleconversion
o 2quartersofEFImarteloscope
! Fieldteamexerciseo DifferentcondiHons
" Foliage" Timelimit" With/withoutbinoculars
o Similartreemicrohabitatscatalogue:someinaddiHonandpossibleconversion
o 20treesin2parcours:14+6,choosenbecauseoftheirnumberoftreemicrohabitats
o DiameteresHmaHonexercise
18
II–Treemicrohabitats• Analysisoffieldexercises
! ReproducHonofEFIinventory(LFITest)DoweobservethesamemicrohabitatsthanEFI?WhichcanbedifficulHes?WhichcriteriacanweaddtoimprovedefiniHonsandassessmentmethod?
D i am e t e raverage
Quarter4 Quarter2 Totalnb % nb % nb %
3-9cm 12 80 79 80 91 80≥10cm 3 20 20 20 23 20total 15 100 99 100 114 100DiamètredescavitésdenutriCondespics
19
II–Treemicrohabitats• Analysisoffieldexercises
! FieldteamexerciseWhichtreemicrohabitatobservaHonarereproducible?WhichfactorscaninfluenceobservaHons?
o Method" ShannonIndex
𝑆= − ∑𝑖↑▒𝑝↓𝑖 × ln 𝑝↓𝑖 with 𝑝↓𝑖 = 𝑛↓𝑖 /𝑁
" Rightanswerpercentage %↓𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∑𝑖↑▒[( 𝑛↓𝑖 − 𝑛↓0 )=0]/𝑁 ×100
" Wilcoxon’stestoneffects:
" H0:average1=average2" p-value<0.05=H0rejected
" QualitaHveanalysisontreemicrohabitats
Stammbruch 118 133BD 1 1FS 0 1PK 1 0CD 0 1FG 1 1MB 1 0RF 0 1LFITest 0 1
20
II–Treemicrohabitats• Analysisoffieldexercises
! FieldteamexerciseWhichtreemicrohabitatobservaHonarereproducible?WhichfactorscaninfluenceobservaHons?
o Learningeffect:group1andgroup2comparison
ButdiffercencesalwaysinthesamedirecHon,contrarytohypoteHcalconsequencesoflearningeffectNolearningeffectforthisexercise
Wilcoxon’stest:MeannumberofdendromicrohabitatssignificaHvelydifferentMeanpercentageofrightanswersignificaHvelydifferentwhenreferenceanswerisnullMeanpercentageofrightanswernotsignificaHvelydifferentwhenreferenceanswerisnotnull
21
II–Treemicrohabitats• Analysisoffieldexercises
! FieldteamexerciseWhichtreemicrohabitatobservaHonsarereproducible?WhichfactorscaninfluenceobservaHonsandtheirreproducibility?
o Binocularseffect Nobinocularseffect
o Timeeffect NoHmeeffectN.B:Inaverage,82%ofobservedtreemicrohabitatshavebeenseenduringthefirst5minutes.C/C:Thereareanylearningorbinoculareffectduringthisexercise
Wecancompareallobservatorstogether. 22
II–Treemicrohabitats• Analysisoffieldexercises
! FieldteamexerciseWhichtreemicrohabitatobservaHonsarereproducible?WhichfactorscaninfluenceobservaHonsandtheirreproducibility?
23
II–Treemicrohabitats• Analysisoffieldexercises
! FieldteamexerciseWhichtreemicrohabitatobservaHonsarereproducible?WhichfactorscaninfluenceobservaHonsandtheirreproducibility?
24
II–Treemicrohabitats• Analysisoffieldexercises
! FieldteamexerciseWhichtreemicrohabitatobservaHonsarereproducible?WhichfactorscaninfluenceobservaHonsandtheirreproducibility?
Moosdeckungsgrad107 79 118 104 112 102 89 94 95 96 132 145 133 98BD 1 6 0 1 1 1 6 6 6 1 5 1 3 0FS 3 5 2 0 1 1 6 6 6 1 0 0 0 0PK 3 6 3 3 2 2 6 6 6 3 3 3 0 NACD 3 5 4 1 1 1 6 6 4 1 4 1 3 0FG 2 4 1 1 1 1 6 6 3 2 1 1 1 0MB 1 4 1 1 1 1 6 5 5 2 1 1 3 0RF 2 4 2 1 2 1 6 6 5 1 3 1 1 0LFITest 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 3
25
Insektengallerien 145133
BD 0 1FS 0 0PK 0 0CD 0 0FG 1 0MB 0 1
RF 0 0LFITest 0 1
26
II–Treemicrohabitats• Analysisoffieldexercises
! FieldteamexerciseWhichtreemicrohabitatobservaHonsarereproducible?WhichfactorscaninfluenceobservaHonsandtheirreproducibility?
Dendromicrohabitatsnonprésentdanslepeuplement Dendromicrohabitatssansconclusionpossibleseffetobservateurstropimportants
flutes dendrothelmestrousd'insectes fentes
champignonsautresquedespolyporespérennes gourmandsMyxomycetes balaisdesorcière
Nidd'invertébrés loupescouléedesève Chancresdécomposés
taillis lichensgui nids couléesderésine
Dendromicrohabitatsquinécessitent uneamélioraCondeladéfin iCon Dendromicrohabitatsquinécessite
uneformaConsupplémentaire dendrothelmes cavitésracinaires
galeriesd'insectes dendrothelmes brisuresdelacouronne
regroupertouteslescatégories couronnesecondaire cassuredutronc décollement d'écorceformantdesabris branchesmortes regroupertouteslesdimensions
polyporespérennes fairedescatégoriesdenombre recouvrementparlamousse recouvrementparleslianes
Dendromicrohabitatsdifficilementidentifiables
Dendromicrohabitatsmoyennementidentifiables
Dendromicrohabitatsfacilementidentifiables
cavitésdepics,provenantdebranches,naturelles
couronnessecondaires brisuresdelacouronne
cavitésdenutritiondespics(facilementquesurlesarbresmorts)
décollementd'écorceformantdesabris
cassuredutronccavitésracinaires branchesmortesgaleriesd'insectes polyporespérennes
branchesvertescassées recouvrementparlamousseplagesdeboissansécorce recouvrementparleslianes
FourchesRecouvrementdesarbres
mortsparl’écorce. Recouvrementparl’écorce
II–Treemicrohabitats• ModelisaHonofecologicalvalueofforestsHowcanwecompareecologicalvaluecalculatedwithdatafromdifferentprotocoles?
Modèle Définition Nombrede
dendromicrohabitatsM0 ModèleavectouslesdendromicrohabitatsduprotocoleLFITest 62MI ModèlecomparableauprotocoleEFI 40MII ModèlecomparableauprotocoleLFI4etLFI3sanslegui 12MIII ModèlecomparableauprotocoleLFI1 7MIV Modèlecomparableauprotocole«Réservesforestières» 11MV ModèleavectouslesdendromicrohabitatsduprotocoleLFITestmaissans
distinctiondedimensions36
MVI Modèleaveclesdendromicrohabitats«surs»quantàleurreproductibilitéi.eceuxpouvantêtreidentifiablesdefaçonreproductiblesileurdéfinitionouleurenseignementestaméliorer(cfIV.C.5)
12
MethodR.Bütler MethodTest127
II–Treemicrohabitats• ConclusionandproposiHon
28
29
Merciviel(r)male
Source:C.Düggelin
Source:C.Düggelin,U.-B.Brändli