Nervous and Endocrine Systems Review

What is the function of the nervous system?

Regulation

To regulate (control) all body processes.

1. A muscle or gland which responds to a message carried to it by motor neurons is called a(n) _______.

2. A change in the surroundings or the environment that triggers a nerve impulse is called a(n) _____.

3. The electrochemical message that travels through the nervous system is known as the _________.

4. A change in the external environment that initiates (starts) an impulse is called a _______.

5. Nerve cells are called __________.

effector

stimulus

impulse

impulse

neurons

Neuron Structure1. Most axons are covered with ___________ which aids

impulse  transmission by improving electrical insulation.

2. ___________ receive the impulse from the previous neuron.

3. The longest part of a neuron is the ______.

4. The ____________ contains the nucleus and other cell organelles.

5. The part of the neuron that produces and releases neurotransmitters are the ____________.

6. Neurotransmitters attach to __________ on the next neuron.

myelin

Dendrites

axon

cell body

terminal branches

receptors

How does an impulse travel from one neuron to the next?

Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.

A structure that detects stimuli is a a) effector 

b) synapse     

c) receptor       

d) muscle

Synapses are located directly between 

(1.) dendrites and axons 

(2.) cytons and axons 

(3.) terminal branches and dendrites 

(4.) axons and terminal branches

What does this picture represent?Central Nervous System

1. Sensory neurons transmit impulses from the _________ to the ________________.

2. Interneurons carry impulses from the _____________ to ____________.

3. Motor neurons carry impulses from the __________ to ___________.

receptors spinal cord (CNS)

sensory neurons motor neurons

spinal cord effectors

Sensory neurons transmit messages

a) from the central nervous system to a muscle a gland

b) from the brain to the spinal cord

c) from the environment to the spinal cord or brain

d) within the brain

e) All of the above are true.

In a simple spinal reflex, the pathway for an impulse is along a sensory neuron directly to a motor neuron through 

(1.) a receptor 

(2.) an interneuron 

(3.) an effector 

(4.) the brain

What structures make up your central nervous system?

Brain and Spinal Cord

Neurons that carry messages toward the CNS (brain and spinal cord) are called

sensory neurons

Identify the part of the brain being describe.

• What structure controls reasoning, memory, emotions, and habits?

• What controls involuntary actions?

• What controls and coordinates voluntary actions and balance?

• Loss of memory as a result of an accident would indicate damage to which part?

• What controls activities such as breathing and heart rate?

cerebrummedulla

cerebellum

cerebrum

medulla

Identify the parts of the brain labeled in the diagram.

medulla

cerebrum

cerebellum

spinal cord

Why are reflexes much faster than a normal response?

The impulse only travels to the spinal cord, not the brain.

A

B

Receptor

sensory neuron

motor neuron

interneuron

1. According to this diagram, a gland secretes a chemical. What is the name of this chemical?

2. The organs and tissues that the chemical is transported to by the blood is made up of what kind of cells?

3. What do hormones attach to on these cells?

Hormone

Target cells

Receptors

An important method of communication between cells is shown in the diagram.  What is the chemical referred to in the diagram?

1. a hormone important in maintaining homeostasis

2. an enzyme detected by a cell membrane receptor

3. DNA necessary for regulating cell functions

4. a food molecule taken in by an organism

Which substances are found on cell surfaces and respond to nerve and hormone signals?

1. starches and simple sugars

2. subunits of DNA

3. vitamins and minerals

4. receptor molecules

1. What does structure B represent?

2. Explain why cell C is the target cell.

receptors

Cell C has receptors that fit perfectly with the hormone.

Which substances are found on cell surfaces and respond to nerve and hormone signals?

1. starches and simple sugars

2. subunits of DNA

3. vitamins and minerals

4. receptor molecules

If a human system fails to function properly, what is the most likely result?

1. a stable rate of metabolism

2. a disturbance in homeostasis

3. a change in the method of cellular respiration

4. a change in the function of DNA

Identify all glands labeled in the diagtam.

Pituitary gland

Thyroid glandParathyroid gland

Pancreas

Ovaries

Adrenal glands

1. A hormone that increases the rate and strength of heart contractions during times of sudden stress is secreted by which structure? What is the name of this hormone?

2a.Hormones that regulate the ovaries are secreted by which structure?

2b.What are the name of these hormones?

Adrenal glands

Adrenaline

Pituitary gland

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

1. What is the name of the iodine-containing hormone that aids in the regulation of metabolic rate? What structure secretes this hormone?

4. What structure regulates calcium metabolism?

5. Which structure regulates blood glucose levels? What is the name of those hormones?

Thyroxine

Thyroid

Parathyroid glands

PancreasInsulinGlucagon

1. What HORMONE causes blood sugar level to decrease? What GLAND produces this hormone?

2. What part of the brain controls the pituitary gland?

3. What hormones produced by the ovaries stimulate the production of female secondary sex characteristics?

Insulin

Pancreas

Hypothalamus

Estrogen

1. What is the name of the thyroid HORMONE which controls body metabolism?

1. Which HORMONE helps to stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male?

3. Why is the pituitary glands called the “master gland?”

Thyroxine

Testosterone

It regulates other glands in the body.

Increased perspiration, a higher body temperature, and a rapidly beating heart are all possible responses to a stressful situation. These body responses are most likely a direct result of the interaction of the

1. digestive and endocrine systems

2. digestive and respiratory systems

3. nervous and endocrine systems

4. nervous and reproductive systems

Which graph of blood sugar level over a 12-hour period best illustrates the concept of homeostasis?

Which statement describes a feedback mechanism involving the human pancreas?

1. The production of estrogen stimulates the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction.

2. The level of oxygen in the blood is related to heart rate.

3. The level of sugar in the blood is affected by the amount of insulin in the blood.

4. The production of urine allows for excretion of cell waste.

Hormones and secretions of the nervous system are chemical messengers that

1. store genetic information

2. carry out the circulation of materials

3. extract energy from nutrients

4. control and coordinate system interactions

1. This diagram best illustrates

a. recombination b. feedback

c. insertion d. deletion

2. What is the function of this process?Maintain homeostasis.Regulate hormone levels in the blood.