PowerPoint Presentation

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nur Nabilah binti Abdullah Nur Izyan Shahirah binti Mohd BakriNERVOUS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Function of nervous system:-

Receives information Interprets the information Makes the body respond to the information

Nervous Tissue

NEURONS

Most neurons have 3 parts : a) cell body (soma) b) dendrites c) axons Dendrites

Receive information from other neuron and conduct toward soma.

Cell Body

Nerve impulses from dendrites converge on cell bodyCell body integrates the signal and coordinate metabolic activities.

Axons

Conduct the nerve impulses away from cell body.2 types: a) unmyelinated axons b) myelinated axonsMYELINATED AXONS

Myelin speeds up the transmission of action potentials along the axon.Unmyelinated gaps known as nodes of ranvier

Structural classification of neurons

Functional Classification Of Neuron Classified according to the direction which nerve impulse (action potential) is conveyed with respect to the CNS.3 types which are : a) sensory neuron (afferent neuron) b) interneurons (association neuron) c) motor neuron (efferent neuron)

2015/9/3Neuroglia CellFunction: For support, regulation & protection of neurons.

2015/9/3CNSPNS Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells

Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) Satellite cells

Neuroglia Cell

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Produce and maintain the myelin sheath around axons of CNS neurons. Myelinated axons transmit impulses faster than unmyelinated axons. 2015/9/3AstrocytesCreate supportive framework for neuronsCreate blood-brain barrierMonitor & regulate interstitial fluid surrounding neurons

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MicrogliaSmall (micro)Protect CNS cells from disease by engulfing invading microbes2015/9/3

Ependymal CellLine ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal cordProduces, monitors & helps circulate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). 2015/9/3

Schwann Cell

2015/9/3Same function with oligodendrocytes (CNS)Satellite cellIs the cushion for neuron. This cell supports cell bodies of neurons within ganglia of the PNS. 2015/9/3

Action Potential

SynapseIs a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical signal to another neuron.

22DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMCentral Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)2015/9/3

23Central Nervous SystemConsists of: Brain Spinal cordInterpret information received, sent to PNS

Brain

BrainReceives messages from and sends messages to all organs and tissues of the body.The brain is protected by the skull and meninges. 2015/9/3

3 Main Parts of BrainCerebrumCerebellum Brainstem2015/9/3

CerebrumLargest part Responsible for thought, memory, sensation, intelligence.

CerebellumIt maintains body posture and balance.2015/9/3

Brain StemActs as a pathway for messages traveling between some parts of the brain and spinal cord. 3 main parts Medulla oblongataPons Midbrain

Medulla OblongataControl involuntary activities2015/9/3

PonsServes as a pathwayConnect various parts of brain with each other2015/9/3

MidbrainControl eye movement

Coordinates head movement with sight and sound2015/9/3MeningesOuter layer - Dura mater Middle layer -Arachnoid materInner layer - Pia mater

2015/9/3Spinal CordComponents of the Spinal CordGrey matter (at the center)White matter (surround the grey)2015/9/3

Grey matterContains cell bodies and dendrites that covered with synapses. 2015/9/3

White matterContains bundles of axons that are covered by a myelin sheath.2015/9/3

The spinal cord is surrounded by membranes called meninges. 3 meninges: dura mater (outer) arachnoid mater (middle) pia mater (inner)

Peripheral Nervous SystemConsists of nerve branch out from brain and spinal cord.Connects CNS with all body parts through nerves.Can be divided into Somatic nervous system (SNS) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)2015/9/3Somatic Nervous System (SNS)Consists of12 pairs ofcranial nerves31 pairs ofspinal nerves.Primary role : connect CNS to organs, muscles and skin 2015/9/3Cranial NervesNerve that branch out from brain. The first 2 pairs emerged from cerebrum, the rest is from the brainstem.

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Spinal NervesNerves branch out from spinal cord. Nerves carry information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body, and from the body back up to the brain.2015/9/3

Divided based on vertebral locations8 cervical12 thoracic5 lumbar5 sacral1 coccygeal

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Differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systemSomatic Nervous SystemAutonamic Nervous SystemInvolved in conscious activityControl unconscious activityControls skeletal muscles and external sensory organs

Controls involuntary muscles such as smooth and cardiac muscles

Cannot be divided further

Can be divided into 2 branches which are sympathetic and parasympathetic

Mediates bodily movement

Mediates control of internal environment

2015/9/3Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsSympathetic DivisionParasympathetic DivisionControl bodys response during perceived threatControl bodys response while at restSpeed up or slow down body processOpposite effect of sympathetic division

Activates the fight or flight responses

Activates the rest and digest or feed or breed

Control activity that increase energy expenditure

Control activities that conserve energy expenditure

Require quick responses

Do not require immediate responses

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Disease related to Nervous SystemParkinsons Disease2015/9/3

Substantia nigraProduce dopamine as neurotransmitter. Dopamine is responsible for relay message and control body movement. 2015/9/3

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2015/9/3Drugs

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2. Alzheimers disease

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Plaques and tangles of neurons are the PRIME SUSPECTS!

2015/9/3TreatmentNo treatment that can cure this disease. Drugs can only slow down the progression from becoming worse.

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INTERESTING FACTS!2015/9/31. Food for Calming NSWheyRich in L-glutamine Increase the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter. Glutamine will increase the levels of serotonin from becoming anxiety, depression and other mental health problems. 2015/9/3

BananaAid in the production of serotonin and melatonin. These chemicals will regulate mood and sleeping patterns. Promote muscle relaxation and stress relief. 2015/9/3

Dark chocolate Contains L-tryptophan. Responsible for relaxing the brain. Besides, it also contains anandamide (neurotransmitter) that has ability to alter dopamine levels in brain and promote sense of peace and relaxation.

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2. Lie Detector2015/9/3

VIDEO

2015/9/32015/9/3Used autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system)When the sympathetic division activate, it will increase heart beat, increase blood pressure and etcIn general, a significant change such as faster heart beat, increase blood pressure, increase perspiration indicate that the person is lying.If, the person is telling the truth, the graph remain calm.

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Questions?

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