Nervous System - PNS and CNS Biol 105 Lecture Packet 10 Chapter 8.

Nervous System - PNS and CNS

Biol 105

Lecture Packet 10

Chapter 8

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

OutlineI. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous

SystemII. Peripheral Nervous System

A. Autonomic Nervous SystemsB. Somatic Nervous Systems

III. Autonomic Nervous SystemA. Parasympathetic Nervous SystemsB. Sympathetic Nervous Systems

IV. Reflex ActionsV. Central Nervous System

A. Protection of CNSB. Spinal CordC. Brain


Two Parts of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nervous tissue outside brain and

spine Sense organs



Somatic nervous system – part of PNS that controls voluntary functions Movement, controls skeletal muscles

Autonomic nervous system – part of PNS that control involuntary functions Controls cardiac and smooth muscles, and

glands

Peripheral Nervous System


Figure 8.1 The nervous system


Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two systems:

Parasympathetic division – “rest and digest”

Sympathetic division – stimulatory stress responses (flight or fight responses)


The PNS - Parasympathetic

Figure 8.12 (1 of 2)

Constrictspupil

Increasessalivation

Decreasesbreathing rate

Slowsheart rate

Widensblood

vessels

Increasesdigestive activity

Increasesdigestive activity

Contractsbladder

muscles

Stimulatesdefecation

Parasympathetic Nervous System(Cranial and sacral

regions of spinal cord)

Synapsebetweenneurons


Parasympathetic – rest and digest

Constricts eye pupils Stimulate salivation Slows heart rate Constricts breathing Dilates blood vessels Stimulates digestion Constricts bladder Stimulates sex organs


PNS – Sympathetic Nervous System

Figure 8.12 (2 of 2)

Dilatespupil

Decreasessalivation

Increasesbreathing rate

Increasesheart rate

Narrowsblood vessels

Slowsdigestive activity

Slowsdigestive activity

Relaxes bladder muscles

Inhibitsdefecation

Stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Causes salt andwater retention

Sympathetic Nervous System(Thoracic and lumbarregions of spinal cord)

Ganglion


Sympathetic – fight or flight

dilates eye pupils Inhibits salivation Accelerates heart rate Facilitates breathing Stimulates secretion of epinephrine and

norepinephrine Stimulates release of free glucose Inhibits digestion Relaxes bladder Inhibits sex organs


Reflex Actions

Sometime we need a really quick response – reacting to a hot stove. We may not have time to send the message up to the brain to process the information.

The spinal cord can process the information and send a response back to the motor nerves


Reflex Arc

The pathway consisting of a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, interneurons, a motor neuron and an effector (muscle)



The Spinal Cord

Animation—Reflex ArcsPLAY

http://wps.aw.com/bc_goodenough_boh_3/104/26711/6838216.cw/index.html


This part of your PNS inhibits digestion

1. Parasympathetic

2. Sympathetic

Parasy

mpathetic

Sympath

etic

50%50%


Central Nervous System

Brain Spinal cord


Protection of the CNS

The CNS is protected by:

1. Bone (skull and vertebral column)

2. Meninges

3. Cerebrospinal fluid

4. Blood-Brain barrier


Meninges

There are three layers of the meninges:

1. Dura mater – outer layer

2. Arachnoid mater – middle layer

3. Pia mater – inner layer


Meningitis

Meningitis - Inflammation of the meninges

It is caused by many forms of bacteria, viruses and fungi

It can lead to encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain.


Function of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Functions

1. Shock absorption

2. Support the weight of the brain

3. Nourishment and waste removal


Blood-brain barrier

Permits certain substances to enter the brain, while inhibiting others from entering

It inhibits many drugs that are not lipid soluble from reaching brain tissue


Protection of the CNS

Figure 8.2

Ventriclesof the brain

The bones of the skull andvertebral column are hardcases that protect the brainand spinal cord.

Cerebrospinal fluid cushionsthe brain and spinal cord.

The meninges are threemembranes that protectthe brain and spinal cord.


The innermost layer of the meninges is the:

1. Pia mater

2. Dura mater

3. Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Dura mater

Arachnoid m

ater

33% 33%33%


Spinal Cord

Spinal cord extends from the base of the brain down the back – transmits messages between the brain and the rest of the body

There is cerebrospinal fluid in a central canal


Spinal Cord

If you look at a cross section of the spinal cord you will see “white matter” and “grey matter”

The white matter is myelinated axons

Grey matter is mainly cell bodies and non-myelinated axons


Spinal Cord

Figure 8.11a

Dorsal root

Dorsal-rootganglion

Pair ofspinal nerves

Gray matter

White matter

Ventral root

(a) View from front of body


The Brain Cerebrum

Cerebral cortex Hippocampus amygdala

Hypothalamus Thalamus Cerebellum Brain stem – midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (Pineal gland and Pituitary gland is in the brain

but it is part of the endocrine system)


The Brain

The Brain is the control center

The cerebral cortex of the cerebrum is the thinking, conscious part of the brain

Cerebrum


The Brain

Figure 8.3 (2 of 2)

Cerebrum• Contains sensory areas for skin senses, vision, hearing, olfaction• Motor areas for voluntary control of movement• Association areas for interpreting sensations, language, thinking, decision making, self-awareness, creativity, and storage of memories

Corpus callosum• Allows left and right cerebral hemispheres to communicate with one another


Cerebrum

Contains:

Cerebral cortex Hippocampus Amygdala


Cerebrum

Functions as the sensory area for touch, vision, hearing, and olfaction as well as association areas for interpreting sensations, language, thinking, decision making, self-awareness, creativity, and storing memories.


Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex - The thin outer layer of the cerebrum is where most of the higher thinking and processing takes place.

Contains sensory areas (post-central gyrus) Contains motor areas (pre-central gyrus) Prefrontal region of the cerebral cortex is

responsible for decision making Folding increases surface area by about 3x Sulci are the folds or furrows Gyri are the ridges



Cerebrum – Corpus callosum

Beneath the cortex is white matter

Corpus callosum – band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres


Cerebrum – cerebral cortex

Figure 8.4


Cerebrum

Figure 8.5

Gray matter consists of interneurons, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons that integrate information.

White matterconsists of myelinated axons that allow communication over long distances.

The corpus callosum is a band of white matter that allowscommunication between thecerebral hemisperes.


Split Brains

Split Brain Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82tlVcq6E7A


Cerebrum

Hippocampus – important in long term memory

Amygdala – important in remembering fear and responding to it.


Memory

Figure 8.8

Amygdala

Cerebrum

Hippocampus

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Olfactory bulb



Thalamus – Processes sensory information (except smell) and relays it to other areas of brain

Thalamus


Functions of hypothalamus:

1. maintains homeostasis: Controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, body temperature

2. regulates drives including hunger, thirst, sex

3. controls the pituitary gland secretions

Hypothalamus


The Brain

Figure 8.3 (2 of 2)

Hypothalamus• Controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, body temperature, food intake• Is a center for emotions• Serves as “master biological clock”

Thalamus• Processes all sensory information (except olfaction)• Relays information to appropriate higher brain centers


Cerebellum – maintains balance and coordination, refines motor skills, new motor skills (playing piano)

Cerebellum


Cerebellum

Figure 8.3 (1 of 2)

Cerebellum• Coordinates sensory–motor voluntary movement• Stores memory of learned motor patterns


Brain Stem

Contains:

Medulla oblongata Midbrain Pons


Brain Stem – Medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata – controls many vital involuntary functions including breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure

Where the crossing over point is for many neural tracks


Brain Stem - Pons

Function of the pons:

Assists the medulla oblongata to control involuntary breathing

Relays messages between the spinal cord and the cerebellum with the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalmus


Brain Stem - Midbrain

Functions of Midbrain

Important in voluntary muscle control Relay station for auditory and visual information Relays information between the cerebellum or

spinal cord and the cerebrum Controls eye movement


The Brain

Figure 8.3 (1 of 2)

Medulla oblongata• Contains autonomic centers for heart rate and digestive activities• Relays sensory information to thalamus

Pons• A bridge between higher and lower brain centers

Midbrain• Relays information between the cerebellum or spinal cord and the cerebrum• Integrates sensory input

Bra

inst

em


Glands

Pituitary gland and pineal glands are part of the brain but will be covered in the endocrine system


What region of the brain is the region where most of the higher thinking and processing takes place

1. Amygdala

2. Hippocampus

3. Cerebral cortex

4. Hypothalamus

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cerebral co

rtex

Hypothalamus

25% 25%25%25%


What region of the brain is the region important in long term memory

1. Amygdala

2. Hippocampus

3. Cerebral cortex

4. Hypothalamus

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cerebral co

rtex

Hypothalamus

25% 25%25%25%


What region of the brain regulates drives including hunger, maintains homeostasis, controls the pituitary gland

1. Amygdala

2. Hippocampus

3. Cerebral cortex

4. Hypothalamus

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cerebral co

rtex

Hypothalamus

25% 25%25%25%


What region of the brain is important in remembering fear and

responding to it.

1. Amygdala

2. Hippocampus

3. Cerebral cortex

4. Hypothalamus

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cerebral co

rtex

Hypothalamus

25% 25%25%25%


What are the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system, what do they control?

What are reflex actions?

What are the Parasympathetic division and the Sympathetic division – what specifically do they control (increase heart rate, etc)

Important Concepts


What protects the CNS

What are the three layers of the meninges, be able to describe them and their location (which is the inner, middle or outer layer.

What is meningitis, what is the cause, what is encephalitis

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

What is the function of the blood-brain barriers, what does it allow to pass?

Important Concepts


Major regions of the brain and their functions: Cerebrum (including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala), Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Cerebellum, Brain stem (including the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata)

What parts of the brain are in the cerebrum and in the brain stem

What is the corpus callosum and what is its function?

Important Concepts


Important Concepts

What are split brains and how does that effect a person

Where are the primary motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex

How are body parts represented on the cortex

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82tlVcq6E7A


Definitions

Long term memory, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, voluntary, involuntary, reflex arc, constrict, dilate, inhibits, accelerates, facilitates, stimulates, relaxes, white matter, grey matter, prefrontal region,

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Nervous System - PNS and CNS Biol 105 Lecture Packet 10 Chapter 8.

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