_NET Framework - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

7/24/2019 _NET Framework - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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.NET Framework

.NET Framework component stack

Developer(s) Microsoft

Initial release 13February 2002

Stable release 4.6.1 / 17 November 2015[1]

Operating system Windows 98 or later, Windows

NT 4.0 or later

Type Software framework

License Mixed see Licensing

Website microsoft.com/net

(http://microsoft.com/net)

.NET FrameworkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

.NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software

framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily

on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library

known as Framework Class Library (FCL) and provideslanguage interoperability (each language can use code

written in other languages) across several programming

languages. Programs written for .NET Framework

execute in a software environment (as contrasted to

hardware environment), known as Common Language

Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that

provides services such as security, memory management,

and exception handling. FCL and CLR together

constitute .NET Framework.

FCL provides user interface, data access,database

connectivity, cryptography, web application

development, numeric algorithms, and network

communications. Programmers produce software by

combining their own source code with .NET Framework

and other libraries. .NET Framework is intended to be

used by most new applications created for the Windows

platform. Microsoft also produces an integrated

development environment largely for .NETsoftware

called Visual Studio.

.NET Framework started out as a proprietary

framework, although the company worked to standardize

the software stack almost immediately, even before its

first release. Despite the standardization efforts,

developers particularly those in the free and open-

source software communitiesexpressed their

uneasiness with the selected terms and the prospects of

any free and open-source implementation, especially with

regard to software patents. Since then,Microsoft haschanged .NET development to more closely follow a

contemporary model of a community-developed

software project, including issuing an update to its patent

that promises to address the concerns.

.NET Framework family also includes two versions for

mobile or embedded device use. A reduced version of

the framework, .NET Compact Framework, is available

on Windows CE platforms, including Windows Mobile

devices such as smartphones. Additionally, .NET MicroFramework is targeted at severely resource-constrained

devices.
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Contents

1 History

2 Release history

3 Architecture

3.1 Common Language Infrastructure

3.2 Class library

3.3 Assemblies

3.4 .NET Core

3.5 C++/CLI

4 Design principles

4.1 Interoperability

4.2 Language independence

4.3 Portability

4.4 Security

4.5 Memory management

4.6 Simplified deployment4.7 Performance

5 Licensing

6 Alternative implementations

7 Notes

8 References

9 External links

History

Microsoft started development of .NET Framework in the late 1990s, originally under the name of Next

Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2000, the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released.

In August 2000, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, and Intel worked to standardize Common Language

Infrastructure (CLI) and C#. By December 2001, both were ratified ECMA standards. [2][3]ISO followed in

April 2003. The current version of ISO standards are ISO/IEC 23271:2012 and ISO/IEC 23270:2006.[4][5]

While Microsoft and their partners hold patents for CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all patentsessential to implementation be made available under "reasonable and non-discriminatory terms". In addition to

meeting these terms, the companies have agreed to make the patents available royalty-free. However, this did

not apply for the part of .NET Framework not covered by ECMA/ISO standards, which included Windows

Forms, ADO.NET, and ASP.NET. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may have deterred non-

Microsoft implementations of the full framework.[6]

On 3 October 2007, Microsoft announced that the source code for .NET Framework 3.5 libraries was to

become available under the Microsoft Reference License (Ms-RSL[a]).[7]The source code repository became

available online on 16 January 2008 and included BCL, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, Windows Forms, WPF, and

XML. Scott Guthrie of Microsoft promised that LINQ, WCF, and WF libraries were being added.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Guthriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Reference_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_and_Non_Discriminatory_Licensinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organisation_for_Standardisationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft


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Microsoft .NET Framework v4.5

logo

On 12 November 2014, Microsoft announced .NET Core, in an

effort to include cross-platform support for .NET, the source release

of Microsoft's CoreCLR implementation, source for the "entire [...]

library stack" for .NET Core, and the adoption of a conventional

("bazaar"-like) open-source development model under the

stewardship of the .NET Foundation. Miguel de Icaza describes

.NET Core as a "redesigned version of .NET that is based on the

simplified version of the class libraries",[9]and Microsoft's Immo Landwerth explained that .NET Core wouldbe "the foundation of all future .NET platforms". At the time of the announcement, the initial release of the .NET

Core project had been seeded with a subset of the libraries' source code and coincided with the relicensing of

Microsoft's existing .NET reference source away from the restrictions of the Ms-RSL. Landwerth

acknowledged the disadvantages of the previously selected shared source license, explaining that it made

codename Rotor "a non-starter" as a community-developed open source project because it did not meet the

criteria of an OSI-approved license.[10][11][12]

Microsoft also produced an update to its patent grants, which further extends the scope beyond its previous

pledges. Prior projects like Mono existed in a legal grey area because Microsoft's earlier grants applied only to

the technology in "covered specifications", including strictly the 4th editions each of ECMA-334 and ECMA-335. The new patent promise, however, places no ceiling on the specification version, and even extends to any

.NET runtime technologies documented on MSDN that have not been formally specified by the ECMA group,

if a project chooses to implement them. This permits Mono and other projects to maintain feature parity with

modern .NET features that have been introduced since the 4th edition was published without being at risk of

patent litigation over the implementation of those features. The new grant does maintain the restriction that any

implementation must maintain minimum compliance with the mandatory parts of the CLI specification.[13]

Microsoft's press release highlights that the cross-platform commitment now allows for a fully open source,

modern server-side .NET stack. However, Microsoft does not plan to release the source for WPF or WindowsForms.[14][15]

Release history
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Overview of .NET Framework release history[16][17]

Version

number

CLR

version

Release

date De velopment tool

Included inReplaces

Windows Windows Server

1.0 1.0 2002-02-

13

Visual Studio

.NET[18] XP[a] N/A N/A

1.1 1.1 2003-04-24

Visual Studio .NET

2003[18] N/A 2003 1.0[19]

2.0 2.0 2005-11-

07

Visual Studio

2005[20] N/A

2003, 2003 R2,[21]2008 SP2,

2008 R2 SP1N/A

3.0 2.0 2006-11-

06

Expression

Blend[22][b] Vista 2008 SP2, 2008 R2 SP1 2.0[16]

3.5 2.0 2007-11-

19

Visual Studio

2008[23]7, 8[c],

8.1[c], 10[c] 2008 R2 SP1

2.0,

3.0[16]

4.0 4 2010-04-

12

Visual Studio

2010[24] N/A N/A N/A

4.5 4 2012-08-

15

Visual Studio

2012[25] 8 2012 4.0[16]

4.5.1 4 2013-10-

17

Visual Studio

2013[26] 8.1 2012 R2

4.0,

4.5[16]

4.5.2 4 2014-05-

05

N/A N/A N/A4.0

4.5.1[16]

4.6 4 2015-07-

20

Visual Studio

2015[27] 10 N/A

4.0

4.5.2[16]

4.6.1 4 2015-11-

17[28]Visual Studio 2015

Update 1

10 Version

1511 N/A

4.0

4.6[16]

Notes:

a.^ .NET Framework 1.0 is integral OS component of Windows XP Media Center edition or Tablet PC edition.

Installation CDs for the Home editions and the Professional editions of Windows XP SP1, SP2 or SP3 comes

with .NET Framework installation packages.[17]

b.^Expression Blend only covers the Windows Presentation Foundation part of .NET Framework 3.0.

c.^^^.NET Framework 3.5 is not automatically installed with Windows 8, 8.1 or 10. It must be installed

either from a Windows installation media or from the Internet on demand. Control Panel always attempts the

latter.[29]

Architecture

Common Language Infrastructure
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Visual overview of the Common Language

Infrastructure (CLI)

Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) provides a

language-neutral platform for application development

and execution, including functions for exception handling,

garbage collection, security, and interoperability. By

implementing the core aspects of .NET Framework

within the scope of CLI, this functionality will not be tied

to a single language but will be available across the many

languages supported by the framework. Microsoft'simplementation of CLI is Common Language Runtime

(CLR). It serves as the execution engine of .NET

Framework. All .NET programs execute under the

supervision of CLR, guaranteeing certain properties and

behaviors in the areas of memory management, security,

and exception handling.

For computer programs to run on CLI, they need to be

compiled into Common Intermediate Language (CIL)

as opposed to being compiled into machine code. Uponexecution, an architecture-specific just-in-time compiler

(JIT) turns the CIL code into machine code. To improve

performance, however, .NET Framework comes with

Native Image Generator (NGEN), which performs

ahead-of-time compilation.

Class library

.NET Framework includes a set of standard class libraries. The class library is organized in a hierarchy of

namespaces. Most of the built-in APIs are part of either System.*or Microsoft.*namespaces. These classlibraries implement a large number of common functions, such as file reading and writing, graphic rendering,

database interaction, and XML document manipulation, among others. .NET class libraries are available for all

CLI compliant languages. .NET Framework class library is divided into two parts: Base Class Library (BCL)

and Framework Class Library (FCL).

BCL includes a small subset of the entire class library and is the core set of classes that serve as the basic API

of CLR.[30]Classes in mscorlib.dlland some classes in System.dlland System.core.dllare part of

BCL. BCL classes are available in .NET Framework as well as its alternative implementations including .NET

Compact Framework, Microsoft Silverlight, and Mono.

FCL is a superset of BCL and refers to the entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. It includes an

expanded set of libraries, including Windows Forms, ADO.NET, ASP.NET, Language Integrated Query

(LINQ), Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), and

Workflow Foundation (WF). BCL is much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like C++, and

comparable in scope to standard libraries of Java.

Assemblies

Compiled CIL code is stored in CLI assemblies. As mandated by the specification, assemblies are stored inPortable Executable (PE) file format, common on Windows platform for all DLL and EXE files. Each assembly

consists of one or more files, one of which must contain a manifest bearing the metadata for the assembly. The
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complete name of an assembly (not to be confused with the file name on disk) contains its simple text name,

version number, culture, and public key token. Assemblies are considered equivalent if they share the same

complete name, excluding the revision of the version number.

A private key can also be used by the creator of the assembly for strong naming. The public key token identifies

which private key an assembly is signed with. Only the creator of the keypair (typically .NET developer signing

the assembly) can sign assemblies that have the same strong name as a previous version assembly, since the

creator is in possession of the private key. Strong naming is required to add assemblies to Global Assembly

Cache.

.NET Core

.NET Core is a free and open-source cross platform implementation of the .NET Framework. It consists of

CoreCLR a complete cross-platform runtime implementation of CLR, the virtual machine that manages the

execution of .NET programs. .Net Core also includes CoreFX, which is a partial fork of BCL and will support

ASP.NET.[31]CoreCLR comes with an improved just-in-time compiler, called RyuJIT.[32]

.Net Core runs console and ASP.NET software in Windows, Linux and OS X. It does not implement WindowsForms or WPF which render the standard GUI for desktop software on Windows, as .NET Core is designed

to work with Universal Windows Platform instead.[33].NET Core is also modular, meaning that instead of

assemblies, developers deal with packages.[33]

C++/CLI

Microsoft introduced C++/CLI in Visual Studio 2005, which is a language and means of compiling Visual C++

programs to run within the .NET Framework. Certain portions of the C++ program still run within an

unmanaged Visual C++ Runtime, while specially modified portions are translated into CIL code and run with the.NET Framework's CLR.

Assemblies compiled using the C++/CLI compiler are known as mixed-mode assemblies, since they contain

native and managed code within the same DLL.[34]Such assemblies are also difficult to reverse engineer, since

.NET decompilers such as .NET Reflector only reveal the managed code.

Design principles

Interoperability

Because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer and older applications, .NET

Framework provides means to access functionality implemented in newer and older programs that execute

outside .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in System.Runtime.InteropServices

and System.EnterpriseServices namespaces of the framework. Access to other functionality is achieved

using the P/Invoke feature.

Language independence

.NET Framework introduces a Common Type System (CTS) that defines all possible data types and

programming constructs supported by CLR and how they may or may not interact with each other conforming

to CLI specification. Because of this feature, .NET Framework supports the exchange of types and object

instances between libraries and applications written using any conforming .NET language.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CLI_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_typehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Type_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Invocation_Serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Reflectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Formshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Class_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Assembly_Cachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_namehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key


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Portability

While Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any system except Microsoft Windows, it has

engineered the framework to be platform-agnostic,[35]and cross-platform implementations are available for

other operating systems (see Silverlight and Alternative implementations). Microsoft submitted the

specifications for CLI (which includes the core class libraries, CTS, and CIL), [36][37][38]C#,[39]and

C++/CLI

[40]

to both ECMA and ISO, making them available as official standards. This makes it possible forthird parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms.

Security

.NET Framework has its own security mechanism with two general features: Code Access Security (CAS), and

validation and verification. CAS is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly. Typically the

evidence is the source of the assembly (whether it is installed on the local machine or has been downloaded from

the intranet or Internet). CAS uses evidence to determine the permissions granted to the code. Other code can

demand that calling code be granted a specified permission. The demand causes CLR to perform a call stack

walk: every assembly of each method in the call stack is checked for the required permission if any assembly isnot granted the permission a security exception is thrown.

Managed CIL bytecode is easier to reverse-engineer than native code, unless obfuscated.[41][42]NET

decompiler programs enable developers with no reverse-engineering skills to view the source code behind

unobfuscated .NET assemblies. In contrast, apps compiled to native machine code are much harder to reverse-

engineer, and source code is almost never produced successfully, mainly because of compiler optimizations and

lack of reflection. One concern is over possible loss of trade secrets and the bypassing of license control

mechanisms. To mitigate this, Microsoft has included Dotfuscator Community Edition with Visual Studio .NET

since 2002.

[b]

Third-party obfuscation tools are also available from vendors such as vmware, V.i. Labs,Xenocode, and Red Gate Software. Method-level encryption tools for .NET code are available from vendors

such as SafeNet.

Memory management

CLR frees the developer from the burden of managing memory (allocating and freeing up when done) it handles

memory management itself by detecting when memory can be safely freed. Instantiations of .NET types

(objects) are allocated from the managed heap a pool of memory managed by CLR. As long as there exists a

reference to an object, which might be either a direct reference to an object or via a graph of objects, the object

is considered to be in use. When there is no reference to an object, and it cannot be reached or used, itbecomes garbage, eligible for collection.

.NET Framework includes a garbage collector (GC) which runs periodically, on a separate thread from the

application's thread, that enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them. It is a

non-deterministic, compacting, mark-and-sweep garbage collector. GC runs only when a certain amount of

memory has been used or there is enough pressure for memory on the system. Since it is not guaranteed when

the conditions to reclaim memory are reached, GC runs are non-deterministic. Each .NET application has a set

of roots, which are pointers to objects on the managed heap (managed objects). These include references to

static objects and objects defined as local variables or method parameters currently in scope, as well as objects

referred to by CPU registers.[43]When GC runs, it pauses the application and then, for each object referred to

in the root, it recursively enumerates all the objects reachable from the root objects and marks them as

reachable. It uses CLI metadata and reflection to discover the objects encapsulated by an object, and then

recursively walk them. It then enumerates all the objects on the heap (which were initially allocated contiguously)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(computer_programming)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection#Na.C3.AFve_mark-and-sweephttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(data_structure)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeNethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Gate_Softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.i._Labshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vmwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotfuscatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secrethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(computer_programming)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscated_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering#Reverse_engineering_of_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Access_Securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight


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using reflection. All objects not marked as reachable are garbage.[43]This is the markphase.[44]Since the

memory held by garbage is not of any consequence, it is considered free space. However, this leaves chunks of

free space between objects which were initially contiguous. The objects are then compactedtogether to make

free space on the managed heap contiguous again.[43][44]Any reference to an object invalidated by moving the

object is updated by GC to reflect the new location.[44]The application is resumed after the garbage collection

is over. The latest version of .NET framework uses concurrent garbage collection along with user code, making

pauses unnoticeable, because it is done in background.[45]

GC used by .NET Framework is alsogenerational.[46]Objects are assigned ageneration newly created

objects belong to Generation 0. The objects that survive a garbage collection are tagged as Generation 1, and

the Generation 1 objects that survive another collection are Generation 2objects. .NET Framework uses up to

Generation 2 objects.[46]Higher generation objects are garbage collected less frequently than lower generation

objects. This helps increase the efficiency of garbage collection, as older objects tend to have a longer lifetime

than newer objects.[46]Thus, by eliminating older (and thus more likely to survive a collection) objects from the

scope of a collection run, fewer objects need to be checked and compacted. [46]

Simplified deployment

.NET Framework includes design features and tools which help manage the installation of computer software to

ensure that it does not interfere with previously installed software, and that it conforms to security requirements.

Performance

When an application is first launched, the .NET Framework compiles the CIL code into executable code using

its just-in-time compiler, and caches the executable program into the .NET Native Image Cache.[47][48]

Due tocaching, the application launches faster for subsequent launches, although the first launch is usually slower. To

increase speed of the first launch, developers may use the Native Image Generator utility to manually compile

and cache any .NET application, ahead-of-time.[48]

The garbage collector, which is integrated into the environment, can introduce unanticipated delays of execution

over which the developer has little direct control. "In large applications, the number of objects that the garbage

collector needs to deal with can become very large, which means it can take a very long time to visit and

rearrange all of them."[49]

.NET Framework provides support for calling Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) via managed code from April2014 in Visual Studio 2013 Update 2. However, Mono has provided support for SIMD Extensions as of

version 2.2 within the Mono.Simd namespace before. Mono's lead developer Miguel de Icaza has expressed

hope that this SIMD support will be adopted by CLR's ECMA standard.[50]Streaming SIMD Extensions have

been available in x86 CPUs since the introduction of the Pentium III. Some other architectures such as ARM

and MIPS also have SIMD extensions. In case the CPU lacks support for those extensions, the instructions are

simulated in software.

Licensing

Components of .NET Framework are licensed as follows:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icazahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahead-of-timehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Image_Generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)#Generational


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Component License

.NET Core

CoreFX and CoreCLR MIT License[51]

.NET Micro Framework Apache License 2.0[52]

.NET Compiler Platform (codename "Roslyn") Apache License 2.0[53]

ASP.NET Apache License 2.0[54]

ASP.NET Web Stack Apache License 2.0[55]

ASP.NET Ajax Control Toolkit BSD License[56]

ASP.NET SignalR Apache License 2.0[57]

Entity Framework Apache License 2.0[58]

NuGet Apache License 2.0[59]

Reference source code of .NET Framework 4.5 and earlierMicrosoft Reference License (Ms-RSL[a]

)[7][60]

Reference source code of .NET Framework 4.6 MIT License[61]

.NET Framework redistributable package Proprietary software[62]

Alternative implementations

.NET Framework is the predominant implementation of .NET technologies. Other implementations for parts of

the framework exist. Although the runtime engine is described by an ECMA/ISO specification, other

implementations of it may be encumbered by patent issues ISO standards may include the disclaimer, "Attentionis drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO

shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights."[63]It is more difficult to develop

alternatives to FCL, which is not described by an open standard and may be subject to copyright restrictions.

Additionally, parts of FCL have Windows-specific functionality and behavior, so implementation on non-

Windows platforms can be problematic.

Some alternative implementations of parts of the framework are listed here.

.NET Micro Framework is a .NET platform for extremely resource-constrained devices. It includes a

small version of CLR and supports development in C# (though some developers were able to use

VB.NET,[64]albeit with an amount of hacking, and with limited functionalities) and debugging (in an

emulator or on hardware), both using Microsoft Visual Studio. It also features a subset of .NET

Framework Class Library (about 70 classes with about 420 methods), a GUI framework loosely based

on WPF, and additional libraries specific to embedded applications.

Mono is an implementation of CLI and FCL, and provides additional functionality. It is dual-licensed

under free software and proprietary software licenses. It includes support for ASP.NET, ADO.NET, and

Windows Forms libraries for a wide range of architectures and operating systems. It also includes C# and

VB.NET compilers.

Portable.NET (part of DotGNU) provides an implementation of CLI, portions of FCL, and a C#compiler. It supports a variety of CPUs and operating systems.

Microsoft Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure is a non-free implementation of CLR.

However, the last version only runs on Microsoft Windows XP SP2, and has not been updated since
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_source#Microsoft_Shared_Source_Common_Language_Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source_Common_Language_Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DotGNUhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-licensinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VB.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Reference_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuGethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Compiler_Platformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License


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2006, therefore it does not contain all features of version 2.0 of .NET Framework.

CrossNet[65]is an implementation of CLI and portions of FCL. It is free software using the open source

MIT License.

Notes

a. The license has previously been abbreviated Ms-RL, but Ms-RL now refers to the Microsoft Reciprocal

License.

b. Dotfuscator Community Edition 4.0

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Wikibooks has a book on

the topic of:.NET

Development Foundation

Wikiversity has learning

materials about

Introduction to

Microsoft.NET

External links

Official website (http://www.microsoft.com/net)

.NET Framework Developer Center

(https://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/) on MSDN

Library

.NET Framework Index

(http://dotnetindex.appspot.com/home.html)

Overview of .NET Framework (MSDN)

(https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zw4w595w.aspx)

.NET Framework FAQ (http://www.dotnetcodes.com/frmArticlesTyp.aspx?

Cat=Interview%20Questions)

.NET Github repository (https://github.com/Microsoft/dotnet)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.NET_Framework&oldid=706615277"

Categories: .NET Framework 2002 software Computing platforms Microsoft development tools

Microsoft application programming interfaces Cross-platform software Microsoft free software

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61. "Announcing .NET 2015 Preview: A New Era for .NET". .NET Framework Blog. Microsoft. 12 November

2014.

62. "Microsoft .NET Framework Redistributable EULA".MSDN. Microsoft. Retrieved 28 February 2015.

63. ISO 9001:2008, Foreword

64. "Using VB.NET with the .NET Micro Framework /dev/mobile". Christec.co.nz. 1 April 2008. Retrieved

17 April 2012.

65. "CrossNet". Codeplex.com. Retrieved 17 April 2012.

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