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Newmodelsystemsforexperimentalevolution
SinéadCollins
Experimentalevolutionisapowerfulmethodforunderstandinggeneral
processesandestimatingkeyparametersinevolution,suchasmutationrates
andthefitnessdistributionsofthosemutations(Nessetal.2012),mechanisms
ofadaptiveradiation(McDonaldetal.2009),anddeterminantsofextinction
rates.Thesuccessofexperimentalevolutionisduelargelytoastandardsetof
techniques(Collins2011)appliedtoasmallbutwell‐behavedsetofmodel
organisms.Thesemodelorganisms(e.g.,E.coli,Pseudomonassp,Chlamydomonas,
Saccharomyces,Drosophila)areeasytogrow,store,revive,andmanipulate
geneticallyandphysiologically,andtheyhavecharacterizedvariantsthatare
availablefromculturecollections.Thisallowslarge,powerfulexperimentsthat
canspanhundredsoreventhousandsofgenerations,andgivesevolutionary
biologistsaccesstoanarsenalofhigh‐throughputculturingthatcanexploita
widerangeofphysiologicalandgenetictools.Inshort,thesearetheperfect
systemsinwhichtoaskgeneralquestionsaboutevolution.
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Sadly,weknownexttonothingabouttheecologyoftheseorganisms,though
thereisgrowinginterestindoingexperimentalevolutioninsituorinnatural
assemblages(GomezandBuckling2011;Lawrenceetal.2012).Thisisfineso
longasstudiesaremotivatedbyexpandingortestinggeneralevolutionary
theory,butexperimentalevolutioncanalsobeusedtounderstandevolutionin
organismswherewearemotivatedbytheirparticularecology.Whileonecan
(andIhave)arguedthatusingafreshwateralgatounderstandgenerallyhow
marinealgaemightevolveinacidifyingoceans,atsomepointChlamydomonas
becomesapoorstand‐inforcoccolithophores.Thatpointcomeswhenwewant
tounderstandtheeffectsofevolutionaryresponsesonbiogeochemicalcycles,
fisheries,andmarinefoodwebs.Atthatpoint,particularbiologymatters.
Thisspecialsectionhighlightsevolutionarystudiesinorganismsthatarenewto
experimentalevolution,thoughtheyareallwell‐studiedmodelorganismsin
otherfieldssuchasphysiology,biogeochemistry,developmentalbiology,and
ecology.First,astudybyMorranetal.(thisissue)usingC.elegansshowshow
detailedknowledgeofasystemusuallyusedfordevelopmentalbiologycanbe
co‐optedtoaddressfundamentalquestionsinhost‐parasitecoevolutionina
systemthatisprobablyfamiliartomostevolutionarybiologists,since
evolutionaryanddevelopmentalbiologyhavehistoricallymovedforwardin
lockstep.Therestofthespecialsectionfocusesonmodelsystemsinmarine
biology,whereexperimentalevolutionisbeingrapidlyadoptedtounderstand
howmarinecommunitiesmayrespondtooceanacidification(Lohbecketal.
2012).Experimentalevolutionandmarinebiologyhavehistoricallybeenquite
separate(butsee(Lynchetal.1991)),soashortperspectivebyReuschandBoyd
hasbeenincludedbywayofanintroduction.Threestudiesinmarinemicrobes
highlightexperimentalevolutionstudiesthatinvestigateresponsestoocean
acidificationinecologicallyimportanttaxa,eitherusingtraditionalsingle‐lineage
selectionexperiments(Lohbecketal.,Pengetal.thisissue),orbyinvestigating
howinteractionsbetweenspeciesevolve(Tattersetal.,thisissue).Finally,a
studybyPespeniandcolleagueslooksataclassicquestion–thatoflocal
adaptation–usingnaturalpopulationsofseaurchins.Together,thestudiesin
thisspecialsectionofEvolutiondemonstratethatmarinebiologistsaremore
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thanwillingtoacceptthechallenges(andbenefits)ofexperimentalevolutionas
atooltounderstandhowmarinecommunitieswillrespondtoocean
acidification,andofferseveralnewmodelsystems,aswellasanimportant
ecologicalscenario,withwhichtodevelopfundamentalevolutionarytheory.
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