American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages

News and NotesSource: The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Autumn, 1979), pp. 433-439Published by: American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European LanguagesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/307792 .

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NEWS AND NOTES

AATSEEL CHAPTER NEWS

The spring meeting of the Arizona Chapter was held at the Univ. of Arizona on 7 April 1979. Sanford Couch (Arizona State Univ.) welcomed all those reading papers, particularly student participants. The following papers were presented: Thomas O'Connell (Arizona State Univ.), "Turgenev and the Evolution of the Russian Intellectual: Rudin and Bazarov"; Dorothy Gisler (Univ. of Arizona), "'Ale'a Beskonvojnyj' V. Suk'ina"; Shirley Strunk (Shadow Mountain H.S.), "The Teaching of Russian in High School"; and Carol Christensen (Univ. of Arizona), "Repin i Musorgskij." All incumbent officers were re-elected for the academic year 1979-80: president, Roger Hagglund (Univ. of Arizona), vice-president, Dora Burton (Arizona State Univ.), and secretary, Margaret Gibson (Univ. of Arizona). The program continued with the following papers: Jonathan Arnold (Arizona State Univ.), "The Portrait of a Nihilist in Russian Literature: Bazarov and Raskolnikov"; Patrick Salmon (Univ. of Arizona), '"Vi'nevaja kosto'ka' Ju. Ole'a"; Rex Tranter (Univ. of Arizona), "A Generative Approach to Russian Imperatives"; and Charles Bailey (Arizona State Univ.), "Freedom and Dosteovsky's Undergound Man." Professor Alex Dunkel announced that Jurij Nagibin, well-known short story writer from the Soviet Union, will present a public lecture "Contemporary Russian Prose" on the evening of 9 April at the Univ. of Arizona. (Submitted by Margaret I. Gibson, secretary.)

The Virginia Chapter held its annual spring meeting on 16-17 March 1979 at Sweet Briar College, in conjunction with the meeting of FLAVA (The Foreign Language Association of Virginia). An illustrated lecture, "Samokritika," was presented by John Fahey (Old Dominion Univ.). The winners of the 1979 Dlya Vas essay contest were then announced and prizes, generously donated by Mrs. E. Glaser of Four Continent Book Corp., were awarded to first- place winners. After discussion of the procedures involved in selecting winning entries and of editorial matters concerning the journal, Margot Frank agreed to undertake a revision of the rules: recognizing the importance to students of seeing their own original works in print, it was decided to continue to publish winning essays with minimal editorial correction. The next issue will be prepared by Leonid Mihalap. Elizabeth Neatrour (James Madison Univ.) expressed the thanks of the Virginia Chapter to John Garrard (Univ. of Virginia) for financial aid in the publication of Dlya Vas. Donald Pruitt (James Madison Univ.) reported that Lager' Mir '79 will be held at Camp Overlook on 28-30 September. The membership voted to award to the four outstanding campers at Lager' Mir '79 scholarships covering the cost of attending Lager' Mir '80. (Submitted by Donald Pruitt, secretary.)

The Carolinas Chapter held its annual spring Meeting on 21 April 1979 at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The meeting centered about an informal discussion of undergraduate and graduate programs of study, work and travel in the Soviet Union. Local chapter members, graduate and undergraduate students who had participated in various exchange programs shared their experiences and impressions. Literature and information on the various programs was exchanged. A business meeting followed, and the following new officers were elected for the 1979-1980 academic year: president, Elizabeth Jezierski (North

SEEJ, Vol. 23 No. 3 (1979) 433

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434 Slavic and East European Journal

Carolina State Univ.); secretary-treasurer, Maria Molby (East Carolina Univ.). (Submitted by Bogdan B. Sagatov, outgoing secretary-treasurer.)

A spring planning meeting of the Connecticut Chapter was held at the Choate-Rosemary Hall School, Wallingford, Connecticut, on 4 April 1979, with President Borys Bilokur (Univ. of Connecticut) presiding. The meeting was tied in with A RUSSIA DA Y, presented by the Russian Center of Choate-Rosemary Hall and the Yale University Council on Russian and East European Studies. One of the highlights of the event was an awards ceremony for the most outstanding students, and their teachers, of the Russian language in Connecticut high schools. Awards presentations were made by Borys Bilokur under the auspices of the Connecticut Chapter of AATSEEL and the National Slavic Languages Honor Society. (Submitted by Emilia Hramov, secretary-treasurer.)

MISCELLANEOUS

On 23-24 September 1979 the Institute on East Central Europe, Columbia University in the City of New York, and the Societa Filologica Friulana, Udine (Italy) will sponsor a conference entitled "Jan Baudouin de Courtenay and Linguistic Contacts in the Eastern Alpine Area: A Conference Dedicated to the Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Death of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), Prato di Resia (Val Resia, Udine, Italy)." For information contact Rado L. Lencek, IECE, Columbia Univ., New York, NY 10027.

The Third Symposium on Comparative Literature and International Studies will take place in early May 1980. Inquiries are welcome and should be directed to Howard Hensel (International Studies), or Elizabeth Trahan (Humanities), Monterey Institute of International Studies, 425 Van Buren Street, Monterey, CA 93940.

Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression, now in its third year, seeks information on research accomplished or in progress for its News section. News of research on all aspects of offending and offensive language, from all academic fields and about all languages, should be submitted to the Editor, Maledicta, 331 S. Greenfield Ave., Waukesha, WI 53186.

The Research and Development Committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies provides small grants to support conferences, workshops, exhibitions, and other collaborative research projects that promise to make significant contributions to the field of Russian and Soviet studies. Scholars directing or participating in AAASS-sponsored projects need not be members of the AAASS. The R and D Committee accepts proposals in all scholarly fields but is particularly interested in considering proposals in the humanities, including (but not limited to): linguistics, literature, art, music, philosophy, history and religion. All proposals will be evaluated on their merits, regardless of their subject area. Projects involving Russian and Soviet studies as only one aspect of a larger theme are also eligible. There are no formal application dates. Proposals received in the fall and winter will be judged by March 1980. Preliminary inquiry should )e made concerning the appropriateness of a particular project before formal submission of a proposal. For further information and a copy of the guidelines for project eligibility and proposal preparation, contact: Professor Brian D. Silver, Chairperson, Research and Development Committee, AAASS, c/o Russian and East European Studies Program, 103 International Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.

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News and Notes 435

THE SLAVIC IDEA AMONG CROATIAN WRITERS OF THE RENAISSANCE Ante Kadic, Indiana University

From the fifteenth to the twentieth century Croatian intellectuals, aware of their nation's perilous location at the crossroads of conflicting interests of the great powers, have hoped to achieve national liberation and political independence with the help of northern and eastern Slavs.

During the Renaissance, Croatian patriots requested assistance from Poland, as a sister Catholic nation and as the strongest Slavic state, but in vain. This pro-Polish orientation lasted until the first decades of the seventeenth century when, in agreement with the Vatican, but for different reasons, the Croatian elite began to look toward Moscow. The Russians continued to be considered "big brothers" until recent times, when it became obvious they were no better than the Turks, the Germans, the Hungarians, or the Italians. Each nation tried to exploit weaker ones and increase its power at the expense of its neighbors, without any consideration of whether they were Slavs or non-Slavs.

In the past I have written about the pioneers of the pan-Slavic and South Slavic idea, namely Ivan Gundulid and Juraj Kriiani', the Illryian movement, and Bishop Strossmayer. In this note I will limit my remarks to the origin of this idea, to the utopian concept of Slavic solidarity, and demonstrate that it was created by some Croatian Renaissance historians out of political necessity but with either an astonishing ignorance or disregard for the real facts. These Croa- tian historiographers were not an exception among the European Humanists. When an interest in antiquity was awakened and ancient names resurrected, many writers tried to prove that their countrymen were the direct descendants of this or that celebrated nation. Since the Italians, the eternal competitors for the Dalmatian territory, claimed to carry in their veins the blood of Romulus and Remus, the founders of the Roman Empire, the Croats countered by asserting that their ancestors were the Illyrians, who bravely fought the Romans for several centuries. Thus, the Illyrian Queen Teuta suddenly became popular. Knowledge of historical data was weak. To make matters worse, the methods used by these Renaissance historiographers were hardly credible. Whatever served their purpose-biblical quotations, legends and popular beliefs, and particularly unbelievable etymological explanations-was em- ployed. Statements were accompanied by a long parade of the authors, who often did not say what was attributed to them.' It was not the first or last time that history was not "magistra vitae," but rather a docile "ancilla" to everyone and everything: from competitive religious organizations to the ambitions of the rulers and various peoples, large and small nations having similar grand pretensions.

Toward the end of the fifteenth century Juraj Silgorid (Georgius Sisgoreus), the humanist from Sibenik,2 published a collection of his Latin poems (Elegiarum et carminum libri tres, Venice, 1477)1 and left in manuscript a short history of Illyria and his native city (De situ Il- lyriae et civitate Sibenici, written in 1487).4 In his elegies, which testify to his great talent,

;ilgori5 wrote in a classical manner with numerous mythological allusions. However, he often

touched upon daily reality, particularly the Turkish onslaught and the devastation of the sur- rounding countryside. He described the Turks as lacking respect for the religious beliefs of the Christians. Silgori6 was so upset over the innocent victims of the Turks and afraid for the sur- vival of his homeland that he declared himself ready to fight and die (Elegiae el carmina, V, 35- 36).

In his historical sketch he first mentioned the ancestors of "the Illyrians" (Croats), then glorified Dalmatia for its natural beauty and historical monuments, and finally extolled certain special customs (mores quosdam peculiares) of Sibenik. Silgori6 was so proud of his people that he translated their proverbs (dicteria) into Latin and stressed the equality or even superiority of their songs when compared with some well-known Greek and Latin poets (Sappho, Catullus,

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436 Slavic and East European Journal

Tibullus, and Propertius). In spite of Sizgoric's obvious exaggeration, his testimony is impor- tant, for it is the first document in which the various folk songs are mentioned (neniae-laments, epithalamia-wedding songs, amatorium carmen-love poems, eclogae-pastorales, and cantilenae in choreis-dancing verses), including the way in which they were usually performed and whether the tempo is slow or fast.

Silgori6, who studied in Italy and was a loyal citizen of the Venetian republic, but a fervent Croat nevertheless, ridiculed the Italians who claimed St. Jerome as their own; for him (as for many others who wrote on this topic after him) the argument was very simple. Since St. Jerome was born in Dalmatia, which is without any doubt a Slavic province, it is clear that this great saint, famous scholar, and translator of the Bible into Latin, was a Slav.5 Neither Silgoric nor other, later Croatian pan-Slavists suspected that during the lifetime of St. Jerome the Croats lived as a nomadic tribe somewhere beyond the Carpathian mountains.

Silgoric's historical treatise contains certain ideas which were developed and greatly em- bellished half a century later by Vinko Pribojevid (Vincentius Priboevius), the first real Slavic enthusiast.6 This Dominican friar, who spent three years in Poland, delivered in his native town of Hvar, in 1525, a public lecture (De origine successibusque Slavorum-About the Origin and History of the Slavs, Venice, 1532)7 in which, among other things, he tried to demonstrate the ethnic unity and greatness of Slavdom: "I have resolved as a Dalmatian, and therefore as an I1- lyrian (Croat), and finally as a Slav to speak before Slavs regarding the destiny of the Slavs. I shall talk first of the origin and the glory of the Slavic race and the meaning of its name; then I shall narrate the history of Dalmatia, which is not a negligible part of the Slavic world, and finally I shall present the position and history of our ancient city (Hvar)" (De origine, 58-59).

The Polish chronicler Matthias Miechowita, who exercised the greatest influence upon Pribojevid, was convinced that he forever raised the prestige of his countrymen when he asser- ted that the Poles were the descendants of the Vandals, who were the offspring of Javan, the grandson of Noah.8 The Croatian patriot followed Miechowita's example, but instead of Javan he claimed that his youngest brother Tyras was the forefather of the Slavs. His argument was plain: Tyras was the ancestor of the Thracians, who were the blood relatives of the Illyrians and all those who are today called Slavs (De origine, 61). The Slavic people were known in the past by various names (Illyrians, Mysians, Dacians, Vandals, Sarmatians, Pannonians, and Macedonians), but they were all the same. The speaker had in mind particularly the Italian claims to Slavic territory, and therefore argued at the outset that the Istrians were Slavs. He was annoyed by certain Italian historians who asserted that Istria was theirs. He stated that the location of this peninsula, its customs and speech, separated it from Italy; moreover, he argued, even those who live beyond Istria, as do the inhabitants of Triests and Gorizia, converse in the Slavic tongue (De origine, 65-66).

Having claimed as members of the large Slavic family all peoples (with the exception of the Greeks) who ever lived in the Balkan region, the speaker then mentioned the Bohemians, Poles, and Russians, and asserted (following in this an old legend) that the forefathers of these Slavic nations had been three Dalmatian brothers, whose names were Czech, Lech, and Rus. They were expelled from their homeland because of certain domestic troubles, but succeeded in im- posing not only their rule but also their names upon three northeastern Slavic nations (De origine, 67).

Speaking about the Muscovites, Pribojevid wrote that Novgorod was larger than Rome, that the inhabitants were Orthodox and did not speak any language other than their Slavic. Though the Muscovites use the Cyrillic alphabet, he knew from his own experience that they used the Dalmatian language (Dalmatarum sermone utuntur, De origine, 69). These northern nations, as well as the southern ones, no longer called themselves by other names than Slavic, since it corresponded best to their heroic character which gave them the right to be known as "the glorious people" (Slava).

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News and Notes 437

In an apostrophe to Alexander the Great, trying to prove that this Macedonian was a Slav, Pribojevid wrote that Alexander's desire to glorify his name "sufficiently shows that he stems from that race which by its brilliant deeds has deservingly derived its name from glory" (De origine, 71). Since Alexander was a Slav, there was no reason for not including among the Slavs the "Macedonian" Aristotle, who showed that the Slavic people could be great thinkers as well as valiant soldiers. This Slavic genius, with his sharp mind, excelled over all human beings (humani intellectus aciem transgressus, De origine, 71). Besides these and other famous Macedo- nians, over twenty-five Roman emperors, three popes, and many saints, all who had been born somewhere in the Balkans, were of Slavic origin. The Slavic nations had many more eminent men, but unfortunately there were no historians to record their astonishing deeds.

Having lived in Poland, PribojeviC became fond of the Polish people. He stated that the Poles, thanks to Christian piety, had become so mild that hardly anyone could be compared with them; they were extremely hospitable and generous to foreigners (De origine, 73). Among the contemporary Slavic rulers, the author mentioned only Sigismund I (1506-48), who reigned wisely in Poland. He defeated not only the Tatars, Turks, and Wallachians, but also the great army of the Muscovites. With the personal bravery of such a monarch was combined the military courage of the Poles, who, following their "ancestral Slavic tradition" (avita Slavorum traditione), preferred to die in bloody battle than to run away (De origine, 76-77).

The speaker particularly stressed the courage of the Slavs when fighting. They either win or die, but they never surrender! When the Slavs insist that their word shoud be believed, they swear saying: If this is not true, God punish me and let me die in bed (De origine, 77). It was no wonder that the Turkish sultan appointed many Slavs as the commanders of his army and that twenty thousand of his guards were recruited among the Thracians, Macedonians, and Illyrians (for Pribojevi6 all of them were Slavs). With the help of these Slavs the Ottomans conquered renowned fortresses and subjugated empires. The Venetians often employed Slavic sailors (De origine, 78). God blessed the Slavs to become a strong, powerful, and victorious nation (De origine, 78). Since among humans there was no one qualified enough to extol the glory of the Slavs, the speaker, in the conclusion, begged the pardon of his audience for having dared to tackle such a difficult topic as the dignity of the Slavs (De origine, 79).

There are many.legends in Pribojevic's small book, but often myths, rather than facts, were more instrumental in moving mountains. In spite of his naivete and his numerous arbitrary conclusions, Pribojevic's vast knowledge of ancient and contemporary historians, his patriotic zeal, and his vision of the Slavic world impressed his contemporaries, and influenced several later Slavic fanatics.9

Like Pribojevi', Mavro Orbini, a Benedictine abbot, in his famous book II regno degli Slavi (The Realm of the Slavs, Pesaro, 1601), saw Slavs everywhere (see Schmaus, 254). On the premise that anyone who once lived in lands then occupied by the Slavs must also have been a Slav, Orbini included the most varied people in the Slavic community; he had no doubt that many Roman emperors and popes were Slavs. Orbini stated in his Preface that he undertook to write II regno degli Slavi out of debt toward his Slavic nation. While other nations have their historians, the past military victories of the Slavs remain "covered with thick fog, almost buried in an eternal night of oblivion".'0

For Orbini, the Slavs were the descendants of Noah's son Japhet. Since man dared to con- struct the tower of Babel, God divided mankind into separate tongues and nationalities. The Slavs thereafter migrated westward, settled in Sarmatia, and extended their territory to Scan- dinavia and Great Britain.

Some people think, Orbini commented, that the name Slav derives from the noun slovo (word). It is more correct, however, to say that it originates from the word slava (glory). This second explanation is logical because it refers to a nation which is known for its heroism and military exploits (Kraljevstvo Slovena, CXLII).

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438 Slavic and East European Journal

Orbini then referred to a document in a Constantinople library which listed privileges Alex- ander the Great had granted to the Illyrians, "the noble Slavic race." Alexander's soldiers were Slavs who spoke "the same language which is today spoken by the inhabitants of Macedonia." Those who think that Alexander himself was a Greek are "wrong"; responsible for this "false" belief are the Orientals to whom the Greeks were better known than the other European na- tions. The Muscovite annals expressly state that the Russians are of the same race as the ancient Macedonians (Kraljevstvo Slovena, CXLVIII-IX).

The first Slavic alphabet, called bukvica, was invented by St. Jerome, who was a Slav, "since he was born in Dalmatia" (Kraljevstvo Slovena, CL). The saintly brothers Cyril and Methodius converted the Moravians, Bulgarians, Serbs, and Croats to the Christian faith, and invented the second Slavic script (Cyrillic). Then two Croatian clans, led by the brothers Czech and Lech, moved northward and established two new Slavic states, Bohemia (first ruled by Czech) and Poland (first ruled by Lech). Orbini discussed the history of the Czechs, Poles, and Russians only in their earliest period, before the founding of their separate states.

Certain authors wrote that the Slavic tongue was introduced into Dalmatia and other Illyrian provinces only in the tenth century, during the great Slavic migration. Orbini labelled this "an erroneous interpretation" and argued differently. Just as the ancient Latin language was pre- served in Italy, though in a corrupt form, so in Illyria the Slavic tongue was spoken from time immemorial. With the arrival of new Slavic tribes this ancient Slavic idiom was greatly corrup- ted. Orbini affirmed that in a definite territory people come and go, but the language remains always the same! He said that if the Illyrians had spoken Latin, then the Romans would not have called them "barbarians." They considered them as such because they used a different language, namely Slavic (Kraljevstvo Slovena, CXLIX). Although Orbini is superficial, disorganized, uncritical, and mixed the facts with mythology, he was on more solid ground when narrating the events closer to his time and location, in the second and third parts of his book he devoted attention entirely to the history of medieval Croatia, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Or- bini depicted the Serbian prince Lazar in a favorable light and cited his imaginary speech before the battle of Kosovo (1389). The prince stressed that death was less terrible than slavery; im- pressed by Lazar's moving words, the Serbian soldiers supposedly cried out, Let us fight! (Kraljevstvo Slovena, 98-100).

Father Paisij, the author of Istoria slavenobulgarskaia (1762), objected that the Catholic monk did not include the Bulgarian saints who lived "after the Latins fell away from the Greeks." Nevertheless, he was thankful that Orbini, in his "warning to the reader," emphasized that the Greek historians failed to mention the heroic deeds of the Bulgarians out of shame because the Bulgarians defeated them many times and even forced them to pay tribute (Kraljevstvo Slovena, 199).

Slavic history is so glorious, Orbini asserted, that envious Italians, Germans, and Greeks had nothing similar. If only the Slavs would begin to study their past and unite to fight their com- mon enemies, no nation could be compared with them and no power could withstand them. The great tragedy for the Slavs was their disunity!'2

When he wrote his monumental history of Dalmatia and Croatia (De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae, Amsterdam, 1666), Ivan Luci6 (160-79), the founder of modern Croatian historiography, did not rely upon Orbini,but on a critical analysis of inscriptions and archival materials (see Petrovich, 99). The first cultural historians of the Dubrovnik Republic at the turn of the seventeenth century, such as Ignjat Durdevid and Saro Crijevi5, though paying credit to his industry, rejected Orbini's history as poorly written by a man who hardly knew the Italian language. Moreover, Durdevid concluded by saying that Slavic history would have been for- tunate if it had found a historian who had read enough, or a man who had read plenty but was a historian.'3

However, Orbini was one of those authors who despite their weaknesses possess the skill of finding the way to their readers' souls.14 The work of this humble but fiery Slav remained very

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News and Notes 439

popular among his countrymen, and inspired Croatian historians such as Juraj Ratkaj and Pavle Vitezovid.'s Il regno degli Slavi, which was translated into Russian by the order of the Peter the Great (1722), had a strong impact upon many Serbian and Bulgarian historians.'6

The "Illyrian" or pan-Slavic current remained so strong among the Croats from the fifteenth until the nineteenth century" that even in the 1830s their national revival movement was designated by this ancient and all-embracing name. However, by the 1860s and 1870s, thanks to some prominent historians and the Nationalist Party of Ante Starievid, the Illyrians were forever relegated to pre-Roman history, and at their burial there were no tears.

NOTES

1 Grga Novak in his "Introduction" to Pribojevic's treatise about the origin of the Slavs, De origine successibusque Slavorum (Zagreb: JAZU, 1951), 33 asserts that Sabellicus (1436-1506), whom Pribojevih often quoted, simply "invented his stories." On the low level of many Renaissance historians see Franjo Bari'ii, "Vizantijski izvori u dalmatinskoj iitoriografiji XVI i XVII veka," Zbornik radova Vizantolofkog instituta, 7 (1961), 229-31.

2 Ante Supuk, SibenCanin Juraj Sitgoric (;ibenik: Matica hrvatska, 1963). 3 Elegiae et carmina, ed. V. Gortan, tr. N. Sop (Zagreb: JAZU, 1966). 4 In Grada za povijest knjifevnosti hrvatske, II, ed. M. Srepel (Zagreb: JAZU, 1899), 1-12. 5 "Hieronymus quem Itali praesertim Illyriis auferre conantur" (De situ Illyriae et civitate

Sibenici, cap. V, 4). 6 See Veljko Gortan, "Silgorid i Pribojevid," Filologija, 2 (1959), 149-52. 7 Grga Novak, its modern editor, gives a superb account of Dalmatia and Hvar during the

first half of the sixteenth century. Novak's study is followed by Pribojevic's Latin text and a translation into Croatian by Veljko Gortan.

8 Alois Schmaus, "Vincentius Priboevius, ein Vorldiufer des Panslavismus," Jahrbucherfiir Geschichte Osteuropas, 1 (1953), 243-54.

9 Novak, De origine, 43, writes that Pribojevid was the first to conceive the idea of the unity and greatness of the Slavs.

10 Kraljevstvo Slovena, ed. Franjo Bari'ii et al (Belgrade: SKZ, 1968), 3-6. 11 Paisii, Slaviano-Belgarska istoria, ed. Peter Dinekov (Sofia: Belgarski pisatel, 1972), 201-2.

See also Hristo Hristov, Paisii Hilendarski (Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1972), 158, 368; M.B. Petrovich, "Dalmatian Historiography in the Age of Humanism," Medievalia et Humanistica, XII (1958), 97-98.

12 See Nikola Radoj'i', Srpska (sic) istorija Mavra Orbinija (Belgrade: SAN, 1950), 22. 13 "Felix Slavorum historia, si vel historicum, qui plura legiseet, vel plurima legentem magis

historicum reperisset"; Ignjat Durdevid, Hrvatski latinisti, II (Zagreb: Zora-Matica hrvatska, 1970), 235.

14 See Arturo Cronia, La conoscenza del mondo Slavo in Italia (Padova: Istituto di studi Adriatici, 1958), 229.

15 See Ferdo Sisid, Priruenik izvora hrvatske historije, I (Zagreb: published by the Croatian government, 1914), 43.

16 See comments by M. Panti6, in his introduction to Kraljevstvo Slovena, lxxviii-lxxxviii. 17 See M. Kombol, Povijest hrvatske knjifevnosti (Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 1961), 219.

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