116
824 NG.KW 86 nhrDnd
824NG.KW 86
nhrDnd
lo
fl. Guideliaes for the UNICEF Assisted Rural Water aad Sanitation-PtoA Reference for States; Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria; June1986
. Rural Water and Sanitation Programme: Policy and Guidelines; FederalGovernment of Nigeria; May 1986
3. Status Report; Kwara State Drinking Water and Sanitation Project; Nigeria; \February 1986
4. Progress Report on Health Education and Training Unit; ditto; Nigeria;July 1985
i. 5. 'Socio Cultural Beliefs in Relation to Water and Sanitation in Borgu Local'N~-'' Government Area of Kwara State; Nigeria; c. 1986
' 6/ A Typical Handpump Utilization Day at Igaboaran, Afon District, KwaraState; c. 1985
7. Report of a Pre-Intervention Data-Gathering Exercise in Borgu LocalGovernment Area of Kwara Sate, Nigeria; October 1985
8. Project Monitoring Summary Report; Afon District, Kwara State; April 1985
9. Guineau Worm Statistics for Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State,Nigeria; c. 1985
10. First Report of Data Gathering Exercise in 56 Villages in Moro LocalGovernment Area
11. Evaluation Report of the Health Education Component of Kwara State Waterand Sanitation Programme; c. 1986
12. Questionaire for Baseline Survey; UNICEF Assisted Water and SanitationProject; (Imo?) State; c. 1986
J
SOCIP-CULTURAL BELIEFS IN DELATION TO WATER ANDSANITATION PROJECT IN BORGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AMI-.:A
OF KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.
1 . INTRODUCTION;
Belief is a strongly held feeling, trust or confidence
which has an influence upon the believer. Belief can be on
unseen beings like God, spirits or devils or en physical
objects like i/nages". or even on actions that can or are
capable to be taken by believer or somebody else.
In what follows we shall limit ourselves to socio-
cultural beliefs in relation to water storage, water uses and
faecal disposal.
The purpose of the sur.vey is to find out if there are
existing socio-cultural beliefs which can be exploited to
the advantage of or for which we must guide ourselves for
successful implementation of the Project at Borgu Local
Government Area*
2. METHODOLOGY OF DATA GATHERING
The Sample survey was carried out with each team-mate
obtaining interview in the second house being covered in any
given village. Each village was usually divided into clusters
or enumeration areas and team mates assigned to each of the
areas. Thus the chosen sample was representative of the
different sections of the villages and of the villagers.
On certain occasions the District and Village heads were
interviewed as we expect such important personalities and
custodians of traditions to know more of socio-cultural^beliefs.3. RESULTS. " "*^
3.1 WATER STORAGE
The results of the survey are presented according to
districts for convenience and in order to btfing out more salient
features.
— 2 —
TABLE 1
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DISTRICTS AND BY CONTAINERS USEDTO STORE DKINKING WATER
DISTRICT
Agwara
Babanna
Bussa
Gwanara
Ilesha
Kairna
Okuta
Shagunu
Wavy a
Yashikira
Total
Drinking
Pot {%)
20 (87.0)
20 (95.2)
3 (75.0)
46 (85.2)
22 (95.6)
36 (80.0)
26 (92.9)
30 (96.8)
27 (93.1)
26 (68.4)
256(86.5)
Water Containers
Drum (%)
3 (13.0)
1 (4.8)
'• 1 (25.0)
7 (13.0)
1 (4.4)
9 (20.0)
2 (7.1)
T (3.2)
2 (6.9)
12 (31.6)
39 (13.2)
Bowl {%)
- (o.o)
- (0.0)
- (o.o)
1 (1.8)
- (o.o)
- (o.o)
- (0,0)
- (o.o)
- (o.o)
- (o.o)
1 (0.3)
Total {%)
23 (100.0
21 (100.0
4 (100.0
54 (100.0
23 (100.0
45 (100,0
28 (100.0'
31 (100.0
29 (100.0
38 (100.0.
296 (1OO.O;
From table 1 above we can see that it is only at Gwanara
district that 1.8% of the households were found to use bowls as
containers for drinking water. Drums are mostly used at Yashikira,
Bussa and Kaiama districts whereas least use of drums can be found
at Shagunu district,,
The use of earthen or clay pots has endured the test of time
and space. Time because numberless forebears were said to use
the type of container and people would still delight to use them
tomorrow. Space because the practice was found in all districts.
Even at Yashikira district where drums were largely used, slightly
more than 2 out of every 3 households there (i.e 68.4%) use clay
pots.
LOG A
DISTRICT
Agwara
Babanna
Bussa
Gwanara
Ilesha
Kaiarna
Okuta
Shagunu
V/awa
Yashikira
Total
no NS
I
IN MOUSES
Alongthepassage
1 (4.4)
-(o
-(0
3(5.
1(4.
3(6.
~(o.
1(3.
-(o.
-(o.
9(3.C
.0)
.0)
6)
4)
7)
0)
2)
0)
0)
) 1
- 3 -
TABLE 2
WML:RE DRINKING'STORED.
LOCATIONS
In aroom
3(13
' 2(9.
1(25
28(51
6(26.
27(37
13(46
11(35
19(65
M(29
11(37
.0)
5)
.0)
.8)
D.8)
.4)
.5)
.5)
.0)
.5)
In theKitchen
8(34.7)
-(0.0)
1(25.6)
5(9.3)
2(8.7)
5(11.0
2(7.1)
8(25\8)
3(10.3)
4(10,5)
38(12.8
WATER CONTAINERS
At theBack-yard
1(4
-(o
1(21
1(1.
-(o.
1(2.
1(3.
-(o.
K3,
1(2.
) 7(2
.4)
.0)
5.0
8)
0)
2)
6)
0)
5)
6)
.4
In front/ of the
house(%)
9(39.1)
18(85.7)
1(25.0)
17(31.5)
14(60.8;
19(42.2)
12(42.9
7(22.6)
-(0.0)
22(57.9)
119(40.2
ARE
•Otherse.g.iwithinI open'compoundj (%)
| 1(4.
M(4.
-(o.
-(o.
-(o.
-(0.
-(0.
4(12
6(20
-(0.
) 12(
4)
8)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
.9)
.7)
0) .
4.1),
Total
23(100
21(100),
4(100) :
54(100) ;
3(100)
5(100)
8(100) r
1(100)
?9(H)0)
58(100)
296(100)i
Two locations in the houses stand out clearly as areas for
keeping drinking water containers. The locations are "the front
of the house" (by 40.2% of the households) and "In a room" (by
37.5% of households). It was only at V/awa district that households'
do not keep their drinking water containers in front of the house
whereas, more than 8 out of every 10 households (i.e. 85.7%) and
about 6 in 10 households and 5 in 10 households at Babanna, Ilesha
and Yashikira districts practice thntl As high as 20.7% of the
households in V/awa district are, however, known to be keeping :i
water containers within open spaces of their compounds<• The use
of Kitchens is more common in Agv/ara and Shagunu districts and whereas;
households at Babanna district do not keep drinking water containers
in the kitchen,,
3.1.1. BELliWS OR TABOOS.
As to the question of whether there are beliefs or taboos
concerning water containers or their locations in the house
36.5% of the households answered to the affirmative while 63.5%
said there are no beliefs or taboos. 1 in every 2 households at
Bussa, Shagunu and Okuta districts hold certain beliefs/taboos
as to the type of water containers and where they have to be kept
in the house.
Some of the beliefs f. taboos in Borgu LGA in respect -...of
water storage include:
(a) With respect to Water containers: it is strongly
believed that the clay pots make water to cool faster
and for longer period ! of time than any other container.'
Again the customs of their forefathers must be sustained.
The clay pots also remind people of their
relationship to the earth (dust) from which they are
made of.
(b) On locations in houses:
(b.1) In front of the house:- Some households believe
that it makes water containers readily accessible to
both members of the households and strangers who pass
along the house and need, to drink or refill bottles
without restrictions like owners not being at home or
location locked up. Some, however, sustain this
age-long practice without knowing why or raising
querries.
It is also strongly believed in some households that
the spirits of the forefathers or even of any other
departed ones do visit them especially at night and
such spirits would readily have access to. containers
in front of the houses without having to pass through
doors, passages or compounds.
In order to ward off evil spirits or evil influences
and poisnning by enemies some households have buried
5 -
certain local medicines on the Spot where the
containers are placed in front of the houses
b.2 In rooms ftr Kitchens: - Some believe that it promotes
cleanliness of the water than keeping it else where.
Some believe that water kept in such locations would
be out of the reach of children playing and consequently-
avoiding contamination or dirts.
Some believe that it protects drinking water from flies
and mosquitoes.
Some believe that the locations are more ideal to make
the water cool.
Some are keeping their containers and its content
from poisoning by enemies.
b.3 In the Compound; This is largely practiced when
enough space is not available in rooms or kitchens.
Some, however, believe that it is easily accessible
to all members of the compound.
3.2 WATER USES.
It was found that all members of nearly 1 in every
2 households in Borgu LGA uses a common cup to drink
water (i.e. 48.0% of all households). On the
other hand 37.1% of households have a common cup on
top of their water containers and made individual
member of their households own separate cups
(see table 3 below].
•V--..- 6 -
TABLE_3
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DISTRICTS AMD HOV/ THKIRMEMBERS DRINK FROM WATER CONTAINERS.
However, 14.9% make individuals own their own cups but going
freely to dip it into the water container. Bussa district is
well noted for this last practice whereas it is not done at
Okuta district. In Bussa district no household has a common
cup on top of water containers~while having members own their "-»-
separate cups. On the whole the Health Education Team must
intensify efforts in all districts to discourage the use of a
common cup by all members of the same household.
3.2.1 BELIEFS
On beliefs in respect of water uses the survey revealed
that 64.9% of the households hold no belief in respect of how
they drink water whereas 35.1% held certain beliefs.
Some of the beliefs are:
District
Agwara
Babanna
Bussa
Gwanara
llesha
Kaiama
Okuta
Shagunu
V/awa
Yashikira
Total
Members ofhouseholdsare using acommon cup
(%)
9.
8
1
27
12
23
12
18
12
20
142
(39.2)
(38.1)
(25.0)
(50.0)
(52.1)
(51.1)
(42.9)
(58.1)
(41.4)
(52.6)
(48.0)
Individualwith a cu;but Nocommon cu]on watercontainer
(%)
7 (30.4)
3 (14.3) •
3 (75.0)
5 (9.3)
2 (8.7)
4 (8.9)
- (o.o)8 (25.8)
10 (34.5)'
2 (5.3)
44 (14.9)
Individualswith a cupbut A commoncup on watercontainer
W)
7 (30.4)
10 (47.6)
- (0.0)
22 (40.7)
9 (39.2)
18 (40.0)
16 (57.1)
5 (16.1)
7 (24.1)
16 (42.1)
10 (37.1)
Total
(*) ;
23
21
4
54
23
45
28
31
29
38
296
(100) ;
(100) I
(100) |
(100) |
(100)
(100) [
(100) ;
(100)•
(100)
(100) ;
(100) !
— 7 —
,?'Xn respect
• • of Using a common Cup:
some people believe that the practice reminds numbers of
sqme household that they have'blood ties.
- It is also believed by some that the practice fosters Unity and
harmony among members of the same household.
- others believe the pratice was inherited from anscestors as
a tradition and must not be allowed to die.In respect of Individuals with a cup but a common cup on
water container.
Some believe that practice makes them' to avoid the spread of
communicable diseases when a member is affected,
some also believe that the common cup on top of water container
is bound to remind all and sundry that they are related.
3.3 FAECAL (EXCRETA) DISPOSAL
Two options seem to be left for the villagers in Borgu LGA.
The options are using the field (bush or dung hill) and using the
pit latrine„ The survey revealed that 6 out of every 10 households
go to the field for faecal disposal while the remaining 4 in
every 10 households use the , latrines. (See table 4 below).
TABLE 4DISTRIBUTION
Location
DISTRICT
Agwara
Babanna
Bussa
Gwanara
Ilesha
Kaiama
Okuta
Shagunu
Wawa
Yash.ikira
TOTAL
OFMi;
for
HOUSEHOLDS BYMBERS DISPOSE
defecation
by going to thebush/dung hill
v /0 J
1316
2
3116
36
1320
16
20
183
(56.
(76.
(50.
(57.
(69.(80.
(46.
(64.
(20.
(52.
(61
5)2)
0)
4)6)0)
4)5)2)
6)
.8)
Bythe
( 0/
10
52
23
7
9
1511
1318
113
DISTRICT AMD WHEREOF F EACES.
going topit latrine)
(43(23(50
(42
(30
(20
(53(35(44
(47
(38
.5)• 8)
.0)
.6)
.4)
.0)
.6)
.5)
.8)
.4)
.2)
THEIR
Total
(°/o)
2321
454
23
4528
31
2908
296
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(K'O)
(100)
- 8 -
We have more households.using pit latrines at Okuta and
Bussa districts while the pit latrines are not all that
common at Kaiama and Babanna districts.
3.3.1 BELIEFS
Beliefs in respect of Faecal disposal include:
with respect to going to the bush/dung^hills^;.-
- It is believed by some to be the custom of the forefathers
and appears more comfortable than any other facility.
- Some believe that if a latrine is close to the house/compound
then flies could emerge from there to pollute their food and
that is why they go far into the field from where flies
carrying germs could not easily reach their food.
- m.qny people using the field of course said it is the only
facility available to them in the villages.
with respect to pit latrines:-
- some households believe it is a way to avoid the various
hazards associated with the field.
- The pit latrines are believed by some to prevent the spread
of diseases.
- Some others believe the pit latrines afford better privacy.
- Others believe that their environment becomes cleaner and
it is the most hygienic way for faecal disposal known to
them.
- Others simply dig and use the pit latrines because of
the sanitation preached^ to them by health authorities. *"***"*
On the whole 19.6% of the people held suoh belief.;
expressed above while 80.4% ©f the people held no fixed
beliefs in respect to faecal disposal. Most of the beliefs
were mostly held by people around Okuta district (39.3% of
the households) Shagunu district (35.5%) ' ;= whereas only
8.7% and 8.9% held beliefs at Ilesha and Kaiama districts.
_ 9 -
3.4. IJSij: OF COMMON PIT LATRINES.
The households interviewed v/ere asked whether children
and adults of the .same sex can use the same pit latrine if
built in their villages and 85.8% of them replied to the
affirmative while 14.2% do not approve of the practice. The
result is presented, in table 5 below:-
TABLE 5
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUCHILDRI
DISTRICT
Agwara
Babanna
Bussa
Gv/anara
llesha
Kaiama
Okuta
Shagunu •
.'/av/a
Yashikira
Total ji
•IN AND ADULTS
YES
(«
20 (87.0)
18 (85.7)
2 (50.0)
47 (87.0)
19 (82.6)
38 (84.4)
26 (92.9)
27 (87.1)
25 (86.2)
32 (84.2)
254 (85.8)
SEHOLDS BY DISTRICTSCAN USE THE SAME PI
•:
• 3
3
2
7
4
, 7
2
4
4
6
42
No
(56)
(13.0)
(•14.3)
(50.0)
(13.0)
(17.4)
(15.6)
(7.1)
(12.9)
(13.8)
(15.8)
(14.2)
AND BY WHETHERT LATRINES
TOTAL
23
21
4
54
23
45
28
,51i29
38
296 (
<*)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)*
(100)
(100)
(100)
(100)
100)
Certain reasons given by some of the households for not approving
same latrines for. children and adults of same sex include:
children messing up the latrines.
some adult males would not like their wives to go out
to such pit latrines because such wives are in puddah.
4. CONCLUSION. .
Occupation was not found to significantly affect water
storage, uses and faecal disposal. However, Male traditional
religionists held more of the beliefs associated with water
stomgo rmii faecal disposal than male chri !>1.:.iarw and mnlp muslims
- 10 - *
whereas the beliefs associated with water uses are mostlv found
among the male Christians than their counterparts in other
religions. All female Christians held no beliefs in respect
of water .storage and uses and. faecal disposal whereas femnle
muslims and traditional religionists , held the beliefs
expressed in the report.
If the VIP latrine construction is vigorously pursued at
Borgu LGA then a transition between the traditional facility
(the field) and modern facility (VIP latrine) may dramatically
take place.
Previous beliefs in respect of water storage and uses
would gradually change because the need to store plenty of
water may not arise again, also the need to store water in
front of the house to make it eosily accessible to strangers .
may not come jp again.
Project staff, especially the mobilisation, Health
Education, Sanitation and Development support communication
should try and exploit some of the beliefs to advantage of
this project.
(T. 0. ALABI)
PROJECT STATISTICIANUNICEF ASSISTED PROJECTS,P.M.B. 1A07,ILORIN.
\J
V
STATUS REPORT
KV/ARA STATE RURAL DRINKING WATER ANDSANITATION PROJECT""
A: Objectives /
As all Unicef-Assisted Projects in Nigeria, the overall
objectives of the watsan project is to improve the well being
of children and mothers*
The primary objectives are:
The provision of potable drinking water
(a) To reduce the incidence of gastro enteritis and other water
related diseases, diarrhoea of which is the major child
killer,
(b) To reduce the walking distance for mothers to search for
water, so that they can spend more time to take care ->f-
their babies. , j
(£) To create an attitudinal change towards
(1) water use, its protection from the handpump until it gets
to the childs mouth.
(2) Safe facael disposal and body and environmental sanitation.
(H$) This is so as not to reduce the potential Health benefits- <">f
the safe drinking water supply due to contamination during
handling.
(d) Given that the whole rural population of Xwara State estimated
at above 1,5 million has absolutely no source of potable
drinking water, emphasis is put on areas highly endemi£ in
Guinea Worm infection, Guinea worm infection is thus used as
an indicator for selection of intervention villages.-
~ 2 -
WHY AlS GUINEA WORM INFECTED AREAS GIVEN PRIORITY
Guinea worm infection is ths single most delibitating disease
in Kwara State. Guinea Worm is also the most simply eradicable
water borne disease by the mere provision of safe drinking water.
From a pre - intervention survey carried out by Dr. Edungbola
in ASA LGA area, it was found out that about 40.1% of children
enrolled in schools were infected/ of which 27% were abscent from
school..
Also from the survey the following prevalence of infection
among females was found
Age % of Infection(years)
2 1 - 2 9 52%
3 0 - 3 9 84%
4 0 - 4 9 69%
These figures show for themselves the degree of maternal
neglect the child suffers due inoapacitation of the mothers from
Guiilea worm infection*
Furthermore over 57% of the active -nale population also suffer.
This certainly has a great impact of food production in such
highly farming dependent communities.
B. Background
The kwara State Rural "ater and Sanitation Project was formally
launched on 16th July, 1984.. Prior to the launching a plan of
action was prepared to get all project teams ready and trained
so as to have a hitch free project take off.. This proved impossible
due to various political and administrative changes during the
last quarter of 1983.When the project was launch it had two major chanlleng.-.s
(a) To produce - for credibility
(b) To get seconded staff from various ministries,
and give them the ne.cesssry 'training.
- 3 -
PROJECT ORGANIZATION
Interministerial
Committee
:> L I'll !_j 1 J ., V :-JJ_J .
Task
Force
Commissioner Min. of LocalGovernment ?•• :1ural Dev. ,
— — • * ^ - —
_LPermanent Secretary Min. of
Local ^-ovprnment and RuralDeveloDment
Health EducationCommunity Mo b i-lization ProjectCommunication
'(Ten tral'" Wor k s'h op
Project Manager
iVIP•Const-'ruction
Geophsics;
!Data Gathering;& Evaluation.Monitoring
(Drilling =
•Technical•Projectjllo^ist
; Pump Kain-i tensnce
PlatformConstruc-tion
' Pump Install-tion
,OCAL GOVERNMENT
LGA COORDINATOR
Health EducationCommunity Mobilisation
VIP
VILLAGE
CONSTRUCTION !
!
LEVEL
(PUMP MAINTENANCE
Village Steering Committee
i Village based workers.
Project Implementation
Given the total objectives of the water and sanitation project,
its implementation consist of various elements i.e. Health
Education, Community Mobilisation, Sanitation, Data Gathering
and Evaluation/Monitoring, and Technical Operations.
56 boreholes equiped with handpumps have been completed in
the first Local Government, ASA LGA = Also about 20 compartments
of VIP Latrines have been completed in some villages about 10
more are in various phases of completion„. About 35 villages based
worker (VBWs) have been trained, A .though drilling operations
have been completed in AoA Local Government; Health /Education
and promotion of VIP latrines is r.tt?l going on,. This is done by
Local Government based Health .Education, nnd Sanitation (VIP Con-
3!bruct-ioii.).oteams, The LGA based maintenance team also takes care
of minor maintenance of handpumps in the Local Government.
When there is major maintenance the state central maintenance
team is called upon» When the LGA maintenance team would have
been experienced enough, the overall maintenance will be taken
car-1 by them under the supervision of the LGA Secretariat, The
pronition VIP Latrine is a very slow process. There is no doubt
the Health Education compenent of the project needs to be
strenghtera/to achieve the noble goal of attitudinal change. So
far, the LGA Health Education and VIP construction team had a
problem of transportation„ This problem has novU been solved by
the provision of a pickup landcruiser to facilitate the jobs of
the -three LGA teams. There should be an improvement in near future.
The V3V/s are intended to be the most important channel of
comminication in their various communities. For the mean time, the
major messages they preach are the seven basic messages centered
around water protection and need to drink on].'.- ' '.'rom the handpump
and hand washingwhen handling food. -i.e •.•/... L , undergo more training
as more elements are added,, ., •••o • ' ;. •
- 6
n ih-.ASA.-. G'Ar-:most <&..th9.r.CormwUes,ar?rXa™, settlements,
it is
trained in VIP latrine construction. As the Project expands,
move to more enterprising communities, village latrine builders
will be trained.
Drilling operations are now going on in MORO LGA about 15
boreholes have been completed. The 3 LGA teams
i.e. - Health Education
- VIP construction
- Pump maintenance
have been formed. The LGA Health Education team (Midwives, Nurses,
Community Development Officers) have undergone a one week
orientation training on VBW training. They are presently training
the first batch of 32 village based workers. The VIP construction
team had been trained at ASA LGA and are now operating in MORO
LGA. The pump maintenance team are undergoing training with th§
Drilling team. After drilling operations are over in MOR* LGAr•
they v/ill assume the responsibility of maintenance.
It is normal in a large project of this nature for some
constraints to slow down progress. Many of such constraints are
operational and could be easily overcome v/hen identified in time.
One of the major constraint is
The freeze on employment by the State Government
In this difficult economic period, Kwara State is one of the
most hit. There has been a complete freeze on employment.
The State Government insist only on deployment of staff from
other Ministries. Unfortunately some technical staffs like
drillers are not available in other ministries. Even though
the monthly subvention of N'60,000 by the ^tate Government can
pay for the salaries of such requirec/ staff. The Government
still does not permit the project to do so.
— 7 —
isThe Project ©«e still fighting to be exempted from certainCivil Service Regulation, Lack of coapetenfc drillers reduces
the project performance by about 30%,
ASA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
f c o V\ O N \T
. l t ( ) R I N L . 6 . A.
SCALE I. 200.000
L. C. * BOUNDARY
DISTRICT BOUNDARY..
MAINROA0.. . . i
MAIN PATH
MINOR PATH. •.'.• _
«AIU LINE
RIVEK3/STREAMS. . . ,V1LLA9CS
PREPARED BY S.DDARTEY
ILORIN 2 / 6 / 8 5 PQS)Ti-**ic OF VILLAGES ARE
MAP OF MORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
< /V'Ov c C-
f \ .. ' \ •-•
C J I D O N G A R l D I S T R I C T
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PiCT IW/TlfS
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socic-
UNITS
I fi pp/ Ay Cf O H I rvT-^/1
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VvUlTt k Ui£"
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omo£f£ > 9*9 ft
7/9
7 ' ' • •""^••* M ~ ^. 7"' V " , '
U N I C . ^ A S S I S T S '.-;.«>TCR /WD SANITATION .PROJECT,
" "
The P r o j e c t Manager (J
UNICr-F-AsGisteci VJstarc-and Sanitation Project*Ministry oi' Local Gcr/ernmeritand Rural De''"> V-'i v"! *1 I t ^ r * '
Kwai-a S t a t e
23rd July, 1985.
Public Health Supt. (Team
)
OnG o::.' t?io ^-•^•-^•^-^ °- "'•••- Unit is to. fora a health Team
in -iny nev/ LuG(,t',0 v.o.-.o::- tho Project is moved to« As to this, a
na\; heal'clb. Tuzn is ;.•';.:.-sady fo .fi-id at Fioro L.G.AV and they have
been tvain^d; they includes
(1) Mr9 Jocep/A Ad.^kola
Loader)
(2) Miss0 7atimo Sheu - Staff Midwife/Nurse (Asst.
Leader)
(3) I-lallo Sulc-i .'i.yinlc. - Health Education Attendant
0±) Mallo Raimi Akangoo - Health Education Attendant
(5) Mall. Saadu Ajala - i! » !f
They ara to train ths Village Based V.'orkers (VBV/s) on the
major cardinal aspects of the- l~.c-alth Education vithin the Project.
These ares
(a) To laarn and practice personal hygiene.
(b) :£o i m p r o v e t h e i r enviro :;.;"i;-:-iitc-l ftjiiiitatio^c
(c) Provide- and learn the- vae properly and maintain V.I.P
The "dllas^ Dased Vrorkar^ in return v/ill o back to their
a^en a:-id toacli ths corarav/iit.Lss what they ara being taught.
COKi ITTESS
We have riobilizad,, £elected^ Village Based 'Workers and
steer ing committees in a l l the v i l l ages tha t are to benefi t from
the prograi.'iiac ir. IT iclc.ra: ;-. a:-:.-.c5 .^;.v:i. DiLtr ic ts of Moro L«G.A, The
attached l i s t ic for ^j idogari J"-istrict t
/_that I have v i s i t e d t'.ioa;-' villar/..- •; oc-.iefit fro;a the •QTO^OJT,]
maiiytiinos v/ith iv/y l'.ea.li'.h Teara fj/oi;. '.S5; 7.j»Cf,A, "Aiicit '..c i?.onitcr are.—
{a^ £iivi:^o^a£/itcl Sa/?itatio:.' of thsi concerned, 'villagas.
(b) Pursoiioi clcsaLi::asG
(c) Prepay uss and provision of VIP la t r ines (continuation)
(d) Tiio propoi" uaa c-i' I:.;-n .;:.i.-.:;.•:r- virfcer
(G) \/otcr colleci;:U-;ny storage- ;;nd usage
(f) Hov: oral P.yhycration solution have helped them
(g) IIov; often the ooiiimuni.ti.es make use of their Local health
clinics.,
(h) V/hat they havs achiovc-.c. :;,.-c/ v,o:. ••.•rittt;^ JI.J.io^;:.n.i3 placed
on the beards near the boreholes, e tc .
Majority of the people in those villages where wo have the
borehole accept the fa.pt that tb:.t jiUi:ae.iv.'or;£ n;o:aifeEtation i s
from contamination 'Vi'u^ ' »i''j":J'.:• ::'nuir environmsnta.
(b) That the use of borehclo/cloan water i s one of the best
ways to eradicate? th<: ^uineav.-Gra infection«
(c) The eiiviroi'iiiiSntal srm;.tation of the vii4.ug£y v/hiire v;e
operate i s JIUCL bo;tto:.- ". i;.v oho r; ;.v..cvo -.-'•« do "act. •.-.'ohien
learn hov tc .-v.-ec-r thf:^ Gi;.rrcunain^s daily, cover their
vrater pots3 vhile the p-jii l'.-oe regularly their yards,,
Cbo-^c . L'-.i^-' ":•'.: Oy.-..::.•".">:•:••.• ";';7.;-v'jtc'"/ii'ibj a:id S o l u a r e sorae
" • J> '•»
of "the villages that are extre^elv clean,, e~-^
v,d; O.x/i', is being practised by ::.r.jny o.f the v/o;.ie:o. accor-
ding to the reports of soi.ie of our Vb'/s; GO this means
that many lives of "ur children are bein^: safed,
(e) .'.no. -chat thc--j_- oor.ur,w.'.xtji.G,i laa";/e iearnod hov; to tail and
filter pcMutod v/a\;o:: rAit t.A y oracti^^ this \jhen the
"7cIce^11 • u.''v"ii;3 as •/.:•< :;-up;olei'jai"it our Pub l i c address
sysxirc >;h:.c!:: J.SS b:^-:;. ^avin^ so^ie .eJviae problems.
vc t h i ; - - ' r o j i ' c t ".!Ov•••;:-s v.c :• •••.•;• '.'.•.->*:• >. •.:-. • .iv ..•lj.1 b.i />:vy d i f f i c u l t
alonsi t'-;. do t h i ;;:oni".A^-;..:.ir;;; o"'.\o. 'due aajcr ' p a r t of my v;crk
SC\.
The- veJaiclo attached to :>rj' Unit i s not good at
(Kv.-' G- 30^0} tli^t vahiclo i s .il:-j\::ady 2^ouiidada 1 irouid l ike to
appfial to the autb.o:-.'-:'.t:-.ec coiicriioo. to pieaso . cu to this important
(.j •' A*"1 CGU^iTOMI)Principal Health Educator,
Copied to, ' /
The Project Co-oroiriator? /"LT'-'ICEP Officev
Ilorino
The Permanent Secretary,Ministry of Health.Ilorin,
(Attention - Chief Health Officer)
The Consultant Epidemiologist,,ivpidemioiogical Unit.Ilorin.
Overleaf and above for vc\> • :.:'.-:-ro:;-i::a'cio.-"i c-isase.
I S/NO i' VILLAGE STEERING
i COMMITTED:
1.2 O
3.
VILLAGE BASED i VILLAGE
I Mai. S a l i u Ad.isn" Yusufu Amuda
I " Baba Adio| M r P . i A a d .1 n a t A y i n d o
Mali Abdulah iAlru Umaru Budo-Oba
Mai. R.? da.ru lyanda (Chairman! Jimoh AyindR" Jimoh Yellow • Mali Umaru Alao" Jimoh Ivanda IMrs Sifawu Akani !
p.ba] a!',o
Mai, Rananu lyanda11 Jinnd.u Aremu" Aliu AmoriNrr, Avok?; Arnoo
M a 1 , Mu s t a p h a A r e o uI Alhj Akahbi OgUribo
k:
1.2,
I Alh. MoPionu
j Alfa AniosaI Mrs Atoke lya Abasi
Momodu A l a b i jAbdUlkatlir A.l'ao
Mai „ VndulRainoMu Jirnoh" Saidu Alabi" Saliu Akanp,bc
Alh Yusuf AlaoDudo AJ.
" Mrs. 12th 85Alh, Salami AremuSulei:non AtandaV\ a 1. G i d a 6 o 01 o d oMrs. Saratu Garuba
j Mali AdGsin?. Ay.i.n'ral! Issa Cyevebi , Jodomn
Alh. Isinky AremuMaiu Asani A!\an«:beAlh. Atanria SubaruMrs,, Abibat Alake
Dauda At and?.
1 .ft
3,h.1 . ;2 0 i
k.5. ;
Mr „it
u
.vir\s
M a i .A l h .ii
71r.M n l .
Samuel GidadoAdelabu AkanniArnodu Alao
P i l i c i a l Ajao
Aiyelagbe AmosaYakubuLaron/vbr?Baba ChurchBaba Karoenter
Mr. Solomon /jao j" Ju l ius Airoo i
•! i
Mai i(arin;u A moo •" Karim:.: Oiiiokav/u |
Okutala
Agbav/e &0 ia-Oke
Alh. Ajani: A l h . Baba
•
i
; Abogunri
Jokolu
Amu
IlufenwaJ ' I
G/NO I VILLAGE STEERING COMMITTEE
1.2.
2 .
I 3.
772.
3 3*
Alh. Ayirule" Jimo'n Amoo
Ibrahim Ishola
VILLAGE BASED' WORKERS
VILLAGE
(1) Alh. Ibrahim(2) Mall/Yahaya
Elewure
i SHEJT
Alh. Akanbi ChairmsnSanbo AyindaAy in la 0,ioMi"f;. Yusuf Oniyo
('1) Alh. Nu rude en(2) Hal. Aremu o.io
Oloko
Amu.da Tolpgbe ChairmanA.jp.ni KuragaJimoh Aj8,5beMr s. Ad e t.u tu Ay o k a
Alh. Is.soLav/a! Ayinof^chairmanl.-hvO.i.a Jimohl y a riff a Ajagbe
(1 .) AiTiodu A.foda(2) Ajao Adewale
Bielesin
(1 } B-iba A^b'? i(2) A'.i a b i Omoeleran EJIDCCARI
Alh. B.?yo11 RaiiTii
Alh. AKanbi (c i i a i rman)Vies. Jimoh Tj e l in a
(';) Al?h. Sa l ihu(2) Alh, Amao
Afunkinkin
''"ar\jbp. AjagbeMornonu A.jariecAlh. Sailru
, Asiawu Yusuf
ADAMA
AKUP1O
(1) Amociu Yesiifu(2) Salahi ; Aknno
1 \> ''•'• • •.i-:v.:.i:i'.:cy , 'i1./1;')^. V:f- •.•;•;: r e a t .l..':;boaj?cin vi..i l a ^ e i o e v a l u a t e t h e v ' . .
•.-.'-. i i..i./",;v!..i-.-Mi !...;• i.Sic ]X.?JKI!)UIUP foiiov;:ir,,' ;;' t h e d i r e c t i v e / j i v e n by t h e P r o j e c t
l-:ana;ver. U/i.'.Ci-.i.'1 - ArsK.1:.--.t.•:.• ti P ro j ec t s in Kv/ara S t a t e t h a t the water demand
,)rr:;;su:cG IK; a:;sc!Eocd.
viK: t o t a l depth o:l:' the borehole a t Igooaran was 61.21 meters (or 202
i f o t ) >.'ith an estimated, y i e l d ci" 8.65 l i t r e s per secend (or7,000 ga l lons
por ho-j::.';. I t has the h ighes t es t imated y i e l d amidst 2'n successfu l boreholes
in 19oL..
Thr;> ri/incipuinp wa:; provJ.dec a t 1 -uCd.ra : to serve-: ,•;. popula t ion OJ? "I 026
;:W.1G up c.i'" I ' / j household^ v/j.th an £.vv,r•;..£;<_ ^uubcr of j'.^i4 persouu p.jv:
liou:.;ohold.. iiu L the ham; n;nnp rjerveii ;.;ucu ;aorc than t h a t popula t ion because
people i'roiii noicvh»ourj.r.f; /J.iiajjoJ. i'cjr ••y.'.ri^.TtLi: _ A;JO"«C Oja, do c o l i s c t vs.tcr
froni time to tinie a t the handpuinpo
The t\io main water sources a t I^boaran a re a stream and. the hsXidpuir.p
but LhiG r e p o r t i s an explana t ion c.f the t r ue s i t u a t i o n on a t y p i c a l b r i g h t
day a t i'-:.c ;;;;ri';pu:i;p. I t i s hoped tr:at i t w i l l j;;oct t n t s e t objectj.v&o of
•.A;.vi.enr..i.n.v,-i;-: tiic a c t u a l •.•;aLex>-deiiiaiid-prer>bUie on the handpu;np with, a viev: ic,
.r:ocoii:ino:.;iiri,;:; necessary ac t ions to be taken t
I t oh'•>!.:id. be borr.e in mind tru;t a t tn iu period, of the year t he re i s a
.; 1 I 'd ihood ;.'!' iesy a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n in fariniiii;;. A inarriaijs ceremony
v.:.••:•, ;!--.'.: in the v i l l a g e on lUth January, "i9&l5 which most probaby r e s u l t e d
.in .;'.'i:t;-:;l:e.i' i.if.'ir..-:i,r:u on tl\o handpurnp tiiLUi the survey day because of washing
ana cooivin/7 a c t i v i t i e s involved*
•The.- ;.i..iv<.:a around tho h ndpii-np was clean enough a t the time of the survey.
Throughout t.ho day i/ns pj.at-forrn v;as washed two t imes and those who cared
to v;asi;/r:i r.r.e t!:e:ir cor;l-aino:rw poured the water a t the proper channel .
Th.- -v"[::('C :r:i:-:e oi' con ta ine r s in uue in t l i i s a rea was 5 ga l lons
( ??."!'•: :;iO';rJ.o l i t r e " - j „
- 2 - H ••/-
i.:;r' v:i !..i..-i,'••••;>.rs M;i.ve ir!.-r.v.te:red tl\o technique o f p u m p i n g . The; p u m p i n g
'•-••''•.!!.!. i'>-v- b--:'.;-i-i l o c a l l y u ^ o r i b s u ac d a n c i n g to the ' T h a l a z o l F u j i M u s i c 1 "''•'*-
(,"i'i;.-i.J..-izoi i'':.:J.i. !.i.j:;.i.c' i:; ••• .1 o c a i b u t p o p u l a r m u s i c a l d a n c e a m o n g t h e
Yorubu tribe of Kigori-;, uio cmy operator, no matter the age and sex., could
be .laughed at especially when such a pei-son is tired or could not fill her
container in time. Such .Laughters relieve them of the strains of queueing
uu-. However fairly old. women appear to feel so exhausted and a probable
solution to making handles more flexible in all handptur.ps would be
appreciated.
3* Ii'i-!-AJT Or Tlij-; HAI ii:,:/ 'it l^ic L1V:-;S OP TL:.liJ P;;.Qp:ji:.
At the h-ynapunrp f>orn.-: o" the v.i.].l.''/i:r.rs took, delight to discuss freely
how they or their husbandr; n.ov; insist at drinking war.er only froii; the
harnipuirrp even though ion^; queues sometimes forced them to the stream to
collect water for cooking and washing purpose:".
A woman aged 'jb years and interviewed expressed her uneasiness at drin-
king water from traditional sources each time she goes to neighbouring vill-
afiOK x, y or z either for trading or on mere visitation/ceremonies. A
lady of 1y also interviewed said the slogan in the village is "Do not give
,'vj.ir.ea worm any room in your life_> drink water from the handpurr.p". Could
this popular s.'.Oft,?..n be an empty one in view of the gross impatience at
(].i.euexnr; up av the handyuir.p thus resulting in water collection still from
the- '.•;trearnV listen to this voma.n of about i|0 years and interviev/ed on
her way to ".•he stream along with her colleagues: l I can not go to the hana-
pu;np beoautic o.i.' the Ion/;; queues and moreover I need water urgently for was-
hing my clothes'.
A ii:an a>;eil ?A\ years from a neighbouring Aboto-Oja village claimed he
rj.cj.es his motorcycle to igboaran daily to collect water but he complained
about L(iO -,a;;te of the water which if possible, should be corrected for
The Kogagi (head) of the village and the two village ".Based Workers were
informed about our presence.
. . . . . / J / . . <•:. .
his
Oi.!:.-o.i-v."..t.ior, i,i(:ri.;!'jo of data collection was adopted. Opinions of certain
-•'••• *'•'•'•'-''•"• wof.-: •)ii;.:ii:i!>ii !,-;,• i n t e r v i e w .ind r e p o r t e d -.-vnier .Lnipa.c:, (r;c-n seel.ior'
•'• ;;-;OV':.! • •- '•-•'•;•'• :,:c':- ••••>. •:••)!..o d i s t a n c e from t h e ho.ndpiunp t o a v o i d Kcariiv:
'''' •"•'••:i;-1' :"'j: --"•' -'JT-ri, ru-.jvokiii^ unusual frequency of water collection ana""
!:- ii:'!•••••• •"•••'•'•"••• ••'•'•"'••:/ w:\ ;,;<.• co.i.J.ector w.-.r, a u e l y c o u n t e d . T h e s u r v e y c o v e r e d
i-i.c ijeriod of 6.30 am when it v/ar; still fairly dark till 7.30 p.m. At the
uoi. of each hour vc counted everybody on the queue stai-Jin;-; fron; 7.00 a.m.
tj.j.l 7.00 liiftc table 6 o.nd diagra.m 2). We took A sample of 30 -.;ate:c
colleotors and timed Lnen; rirjht from arrival to the queue until they have
collected water (see table 5). 'e also Took a sample of 30 collectors
with Kanie «ize of containers and timed their, from when they g»t hold of the
handle tj.li when they have filled their containers (sec sectiox
Tiic results of tiif.- .iarvey are presented, as tables 1 - 6 .
Table 1 diacusses the distribution of persons, by sex, collecting
water at different time periods.
Tii..: morning period -va; from 6.30 a.ni. - 12.00 noon while Afternoon va
i;.j.i;eji b.j ::ir:;.',n 12.01 p.m - U.00 and Evening was defined as 1 .01 - 7.30 p.m.
oiifiS'! Oi:' PJ:;;{30WS GOLuLCTING WATER BY TIME OF COLLECTION AKD BY SEX
Afternoon
1U
11.1
63
16.71
•Vlles
22
&
22
100
.22
.%
.22
. 00
-
Females
! 9-
136
77
101
3-Ui
63.29
i+3.3'1
32.17
100.00
-
150
112
115
377
100.00
Totali
39.
29.
30.
100.
79
71
SO
00
ii'i'Oiii iiiis table wo find "t.ha'» out of 377 people who collected water
that day from the h.-indpuum 3'1-1.: (rcprcoui i-inr.r Oj.29 pt:r cent) of ihem '.-.ere
females while the remaining 63 ( that is, 16.71 P&3: cent) were males,
• ••••/ '4 ••••
Vho Ui>:;c> -n- 0 revn:-.!:- thai; 3V.79 p<rr cent of water collectors u^ea th«
!j-:.:v:.;i:\;ir. :i.n tho corning, thii..; however dropped by about 10.00 per cent both
m t:v.:- afternoon ano oven/ir., . There hardly appears a difference between
tho ;-!--..-rcer, uy es.; of afternoon and evouinp; collectors. '^
bj :i.;:-hh.).y above orj.-.- out of evex-y two Male water collectors (i.e. 55.56
per cent) collected water in the afternoon* On the other hand the lowest
number of female collectors (2)4.52 per cent) were found to do so in the
afterncon.
In trying to test the hypothesis (Ho) that aex is independent of the period
of time of water collection against the alternative hypothesis (Hi) that it
is not, a chi-square was calculated and the expected frequencies are in table 2:
EXPi;:CrryvD Pi^QUENCltS O:uTAliii:i.) FHOH TABLE 1
Time ofWaterCollection
Morning
Afternoon
ivvening
25
•l 8
19
les
.07
.72
.22
Females
12U.S3
93.28
95.78
s;in ' llio formula Aa A" = 5r~e
we obtained the value of
= 2i;.57 comparing l.his with the tabulated
X" 0.0 5% -- 5.99' w e find that the value obtained from our data, is very highly•'•• i
wi^nif icix.fi t, 0\\ the bB.s.Lc; of the data we rejact Ho and accepts Hi which
z&ya zcx and t.une .:.:' water collection are dependent 95.0C1 Pe-c cent of the
day of observation..
uO i-Hi''B:;ii o[•• rEiVoQns BY ::;EX, COLI.ECTIKC V.!AT]J:H m THEIR ESTIMATED AGES AT
GIVE;-I TIKL;G CF TJIE 'JJAY.
Table 3 brings in the estimated ages of water collectors to bear on the
t:ii!'.e of the day both male::, and females collected water at the hand.pu.mp that
iiiyiil i C--L'' ^'^^ By A(1£ AWJ) SEX AM3) BY TIME OF WATER COLLECTION t 15/1/85
o.i. -vMUcr
collectors
'i>e:v.> -!-.i:<'.'.n 5 y t . a r t5-15 ysars16 yep.r'^, & over
Total
Al-'Ti'lu-iOOK EVENING
122
I'l
1620
136
25 ' -'
35 77
F M
60
101
12
TOTAL
!(•! F
220 232
1.33i 37.1361.5U
0 31U 377 100.00
Note:- M = MaleF = Female
,,../$...
0 0
In l.h.i!:: l..-;..b'.l e wc> find that 61 .^h per cent of all water collectors
w^ro •'i.jV'.'vl 'K> y;:.-!.." civu; over. Out of 232 water collectors within til IF, age
bvock;: S. 2>d ('y.T/!.'e:.-..?!rl;..i.)i.v 'jii,lij per cent of them) were females while
•'•;•; !.(.•".•; •::; 12 (Mi-Lt iu !?. i7 nor cant) v/cre Males. One ox the most i;nport*':'«\i
-"> tvi; ;\.-:i. iviuior; of women .folk in the village is the daily collection of
water for Uieir household:;. V/'e take for granted that the water source affects
the- frequency, time of collection and amount of water collected.
The? table also reveals that 37*13 Per cent of water collectors were
aged between 'S - 13' yo.urs and majority of these people operated largely
in the afternoon. This could be said of the school-going children because
they have closed from school by afternoon and then rush to the handpump
to collect water for Lathing, cloth washing or for other activities.
The peo])le of this age group appeared to brave the intense sunshine than
the adults.
The very low percentage of 1.33 obtained for those aged under 5 years
could arise from certain factors such as (a) they can hardly operate the
handpump (b) the itiogaji, in order to aviod such children playing with the
hami.pump, has warned children and their parents that any child caught opera«
t:Lr.f-; ;;'.-.•; ha.nripuiiip would be fined 1+10.00 ( ten naira). The warning appears
to be ::• Giving its desired purpose even though it was a mere scare crow.
Vihen a chi-square wa£ calculated in the same line as was done under
5(-V) above to test the hypothesis that age is independent of the time of
v.-ai.e;.-.- collection against the alternative hypothesis that it is not, the
value of trie calculated ch-i-square was 1+9• 31 which was very highly signi-
ofleant when compared wi!;h the tabulated Xj , 0.05% * 9.U88. Thus we hold
that on the basis of the data a.gc and time of water collection are dependent.
(U) ••ii}y,\',;;.n 0? V.-AT;: COlA^O^li^ A>.1) .V;i0i?0iiVIQN Qi'' 'hil'"A V/ASIIIlNG/lVIi-JSIMG
The observation survey took cognisance of the fact that the villagers
wore told to wash/rinse their containers when collecting water. Throughout
M'lo u.-.!.y or the: survey no single water collector except the one who rode on
ijiotoroyclo i/ron; Abo'bo O;ja covered his/her container. A tray could have been
sufficient to cover the k.i.nd of containers used in the village. Added to
the non-coverage of containers is the problem of non-washing/non rinsing of
i • • • / . • • i
.e /.i and Ihe accompanying; chart below (diagram 1) are self
'J-'ue iJrv-i.I i.ii Lv'hicai.j.on team v;ould need to intensify its effort in
enlightening Lhe villagers on the dangers inherent in not covering water
carried over several meters when motor vehicles pass along the roads
and raise huge? amount of dust ail the time. Their messages should also
include that people exercise moments of patience to rinse their containers
even if they have used it to : .. collect water earlier in the day or even
if they presume their containers are clean enough. The underground sends
plenty of water through this handpump out it is theirs to protect and
drink for their good health.
TABLE j|
KUKBfiR OF PK;GCT;S C0b.l,£.(;'i'li\G v/ATEH kill) PROPORTION OF THEM V.'ASHIKG 'HISIRCOriTAIivIvio AT 'blVFEKEW :ivUW OF Ti;J;, 'DAY'.
Tj.me of watercollection
i'':'.rrning
Afternoon
!:iveni.n/-
'J'otal
No, of peopleCollectingwater
Males
1l4
33'
1i-l
63
Females
136
77
101
31 u
•.',pot who washed/rinsed theircontainers
I'lales
2
1
1
Females
37
10
6
53
Proportion ofcollectors whowashed/rinsed.containers.
Males
OiiUJQ
0.0286
0.071U
Females
0.2721
0.1299
O.O59U
0.1688
* • • / / « • *
.J;! Q
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I i . . ! •- . : I . .1 . .1
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i ! ! ' i : < i
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M ; Mi : P ; :
: j - I
i 111 m
I ; ; i Mi i i ! j i j j i iJ::i:Li_N.I.! I. J/^LU.J;j"!!J:i kLLi-iJjJ:!::^ rI : : ; ;
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: • •• • '• • • • ' • : I ; I i i i I i ' ' ' I l _ l I ! I L i I • i I 1 i . ' ' : . i . J I ; •
• f i = • : • ! - • j . i j . i . i i . i . i . : . ' ! J i . i . . ; ) . ' • ' ! i . ! I i i . ! , | . i . | . . l •
. 'K i - J l -h 1 ; : ! ! - ! : . 1 : : . 1 . i : : : ! ^ i . i ! ! : l | Li j |!
; : ) . i . . i . i . ] ; . ; .
i I l !•!•! !•: I I-! i l N - l - ' i -JJILII;!.
'! I . • ; : ' i M i ! !'„ *f\ ! - ( • ; ' - ' ; • : • ' -\"'' h i ' l " 5 " ! ~ [ "
, . . X i ! •' 'M i : .
:• i i - i •!•! :
-- i- :r.- i} i !h-i-i-i i l - . '
! .1 i : ' :
i : i i M
, ! i !i i MM. . . • •
^h i# f |H j | j : ; 4 i^• • - • - : - . - -
!•• MI IJ : : : l:i:.::i:h|-.i:-itti: ' j H H:.i rij:i:n::{: T. |.j.T|..; i.rl ii i"i Ti "I" r-i
J:.;
( ;l) ini;.:ir:j,K(; OR V/.-\.;.-T-;s;NCJ- TIMIC AT Ti:E J-IAMDPUI-IP.
'.vri.-il; the v.i Haters appear to find more difficult to adopt to is
no!. :-,ho t.-u-.to of the wa::ur nor the Thalazol Fuji musical c^nce but the
paY.Acnco !.o ,;oin the frustrating oucuc. Several times we found that so^o
water co.l i.'-ctorn would join the queue only to check-out to the stream
v;hcn the queue was moving slowly.
An observation of 30 randomly selected water collectors was made
right from when they joined the queue till they have collected water. The
result of this waiting times is presented below as table 5«
TABLE 5
ACTUAL WAITING TL'-iiJiS BY 30 v/ATflR COLLECTORS
Time of watercollection
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
Observation in Minutes I Totalj(minutes)
SU, 5o, US, 60, L|.o 7 38,39,1+8,145, Uo
15,2,2,3,5,2,5,1^,6,10,20
22,13,13,12,12,5,9,10,12,15,13,i
69.5
138.5
X
U5.9O
6.95
13.85
s
7.20
6.17
3.86
The average waiting time for -the day was found to be 22.23 minutes
with a standard deviation of 18.18. The average waiting times vary between
different; tirr.es of water collection, the greatest deviation being in
the morning.
Taking K=377 and K=30 we find the standard error of waiting time using
the formula se(x) = p: ~ ^ to be
O.7U68.
The co-efficient of variation (CV) is se(x) 100 = -.7U66 x 100J 22.23
= 3'36 per cent.
With this result we construct the following confidence interval using
3c + 1.96 CV x
22.2 3 + 1-96 :•: f^-6- x 22.23
20.77 _ 23.69
"hus we can confidently say that the true waiting time (queueing time)
-is between 20.77 - 23.69 minutes 95 per cent of the time.
''••:':- --^coro-ui actual t.uie- taker; to f i l l an average of 5 gallons contain-
i;i.V jw1 randomly obrurrvcjij collectors. The data obtained a re : -
o, 1o 2, 3,
i.'W, 2, 1.20, 1,22, 2.17, 2, 1.U3, 2, 1.21, 2, '***
•!.i;of 2, 1.25, 1.22, 2.17, 2, 1.U3, 2, 1.21, 2,
'.i.7i.i.f:; f.;.-ivo .a mean ol' 'l.yii minutes and a standard deviation of 0.U8
liii/iutHs, wit;1, a co-efficient of variation Z+.72 per cent and a 95 per cent
confidence interval of 1.62 minutes — 1.9U minutes.
(E) HOURiV/ UJLUyiilf-JCr POSITION AT THE HAl'-iDPUHP ON 15/1/8$.
At the dot of each whole hour all the water collectors queueing up wore
counted and. recorded. The result is presented as table 6 below and also
dra-.'n into a graph (diagr^jn 2 ).
A TYPICAL i^OtJllLY QU^LJ'^IlsG PCoITIOi-i AT ICi-BOAliAJ; VITJ.AGE iiAilDpuK?,
Hour of Collating'(Local Tim,;)
7.90 aii
8.00 am
9.00 ::m
10.00 am
11.00 am
12.00 -noon
1.00 pm
2.00 pm
3.00 pm
U.GO piii
5.00 pin
6.00 pm
7.00 pm
dumber of people onviueue.
19
28
26
37
20
10
k
2
13
28
18
The ;avr>:!ra,y.G niunbox1 o-£ people on the queue was 18 with a sia.nda.i-d devia
tion of $.9'u persons.
. « « . / i u * » .
; )<rv
i i i
.j.U:jj.u.|;!.uu.;jiL|.!.u!i.;.|! ; !M ! iN h
l MM j!lHij
;::UI
! •
Ij- i I ii j \j 1;::-;;;-::;: I If HirrfltirH"H:-!;rH"ti+itH |i"ii-i iiH
io
• A < A
! ' i l H i i t ! ! ! ! i i - i
-jU.1..'..i-L'-;.t.l-i-.!-i -I .-i-i i i.l-
: . ! - ! ! . .H i l i i ! ; ! I 1 ! I t' : ; M ; M \ - : : ; : : ! ! i : . ; ! ! / ^ ! J i ^ i n - H : ! . ! l ; ! ! : ; ! ! : : ! ; ! j i i
1 1 ' ^" i • . : '.
:ilri:jH I.MliM i| M i j
> CD
r'rAV
I [ ! i I i • i t I I ! i : i I I I i I • I
it'1'
Ti'VI:':-,"1 ! . i i i • ; • . •
lir
1 i : - .ttrnH:j
l-;i M M !
:: h: t
- 11 -
Oo!K;;uV:.riij;v tho table ano the graph the queue reached its peak at 10.00 am
•••• !••:.• n .i i. !'.;;.;ap, to •ive--iuc.(- ;".!•.• reduce to the shortest size at 2.00 pm. The
:-ioi.or-; •..•ojiivi.rj.buti.ntf to Mutt pattern could be legs activity in the farmX
i:ui.!.; ;;.:.'/j.n,'- :noro tame for i.he women at home; those who went through the
r.i-i;;ou.).-:;- oi liiarrj.a.'vo ceremony the previous day must have overslept and woken
up toward. 10.00 am. With the rising intensity of the sun water collectors
must have retreated into their homes at 2.00 pm and again because Igboaran
is a largely muslim village water collectors could have gone to say their
2.00 pm prayers. The length of the queue thereafter began to increase till
6.00pm when greater demand for water at the handpump was again exerted.
Oiven that N= 2k hours and our observed n = 13 hours. The mean is
18 and standard deviation 9.98 persons. Then the standard error:
99.60
1.8739
Tho coefficient or variation is found to be 1O.k1% and with this we
can confidently say that 95.00 per cent of the time the true average numbe:
of people on queue at the handpump given any hour will be between 1k.33 -
21.67 persons.
Given the distribution of table 6 we can fit a regression line as
follow:;; where for convenience 12.00 noon has been taken as origin,0, and
Lime po.i.nt:.; (hours) denoted negatively for AM and positinely for PM and
calculations done accordingly (see table below).
(hours)7.00 am('.00 a.rn9.00 an:
10,00 am1'! ..00 an:1 2.00 ri coi
! .00 (.in2 .00 v-i.'i3-00 pmIl.OO pm5.00 pm6.00 pm7.00 pm
Total
X1
-5-U_3
- i0123h567
13
No of persons(Y)192826372010
)-i2
1k15132818
2314
25169k101
k
162536k9
195
-95- 1 1 2-78-7k- 2 0
0
hkk2
6065
168126
90
y =
M th
a. - y - b
"V-
- n x
* A
'oubstituting values to get b we have b = 90 - (i 3) (."0(16) = ~0.79
Wo now substitute values to obtain a as . *..'"a = 18 - (-O.79)(i) ,,.,,•:
= i8-7-9 . . .
and the estimated j.'Ggresaion line will then be;
"••• y = 1 8 . 7 ? • - 0 . 7 9 X •'•-••-'i-'W
Using- this to get values for 5^00 aun, 6.00am, 8.00 pel and.9.00 pm/'/
we obtain 2h'3'^i 23>'Sht *2.U'I and 11.86 persons respectively on the queue.
The aver.ge waiting time of between 20.77 -.23.69 minutes and the' / :;
average number ox persons on queue at the dot of every hour of ii+,33— '••\:'! '
by21.67 person.' might be considered okay/those coir.paringseveral villages or
countries bu- it certainly is not p*kay for Igboaran dwellers. The water ~
deni'i.nd • r/re:'-sure at the handpump is too high for the people and the temp-
tation i.'-:, ve;ry high to be dravm to the nearby stream.. To avoid the current
uncomfortably high degree of by-pass-of the handpump this report strongly
rocoii.iienci.s another borehole for the village.
'.•.'it!: the px'ovision of a. second borehole the people ..would probably have no
i.'iix ,her excus :.•£; to going back to the guinea worm infected stream nor could
tl; y give G;VI it-;factory reasons for again giving guinea worm a room in their
i:ves.
Further messages on washing and covering of water containers should be
,<;j.ven to thi; people especially the women. And finally they should be en-
couraged tc use water from the: handpump for ail purposes - cooking, drinking.- •
cloth or d:.au washing.
w.i.t;h 377 water collectors and using an average of 22.72 litres containers
it meant 377 'X 22/12 ~ 8,%3'.l|i| litres of safe water v/as collected that day
for at lec.st 1,026 people in the village. This shows an average of
iUiiil-iiii- = S«35 litres per day to each person. . Probably with the provi-
sion of a second borehole this average will significantly increase
UNICEF ASSISTED PROJECTS,
RRPORT Qi'1 PifE-INTERVENTION DATA GATHE'.RING EXERCISE IN J3ORGULOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE, NIGERIA- (1+ SEPTEMBER
19pr - 21 OCTOBER. 1905).
1. INTRODUCTION:
GO UNICEF GO SEARCH AND GOT WATER FOR THE 'PEOPLE OF BOfiGU1. This
is only a plea.. And it is m3.de in all sincerity in the hope that UNICKF
will consider it as an independent reading of Borgu peoples' desire to
set them free from thirst and guinea worni disease. The plea would keep
pouncing the mind of any open-minded person going through the length a.nd
breadth of Borgu Local Government Area (LGA) just as the water in the river
Niger keeps bashing its shore non-stop. The month of September started to
reveal the nakedness of the beds of many rivers and streams as the waters
are already dried up and Borgu people are again slowly and painfully
going into another state of torture of water crises during the long-dry
season.
Borgu LGA with a mixture of grassy and woody landscapes hm an are.-<
of land covering 28,690 square kilometers to the west of Kwara State. _
A. projected population of 1O1|,193 in 19^5 and a population density of 6
persons per square kilometer. This low population density shields off
the facts that:
- many villages in BOrgu LGA are big and
thickly populated.
- many of the largely populated villages are therefore
deprived of several socio-economic infrastructures.
- majority of the people stay in their villages as they
have nothing to prompt urban migration.
Perhaps our demographers-should look into Borr:u situations and dfi^r"
suitable parameters to explain the sizes and distributions of such populations,
Borgu LGA hn.s 2 main administrative divisions na.mely NORTHERN BORGU
comprising of Wawa, Shagunu, Agwara and Babanna districts (New Bussa district
bping taken n-s central Borgu), and Kaia.ma, Yashiki.ra, Okuta, Ilesha and
Gwanara districts fOrn the WESTERN BORGU.
• ' ! • ,
- 2 -
7. ILLK.J20;[01J_Pr:0PT,K: CTHNIC1TY AND OCCUrATION.
Hospitable. CQ-on i-.-i.tive and can easily be mobilized for just causes
as ours. The LGA comprises of many ethnic grouping or tribes such as the
LARU, KAN.MBI, KAi-iBARI LAW, KAMRAR1 LOPA.WA, BOKO, >)0K0 BARU, BUSSAWA.,
JMRUBA, IIAUSA and YOfiUM. The Bokos dominate Babanna district as Boko•Ha-r-us •1'-n aiama district, Bussawas and Larus are inJ\i-Qe-i, ^hagunu/Wawa districts respectively. Baruba spreads over Ilesha,
Okuta, Yasbikira and Cwanara districts. The Kambaris are largely found
in A^wara district,, Wawa district (wh?re they are called Kambari Lat\i)
and Shagunu district (wh j-e they ,re referred, to as Kambari Lopawa or Kam-
bari I<aru). Hausa is largely spoken in Northern Borgu as Baruba is in
Western Bormi. Yorubas dotted all villages as traders or transporters.
1'his pro,")f?ct mUgt take cognisance of i-he two administrative divisions
and the tribes during village selection and project implementation stage.
For .instance, the Kamb?r,.s, l:vinr a closed life-type with their artistic
hair-cut and peculiar rnoue of t'ressing, havft chosen not to live Or mix
freely w.i+h th« rest of '.he villagers and prefer making th^ir settlements
outside th« villages. V/-,uld the handpuinps and. VIP latrines further
prompt them away Frcr. their present settlements as did modern resettlement
houses or schools? They Jo not even pive names to their children under
one year old.
2.1 QCICUFATTCN -I
Most of the people in 13(>-»u LGA a.re brave farmers fortunately in rich
and lar£e agricultural area of Ewara State. '-I'hey provide foodstuffs like
Y,-un tubers (fresh or dried), Millet (Jero), Guinea corn(dawa) and fish to
Kv/ara State and ot>er Statef; like Oyo, Ogun, Ondo 'nd Lagos t0 the south,
Ni/jer , Kaduna and Gokoto -o tie North of river Niger. If good, drinking
water is provided, by this project there is a likelihood that children would,
gradually be released from the farms to the few existing schools and the
adults would have more time and. good health to attend to their farming
and fishing activities, settlements hitherto unstable because of water
crises would now become more stable, inhabitants would become free from
physical d<rformi.ti ps enured by gxiinea worm disease and cultural activities
like HAHoA, CANT and TA.KJilT c.iiioes would, porh^pp brin."- the- required joys
1-
• \
to the people.
3. Pl'Oni'EiCT AND PKOKUtt-IS OP THE PROJECT AT BOuGU LGA.
I*orgu LGA is thr> onp that needs this project most in Kwara State,
nay, in Nigaria. Th^re <=i-iould therefore be a deliberate, quite deliberate
effort to provide AT LEAST 100 HANDPWiPS in Borgu LGA. This will even go
a long way to forestall the unstable nature (due to lack of wa.ter) of
some settlements a.nd save this project a lot of logistic problems and the
whole Kwarans would rejoice.
One knows that UNICEF is handicapped in a way but as this author writes
far away, from ^orgu LGA tears again roll down his cheeks as he recalls
the peoples guinea worm problems and water crimes. It is nerve wrecking
remembering, say a 95-year-old man'who was met critically ill and severely
deformed by giunea worm and has to lie down for the past kO years because
he could not stand up nor sit down and death refuses to take him away.
Many more ca^es like tha.t.
UNICEF can live for decades in Borgu villages and in the minds of all
TV>rgu people just an the n-imes o«C providers of wells were effortsssly recalled.
Some of Bijoh wells wero sunk befoTe the 35-yeai-old author of this report.
But a peep down in+.o some of the wells often gives one a lasting impression
of the peoples sufferings.
The project has a bright prospect for success in the LGA, The people
can easily be mobilized,the Health Education Component would easily be
grasped and construction of VIP latrines would "erhaps be built faster in
; the LGA than in LGAs where the project operated before.
j This report strongly believes that water can be obtained anywhere in
, the LGA. Its reasons inoHide the fact that no village or town is founded
in Nigeria by our forebears with°ut a. prove of water to drink. Their own
I
| instruments for detecting water are however different from our modern ones.
Again, our special tnrrameter could be up-ed to a good advantage in the LGA.
However, ail the project staff should disabuse their minds that if-,
is difficult to get water at Borgu. The determination that UWCJIJF should
succeed where others have failed should from now prevail, afterall, the EPI
\
- h -
is succeeding fnst where previous immunization plans have failed why
not, the walflr nnd Sann.t.?i tion project?
If only r'l] the project staff n.re ready to husband the very Ion,!!: dis-
tances over roviKh undulat'iop: roads between pro.iect villages" and are really
willing to implement the package to the letter this report remains unsha-
ken in its belj.e f that the project would be very successful at Bor^u LGA.
Problems include the big size of the LOA which could be frightening
but wo can cover it. The ro^ds which are bad but. it is not the fault oF
the ppop].e. '1'hg staff who could bp discouraged but the Management Could
solve this? problem by prompt payment of allov/ance and sontetimes paying
visits to field staff.
).,. HI'.'I.'n QUO LOGY OF DATA GA'J'nERfHO
Both enu'i'erat.j.o''1 °f 'i''-l household- and a sample of houses/liou^eholds
methods were enpaped dur/rv1: the exercise.
V/here a P-imrle oC h vivcor waf- "elected 1".he sample mean y = _§y was
calculated nnd W e Gsttnated resident population f.i/rures witli the formula.
Y =» , N y
3y = total nun'Visvr of persons in the sample.
n = number of houses :n the sample
M = total number of houses in the village
y = sainpl.;.. mean.
Y = estimatod resident population figure for tVie village.
The sampie si^es varied according to the sizes of the villages and
amount of tine available Tor data. p;athnrinfc.
Tho. fio'.d 0-oeratjon also consists of making prior contact with the
villages before actual date of data ^atheririp to facilitate maximum co-
operation an3 to forestall, under estimation of population owing to people
ftoinpc to thflr farms.
l,.i STAFF AM) Ti^u-a.m;
Tn add It. ion to the ? pro.iect staff, 9 con:munH"y Assistants in the
LCA formed the team Cor- r.he data i^thari.nr, exercise. A training between
^_6 sept^nher, 1;:ip>S' v;.-'s o->rried. out in the Council c^-^'iber at the TiGA.
e'-arlnt >.:'i'..Vi n. d.c»' n.'.'tra.t ion at Kor-o vylj^ixc- nn.rr new l.'nssa. The
If. . . / ~j' • •
- $ -
training enabled nil the team-mates to know the
- organisational set up of the project
- aims/purposes of the data gathering and how to '
explain to respondents.
- requirements of good data gatherers.
- techniques of successful data gathering and
- the various forms/questionnaires to be used during
the exercise,
5. FACTOIiS MILITATING AGAINST DATA GATHERING EXERCISE .
This Unit,like John the Baptist who bore the pangs of being a
forerunner to Girist, prepares the way for all other Units and silently
bearing the brunts of:
- insufficient financing of data gathering exercise
under this project
- Working extremely long hours (most days 12-15 hours
in the field) without shift and without incentives
to staff.
- Inadequate provision of vehicles
- Shortage of necessary equipment
- Language barriers
- Low level Education of some of the team mates
- inadequate provision of petrol resulting in fuelling at
far away New Bussa or buying at costly rates.
- Cultural pattern of building houses
- Meeting many tribal leaders differently in a given
village.
- The only driver being overworked as a result of the
nature of operation.
6. GUINEA WORM DISEASE; ORIGIN, CAUSE AND LOCAL HAKES IN BOTiGU LGA.
6.1 Origin:
Centnrries ago the Borgu LGA used to have a flourishing trade route
from the South West of river Niger through Kaiania and New Bussa to the North
of Nigeria and Africa. Perhaps ,guinea worm disease was then introduced
into the then commercial l;owin of kaiania from where it spread out. All the
'f.
- 6 - .
then trndes thinned off perhaps partly due to the knotty problems • of water
slave tr-'de, internal migration and inter.tr.ib.il wars but guinea worm (Unease
remains wli.h the people. Perhaps as a result of the previous influence of
Kaiama the first and. only primary school in Borgu ^'A w^s sited at Kaiama
and as people attended the school they exported the disease from kaiama
to other districts. The scholars being young perhaps went to rivers and
streams in their home villages to bath or swim and consequently introducing
guinea worm into their villages during holidays.
fi.2 CAUSES
Guinea worm disease i? well known in the LGA and among the various
ethnic groups. V.'iriie majority of the people believe, and rightly too, that
water from guinea worm infective water sources cause the disease, a few
however, believe otherwise, ^or instance, one head of household strongly
believed that w ie-n thunder strikes guinea worm enters through ones's head
and. slowly parses through the body to the feet where it will begin to emerge.
During the striking of tHe thunder the worm would measure the victims
height and Inat would, account for- how long the worm would be and determine
the period of incapacitation.
6.3 LOOM, JWMV:. •
Guinea worm disease has local names like ZUDA among the Bokos and Buss-
anchis, ZUBLOR ninong some. Ke-..mbari's, KUNIIKl.'NU among the Hausas BULUTU among
the Fulanis, NENA (plural JffiNl) among the Batunis (Barubas) and SOBIA among
the Yonibas. Guinea worm is such a dreadful disease lhat a victim of the
disease can never forget (.he incidence anda non-victim can never cl?im to
have had it and so once the -Local names are mentioned the people readily
give correct answers 'o questions.
7. Ri:;::;riLTn
No village, or district is free from guinea worm infection in Borgu
LGA. The rnost endemic districts with guinea w-\rm disease are Ilesha,
Gwanara, Kaiama and Babanna. The least affected district is Bussa and
probably because of l;ap water in New Bus a a fiid environ.
h
- 7 -
DISTRICTS BY PREVALENCE RATES.
DISTRICT
Ag-wara
Babanna
BURS a.
Gwanara
Ilesha
Kaiama
Oia.it a
Shagunu
Wawa
Ya.dhikira
SURVEYPOPULATION
6,^86
3,863
971
11,661
8,781
13,123
23,5H
5,650
3,733
1 2 , 1 l i 0
NUMBERAFFECTEDBY GUINEAWORM
379
388
8
1,771
1,737
1,950
2,Q).|0
225
150
579
AFFECTEDBY GUINEA
WOBM
5.8
10.0
0.8
15.2
19.8
Di.9
8.7
U.o
U.o
i.i.8
RANGE OFPREVALENCE
1.2
2 .1
0
5.8
12.U
2.2
3.1 *
0.7 •
1.6 .
2.0 •
- 12
- 65
.8
- 26.
- 20.
- U 6 .
- 1 5 .
- 13.
- 23.
- 25 .
RATE
.7
.5
2
9
7
3
3
J4
7
nirV-.rinft l.be mn^e of prevalence rates the lower limit gives a frood
picture of tho areas with high entiemicity of guinea worm as it appears tho
higher the value of the lower limit the more prevalent the disease in the
-district.
['A AlvL GUlrC \;0il'i ?R£VAL^CL ?A-SS 02- VILLAGES I;; SOBGt Li-A AS AT 20 OCT.19?5
-> 0 1
= 1 KS\?• s s
i<0 Of
Holds
Total H£si-dent nor-u-
j Ko of people! s" e r A-"-fec^°d bv
Kale Bo+hSexes
I^ale FemaleSexes
Frevaler.ee na+e of'-~*j. j- n e a *\ o rrr: \ /1)
Mal othsexes
TTadition2l* • a t e r sources
^e~ ? rics i. on th ebasis of at lea?10G boreholes)
A.I•:GLJ
KGRTHERR 3GRC3.1 AGV/ARA
Agvara
Old ?apiri
Fapiri C-ajere
Bacon Fapiri
3 . 2 BAr-AlHTA
138
211;
17U
183 U7U U97 971
263
166
28o
798
MS
710
699
U60
7U'2
878
36
16
12
16
8
5
52
17
•i-nforced but on s-
109 239
108 1lii-
1.5
L.5•3 #P
1.7
166
aeration dav tve T)eoi;le all deserted their hoir s.I
8?9 9U8
257
Kigbera 62
25
129
759
181
3L3
7Q
73U
173
368
1,827
932
13
35U
711
163
22
60
1c
31
18
232 12.8
8.0
'•0
P
U.7
39.2
0 .2
2 - 3
1.7
0.7
12.6
3.7
33.5
1.6
23.8
n R
3.5
2.7
1.2
12.7
5.8
2 1
33.3
3. 1
Dan;, V;ell strear:
v e i l , streaicboreholes
veil
F-ecocr.enced fc2 boreholes
veil i-".eco~~=r. ~ed f-
2 bor-:}'or es a
veil, stream
p on d, ve 11, s t re am
veil, stream
•=tron=-j.y -.ecor-f
eded for '•• bc-r-e-
hole '•
1 borehole
~ " " TABLE (2)" " " _ y _ " "•"•"'• " "'2 E K 0 G R A P E I C D-.TA -\KiJ GU11CZA V. 'OBI: ? F F J V A L I " C I HATES 0 ? V I L L A G E S I N BCF;.GU LGA AS AT 2 0
rissa
Sesora
29
58
10
63
99
19
Other Czui ea v;orJ3 endemic areas s t i l l y
6-i
121
131
13
51
291
132
135
230
127
162
110
51
Ansboshifii
—"uma - 2.are
Sar.sani Da.ii
Sabon(i'Jew) Sansani
Svashi
U.-ii.-i
r
B.L •.•;AWA -IHl^ICT
- - ;:ur
2-=-.ra:5r:-i
-;'-oro
33
?9
112
11
37
222
59
10L
11.2
102
102
IJ7
28
47
•,££
81
225
189
299
U3
190
330
373
33
132
858
383
198
651
396
27L
12L
2U6
321
e r i n g a re KABS, YAGBASO,
U35
620
87
38
17
28
765
226
267
355
53
137
972
L.03
UliO
7U8
35U
132
251
1+16
597
728
86
26°
1,630
786
938
1.U29
755
750
5U8
256
2
2
U
5
7
30
9
87
25
7
q
39
m29
77
31
57
20.
5.
65.
1
7
1
15
U
65
.8
.u
.9
3
2
8
1
8
15
14
38
15
5
15
0
26
17.7
5.0
65.5
•BEJI, SAFASEI, XOKKOSC
1,550 ! 50
5
U
12
6
15
hS
13
125
L0
12
2U
125
90
1.1
0.6
1.1
15.2
5.3
3.5
2.3
17.5
3.7
2.0
2.3
5.1
2P.6
5.2
1.3
0.7
2.2
1.9
5.8
1.5
1.0
8.6
2.0
1.2
0
19.7
23.9
6.1+
1.2
0.7
1.6
7.0
5.6
2.5
1.6
13.3
2.8
3.2
2.6
23. U
26.1
5.8
1 •—
well, stream
well, stream
stream
AND KOKAEI.
H. Kieer
well, stream
stream, well
rone1, streams
stream, veil
veil, stream
well,H.Tiger
vell,R.l"-:ger
H. "ifer,stream
H. Nirer
differ
for ''borebole
"borehole
b-rehole
borehole-r-ecommenced fc~ '•
borehole
borehole .
boreholeFeco-—ended for 1
boreholeHecomr.ended for 2
borehole
H. Kife
well,stream,pond, rainstream, "cond,
well"
veil,stream
well,pondstream
oorer.CLe?ccrmer.- ?:d for
borehole
Dore.'.'oi e
borehole
borehole
boreho]e
borehole
borehole^ ^ ~* c-n ** -" ?
boreholes
I •
TABLE (2) -10 -
zz TJ-::Z:Z OF VILLAGES IN BOEGU L. AS AT 20OCTOBER, 19
: vqwanara
C-0 GO
" I Kp-ara l-
j i".pur?.p=---yo
2 ILESHA SIST.
£.p^ .; c--,T 3
);-v?riv=
20U
75
32
28
22
5U
96
13
38.
26
27r
300
^OnJJ-~
125
1
J 1 1 323
13
1 0
30
28
6x^0
189
83
66
108
25U
29
55
87
890
not be
320
172
52
13
! -.7
i . U 6
i "
1,860 j
733
2U2
291
206
300
812
72
2hh
1U3'
257 .
3 , ioo
covered :
1,010
U29
135
75
57
17*
123
2,00U
68U
280
292
160 -
261
91l4
6U
22L
1K8
238
2,790
3.86U
1.U07
522
583
366
561
1,726
136
U68
291
U95
5,-890
because of a river
| 1,095
173
59
6.5
156
108
2,105
! SLO
308
13)4
122
!i 3?7
| 231
U32 .
* - • . '
20
75
28
21
11*2
7
55
23
39
560
(b« ....*
225
31
3
25
30
16
300
90
26
37
16
2^
11*6
5
51
f'3
32
630
DT£."b_l ?
215
11
G
i ^
1 '"| 11*
732
177
1 /•
112
hh
hS
288
12
106
36
71
1,190
in dry
mo
u.2
98
• j
51
50
30
23.2
12.0
8.3
25.8
13.6
7.0
17.8
9.7
22.5
16.1
15.2
18.1
s e £ s on)i
| « . 3
7 . 2
36.3
.U.o
U3.9
17.5
13.0
15.0
13.2
9.3 •
12.7
10.0
9.2
16.0
7.8
22.8
8.8
1 3 . U
22.6
•
-, 0 g
2.7
28.3
0 . 0
ho.o
12.8
13.0
18.9
12.6
8.8
19.2
12.0
8.0
16.7
8.8
12.U
111.3
20.2
20.9
5.0
31.8
2 . 2
U1.8
15.3
13.0
well,stream
well, stream
I
pond, stream
well, por.d.streair
well, pond, stress;
well,pond,stream
well,pond,stream j
stream
well,pond,stream
well, stream
veil, ?ond, stream j ?-eco~Tr.er;r2ec for
epceo. .• or 3 oc:
ended for 1 to:
•ended for 1 "ro:
'endec frr '•• b-r-
-enced for ' ":"•:•:
-ended f o r ' '••:••:
r.er.ded for 2 bo
r-ended for 1 bo
-;er;'Ted f o r 1 ""••?•
r-hcly
ornier1— ed fo"1^ 1 "o-" "-*".oir:
well stream
.9 veil, stream
veil,pond,str1
well, stream
pond, stream
well, stream
stream
well, stream
oT'TTiendec for 2 V-
for 1 "boreho!
TABLE (2) - 1.1 -' V
"U ~i " i /v = "i i oe
I
' f '
k~k
5k
82
k6
10?
! 23
3g.te\
i 2k
65
L OKUTA D13T
•r>ri--?. I 3 3 0
;•:.> "-Cer.u 1 1 k
':"> C-Vuta 3 7 0
2 i C-b'--.r_=?urvu. Knovj
'-. ' =-.---r. i 2"O
'I "" !'•": ! r?\ = n; 220
iii ;- - '-'.Z^JKTBA DISTRICT
16
550
9ok
16k
171
108
126
85
included
38
107
82
9kO
2"C
1,100
3,2i8j
337
U71 j
kO9
265
217
in that
110
2kk
300
2,990
765
3,530
3,236
361
k07
k23
275
233
of Kai
123
21
87^
8 ^
5I;0
550
52
1L0
3C-0
63
1L1
>~! ' 11?
7 1
123
;1£
115
252
138
21c
£ 7
15. h
29.7
9.3
6.3
9.3
17.k
3k.6
31.2
S.o
16.5
32.0
30.3
2li.li j 25.6
52.3 i k6.7
ve 11, s trear., ^00r
ID "C v* 3 rll^
well, stream
well, stream
River Mishi
well,pond,stream
ana 2au<r£ the k houses villa-re is within Kaiania town.well, stream
292
3,0k0
816
3,510
23^
k8k
592
6,030
1/581
7,0L0
36
20
28
k5o
11k
160
38
9
33
k7C
96
150
7k
29
61
>920
310
J
1
2.
9.
5.k.
k.
7
IV)
"3
1
Q
3
1
'~J 9
3.
1.
5.1.
k.
9
8
3
5p.
3
guinea, vorn, village but could not be covered for tir.e factors.
I860
6^0
380
1L3
---v.=.3oro
2,700
1,700
95
1,900
531
2,630
1,830
81,
2,080
318
L.70
5,330
3,530
179
3,980
680
350
60
26
ko
ike
50
20
ko
19 •! 12
110
80
31
13.c ! 5.3
O7 !,c. i • -
2.1
5.2
2.7
23.8
1.9
3.8
-7< I xc I 1!,- hi. "5 hi, a
31.8
6.0
10.3
15.3
13.3
k.k
9.2
3.1
25.7
2.0
jete
i i
vell-'<r!;">wr; mr'r,??, worrc viTlare but inaccessible durinp- period of exercise.
. . . ; . . . . - - • - - - * ; - " • - - . -
Dond, stream
well, strssir.
v/ell, stream
veil st^e^ni
well, strear
well, stream
well, stream
well, stream
well, stream
stream
5 bore'.-ol'es.
borehole
'~rr:d5d for '
="c nov ^^ ~ttov.T..
rr??~.cei .for 1
Tiended for *
co~Trended for l±
co-Tc-r.ded for 1
co^rr.=nded for 6
-shp
fo- I4 boreho
for — bo- - ho
r.ded for 1 bfor 1
for 3 bcre'io
""- 1 ^r1 5ed fo r
T/3LE (2) - 1 2 -
70 i
71
10 i
Yashikira
360 670 I 2,2*90 2,670 I 5,160 120 120 2U0 U.8
ell kr.ovn guinea worm vill==.f~e "but inaccessible durine period of exercise.
"-o"t covered for i t s sinall s ize .
193 21 16 37 3.7 2.8
U.6-
3.2
v;ell,streajr.~ j for 1;bore hol=s
v;ell, pond,stream rehcles .
/ o 1 ,
.«* %. - 13 -
On villnf:e; Involc Sesora. in Babanna district has the highest
prevalence rato of 6?.5"" while the lowest rate of 0.7?u was recorded for
Luma Baare in .'.ihaffunu district.
0. ni'icoi'.M ;;;WI?VI'.TO;;;.'V.
Tho f M lowing rocoiumendations axe strongly recommended for considor-
ati on:
(a) There should he a deliberate, quite deliberate effort to earmark' •
at lo?ist 100 (one hundred) hgndpumps for Borgu because of their
serious gii i.nea worm problems and water crises. '.:
(b) A ]ot more investment in terms of dedication, funds, equipment
and time and willingness to husbn.nd the distances between villages
in needed in r>orfii> IJGA when compared with Asa and .M"ro LGAs.
(c) Project staff should disabuse tho.ir minds that water table at
'.ttoxfm is low and it may be difficult to get water. The deter-
mination to male? UWTCE'I'1 succeed whore oth^r liodies filled should,
from now prevail afterall» 5PI- succeeds where previous efforts
failed why not thr> wa.ter and Sanitation project?
(d) rinn'i Nation and Hpnlth Education would need t;o take their rip-htful
positions in thp LOA because of the pattern of se'tlement and the
tfreat he O.th hazards posed by cattle-keeping.
(e) It is hiph hjm* the Kwara State Government is advised to look
for funds to purchase rigs through UNIC.KP in order to reach other
vil;i nces.
(f) Thj.f? Unit does not run shifts and we work 12-15 hours and all days
of the week durin/T analysis more work is done with no compensations.
(g) The only driver a'-tnohed does too much work for the 12-1 $ hours
with no overtime allowance. Drivers po.qted for such assignments
should b" specially conr-idered fo-f 'he allowance.
(h) V/p have to succeed in Borfni IJGA and we recommend that no further
build-jng construction should go on in the project workshop until
water nnd Sanitation Projects are provided at Borgu villages,
(l) If this Pro.ioct must kee-p on us-i-ng the I^A staff then aU. LGAs
niur?t hr> inrormr>d to m.qke p^ovisionn; Tor transport and travelling
.-ill ov.-iiv.?s in thn'r 1986 hudgnt? in "rdr-r l.o .-i.viod extrn-ordjn-'iry
n.-1-..-i... n I r.. Jl. ir n o t cortn.i'ri i f l.li r? ':"•f'r u'-' 'l w o u l d fr.pt y\^.\r
???•?! nit
a.l. I o-.iarjee th i ;•. y^'ir.
(.F) 'i'lvi,-. 'iJnil. v/onl'i reqi.i.i re 2 vob-inlrr, for field ope.rat.i one in
future data /ra ther.i n^ exercise of th i s nature.
(l\) EnrMifrh funds should he m de available for ti"ta ^-al.heriruc
exercises ho avoid shortage of funds in the f i e ld . Th.ig
•should now apply to a l l teams fjoin^ to Bor?;u LOA.
(L) The plea made before, could serve, a.s a maxivfim to conquer the
displeasurablylontf distances between project vi l lages and long
ho l i rs of duty both capable of easi ly brin^ln^ staff into t r ans -
ports of di.scouiraftement, frustration and sentiments as the
])rofiress of implementation tellc- upon thnn. A STU.BBORN Wi.TJilK-
I-'ilr-JATJ(n\r t 0 make ig'ood drinking water and Sanitation a r e a l i t y in
•f'orfpi hCr\ in lie re by sol ic i tod for» Hov/ever every comiriunity
and t.ribe aj^pe'.rs to have distrrict cu l tura l , social and economic
pecul ia r i t ies .'hich require d i ferent ia l application of str;'l;f'f)ieR
by a l l project Uni.+.s for e'TnctivR implementation of ''he package.
Th^ d.-i l:,a F- thnr i nr?'i f'Vn.lua.t.ion nnd Monitor inp: "ni t remains pral:e
to the ;;o].R Artir inist-r'1 r ' \r, t.bn Cominuni'•y'-^RVeloptncnt Inspectors (Nursa
A.liyu a.nd. llif^ic Aiyelr-so) for the i r kind assis tance. 'Hie Unit also remains
in f in i t e ly f.r.-.t'.eful t,-. a l l d i s t r i c t Heads; a.nd Village Moads for tbe i r
v/opderful •jo-.iperation. To the do^^ed team-mates - A-,0. Audu, Lad.ipo
on.muel, f'i-.isa. Ahiibakar, Moha-mnied Mora, Ahmad.u H'-Kah, Uninru Shiyaki., J.ibril
oiano, Ibrahim f>alih.uytd :i r.i.Pu Halj.ru Kaiama, Alhar;san Umaru, A].i.yu Kinishi
and. the l)p' v=.r, A-,ec:. Babatolo. thi.r- project remain.-? p:rateful for your
Ir-, oonrlusion, this report «tronp"l.y .feels l.hat there .if a tremendous
need fo" '.he ent'rf? components: of thf? packa/?e in Bor/ru LGA. In. that, respect
a l l pro.noh staff irufit be implored to use a l l ideas and/other resources avail
able l.o them to .implement the pro.ioct to the lector -inc'J successfully too.
Tho plea comer; ^pn.ri, this I in'e m^re forceTally that GO UNT.CJ'il'1, 00 SlilAHCM
AKI) r.ii.T WAT:':R VOU '\;W, Pi-:0: [,••: Oii1 BfVlt'r.lI and iriny hhe fountains of the ff
deep Ivronk up in favour f>f your endeavour.
'"'' :T. 0. Ai.AKTProject ;:;t.-it i r;t ic i'int
/ /
STATISTICIAN ( T.O. ALABl)
To: Project Manager, Date: 8th May, 1985.UNICEF Co-Ordinator,All Heads of Project Units.
PROJECT MONITORING SURVEY REPORT:-AFON DISTRICT, KWARA STATE, APRIL
198'
CONTENTS;- PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION:- - ,( 2
1.1 Survey methodology. 3
1.2 Impact of the Project. k
1.3 Summary of weaknesses of the project. h
1.U Socio - demographic characteristics. 6
2. GUINEA WORM PREVALENCE. 12
3. HOUSEHOLDS WATER COLLECTION;- A CLASH BETWEEN THE HANDPUMPS AND
TRADITIONAL WATER SOURCES. 11*
3.1 Issue of by-pass of the handpumps or why people still go 1i|
to traditional water sources.
3.2 Borehole use:- Time of water collection and frequency at the 17
handpumps.
3.3 Water collection habit. . 19
3.U Time comparison between handpumps and traditional water 21
sources.
U. VIP LATRINES:- CONSTRUCTION AND USE AN IMPOSITION ON PEOPLE'S TRADITIONS?. 22
i|.1 Issue of by-pass of the VIP latrines. 25
U.2 VIP latrine construction. 25
5. PERFORMANCE OF VBWs AND HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMMES. 26
5.1 Immunization in young children and Breast feeding Practice 27
5.2 Other health matters. 28
6. SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. 29
-i—•
- 2 -
PROJECT MONITORING SURVEY REPORTt AFON DISTRICT, KWtRA STATE
APRIL, 1985
1. INTRODUCTION:-
During this late dry season two activities readily become prominent
in Afon District, they are hunting and water collection. Hunting is an
activity that is exclusively for males in a Village (sometimes of neigh-
bouring villages put together) while water collection from the handpump
is an activity (nearly exclusively reserved) for the females in any given
village. While hinting is seasonal water collection is continuous and
while males come together as a team for hunting^females most often go
individually to she handpumps as at when water is required.
The continuous and individualietic nature of water collection from
the hanripumjje easily arrests one's interest and made females our respondents.
0ne is alp.) very concerned at why people still go to the traditional 'water
sources c:v the time and frequency at which people £o to the boreholes to
collect water or the number and use of ventilated improved Pit (VTP)
latrine?; constructed as part of the intervention package of the water and
Sanitation Project.
To this end the Project Monitoring survey was carried out. The survey
is a two-way activity which seeks to obtain responses from the population
served by the project with the purposes of providing relevant and valuable
information on which policy decisions are arrived at, up-dated or formulated.
- 3 -
It also serves as a further mobilization and re-education of the people
who find answers to questions asked on various facets of the project as
they (people) now live with the reality of modern technology in peasant
communities.
The field-work of the survey was carried out between 16th - 19th april,
1985 after about a week's training1 of the Enumerators*
This report has been divided into sections with the following titles:-
(1) Introduction.
(2) Guinea worm prevalence.
(3) Households water collection:- A clash between the handpumps and
traditional water sources.
(I4) VIP latrines: Construction and use,
(5) Performance of VBWs and Health Education programmes.
(6) General observations, Suggestions/fconclusions.
There are some unpublished statistical tables because of a check on
the length of this report.
1.1 SURVEY METHODOLOGY:-
A two-stage sampling procedure was adopted.
The list consisting of the first h$ boreholes in the state was used
as a sampling frame where first-stage units (villages) were selected from
using 2-digit random numbers. We replaced numbers corresponding to already
selected villages or in which the project was under a month-old.
From the selected villages we compiled the list of all households and
the probabilities of selecting households. This list forms the second-
stage Units, We cumulated the number of households and assigned ranges
• • « ./*4-» . « «
- u -to the households in the villages making1 sure that the assigned ranges
did not 6verla.p. A household selected is placed back and hence we have
WITH REPLACEMENT PROBABILITY PROPORTIONATE TO SIZE sample selected with
unequal probability.
1.2 IMPACT OF THE PROJECT,
The impact of water and Sanitation Project in this district goes beyond
whatever pen can describe on paper.
Since the handpump was installed and the pregnant earth gave birth
to water from its womb the hancipump ie serving as a centre of life and
attraction and as a potent force (as Aiabi once described in his data
gathering report in £6 villages in Moro LGA) :
1 releasing the people of this LGA into a healthy state never before
enjoyed by their forebears;, releasing them into a state of boom in
their social and economic life and releasing them perhaps also
into active religious,political and cultural activities which
tacitly give credit to UNICEF1,
1.3 SUMMARY OF WEAKNESSES OF THE PROJECT:-
The survey reveals certain weaknesses in the implementation of the
package which are contained in various parts of the report. Below is a
Summary of such weaknesses:
(a) Some of the handpumps are not functioning properly perhaps due
to inadequate flushing of ;he boreholes. Other problems include stiff
handle and leaking at the head assembly perhapB due to a draw-back e.g.
at Olodemeji; less water than demand level leading to unpleasant rationing
e.g at Okeso, Foko an d Gbago.
- 5 -
(t>) Improper pumping mechanism with the handle by water collectors •
The VBWs should be asked to enlighten villagers on the proper handling while
collecting water.
(c) In all villages with VIP latrines children below 5 years are hardly
allowed to use the latrines for fear of messing up the latrines. That shows
that about 25% (see table 2) of the population do not have access to VIP
latrines at all. And again, a discouraging percentage (UjjO of children
between $-10 years use the VIP latrines. This defeats some purposes of the
project. The village heads must be immediately told to inform all their
subjects to allow children to use and get used to using the VIP latrines.
Children's faeces are equally dangerous as those of adults.
(d) Certain adults to not use the VIP latrines because the traditional
places are nearer to them than the location of the latrines. The village
heads must be told to make it compulsory for all adults to use VIP latrines.
(e) The VIP latrine construction is very slow. The villagers must
be given a list of item3 to purchase and other responsibilities to shoulder.
The villagers will then plan how to generate the necessary funds. Thei
Sanitation Team is being awaited in some villages to measure the latrine
sites so that at least excavation can start. There is need to explore the
use of other building materials, such as MUD apart from cement blocks and
iron roofing sheets. Afterall majority of the houses in these villages were
built with mud why not their latrines?
(f) Most of the villages are dirty and full of dried leaves, animal
droppings and weeds. It appears the VBWs only mobilize villages to clean
and clear their-surroundings when Projects staff are 'expected' to visits
the villages...../Q.« «
- 6 -
(g) Most of the VBWs only talk about personal and Environmental hyg-
iene. It was only at Okeoo that oral rehydration Therapy was mentioned.
Certainly Personal and eovironmental hygiene is not the only/topic taught
the VBWs. There is need for the Health Education Team or supervisors to
remind VBWs of 6ther topics and possibly give a time table ..on when new
topics be introduced. There are other evidences which strongly suggest
that either the VBWs graining was inadequate or they fail to properly under-the ideals of this project or their
stand and prosecute/levels of education is a handicap. The VBWS appeared
to avoid talking to say Teachers in their communities perhaps due to
inferiority complex.
U-J SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS:_
Tlie result of the survey presented in table 1 lelow further gives an
estimate of the populations being served by this project (1st estimate
given by 'report of the exercise on basic demographic data in Afon District1
dated 18th October, 198)4). We a.re therefore in a position to know the ratio
of the population per borehole. The modal number of persons per household
is 5.
TABLE 1
ESTIMATED POPULATIONS OF SURVEY VILLAGE 5 THROUGH HOUSEHOLDS COMPOSITION
Villages
Alapako
| Budo Aroi
Fokoi „
I Gbago
Igboede
j Ita Raufuii
j Kankan
! Okeso
. Olodomeji
Otno Alao
• Oniyere
Total Numberof householdsin village.
A
15
5U
93
35
17
29
35
100
18
25
173
Survey house-holds
B
8
19
27
13
9
10
12
39
7
9
33
Survey popu-lation.
37
69
118
59
29
3a
178
26
37
157
Average numberof persons perhousehold
C/B
5
uu5
3
3
5
5
U
k
5
Estimated Villagepopulation
C/B x A
75
216
372
175
51
87
175
5oo
72 |
100
865
- 8-
9% of the survey population were found to be aged between 9 - 2 years
while 16%, 22% and 53% were between the age groups of 3 - 5 years, 6-15
years arid 16 years and over respectively (see table 2 below). This
shows that at least half of the population is dependent-type. The distri-
bution of the survey-populations according- to their ages in survey villages
are contained in the body of the table.
TABLE 2
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF SURVFY POPULATION BY AGES, AFON DISTRICT.
Village
Alapako
Budo Aro
Foko
G"bago
Igboede
Ita Raufu
Kankan
Okeso
Oiodomeji
Omo Alao
Oniyere
Total
Under 2
8-
12
9
12
11*
9
10
8
8
8
8
9
3-5
1U
13
13
22
10
26
23
15
23
19
13
16
Age group (years)
6-15
27
17
25
17
7
3
15
26
8
19
31
22
16 and over
5i
58
53
U9
69
62
52
51
61
5U
U8
53
.IIfTotal
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Hoo
100
100
' 100
-10-
Afon district is wholly made up of peasant muslim communities of
the Yoruba Tribe with 87% of the heads of households engaging in sub-
sistence farming while l$> are on petty trading on mainly farm-products
and 2% were found to be drivers or teachers (see table 3 below).
The modality of operation with respect to Health Education messages'.|
mobilization project support communications and data gathering must be
tailored to suit farming and Islamic backgrounds in this district.
TABLE 3
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HEADS OP HOUSEHOLDS BY OCCUPATION.
Village
Alapako
Sudo Aro
Foko
Gbago
Igboede
Ita R&ufu
Knnkan
C'keso
Olodomeji
Orno Alao
Oniyero
Total(District)
8
19
27
13
9
10
12
39
7
9
33
186
Farming
75
100
93
100
89
70
100
87
100
100
70
87
Occupation of Heads of Households,
Petty Trading
13
0
0
0
0
10
0
3
0
0
12
u
Driving I Teaching
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
9
2
»
Others
12
0
7
9
11
10
0
3
0
0
9
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
.100
100
- 12 -
2. GUINEA WORM PREVALENCE;-
The respondents were asked to give information about all members of
their household regarding history of guinea worm infeotion- df all the 186
• respondents 1% had guinea worm disease NOW while 11$ had the disease in the
past, 8£% had never been irWfected. It was found that 6% of the households
affected have applied native medicines as treatment while 3% applied only
English/orthodox medicines,U/o of them applied both Native and English
medicines and 2/» did not apply any medicines at all.
Guinea worm prevalence is presented in table below. It could be seen
from it that 0.5% of the males have guinea worm now whereas 6% had it before«
For the females 0.3% no have the disease whereas SP/> had it in the past.
for males and females tie prevalanece rate was 8% in the past and 0.1)% now*
The males and females having the disease now are aged 60 years and
over, whereas the disease affected all age groups in the past.
Males aged kO - i|9 years and females aged $0-$9 years are those who
cufferred from the diaease moBt.
The survey also reveals that 9 4% of those with a history of guinea -•"-*
worm infection were affected on the lower extremity of the body while 6%
had the infection ci the Tapper extremity of their bodies.
TABLE
GUINEA WORM PREVALENCE IN AFOK DISTRICT BY AGE AMD SEX, APRIL, 1985.
Age-group(years)
0 - 9
10 - 19
20-29
30 - 39
l+O - U9
50-59
6&_and over
Total
Survey-population
162
51
13
36
Uk
U1
53
Uoo
KALES
% infectedage ffrouT)
NOW
0
0
0
0
0
0
k
o.5
i n
. in -each
the past
3
k
8
11
1U
5
11
6
•
Surveypopulation
11+8
33
69
61
U1
30
21 -
U03
FEMALES% infected
NOW
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0.3
•X
• iin each age group.
IN THE PAST
2
6
1U
11
12
20
9
When households were asked on how people get guninea worm disease,
only 12$ answered correctly that by drinking from infective water
sources. 1$> gave answers that were wrong while 82% were ignorant of how,
people get the disease. This could mean that the VEWs have not enlightened<r
the people on the disease as taught them and the people did not gain much
from the film shows arranged by the Development Support Communication.
3. HOUSEHOLDS WATER COLLECTION}- A CLASH BETWEEN THE HAHEPUMPS AND
TRADITIONAL WATER SOURCES
IN an ordinary day the handpump appears to be the only outstanding
witness that the intervention package haB reached most of the project villages.
While most of the handpumos axe functioning properly a few have problems.
Such problems include difficulty in pumping with attendant delays in water
flowing out of the spout e.g. at Olodomeji.
At Budo Aro the water has certain sediments which discourage some
people from collecting' water in the morning.
Perhaps the Drilling and TQchnioal Team must exercise more patience in >,
siting borehole locations, in drilling and when flushing.
3.1 ISSUE OF BY-PASS OF THE HANDPUMPS OR WHY PEOPLE STILL GO TOTRADITIONAL WATER SOURCES;
BSfore the handpumps got to this district 70% of the households collr
ected water from stream/river in the rainy season while 27%, 3% and 2%
used ponds, wells and rain water respectively. In the dry season, however,
31% of the households use stream/river while 62/o and 2?o respectively use the
ponds and wellc. '.'his shows that the main traditional water sources ,in _
this district are the stream/river, ponds and wells.
- 15 -
By-passing the handpumps for these traditional water sources is a
question of must nearly in all villages especially Okeso, Gbago, Foko, Oniyere
and OlodoniRJi. This is because the available quantity of water from the
handpurnp, per household is below their domestic requirements, F o r instance,
2 buckets of water (with an average volume of 5 litres per bucket) are
collected per day at Gbago for an average of 5 persons per household. At
Olodomeji a person can hardly collect up to 2 buckets-full of water; in
several hours of the day* At Okeso only a compound, averaging 1$ water coll- !
ectors, are allowed daily to collect an average of 10-1$ litres of water
each to be used over a period of 10-12 days when it would again be the ;•
compound's turn to collect water. Thus about 1$0 litres of water are collected\\'\\ N
at Okeso for at least 75 people's use giving an average of 2 litres per person
for a period of at least 10 days. It is pathetic.
The table 5 "below shows the degree of "by-pass of the handpumps. The
table gives the fact that slightly less than half of the households use. the
handpump water for all domestic activities. 26% of.the households have to
go to the streams while 22% went back to the ponds to satisfy their water
requirements.
TABLE $
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD BY WBETHER OTHER WATER SOUBCESARE USED BESIDE HANDPUMPS
Village
AlapakoBudo AroFokoG\iagoIprboedeIta RaufluKankanOkeso
OlodomojiOmo ALaoOniyere
Total
0nly thehandpumpis U3ed10061i563189.70925U367U6U9
Usinfc other sources of water plus the handpumpstream/river01033231110o -510223026
Pond01011U60200U157•11
2U22
Well01600008500Q
3
Total100100100100100-WO
100*100100100100
Note:* Use of multiple water sources.
- 16 -
r:"..--"'o It is only at Alapako ^estimated population 75) that all
households use the handpump for all purposes. We have 5% of the house- "
holdg;: at Okeso (estimated population 500) using the handpump for all pur-
poses whereas $1% go back to the stream and U1% to the ponds because of •
insufficient water collection from the handpump. At Olodome.ji 57% fall
back to the pond and so the dismal picture is seen in the other parts of
the table above.
The following table 6 shows distribution of the people of this district
according to water sources used for different activities within 2 weeks
to the survey.
Table 6
HOUSEHOLDS' WATER USE WITHIN 2 WEEKS TO THE SURVEY BY KIND OF ACTIVITIESAND WATER SOURCES
(n= 186 )
Activity
Drinking
Bathing
Washingof clothes
Washingof food/Utensils
Cofeking
WATER SOURCESHandpump
99
71
32
66
Stream/IUver
1
10
25
10
5
Pond
0.5
18
37
21
9
Well
0
3
5
3
2
Others(c.g rain)
^ 0
1
1.
0
0
With this high rate of boycott of the handptiinps when considering activi-
ties like washing of clothes, food/utenfiils and bathing perhaps more
villagers than what is in the table definitely.use traditional water sources
for drinking purpose. And the survey results (not published) shows~6hly~
.../17...
- 17 -
3% of the households apply allum to drinking water, 7% boiled"such water
while 90% applied no treatment to drinking- water.
By-passing the handpumps Is not wholly the villagers fault. It arises
either because the number of boreholes do not meet the drinking requirements
of thp people (e.g. at Okoso, Oniyere and Olodomeji) or the people are
afraid thoir hand-pumps would breakdown or borehole go dry (e.g. at Gbago)
and so pass a regulation that nobody should use water from the borehole for
washing clothes; or the handpump is not functioning properly (e.g. at Olodome
and Okeso) or nature refuses to provide enough underground water in some
villages in this district.
3.2. BOMEOLE USE:- TIM!:: OF WATER COLLECTION AMD FREQUENCY AT THE HAHDFUMPS.
The survey reveals that 9$% of the households in project villages in
this district collect water in the mornings while 20%, 30% and 1% of house-
holds use afternoons, evening:- and nights respectively for collecting water.
A long queue will therefore be expected in the mornings. This long
queue occurs at Foko because their handpumps are under lock and are only
opened to people between the hours of 6.00 am - 11.00 sm and lj.OOpm -7«3O pm
(local time) daily.
•m*Table 7
PERCENTAGE NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS COLLECTING WATER, AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF BUCKETS OF WATER COLLECTED , f ROM THE HAND*PUMPS AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE DAY.
Village
Alapako
Budo Aro
Foko
Gbago
Igboede
Ita Raufu
Kankan
Okeso
Olodomeji
Omo Alao
Oniyere
Total
ni-
8
19
27
13
9
10
12
39
7
9
33
186
Homing
% No ofhouseholds
100
8U
93
100
100
90
100
95
100
89
97
95
\
Average noof bucketscollected
h
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
Afternoon
% No ofHouseholds
88
37
18
0
0
0
25
8
9
56
30
20
Average Noof bucketscollected
3
2
3
0
0
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
. Evening.
% No ofhouseholds
75
U7
U8
23.
Mi
• 1 0 . .
U2
5
0
56
30
Averge Noof bucketscollected
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
0
2
2
2
Night
>S No ofhouseholds
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
)0
0
0
3 ,
1
Average Noof bucketscollected
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
- 19 -
In most villages complaints about long queues can not be tenable as the
handpumps are virtually free in the afternoons e.g. Gbago, Igboetie and Ita
Haufu.
Olodomeji stands out clearly in this table 7 "because water can only be
collected in the early mornings alone at an average of 2 buckets per household.
The average number of buckets of water collected, is also the same as
the frequency of going to the handpunips because a water collector usually
goes with a bucket at each time of water collection.
On the average a household goes to the handpump 2 times in either morning,
afternoon or evening.
3.3 WATER COLLECTION HABIT:
Households were asked if they- collected water from the handpumps within
2 weeks; to the survey. In all villages, except Ita Raufut Okeso and Omo Alao
all households have collected water from the handpumps during the period.
Those households(2%) which did not collect water include those that was not
tlv-ir turn to collect water (t Okeso) becrvuse of rationing and households
that travelled out but arrived on survey day (but claimed to be collecting
water before travelling and would collect after the interview).
It can be seen from t-ble 0 bolow that there is no village in which
all households claimed they collect more water from the handpumps than their
traditional water sources.
Soms rea ons attributable are that:
(a) the handpump is so near to their houses and there is a guaranbtee
of getting water at any time and so no need to collect plenty of water for
storage.
• « • * 1£ w . « •
- 20 -
(b) Rationing such as at Okeso where each compound is allowed to
collect water at about 10 days interval and
WATER COLLECTION HABITS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN AEON DISTRICT, APRIL, 1985
Village
Alapako
Dudo Aro
Foko
G^ago
Igboede
Ita 3auf\
KanVan'
O\ceso
Oloclome j:
Omo Alao
Oniyere
Total(n)(Distric-
Wi
8
19
27
13
9
L 10
12
39
- 7
9
33
186
)
Collection of water fromhandpump within the pastYes
100
100
100
100
100
90
• 100
95
100
• 89
100
1
98
No
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
5
0
11
0
2
the 5.- . :.2 weeks.Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
% 100
100
100
100
100
Whether MORE waterfrom handpump thanYes
88
90
56
85
89
80
50
5
29
33
52
52
No
12
10
Uh
15
11
10
50
92
71
67
U8
hi
is collectedtraditional sour
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100*
100
100*
100
100
100
100 •*
NOTE;- * The values rcaking the tota'l to be 100/c represent households
not us in,?; the bqndpumpE.
the restriction to only 2 buckets at G>:n£ot the locking of f e har.dpumps
a.t Foko and the mal-functioning at Olodome.ii. -«•*»*-«—
(c) Discouraiuatnffnt because oC the long queues («.g. at Oniyere) each
time they go to collect water.
• # • #/ *Z i * m •
- 21 -
3.k TITTE COMPARISON BETWEEN HANDPUNPS AND TRADITIONAL V/ATER SOURCES.
Households were aaked tc compart? the time taken to go to and from
traditional water sources and f-hn + of th<* hanripumpp. 6i[% said they now
spend lest time becaune the handpump is nearer them and it takes about 2
minuteo to fill up their containers. 19% of the households claimed they
spend srune pen'nd of time and +he water they collect from the handpump
sometimes does not meet their domestic requirements while 16% of the house-
holds said they spend more time collecting water from the handpumps than if
they had gone to traditional water sources because of delayed flow and long
queues.
From survey results llfto of the households complained about pumping
many times before water comes out especially at Olodomeji, Okeso, Alapako
and Foko. Another 1ij% of households complained about stiffness of the
handle whil? 11% of the households said there is no enough watrr coming*out all
the time they get to the handpumps. 2!>o of the houseViolde said tliey found
sediments in water (at Budo Aro and Oko.so) while 12% complained of other
prob.sms. However, 53% of all households said they have no problems with the
handpumps. In general the handpumps can be said to be gradually winning the
clash between it and the traditional water sources. If within its short
span of existence in this district the people readily accept it as best
quality water for drinking purpose th^n as certain human reservations die
the tendency to greater demand for water from Ihe handpumps would steadily
rise.
- 22 -
LATRINESi- CONSTRUCTION A?'D USE, AN IMPOSITION CN PEOPLE'S TRADITIONS?
There is one experience people of all cultures, irrespective of their
sex, religion and socio-economic status share daily and it io the excretion
of faeces. However, where, when and the frequency with which individuals
pass through the experience vary even within a given culture, household and
individual.
The UNICEF Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines is an attempt at
standardizing where people go to answer nature's call in the rural areas of
this district leaving the questions of when and frequency to the respective
villagers.
Perhaps the provision of the VIP latrines could be termed an imposition
on the peoples traditions (?). This'is because in Yoruba and Ogori traditions
there exists an age-long tradition of going to the field (PAPA.or ATAN) to
answer nature's call. People of different a.ge-groups can figure oui* specific
times, they can, there, meet their colleagues for discussions os p?.an strategies
and thereby ask for absentees.
Now the VIP latrines have been provided covering an area of land quite
less than the traditional ATAN or PAPA and quite unable to accommodate the
number of colleagues of different ap;e-groups.
The project monitoring survey reveals that in h villages with VIP latrinee
985-6 of the mothers in 1+2 households interviewed use the VIP latrines whivle -
2% did not use the latrine. Again %% of the households hold the opinion
that VIP latrine ie better than traditional places while 2% said they do
not know which is better.
••••/^i*.
- 23 -
Only 20/i of children aged between 3 - 5 years and lU£o ° " children aged
betv/een 5-10 years were found to be using !,he VIP latrines whrre they exist to
this district, (see table 9 below). 19% of children aged 3-5 years and
8% of those aged between 5-10 years use PG facility which are eventually
disposed of by the mothers or any grown up children.
TABLE 9TOlLI.l' FACILITIES liijED ii'l ChiLilftkN Uivii'IiK 10 YflAKG.
Village
Alapako
Budo A.ro
Foko
Gbago
Igboede
Ita Raufu
Kankan
Okeso
Olodomeji
Orao A]ao
Oniyere
Total
Children aped
Use VIPlatrines
25
9
0
39
11
0
8
0
0
0
0
20
go to theBush/FiRld(Papa)
0
78
89
20
0
100
52
3&
0
100
80
5o
3-5 years
Use Dunghilla(Atari)
0
11
0
0
0
0
27
18
100
0
0
11
p 5 6
P0
75
11
11
2*1
G9
0
U6
0
0
20
19
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
ioo
199
100
100
too
Children a/?ed 5-10 ye are
Use VIPlatrine
63
0
0
31
22
0
59
0
0
0
0
go to theBush/Field(papa)
0
86
92
69
7«
0
1*1
92
0
100
92
U9
Use Dunghills(Atan)
37
1U
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
5
U8eP0
0
0
8
•o
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
2
Total
100
100
100
roo
I oO
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
.../214...
A£ for children aged 0-2 years 9?% of thorn -in. thin-district use the P0
facility provided by parents, U% pass -faeces.any. how within the yard while
2>i> use Nappies or are token to th*5 dvng hill, < ••
The.' nirtnod of disposal of fp.ecee for children uvK'er 2/years is by mainly
throwing: the faece3 in the P0 into the Bush/Field. 67% of jj the households
with children UH^RT ? yeors pr?<o!,?•&> that. 27/ ' of the liTu.s'fio.ldfl throw
such children faeces into Pit Ia.tr.ine8 while 5?»"bury them in the ground. ad
"]% of the households call animals to eat up the faeces. Details of the ,;
methods of disposal of chilciren's faecos according to the nurvey vllla&es
are enntnined in t.h« following table 10. , ? , ,; •.;••';:
' i ^ v L i i M o ^ ' .-.--.• ;"•• DISTRIHUTIOK 0'i' fl0tf:.-E}l0LDF J3Y HOW THE UNDER 2-YEAK-GHILDREN FAUCES AWT-
DISPOSED OFF. - .' V: %
Village
Alapako
Budo Aro
Foko
Igboede
Ita Raufu
Kankan
Okeso
Olod -ineji
Orno Alao
Oniyere
Total
METHOD OF DISPOSAL ; \ 1\Thrown intoPit latrine
100
0
0
78
80
0
89
0
0
0
0
27
Thrown -intothe Bush/Field
0
100
100
22
0.
100
11
B3
80
100
67
Buried inthe ground
0
0-
0
0
20
0
0
11
20
0
6
5
Animals do.eati t ! •
0- •
j.
or• - o ^
.' *
o"
0
o
0
6
0
0
0
1
Total
100
poo
100
fioo.••'• " ' . ' i •
•106 \
100 s\
100
100
100
J.OO.
100
100
- 25 -
U.1 ISHUE OF BY-PASS OF THE VIP LATRINES:-
The fact that the traditional toilet facilities are nearer some house-
holds than the VIP latrines makes some people to boycott the-VIP latrines.
Such peopir? however, need be told by their village headB that it is compulsory
to use the VIP latrines while use of traditional facilities would attract
certain penalties.
The percentages of children using- the bush/field or dung hills as
contained in table 9 above ehowf*" the degree of by-pass by children of those
ages in thr different villages. The Elders/Parents must be pressurised or
cotftfinced to allow their children to use the VIP latrines.
Another possible factor for by-passing the VIP latrines is queueing.
V-'hrn an individual under pressure wants to une the VIP latrine and consis-
tently finds it engaged then the tendency is to use the alternative facilities.
Religion ••ind cultu1"^ wero not found to contribute to the boycott of
VIP latrines.
)U2 VIP T.ATHI?i£S CONSTRUCTION;-
The VIP latrine construction must go local in thin stnte. The Sanitation
Tenm must think fast of alternative materials (such as rnud or mud-blocks
for superstructures. Perhaps different villages can bo askod to use stones
with coir.ent for the foundation til..I the DPC level and thereafter build with
nmd or trud-blocks. If we want, the VIP Latrine construction to catch up with
other ur.'-!.t* under thf i'-i-'o?,ect, thf-.n !;".•• is poi£> Lt>.i ll.ty '••-H- to "!"'••.• lo'-.W^o r,to«
Aft«ra]'.i iivany houf^s J.IJ thic clif.triot are mud-built and have endured all
weather conditions for decadea.
- 2 6 -
At Alapako, C/bago, Igboede and Kanakan.villages where households have
been en.-joying the use of VIP latrines, household were asked if they would
build their personal ones. 69% of the households replied that they'would
not like to have their personal VIP latrines because of lack of funds,
the one provided by UNICEF satisfies their needs for now. The remaining
desired to have personal VIP latrines in order to beat the queueing which
occasionally arises, in order to take better care of the latrines and the
further privacy it affords them.
5. PERFORMANCE OF VBWs AND HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMMES;-
96% of the survey households said they have seen and or talked to their
VBWs in the past one month to the survey. The change in VBW at Kankan must
have accounted for why 17% of survey households in the village claimed they
did not see nor talk to a VBW in the past one month.
The VBWs have arranged to be visiting households in some villages once
a week. The VBWs have been adopting two methods of operation (a) group
ineeting/di-cussions especially on every vital or new topics, (b) Personal
visits to households. The h">me visits ?re u?ed rcore often. If8% of the
households claimed they have seen/talked to a VBW at least h times in the
past one month in their homes. 9% said the VBWs called 3./flmes while 2%
said thej were visited twice. h% of the total households interviewed claimed
that they have never seen nor talked to any VBW before-this set of poople
are mainly teachers in the communities.•, • - . "*'*• Sat, ! * ' - * • - " •
On group discussions 31% of the households said they have attended jtp to
four meetings, $% claiming 3 group-meetings and 1% saidshe attended 1 group
meeting within a month to the survey.
- 27 -
It is notewojthy that 100% of the households deemed all the discussions
and meetings with the VBWs useful. However while 98% of the Households would
wish the discussions held by VBWB should continue 1% of" the households would
like a discontinuation and another 1% could not make up their minds whether they ^
like it to continue or stop.
The main tppic discussed by VBWB is personal and enviromental hygiene.
Very very few households mentioned covering of drinking water containers,
covex'ing of food, arinking only water from the handpump, oare of children and
oral rehydration therapy. The VBWs have not created the awareness in dangers
inl erent in going back to firink from traditional sources of water, and the
cause of guninea worm.
5.1. IK.HUNIZATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN AND BREAST FEEDING PRACTTCE.
Only 3% of the 122 households in which there are children under 3 years
claimed they have immunization cards for their childrenv, and such cards
could not be produced for examination.
97% of the households not having immunizations for their children could
be because only one basic health clinic exists in the district and at Afon
an average distance of 11—1^ kilometers to the survey villages. Transport
poses a problem in taking children for "only" immunizations ( apparent value' placed
on such immunizations ?). Cost of travels to and from Afon in terms of long
trekking or finance. No mobile health clinic operating in the district
Perhaps the EPI programmes would consider operating deep into rural areas
and enough vaccines would be available all the time.
.. ./28...
5.2
- 28 -
OTHER HEALTH MATTERS..'
87% of the households bath their young ohildren 2 or more times daily.
% bath their children once daily and 1% of the households? with young children
bath such children only when there is enough water at home.
The survey also reverie that 81$ of the households with children
sometimes use soap for bathing the children while 1U% of the households use
soap all the time the children are taking their bath. 2?/Q of the households
were found not to use soap when bathing their children.
With respect to handwashing practice among mothers with young children
it was found that 62%*TABLE 11
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY HANDWASHING PRACTICESAMOHG MOTHERS.
Village
Alapako
Budo Aro
Foko
Gbago
Igboede
Ita Eaufu
Kankan
Okeso
Olodmeji
Omo Alao
Sflt.^r4n=i86
ActivityBeforeeating
62
8U
81
38
33
UO
k2
72 .
29
56
Before pre-paring achild's food
38
37
L\!Q
hk
10
58
. „ 56
57
11
W
Before preparingfood/meals forhousehold
50
16
M38
33
50
25
62
1U
56
39
After hand-ling a childstool
0
5
h
0
0
0
0
18
0
0
1?
Afterdefe-cation
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
13
0
0
eh..../
On returnfrom asick per-sons home_,hospital
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
e29...
Others
12
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
29
0
1.
- 29 -
of the households mentioned they wash their hands before eating, Ul$> of
them before preparing a child's food while as low as 7% of them said after
handling a child's stool, 1$> after defecation and 2% on return from a
sick persons home or from the hospital. Thus table 11 shovrs that there
still remains a lot more work to be done by the* VBWs their supervisors and
thn Health Educator,
In observing the containers used for storing drinking water we found
out that 73% of all the households covered their water containers while 22$
did not cover such cont iners with lids. Omo Alao Budo Aro and Kankan are
chief villages where water containers are not covered by at least half of
the households interviewed.
92% covered prepared food while 8% of th«. households did not do so
especially at Kankan, Gbngo Budo Aro and Igboede villages.
In U9% of the houses inspected there was little refuse/rubbish lying in
them while 37% contained little amount of human/animal faeces. This
shows tb?>.t environmental hygiene messages have not gone down well to the people.
6. SUGGESTION!:; M D CONCLUSIONS ;-
Tho Project Authority might need to prepare answers to face an envisaged
demands for (or permission to erect) overhead tajiks to be built by some of
the communities either in this district or in others. This is because this
simple modern technology (called handpump) has generated positive acceptance
by usual residents of these peasant communities but perhaps not withj^hg^few
y e t v o c a l •-••••• • •••-..
'educated1 sons and daughters living in Lafros, Ibp.dan, Kaduna or I lor in.
Perhaps making minimum number of VTP latrines construction as a condition
before permission is granted any community would deter them.
- 30 -
The failure of some handpumps to function properly calls on the main-
tenance team to go round from time to time: to avoid people reaching for tra-
ditional water sources again, Wb«n people go to the streams and ponds to
wash clothes they should be told to go with a bottle of drinking water from
the handpump. This is because 82% of the households do not know that drinking
infective water causes guinea v/orm disease.
The restrictions in the number of buckets of water to collect in certain
villages or restriction to compound is enough evidence to uhow that even
through the ratio of population per borehole may be low, one borehole per
village in this district appears not to be enough.
Some villages need assurance that the handpumpsi would be repaired if
they breakdown. The Br.ilUng^'echnical team must exercise patience in siting
boreholes drilling and f'lueh.iig exercises.
The VIP latrine at Gbago is infested with flies and the Sanitation Team
should look into it.
Thp Project needs to explore the use of MUD or mud blocks as materials
for superstructures this might be better than waiting indefinitely on villages
to construct VIP latrines with cement blocks.
The VIP latrines have been accepted for their convenience and cecrecy
of individuals the project should ask villagers to allow their children to
une thr> latrines and also n-?.ke it compulsory for all adults to use. The
mo+bors h<* a~-ked to .take Vheir children to the VIP latrines, teach them how
to squatt and use without " -r meosing the latrines up.
* . • */ .51 ...
- 31 -
Host or thr. villages (especially Foko and Okeso) are very dirty. '-They
are as full of animal droppings and dried leaves as are grasses along the
roads tha.t lead to them from Afon. It appears the VBWs usually mobilize
their people to clean their environment only when august visitors or Health
Education Supervisors are expected to get to their respective villages.
finally lack of vehicle attached to this unit is a great handicap.
The handpumps were installed in survey villages in the following:
dates:
Alapako
Sudo Aro
Poko
Gbago
Igboede
Ita Faufu
Kankan
Okeso
Olodomeji
Omo Alao
Oniyere
15/12/8U
7/12/8U
" 29/8/8U
29/8/8U
214/1/85
20/8/81,
8/2/85
25/1/85
26/1/85
15/11/8U
GUINEA WOBM STATISTICS I
1 # IflTRODPCTIONt :// i
This report complements the "first report Of data gather? ng exercise *•
in fifty**lx ($6) villages in M©ro Local GovB>»aaient A^a" released in
March, 1985. It trips to bring 1)o light certain results obtained from the j
detailed analysis of the preinteiweftti©n data gathering exercise. All the i}
communities covered (except 1 in Ejidongari district and 7 in Oloru districts) :have since been provided with the UMGEP borehol«*h&ndpumps. It is hoped \
.r
that the remaining 8 oomnunitios would take precedence over others when the j
project returns to the Local Government Area (J4A), 2
The aim of this report ia to provide a wide and adequate basic on ^
which future guinea worm statistics c©uld be compared with or projected from; I
provide a basis for which impact of the water and Sanitation projeet on the .;
situation of guinea worm could be measured as ascertainedj provide statistics
which can give insight into the health status of the rural communities and i
to show the effect of the guinea worm disease on »bme socio-economic and 51«»
deijv^graphic variables. >•
2. MATERIALS /JQ) W1E0T) OF DATA GAffiEBINP. j
Materials us»d in this report are ou%eorae»9 of tallies of information \
colleoted on 11+#881 persons in $2 communities ii Moro LGA between February Ii
and March, 1985. The number of communities cdv«?red were E-jidongar4. d is t r ic t. • i
(21), Ipaiye district (3), Lanwa district (it)» Malete district (k) nd Oloru .'i
district (13). The period of enumeration fell Within the identified peak 1
patency period of guinea worm infection in the lGAt Data gathering was done f
by specially trained enumerators who administered the survey forms. With ;
the exception of Shao town where a 20% sample was taken, we undertook a ]
sample census of persons in all the other 5^ communities. It was a sarat>le
census because data gathering of census type of data was carried out in
sampled villages in the LGA. The sample census was carried out because
- of the sizes of the communities,
- of the need for actual resident population figures of the various
communities since no (reliable) resident eipu3^tion figures, nor
records indicating such, were found useful to »the project
fro™ elsewhere. '*
- 2 -
— of a bid to cover the communities in the lists and provide t?uinen,
worm; statistics which may be used to up-date records with Kwara State
Ministry of Health or the University of Iiorin.
3, RESULTS
Several statisticil tables have jevolved fjjom the analysis and for
brevity only a select few are presented in ±^4 report. However certain
information in unpublished tables ni rht find their places in parts of the
report.
3.1 POPULATION AMD FREVW^tXS?' RATES.
Table 1 below shows the population of the LGA ind districts, survey
population and prevalence rates of guinea worm.
The projected population for 1985 (based on t e 1963 census) has sfro.wn
that tho LGA has 203,125 persons distributed into the five districts as
follows: Ejidonpari (37,W+6)t Ipaiye (25,,1'3?$, -^Hwa (51,191), Maiete
(29f8i9) and Oloru (59,532). The number of p r-swas enumerated (survey popu-
lation) was 11;,881 (representing 7.3% of tke satire population. In Ei
district 5,512 (i.e 1U.7% of district poftul&^lon) v;ere enumerated and for
Ipaiye district 855 (i.e* 3.i$), kanwa district 1»5i;0 (i.e. 3.0&), Malete
district 3U6 (i.e. 1.2%) anrf Oloru district 6,6£8 (11.1%) were
TABLE. 1
DISTRICT BY POPULATION AND OF GUBEA, WORI'lIH MORO LGA
Districts
Ejidonfrari
Ipaiye
Lanwa
Malete
Oloru
Total(LGA)
Estinated1985
Population
37.W+6
25,137
51,191
29,819
59,532
203,125
Surveypopulation
5,512
855
1,5UO
3U6
6,628
1U,881
afffecteaby
'.. miinea. wiSasEi
3,115
75
617
83
529
U,M9
Districtsprevalencerate (%)
56.5
8.8
^0.1
2U.0
8.0
29.7
District's. Range ofpre^lenee
. tates (9i)10.1 -96.6
3.6-11.2
2.5-65.2
O.0-3U.6
0.9-68.6
O.O-96.6
•/J»•
- 3 -
Of the 11;,881 persons c-vered, 1 ,1*19 (representing 29.7<l) were found
to have {rot /mine?, worn disease. This g*rim situation spells out the index
that 3 persons out of every 10 resident persons in Moro LGA have a history
of /ruinea worn infection. There are vi^e district variations. For example,
the prevalence rate for Eji^onf^ri district shows that 6 persons out of
every 10 persons within the "istriet had •"uine° worm while U persons out
of every 10 persons in Lanwa district had the disease. On the ntWir'harid
1 person out of evory 10 -nersons residing in Ipaiye 'Vif't ict or Oln-m district,
h rt >>-er affected.
C^rtPiderin^ the com^un-ities in the districts, Ejidonpari district has
widest ranpe of prevalence rates (10.1/O - 9^#6^ ) followed by Olnru district
(0,95° - 68.6^6). The smallest ranpe of prevalence rite was recorded for Ipaiye
district (3.6/S - 11.2 % ). The three highly prevalent districts are Ejidonfrar
Oloru an<* Lanwa,
3,2 PREVALMCE HATE WITHIN HOUSEHOLDS.
In each of the 5 districts we obtained infomation on a household basis.
A working definition of a household then was "a person or grroup of persons
who feed from the same pot or purse" and we often asked for individual "Bnale"
that is,head of household in all the houses.
TABLE 2
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS AED THQgE HAVING G0I.MA WQRM BYDISTRICTS IN HORO EGAT1 ^
District
Ejidonsrari
Ipaiye
Lanwa
Malete
Oloru
Total
Surveypopulation
5,512
855
1,5140
6,628
114,881
No of house-holds intersviewed
1,070
216
323
87
1,U32
3,128
AverageNo ofpersonsp&r house-!-.hold
5 ;1+
5 :
h5
5
No of house- :
hold report-ing 'guineaWorm disease
855U8212
50
1+26
1,591
Householdprevalencerate withindistrict (?0
79.922.2
65.657.529.7
50.9
3,128 households were interviewed resulting into 11+,881 persons which
implies an average of 5 persons per household in Koro LGA, 1,591 households
(i.e. 50.9%) reported cases of guinea worm diseare. At least 1 out of every
2 households had guinea worm in the LGA.
Out of every 10 households we have 8 (in Eii%t r3;ri. district), 7 (in
Lanwa district), 6 (in Maiete district) 3 (in Oloru district and 2 (in Ipaiye
district) th- t were affectc1 with the disease* And so mny households suffer
untold socio-economic losses from the seasonal occurrence of the infection.
3•3 AGE, SEX AND DISTRICT PREVALENCE RITES.
Table 3 which follows presents the survey population by sex a~d th* number
of them hnv.inp- "nine?, worm according to th ir age-groups. The sex-prevalence
rates have been calculated ->s they relate to corresponding ?.ge-grbups. Perhaps
it may be temed guinea worm, age-specific-prevalenoe rates for the sexes.
TABLE 3
DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS BY AGES »ND BY SEX "'ANDRATES OF GUINEA WORM IN MORO .L.G ,&,•... 3 1 7 ^
Group(years)
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
1+0-1+9
50-59
60 andover
Total
Males
Surveypopula-tion
2,251+
2,020
6U2
61+2
738
632
851
7,779
Savingguineaworm
318
567
172
22U
272
231+
382
2,169
Prevai
ra te
11+. -1 .
28.1
26.8
31+.9
36.9
37.0
hh.9
27.9
... F *
€>ctirveyp? ] 'ula—t ion
1,893
1,172
838
1,01+1;
812
566
111
7,102
. . l e s
guineaworn
358
J98
289
350
292
21+9
311;
2,250
'•
Preva-lencerate(56)
18.9
31+. 0 .
31+.5
33.5 .
36.0
l+l+.o
1+0.1+
31.6
Bothsurvey'popula-tion
Ml+7
3,192
1)1+80
1,686
1,550
1,198
1,628
•1U.881
Ifeles &
Havingguineaworm
676
96^
1+61
57U
561;
I+83
696
Females
Pfevale'ncarate (%)
16.3
30.2
31*2 .
3U.0
3 6 . U
1+0.3
1+2.8
2?,7
Considerinr the prevalence rates .?. positive linear relationship exists
between ape and f iinea worn disease in the LGA; because prevalence rates are 1c
lower for lower age-groups and hijKher for higher age-groups. • Childhood or old
a^e is no barrier to infection and/or re-infection neither is sex of persons;
guinea worm is, .therefore, not . age and sex selective.
ml J .
• • ' - 5 -
3.1* GUINEA V'ORM.DISEASE AS IT AFFECTS
50.2% of the 11|,8B1 persons in the survey
while 1+3*8%, 5.1.% ^nd 0.6% were single,,,
lj,M9 fruinea woyn c>~.&&,married, 1,1+67 H.e. 23.2%) wesingle an'i 286 (i.e. 6.5%) were widowed.
LGA we could say that 22.5% of the singles,
of divorcees and 37*7% of widowed persons have
TABLE
DISTRIBUTION OF ..PERSONS BY
%o be nw.rTvi&d
respect ively.
( i , e . 59*7%) were
.population in Moro
^.ffljirried persons, 21..3%
•worm disease.
Harried
Divorced
Widowed
Not Stated
Within each s ta tus we found out that 233 .($jjj&. "^Si^d) of t?%."61+6 widows •>
and 53 ( i . e . 1+1+.95") of the 118 widowers pass thr^Egfe a.jiainful eornbinji^ipn of ;
agony (one would not l ike to undergo) of guinea vwrfcdisease and memory of
the loss of a loved one to take care during the l^ng ^Sfpiod of ineapacita.'tion,<_ •'•'•£'1 ,
1,371+ (i.e. 38.12) of the 3,606 married males ,?5d i,l63 (iiei 3"2' i6%)
of t^e 3,870 married females could not perform most &.f* tv-ir marital duties fcnc:
upwards of 8 - 10 weeks of the disease, an'] when per -chance husb'-' d and wife
are affected at the same time th^n their conriitiosl?1 °re better imagined than
exp-ri^nced.
Amonpst the singles 716 (i.e.i8.2SO of the 3>9- ?'m-ales were affected
while 751 (i.e. 29.2%) of the 2,5?i» females h-d t^e infection. 19 (i.o. 22.,6%)
of mile divorces- had the- infection while no fomaie l^ivorcee was infected.
..../D.
- 6 -
A picture which pres nts itself clearly shows that apart from the singles,
in the other marital statuses hart the disease more often than their
female connterparts.
3,5 LEVEL OF EDUCATION, OCCUPATIONS AND PREVALENCE j^ATES.
30.8% of illitrat.es were found to be affected bv guinea worn while 27.6%
of those in/or attended primary school.,. 28,5% of those in/or attende.l secon-
dary/Teachers' Grade II schools and 2.1$ with post s^ooJldary/Teachers' Grade
II education had guinea worm disease in Mopd LGA. Only Miles with post secon-
dary/Teachers' jt rade II educ"tionw<JJ8*aff«ct$d, no-f sBiiale with such level
of education was found to be affected by guinea wotta*. Persons with secon-
dary/Teachers' erade II education whether males or females were found to be
more affected than persons with only primary education. 0ne would th«n suggest
th?.t Collr-'p-e curricula, be updated to embrace Health, Education so that, for
instance, the essence of boiling drinkin/j: water whenever people are posted
to rural areas would be appreciated.
With respect to occupations (see table S) questions were only asked
about the head of households and their wives (vheie applicable)..
TABLE 5
OCCUPATION OF HE\DS OF HOUSEHOLDS AM) THOS%<QF...!MEIH WIVESIN KORO L.G.A, 31 M&Jjffi, 19&5i..
Odaupation "
Farming
Trading
Teach inP"
Civil Service
Carpentary
Bricklaying •
Others (e.v~.students'tailoring
None
Males
Popu-imti n
1.U71
Uo
53
55
29
12
161
38
Having.fniineaworm(%)
932(63.U
33(82.5)
21(39.6)
2k(h3.6)
23(79.3)
9(75.0)
97(60.2)
17to.7)
Peffl=
Popula-tion
82U
896
23
IV)
0
0
168
116
les
Havingguineaworm (%)
552(#ro)
1*96(55»U)
7(30.14.)
0(04Q)
0(0*0)
82(ij8.§)
79(68.-1)
Both Hals-s & Females
Popula-tion
2,295
936
76
57
29
12
329
guineaworn' (>«)
1,1^(611.7
$%^\$)
28(36.8)
2UI42.1)
23(79.3)
9(75.ol>
96(62.3)
..«!&&».,..*•»•£••
- 7 -
1,1+81+ (i.e.6l+.7%) of the 2,295 farmers had the disease. IWo be-in
an agricultural LGA thus has i t s mainstay of i t s economy badly affected
55i5% of the petty tracers, 36.8% of t*e Teachers, 1+2.1% of civil Ser
79.3% of carpenters an-i 75.0/6 of Bricklayers were found to be affected by
guinea worm. 51i.li% of persons in occupations were affected.
63.14% of male famers and 67.0% of t^e female farmers w re affected while
82.5% male traders and 55.1+% female traders had. the disease. In case of
teachers 39.6% of the male teachers and 30.14% of the female teachers <?ot in-
fected. No female civil servant was found to be affected while 1+3.6% of the
male civil servants were found to have pcot the disease.
3.6 ANATOMICAL LOCATION OF INFECTION.
Guinea worm is a disease that can affect any peurt of the body ~n-i at the
same time the worn can emerge from several locations. Even within one
anotomical location emergence can occur in up to 8 places but these are not
taken care off in our exercise. We analysed data only for the first mentioned
anatomical location. Despite the indiscriminateness in its attack, guinea
worm tends to make the leg its favourite location in.the whole of man's ana-
tomy. 2096 (i.e. 1+7.1+%) of total cases of the disease (see table 6) were
found to affect the leps 16.8% pot affected on their feet while 8.1+%, 8.2%,
5.3%, 3.0% and 0.9% were located on the arras, thighs* hands, trunks and
buttocks respectively. 10.0% of all cases were located in of er parts of the
body.
TABLE 6
Anatomical
ofInfection
Foot
Le/r
Thigh
Buttock
Arm
Hand
Trunk
Other partsthe bodv
Total
•MBER OF GUINEA WORM C-SES BYLOCATION OF INFECTION BI £
of
Male
(*)
378(17.h)971 (l+i+.8)
192(8.8)
23(1.1)
160(7.1+)
110(5.1)
81(3.7)
251+(11.7)
2,169(100.0)
FI^ST jvENTIOpED.
Female
I /Q J
363(16..1)
1,125(50.0)
172(7.7)
15(0.7)
210(9.3)
t23(5.5)
.•-.52(2.3)
190(8.1+)
2%25O(1OO.O)
ANATOMCALJI^ECH 1985
.• Bothe Male &Female /,./\
7M(16.8)
f,O96(l+7.ii)
3614(8.2)
38(0.9)
370(8.1+)
: 233(5.3); 133(3.0)
i + i + i + d o ^ . .
U,M9(ioo^-
_ 8 -
Thus at least 73.3% of infections were located in the lower extremity
of man while at least 16.7% of the r infections were located in the upper
extremity. Differences with resnect to sex is negligible. We found out
that at least 1,008 persons (i.e. 22.8%) of the 1+,1+19 persons affected
vere infected in more than one anatomical locations thus a person could be
affected on th- foot as well as the thighs or private parts at the same
time.
3.7 NUMBER OF WEEKS UNABLE TO WORK BY PE'BSONS, AFFi'jQTED.
The l+,i+19 persons affected by th.~ disease were found to be unable to
work for a total of 37,7^6 weeks. This shows that they have lost 2,113,776
(i.e 2.1 million) mnn hours assuming 8 working hours a day.
TABLE 7
NUMBER OF PERSONS AFFECTED BY GUISB& .WORK AJSD. NUJUSSR OF WEEKS
UNABLE TO WORK BY DISTRICTS IN' LG/u 11: 3H. 1985
.Tlis+rirt*
Ejidonr~ari
Ipaiye
Lanwa
Malete
Oloru
Total
Number of personsaffected by guineaworm
Male
1,516
36
312
39
266
2,169
Female
1,599
39
305
U+
263
2,250
Both male& Female
3,115 -
75
617
83
529
a, 1+19
Number of weeksunable to work
Male .
12,707
283
2,802
273
2,7U8
18,813
?en-,ale
'3,21+5
398
2,661
373
2,256
18,933.
BothMale &female
25,952
681
%»k63
6i+6
5,001+
•ft,l.k6
Average number ofweeks unable towork.
Male
8
8
9
7
10
9
Female
8
10
9
9
9
8
BothKale &Female
8
9
9
8
10
9
In two of the 5 districts (ipaiyeanrl Maiete) where the disease is no+ as
prevalent as in the other three districts, the women lost more m?n d^ys/weeks
than the men. In highly prevalent areas Ejidon.^ari and Lanwa districts, the
men and women have same average number' of weeks unable to work. A/rainst
the background tha.t Moro LGA is an agricultural area and we have already
seen that 61+.T/o of the heads of households and wives are farmers (table 5)?
apricultural output would be greatly affected ^s the disease appears to be
deliberately selective of the peak-farminp--activity period, coupled with the
weak health of the farmers.
-fe •••SP!B?
-9- " ;P • ', ** /
Avera/re number of weeks unable to work by pe^stes affected bv the
disease is 8 - 10 weeks. IT?*1 Ben: the aveyare is 9 iN8>1cs and it is c weeks
for women. The sex and district variation* can. be stuped from table 7.
3,8 WATER SOURCES AND PREVALENCE RATES '\
Out of the 85'1 households found to be usiT^*^^6::^'^;ea!P as main source
of drinking water 52ij (i.e. 61.6%) were af.ts^ed. i$$ fi.e. 8i.i$) of the
866 households usinr the pond rot the disease whife- ;|£^|tousebolds (i.e.
26,2%) of the- 1,11*9 households usinr the we l'ft wefe .Affected. 9 (i.eikO*
of the 22 households usinf other sources of wat&:g..$Sre also affected. Va
tion .amongst households accordin-r to districts aBd .^pFC^rent /water
can be studied in table 8. *?*
TABLE 8 * -
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY
District
E.ji-'onf^rj
Ipaiye
Lanwa
Malete
Oloru
Total
Strean
No ofhouseholdsusing
U33
2I4
11+2
35
217
851
1
Nq ofho8seholds
318
1
78-'
2U
103
52U
^Bnnd
$0 OfHouseholds
3. '
553
3P
1^2
*5
866
to
No ofhouseholdshavi nff.wori
U92
22
122
26
U3
705
i fe l l
No 0'hous*;
holds
n25 '
68
0
0
1,056
1,11*1
mm';
/• 1 2 '
0
0 •
271
%#i$m hsids^ j f e j . having
•&:....
• . ^ : ^
• • • • ' • • ' ' . ' • • •
S° ' "*•»?
^ i .•.
0
3
0
9
N o * :J
No o?;..hous-^"'holdir 'using
• 5 7 ,
8I1
29
i*
66
2J4O
Sfe-fced•fjr- i
.&&&£&'•
'toldsTiavingK.worm
27
13
9
0
3
52
We C-TI see the p-evalence rates arvyhisc vater. S«|^i^3 and between sexes in
table 9« Jor the whole ponulation 1^6.7% of pond u i fe ' ere infected by
gu nea worm. 25.8% of stream users had the. dis-aasS while 9.9.% of well-users
and 18.6% of users of other sources (s^rino- etc) &i0-::tla* disease.
J!
• f t '
- 10 -
TABLE: 9
NUMBER OF PERSONS BY WATER SOURCES AI-ID BY PREVALENCE RATEAND BY SIX, I10R0 L. G. A. . 31 K-iflCH1 1985
WaterSources
Stream
Pond
Well
OtherSources
Not stated
Total
Male
Popula-tion
2,715
2,877
1,1+19
59
709
7,779
Havi np"guineaworm
691
1,278
119
12
69
2,169
Preva-lencerate
(96)
25.U
Uk.h
8.2+
20.3
9.7
27.9
]
Popu-lation
2,5U6
2,790
1,096
1*3
627
7,102
?©male,
H-^vi.n^1
guineaworm
668
1,368
131
7
76
2*25"
Preva-lencerS,te(%)
26.2
12.0
16.3
12<1
3i.it
"'Both Male & 3
Popu-Iction
5,261
5,667
2,515
102
1*336
11^881
H^vins-guineaworm
1 ,.359
2,6U6
250
19
7erp.ale
Preva-lencerate(%)
25-3
I16.7
9-9
18.6
10.8
29.7
With t>.e exception of other sources of water the females have higher
susceptibility, than Males, to contact fruinea wornj-Ai|fe©Jitee when they both drink
from th<-> stream, pond or well.
j.9 OTHER PREVALENCE MTES.
Infection was fourr1 not to be wea.lth, occupation or religions dependent
irt'Moro LGA.
3.9.1 RELIGION.
Considering the population as a whole 'out of the i+,Lj.19 persons affectnd
by tv>e disease 3,690 (i.e. 83.5%) were muslims, 669 (i.e.i5.1"/u) were Christians
an^6o(i.e. *\.W°) were traditionalists.
Of thr- 9,098 muslims in the survey, 3,690 (i.e 1+0.6%) h-d ;^iinoa w o m
disease. 1+2.$% of muslim males and 38.9$ of fondle muslins ha-'i the disease
while 11.1% of Male Shristians an-1 1$.8%- of female Christians were affected.
On the whole of 5,170 Christians 669 (i.e. 12.9/0 had guinea worm disease.
For traditionalists out of the 613 in tue survey 60 (i.e.9.8%) of them had
the disease. 7#3% of Males and 15.0'/o of female traditipnli sts had the disease.
3.9.2 PLACE OF ORIGIN
Out of the 1U,881 persons in the Bva&ey 12,628 (i.e. 8U.95^) of them were
found in tboir places of origin whereas 2,253 (i#e.1ji!*1/<9 ^oved in from
elsewhere -
- 1 1 -
Of the I*,l|.19 guinea worn cases 87.1% were residing in their T>lnces of
origin and 12.9% . moved in from communities other than the ones in which
they were enumerated. 97*2% of m?les livinr in their places of origin and
2.8% of those not living in their places of origin were affected. On t^e other
hand 77*3% of females enumerated in their places of origin and 22.7% of females
who moved to survey villages had t'r>e disease.
Out of the 12,628 persons found in their places of orip: n 3,81+9 (i.e. 30.$%)
had puinea wo-rm "whea?fc!iis of the-. 2253 whose places of origin are different from
survey villages 570 (i.e.-25l3%) had "-nine?, worm.
When sex is brought to pl-ay with places of origin we found out that 2109
(i.e. 30.7%) of the 6,869 males in places of origin and 60 (i.e. 606%) of the
910 of mnles originating fro71! other villages were affected by ruinea worm.
For females 1,7l|0 (i.e.30.2%) of 5,759 living in places of origin and 510
(i.e. 38.0%) of those who camp from other villages apart from the ones in which
thev were enumerated had the isease. This shows that feimles who have moved
from other villages different from those in which thev were enumerate'] have
higher susceptibility to have puinea worm than males. One of the major causes
f6r moving fro'" one viliape to another is marriage. Marri^^e is therefore an
effective medium of spreading p-uinea worm disease.
3.9.3 DURATION OF RESIDENCE.
Oyt of all persons having p-uinea worm 0i1% of them were found to be within
their first year of residence in survey villages. This is a clear case of
micro migratory effect on fruinea worm.
91#8% with infection had stayed over 6 years in survey villages while
U»9% with infection stayed between I4-6 years an'i 3*2% having infection had
stayed between I-I4 years in surv^y-villares. Guinea worm is well known in most
of the villages and the longer one stays in the villages t^e hip-her the risk
of infraction.
3.10 CONCLUSION.
Manual analysis, by few hands, of the different information concemin/r
114,881 persons was not easy. This accounted for the delay in releasing the
report.
Thf. damape caused by guinea worm to the health and other socio-economic
aspects of the peonle of r'oro LGA is beyond description an'l the magnitude as
revealed by our data has continued to humble us. Our consolation is that,
/12.
• . * • • • . ;
- 12 -
after the data {^th^xinr exercise, water has been provided in inost of the
villages we visited and as V~e people, hopefully, now shift from their
traditional water sources to the modern borehole-hand-pumps, we hope they
would he released into a state of boom in their health and socio-economic
lives which had hitherto eluded most of them or was ^ mere day drear, to some.
Our thanks tr> tv-.p team mates especially the now late mall am H.i.runa.
A'bubakar (driver) for the field work and analysis.
( T. 0*. ALABI )Pro.iact Statistician
21-gj April, 1986.
JAway from home and away .from office and "towns!";.ID o^r-vlron-
rnonts into the horsh realities of this guinea s-ivoriri;.:h region
of !v':'oro Loc<"l Government Arc;: (i.,GA) rv.<:. ::.r:to "!:;•• c v:: 11 :.:.;V"' >\'•':]<
as Atav/in (in E jidongari. district), /irthir-i (iii :...-•. nv.'t.i c: i.;;. :.r "• c iO ,
Oniko (in ."alete district), Ore ;::nci ".viM.-r..,-: (hotri i r: 'iLorti district),
one p;ets d.eev)ly !^ovod with the suffr:rin/:;.s of \'Mr:\, v/ofiian :MIG
children v/ho lie for v/eekSj writhing in severe Ti.':i;-;:.•; ;.ind Ion.'.';
incapacitytion during this season's oe£ik por'iocj of ^uineii '.VCTT;:
infection.
Yet the disease is y^revent;ible ;^?id e^dic.T^.-.ble throi.';:h ;.Vi;-
•orovision of good water, thereby r-eiec iirw'; the ren^lo o: i;h: .•
LGA into a healtrry state never before errjoyeci by their f'ore .is.rs,
releasing them into a state of boo;;; in their social s-u: .•e :.o.:ie
life and releasing thew perhaps also into aci:::v{- rell^ices,
political and cultural activities which tacitly *-;oo'l6 <••::.•>,•!•• c:.'-di. t
to L'NTCEF - Assisted Projects.
This first part of the report is based on findings from ^6
village^ in Moro LGA of Kv/ara State. A house to house enumera-
tion of xhe population and those of them with a history of
guinea worm was undertaken, using three lists viz: list of UF\'ICSF
- Assisted Project villages submitted by the state Executive
council, list of guinea worm villages submitted by both
University of Ilorin and. the state Ministry of Health. The
purpose of the data gathering was T O use the findings to assist
the management of the Project to make a rational choice of
villages to benefit from the first-phase.
The field work undertaker between 21st February - Iwfh
March, 1985 reveals a great variation in the oncoimi.nity nf
guinea worm. The disease is riot enc^raic ir. i':aiv"' .-:vv.! be; c':••
districts as it is in Ejidongari, ui:\-/a ane OXo'"; •.: ; s •;. r • •>:.;. :•«
P e r h a p s i t i s d u e t o t h e l o v e r r o r - u l e " , : o r ; •;' ;. ; : i i ; . •..-•; .••.!.- ••••
k i l o m e ' t e r o r r e r V i a p s t h e i r vrr-'l [ ";.i•;••'::.••.'. w a " . e r ; ^ ; r ; \ : ! . ;• :;:'••- •':•-•
from -he disease (?).
The case;- .found at Ipaive district, for instance at
Oloworu village, were as a result of in-n;igrati.on of infected
reasons coiiiinf' to .farrr: or as marriage partners. Could this
account for the low nercentage of in f>• •zior: in the district as
compared v/ith other' districts ?. Most of the villages in h'oro
LOA lack nerenial streams/rivers and wafer shortage reaches
un/oredicteble level during the long dry season. In other to
avoid the spread of the disease in Ipaiye and Halete districts,
the names listed in the table below are recommended for borehole?"/
handnumps. However, Ipaiye has an abandoned Federal borehole
since 19^0 while Malete appears to t^et irre/rular sirpaly of water
froiTi their pipes. The state utility board (water corporation has
a darn at Malete) .
The . 'able presented below contains the resident population.':;
of the villages concerned,.. The resident populations are the
ratios of population per handpuirrps to be e.rovided. The taaie
e.lso shows the total number of households that will benefit,
number of people in each village affected by guinea worn; and the
c o r r e s p c n d .1 n g p e r c e n t a. r e.
halete, Oloru and Lanv/a were not covered by the field work
because we saw water f .owing from some taps st Malete while
Bivater coirrnany is ver;/ busy workinp; at Oloru. Lanwa has a •
proposed. Federal borehole. Blemere was covered but it would
benefit from Riwater Proiect.
..1ST o? SOLE GLLNEA VAGRK VI.LT AGIOS I L LCRG LOCAL GOVZ:-:L: L::T .ARLA 19/3/6$
i/Mo.
4.
7.8,o (
10.
11 .
12.
I ' ,
VIT.J
L^Nv;ift ,— V, t • 1 - - l.--;-< ijc-.n U
Gsie
Grogun
Kafafa
Biribi
He pu
JISTRICT
r i
oa
b i
No« of
houses
15
3325
2h.
31
13
19
Cnigbenra 15:1156
17
3'0
/: 8
23
30
No.of I Totalhouse-holds Population
63
50
27
37
16.
27
59
39
D e d
J4.0
66
77
73
33
55
203
115
151
20'1
85'
13U15
32
176
267
ol borehehole)
231—1 O
w _ A
173
U.3
2 30
81
1 '71
ever affectedby guineav/or::)
/ o
521
16
131
3C
>-i 0 1peopleaiiectecby guine
I4-S.I4. ]2 . 5 )
17.3
11,9
65.2U5.9
)P . O
88.7
50.9)
Villages are locatedopposixe each other.
Recommended.
Record-ended.
Recommended„
r'eco:;.r.-.&r;ded at the newsite along Jebba ^oadthey are moVing to.
60
18
3i{.
.. k,8
,k
.8
)• ^
)
Reco
Eot:-:
rncve
Reco
villerrfrsv> c- i J". +• ri ^- -r
to Lode
r.". ended
Saadu
KGco;;.f!:ericec .
Reco:/:::. ended. :
Recommenced 2 boreholes •
Recon::..ending 2 bor-holes ione at :iudoGba/Gb^rn:ha].aK-and the other at Orunbo„ '
23.
29.
30.
33
37.
, V i l 1 s -~
UKUT.ala
llufenwa
f.ocgunnn
Atanv/in
Akuo
Jodoma
Budo -~-lfa
Afunkink in
A;Tbav.:e
Olckiti ( I & II )
•_' N " 1 .•"» r-., <-- .^H •]
No. ofResidential
17
37
6
37
26
10
58
53
;\ O . OIHouse-Hold*
176
35
58
19739
5k3»L
15
73
15
10
83
i'ot-ai
Resident
979
192
371
62
14-0S"
30
186
1L5
66307
66
35
350
ever eiieby guine
cted
(inhabitants not interested
I4-6 53
S k i p p e d
9331-\2
50
U1
169
ii90
2li7
118
562
10k
262
? °
221'
20
04.
5125
26
6
61
No co-operation)
17
/:r of peopleaffected bv
Q
11
57.k
5k. 2
70.6
37.1
5k. 266.7
JiLL.-A r-"
37.1,6.39,
22.
23.
10.
4-2)c)
6
k
9
1
1
11.2
3.6
9.3
Remarks.
nend^for 2 b o r e h o l e s . \f P r c 1 " " C i ^ £ — A ~/-, T • +• c •-••--• o .- <-\ L 1 {J \^ *; — v: w O. , r- O .' w C: O J. wi I v_; H
Recommended,
Recommended. i
Recommended. :
Recommended. ;
Recommenced because of high;prevalence rate. Thevillage of Sumaila v/ould |benefit.: • ;
One borehole recommended.,for the 2 villages, ."""'!
D :
Recom:;:enced, As;baku-Eji ;would a l so b e n e f i t from i t , ;
ppossible nov;.
.. Borehole. (Recormrended \
rtecor.'.rnended between thftv/o villages.
AbandoneRecommen
Recommen
Recommen
d Fee
ded.
erel bore hoi
ijI
1Q
L\. ••• „
A d •?:•:?.
i j a
J>, 1 . i
. o . o:.
p;:. 9
i v-_ •*» r - , " -N
P C
C7
[•.57
50
2b.'oroorat.icn d<
79
Bi".v--Lrr Pr,o;oct in Progress.
172 oho
1Q
60
31
ii2226
p p e c.
I 112
153^ "7 r'1 / 1^
77
k bu i ld ings (nii-31
1913
I 20
3537
56
29
572c
h.3
o co-cc = rs"ci
123
97
atio •)
15
o i u i;; c p j . e |
c-'i • •. r\ -.p. • i-r) r-'rr.
0 . O
3t.6 |22. U
17,3
a.CC 0
56.J J . 5 .
0 .
/-0cr,q
PJI.
16.5
) ! 7 , 9
18.7
."i i-: C
"O:V
.Re co •
- 6 -
This report in its entirety would strongly advocate for
boreholes in between l\.O~US villages in the LGA within this
first phase. This is because v/e have declared a war on gulnea-
worrr, infecti.on and it ought to be a total war considering the
high prevalence of the infection and the high inter-village
interactions amongst the people in the LGA as a result of
marriage, funeral and other arrangements. It should not matter
much if Moro LGA is declared UMICEF guinea-worrn-'oaby-district in
Kwara State, perhaps in Nigeria.
SPECIAL CASES.
ATAWIN:- Atawin is a small village of 30 people, 2 out of ev&ry
3 persons had severe infection during the field work. The Hogaii
has turned pale following the long period of incaoacitation. The
walls of his house damaged by rainstorm has nearly fallen on him
sr)d his wife. He would have been starving to death now had .it
not been some sympathisers from neighbouring villages thar.
helped him to harvest some of his crops, 6f all the villages
visited during the exercise Atawin was the only one that had
humbled all team members most. Mo one could talk until after
22 kilometers from the village. ' It would be appreciated if
this small village is given a borehole. The village of Sumaila
(same size but about a kilometers sway) v/ould benefit from the hand-
pump. The strenuous 1L|. hourly field-work per day v/e undertook
would, not bring us joy until safe water is seen to flow from
a handpump at Atawin.
ILE PUPA: This village could not be reached by our vehicle
because of the railway. The villagers have decided to move
across the rail-line to a site along Jebba road. The borehole
for the village should be sited at their;new site.
SHAO TOWN:
Shao is a small town of at least ,']., 2i.:.8 resident population
as at 19th March, 1985. A 20% sample size was selected c<nc
covered. Shao has an interesting historical, past that is not
matched with modern facilities, good water source inclusivea
Most of whatever functions at Shao appear to ne done through
communal efforts. Such communal responsibilities would certainly
be felt by this project.
On the basis of about 500 persons per handpump this report
is recommending in very strong terms at least 8 (eight)
r,andpu:«ps for Shao. Even with the 8 it i;.; envisage-" ;;! :•;•••;•. the
'7 _
'.'/•••• tor demand pressure would be hi/;h« Perhaps Shao is ^oiriy to be
a test case for this project to function in small Kv/are Towns
the type of which mi/ahf be encountered ^^ we move to other Local
government areas. Shao has nosed a challenge that, the r,roj->ef
authority should handle confidently,
NO'-' - COOPI;IiATINO VILLAGES.
Apataokc and Abati ( each v/ith '|. residential houses v/ith estimated
population 36),. Panto (about 1? houses v/ith an estimate of 1p3
persons) refused, .bluntly to be enumerated* A re rent deal of natience
and time were tokenf to explain and re-explain the: purr:-o^m-. ;••.•:.;\
benefits of the exorcise, the type of haridpumps and V;Y la urines
that v/ould. become theirs etc but they said their villages ao not
want such facilities. A plea that when they see other v\'I'••••<-.:
bene.fitt.lng from the project in no distant future ;f;.ia;nt lead
them to regret aid not even move them to co-oner;- to.
This report v/ould. su/r/Test that v/hen the second ri;: is delivered
no this project, one starts work around Shac and works n].on>:;
Cloru, I-'ialete and Ipaiye district while the second rig works in
Ll'jiccnny-ri and Lanwa districts.
Subsequent reports would contain details of guinea worm statistics
in the LGA.
The field exercise is too much for the present crew of staff
and. any future exercise would entail recruiting temporary
enumerators if no way to employ permanent ones.
T.O. Alabi'STATISTICIAN)
COMPONENT 0E"~KV/AH./\
T h e ;\ • ' - . i a : -I • u - >•;••; (-. •.-• a i : d
.1. a u i ' i C h t . ' c t O J . ')hi'n J u i y _ I ' r V i . T
< • • ' T r i d i c a t c ^ u j H o a v / o i ' i n a i \ ; r - ' . i i j c
i n t c s t i n a l d i s e a s e s t h r o u i / i j ; v . -
d r i n k i n g w a t e r , ..Oil': v r u c f . ! o , ->f
'.•.>:-: t.;.o.i i.sr-'iH-nl. o f :"j vxll:i'-'"' .vast.'
. c ' j i i l . t * i •.. i » l ! J • ' . ' ! • - , ] ' - ' } , f , l : l , -
iR m a i n c n . i c i " . i . i v •". s -i r'
n / ' c i v i s . ! . . ' ) ; ; - : / • • . J . V ! ' . ; : < i . -
; \ j ..< i ' I n ' • • i i : • .- .
h^;ilt.h MuCaiiOil .-. /
ro
>• /
T h e m a i n ev.Vi u,.ri. i o n j s s ; - t . : iz, i .hai : urie i i c a l t h eciu ' --r.;.! 0:1
u o m a o n e n t o f t h e .t-n o.^'air./i.-- 1. •; 1.0L ..'Oi'!<xi;,/ a j v e i l - ._, ir. r . e n d e d . . '
T h e V i l l a g e hn:-;ed 'A'orUr :r;; i-.T1;.- i .r; i i iU'd Dy i.n? p r o . i f - r i. ;-i-,u \ ;
e n t r u s t e d \ . ' i t u t h e r e s p o n . > i .;i \ i i •; :;.'•• \<.,c i'.h i r te . ' . ' r . t : -. .--• i o t . / ;
h e a l t h rne : ' s - ' i ge s t o e n d u s ^ r s i n t h e j ;;"!'e r ve r ,x i o r •... •:;iM,,.ui. i 1: i e s •*""- -j
w h i l e t h e l o c - : / l ^ ' ove rn rne i - . t h e a l t h e d u c - ; 1 i j \ \ i.e-ja/p i..r- -.> \-yjeo t e d -
t o p r o v i d e s u p e r v i s i o n a n d s u p p o r t . •>•'.
2 .
To establish v/nether or not health messages have
reached trie end users.
To establish reasons for failure and sug;^r;t
alternative v/nys of improving health
3. To identify programme strength3 if any.
Based on these broad objectives, the fo 1'i.ov/L.i,;, •.;:.'.,..•.•.; were
explored in great depth; ^ i ,
w1 . V/hat arc the thirteen basic health messages tna end .-!
users are expected to know (7 basic messages + 6
Kwara specia 1 me.?sa~,OR) ,
2. Which of these thiri;een messages have the end users
heard?
3» Through what channels ciid they ?".'-t t.iiese messages 4^
VBV/S, nurses, radio or town cri.er? / •**; i „ i ' o v . ! i ' i t i . ' ^ i e n i i i - i \ " . j L J j . . • - . u ! l i . i T • .. j - - i i ';•.:' i n e s ^ a ^
to use? .••'•"'
2.
5. If not what are the reasons for failure:
(a) inadequacy of manpower
(b) poor logistic support
(c) lack of job satisfaction
(d) poor supervision
(e) inapproriateness and inadequacy of training
and field experience
(f) the duration and content of training
4. METHODOLOGY; The evaluation team comprised o£ Gunner
Schultzberg, Arit Abasiekong, Steve Adkisson, May
Anyabolu, Timothy Alabi and Kwaji Kwaya.
The main evaluation strategy was based on the use of
desk study of project materials; observation at pumpSit.^
household surroundings and VIP latrine locations; survey of
village women and conducting of interviews with the state
project Health Education Team and the village based workers.
5. FINDING AND CONCLUSIONS.
5.1 VBW
FINDINGS(A): ACTIVENESS OF yBVfc
1. The VBWs go around the households in the villages at
least 3 times a week.
2. All the 8 women interviewed knew their VBWs by name
while 6 out of the 8 of them were visited within a week.
CONCLUSION (A)
VBWs appear to be very active
in both villages.
FINDINGS (B)I INEFFECTIVENESS OF VBWS
1. 7 out of 8 women interviewed remembered only
2 of the 13 basic health messages. Personal
Hygiene and environmental sanitation were well
understood whereas EPI, ORT, guinea worm message
and others did not get through.
3.
6 out of 12 Water collectors washed their containers.
Again only one ofthem covered the container.
Despite the fact that the two handpumps in a village
were functioning, some villagers were fetching water
from the open wells and one confessed that he was going
to drink the well water.
It was observed that arinxing water pot were covered in
3 out of 13 homes examined.
CONCLUSION (B)
Despite the fact that the VBWs are active,
they were not very effective in delivering their
13 health messages.
5.2 IDENTIFIED FACTORS INFLUENCING VBW EFFECTIVENESS
5. FINDINGS (C); TRAINING.
1. One of the trainers could not describe ORS correctly.
2. The VBWs expressed desire for more training on certain
aspects, e.g. eatiology of diseases and ability to
convince mothers to take their sick children to the
clinic.
3. All the VBWs interviewed failed to mention ORT, EPI,
guinea worm and child nutrition as important aspects
of their duties.
CONCLUSION (C)
The training given to both the Trainers
and VBWs is considered inadequate.
FINDINGS (D); TRANSPORTATION.
1. The LGA Chairman, Administrative Officer, Senior Assistant
Secretary for Health, the LGA Health Education Team, The
VBWs and the State Project Health Educator, all expressed
A.
lack of transportation as a major handicap.
2c. .The LGA Health Education Team Members are forced to
their own transportation for official »iut i s ...v/i chouu
—.-. re-irnburscrfH':nt,
'•'Oiv:J.,U',] Or;
Lack (;f tr .nsportavion ha^p^r-J
e i.'i'ec^.i.venes;: o f -le-M.tii r^'.ioa^.L
•• .• f ,
U p o n Lnt( . ' ( iv i
.*'o'l 1 ow-uji •" i
i..GA Health ::,
answers.
// o n i . ; : .a i
i . \ . ; ; i. L o i ) : e ,
. . : > ' n : . y , \ i - - ;• i . • • ! •. .''
•"... •: ! r . h •"•! j r - . i . j O ' - c -
-.!••:: L ' i ( - V i V . 7 ; , / / - , v : . - ~ o ; r: ".j r-.
T h e r e i s a •.vide-.' con r i i i u r i i c a t i on ^ a p ":;o;:••/>:•'.•.n
t h e s t a t e p r o j e c t h e a l t h e d u c a t i o n xe.-.n;, ',C-A
xeain and t n e VIiW3u
NGS ( P ) ;
ir^: c1 . 2 o u t o f yj VBV.'s e x p r e s s o o l a c k o f r e r ; : u r . s r a t J o n . a . 5
m a j o r p r o b l e m .
2 . A l l t h e VBV/s i n x e r v i e v / f n i co..t;.).L •-. 'i i;:xt cA" hai.ri;"; ovr-.-v ;>:K<;d,
CONCLUSION (CJ)
A l t h o u g h Lhe VtV;,;s
i s a s t r o n g it)f;J c ••.
may n o t bf1 :.vj r-r!> J n
'H
p r - e s ? - : ; t l y : J C L L V G > ; i : ; i r e
; .• i . • '• . , I •
i OV I.Oi'i
• " ' 1 '••• l - a > • • J > . . ' . , i .
I
TEAM
1 .
2 .
3 .
6.
GUNN.AR SJIlJr/rZDER
STEVIi A D X J C O O N
ARIT ABA81 , . :KONG
¥\hY ANYABOLJ
KWAJX KV/AVA
TIMOTHY AL/tflT.
28 JUNE, 1 9 8 6
& < & ; •
' . •y ;
'••m, m
RECOMMENDATIONS
I. VBWs in study villages should be commended and. encourag'ett^;:
to continue their work, they are potential resource ••J0j^j>g\n
persons for new VBV/s and those showing low motivation /in?|y -
other villages. :'S?'*0:
II. Health Education Training sylabus should be reviewed g
duration of training programmes extended for ooth trainers;^
and trainees. .•!:••.
II-3*?~- An~ aggressive L e rCt: 'course for present VBV/s should be •,;; ?£•
initiated with special emphasis on ORTV KPI, Guinea Worm.;/;:;,
IJ.^--**^ Eradication ';nd child Nutrition Messagesc i\ leerJe^ship t:' '"••';;
training modu'Je should also us incluaecL •
IV. To reinforce delivery of the seven basic health iao usages .-\'}.'
™ at the village level, information billboards should be ••••;•
installed at every borehole. The durability of the . •;•
^ materials used should be improved and worn materials •?£ .'•
~ replaced„ ' . ;;
V. Health Education Component of Project should be adequately- :
"*"~" supported with appropriate transport at the state,LGA, ah '-,.-
village levels. ''!>r^
-^-^VTT"" V/here Health Education staff are compelled to use their ,'•/
r,-r- -;-. own vehicles for execution of official duties they should;.-.•
be paid their kilometer claims promptly from project funds.' v
VII. To promote communication among project health education ••''•;.
staff, monthly reports should be circulated between state •„'..••
and LGA teams0 Regular meetings of concerned staff at all','
levels should be scheduled„ ' . •
VIIIo To sustain and enhance VBW effectiveness ana motivation,
. awareness for their rernunenation should be explored.
IX. To insure that these recommendations are implemented, the .
state Project Manager should circulate this evaluation
to all approp:riate personnel and. make reports on
taken.
UNICEF-AS5ISTED WATER AND SANITATION PROJECTQUESTIONNAIRE FOR BASELINE SURVEY
(Head of household or wife, where head absent, to be interviewed)
LOCATION r; / /
1. State f L.G.A.
3. District/Conununity /" 7 4. Village /
77
5. Date f
FAMILY DATA
7 6. Interviewer
7. Household size, »\'o. of persons resident / /
6, No. of males (over 12 years) / _ ~J
9. No. of females (over 12 years) /~~ 7
10. No. of small children (under 12 years) /
11. Are any of these people your tenants? f~ ~/
1 2 <• If so, how many f^_ 7
— 7 NO / 7
7
13, Are you married Yes
14, Head of household: Male Female
15„ What is your major occupation? Subsistence farming / "7
Large—scale farming / / Trading / /
Hand craft/village based industry / / ; Fishing
Civil servant / 7; Other, please specify /" ~7
HEALTH AND SANITATION
16o Have any of your household had one of the following diseases duringthe last three months?
Diarrhoea
Dysentry / 7
Measles f~ 7
Guinea warm / /
Malaria / 7
Intestinal worm / 7
Other, specify f "
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults / 7
"7 Adults / 7
Small children f 7
Small children / 7
Smaj.1 children / 7
Small children HI?
Small children f~~^~~f
Small children f~~7
Small children / 7
(Adult - person over 12 years, small children - person under 12 years.)
: ,> ' • * • .
1 7 . I n y o u r v i e w , w h a t w a s t h e c a u s e o f t h i s i l l n e s s ? .•••-.-. . • , - -•. \ -'. ;\'.>£:
i) Bad weathei: / ~ 7 ii) By God /^ 7 iii) Bad water / 7 -- # •
iv) Bad food CUD v) •Wjtchcrnft £''1 vi) Other — CZD " V;?,
vii) Don't know /" 7 - . . . . . ' . .";; --\-
18. Mow did you-treat--these diseases? ' -. • " ' ' • /''
i) Home trco'iment /[ 7 ii) Herbalist / 7 < iii).. Doctor / 7 '• .'•
iv) Hospital [_ ~J v) Religious head f_ 7 vi) Done f~~~l •'•••.
1 i O U S I K G ' . . . • • ' • ' • • • '••'•l:' y ' - ' •- • • ' • - . : .: . ; '*<-.\
10« Of what materials ir. your house built? • ' ,,.-.-•/.; v
il Cement blocks with zinc roof /" 7 ' ii) Hud walls with thatch roof/~ / .: V"1.-
iii) Hud walls v;ith zinc roof /" 7 iv) V.'oodcn V.QII with thatch roof / ^ " ~ Z ' :"'-4
v) Zii c ehcet /" 7 vi) Others specify /" 7 . . . . . . . •'•,!,
20. How many roo:nc are there in youi- house? [~ 7 ; •_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( j
2 1 . VAiat i s tlie layout of your dwelling? . -U-v
i . Compound fence/wall with s ing le dw_lling ins ide / " 7 '•;• • • ' _ • . - . . • . • . ^
ii. Compound fence /wall with several dwelxing inside /^ 7 ;>:' >|
iii. Dwelling with no compound fence/wall /_ 7 • • ••''.:•• . • • : • r * " • • " • , . - . . - • . • . *
• •• — — i _ _ — l . ' • • • • • \l
iv. Dwelling with no compound fence/wall and central courtyard / / -\
• ' • !
22. Do you have space a v a i l a b l e for s i t ing of la tr ine? - e s f l No ["~1 ' , ;
23 . Do you own any of the- following? -
Radio f ? Televis ion / " 7 Motorcycle / ^ 7 . Car. / ] 7 • '
Bicycle [~~D . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .
WAT"P. COLLECTION AND STORAGE
24. '//hire do you obtain water for car ink ing'and cooking?
• ' _ . ' • Length of Time Preferred Source(A) Traditional well / 7 ' / ~/ / /
(B) River /stream /~_"D £ZZZZZZZ7 / 7
(C) Spring / 7 ZlIIIIIII? /IIIIII /
<D) Pond / 7 __I~IIII7 ' ZlIIIIIIII?(E) Handpump f~~~_ ( / ~_~_7 iIII-I-~~L
(P) Piped supply 7 7 CD'SDSJ _~I I~- I - /
(G) Other, please specify / 7 / " ~' /"' / r. i'.
25. Who fetches water to the house? ,#**'.
i) Adxilt male/~"|7 ii) Adult female£~? iii) School aged male /ZZZJ "*|$f *•'
iv) School aged female v) Other, specify / ' " ""/ <"}%£>'." ~ - ' . • • * • ; ' : • . '
26. Who maintains the water sourcels) you use
±) Yourself / / ii) Community /ZZZJ iii) O w n e r
iv) Othei, specify /
27. How much do you pay for water each month? (if no payment, write 'NIL1)
28. If you buy water, for how many months in one year do "you buy? .. /
i) Less than 3 months [ZZZJ ^ 3<~6 montns /ZZZJ iiiJ Ful1 year C 7 ,, M
(iv) Nil /.,, . / ' tf
L9. What do you store water for drinking? j!
i) enamel bowl /~~~7 ii) clay pot /____ / iii) tint/drums /' / . <*•
iv) plastic jerrycan /^ 7 v) metal water tank /" 7 ' *
vi) Otner, please specify /""'" •" 7 (tick more than one where applicable) '••>.;
30. Is fetored water covered? Yes / / No
31o What do you think about your drinking water''
A. Tastes <iood./ZZIU i ) Tastes bad /^Z? i i ) Don't know /2ZIZI7
B. Does i t have odour? Yes /~_^Z? N o / /
32o If you think your water i s bad, why do you think so (Mark where applicable)
i) Causes sickness f^ZIL ^ D i r t y ZHI? ^^ SaltY ,/____7
iv) Other, specify / 7
331, VJhich sickness does bad water cause?
i) i i ) iii)
iv)..
34. How do you make bad water good (fill in as many as are applicable)
1) ii) u iii; iv) Don't know
35. Will you be willing to pay for safe and good source of water?
i) Yes / 7 ii) No / 7 iii? Don't know / 7
V
36. Would you help Ipuild and maintain this source? (Mark al l applicable) .."'-' 'ffi'r*-• . . - ' . " • • • • r%
i . By labour CO i i # By c a s h CO ilJL« O t h e r C~~? ' ^ ^ - v
EXCRETA DISPOSAL ' . ' '" .J^vC
37. Where do you ease yourself men women and children /'' ji~.*r'B^h . ' co CCJ CCJ fi$AWrap and throw / 7 / ~~1 • /""' 7 ' <..*'•::'z*i'..
L o g l a t r i n e . . . ' • ' ' COO' d 7 '• / 7 '• ' '-:',<:
Communal t rench l a t r i n e / 7 f 7 / " 7 • \.; :
Traditional pit latrine / ~ 7 COO COO
Flush toilet COO CCO COO- •
streamAiver CO CSO CO :
Anywhere ' ' " '" / " '7 / Tr7-'r•'•*'••'••„ f~~ 7 •'•••• ••'•• •• • ; ' " , ' ' 1 v .
3Q» Why do you c h o o s e t h e r r . e thod(s ) a b o v e ? • ?••'>••"•" •'• •
i . Traditional,,^ 7i-i)Easy technolog / " ~J"J 5li±) cheap /~~7 iv) No other
. . • ;. • ...... ., , . , , ,-... ..alternative / 'V
39. Vrtiat do.you use for cleaning ift-er defecation?
adults .' ' sma .1 children "-.'••
corn cobs "" /][__ J C--.J
leaves CJ CL 7
piece of wood • ' ' • . . . . . ':- C—J. ••' . ' C 7 ; : " • '' ' ':' • ;!
/—7 r—'~~7 i• p a p e r L — . - J . • . : ' •••••* i _ . . _ / • • • ' • > • • < • • . ' • ' • • - -
w a t e r ' ' .;...•.. •. ; .; ; / _ / .. . . . . .-•.•_> • / _ u / • • , , . . . .
Other, please specify /[ 7 Cl—,—~ZZ7 '
40 o How do you dispose of cleaning materials?. „..-..• . ••
Down latrine •/ ~_/ store <ind burn / 7 throw away. £ Q
41» Do you thinJc that A. Adult excreta is dangerous i) Yes / ~ T ii» No
iii. Don't
B, Baby's excreta is dangerwas i> Yes CO ^ N o CO
i i i ) Don't know CO. .
42o If you have a latrine, v?ho do you share it with?
i) Other family members / 7 ii) *"<ale family members only /~_~7
iii) Female family members only J 7 iv) All members of the household
v) Neighbours / / vi) Others, please specify / 7
/ ' • •
4 3 • If you have no latrine, would you be interested in having one in your house / .-'"or compound'? V f':-
i. YES / 7 ii. NO / 7 iii. Don't know / 7
44. If you have a traditional pit latrine, does it have r-
i) superstructure f ~7 ii) squattiny slab(concrete, wood and mud, etc.) f~_
iii) vent pipe f ~f
PERSONAL HYGIENE
45, Where does the family take baths (tick one for each category 1'
a) Inside the house / / b) Right outside the house f_ 7
c) i'iver, stream pond, etc.
ii) ^ 0
ii) NO
4S. Do the people wqsh their hands?
a) After defecation i) YES / /
b) Before eating i> YES / 7
c) . ftcr tilling ground i) YES / 7
47. Are you satisfied to bathe in the same source used for drinking?
i) YES r^~J ii) NO / 7 If no, vrtiy not?
48. Is there stagnant water lying near your house? Where does it cone from(put N.A. if answer is NO for place)
A) i. NO / 7 ii- YES / 7
REFUSE DISPOSAL
49« Where and how do you dispose of your refuse?
i) burn / / ii) bury /___/ iii) throw away /__ 7
iv) throw into stream/river / /
SAiN UNICEFLAGOS 16 Jan'86
• " . . - ' „.•• *. »-f
