PREPARED BY:AFSANA KHANPRIYANKA SHARMASHIVANGI TALWAR

NICOTINE PREPARATION

INTODUCTION TO NICOTINE

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

EFFECT OF NICOTINE

ADDICTION STATISTIC

SYMPOTMS OF NICOTINE ADDICTION

FACTS ABOUT NICOTINE

REFERENCES

Tobacco & Nicotine Preparations

The leaves of the tobacco plant are cured and prepared in different ways, depending on the intended use of the tobacco

Leaves dried, then grounded

Cigars, cigarettes, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, moist snuff

Tobacco & Nicotine

Nicotine is a colorless, toxic alkaloid made up of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen.

The primary reason why nicotine use has turned into worldwide concern is because of its ability to induce a state of euphoria in the brain of the smoker thus leading to addiction.

When a person smokes and inhales nicotine, the active substances are absorbed through alveoli into the lungs which initiate.

Chemical reactions in the nerve endings which increases heart rate, memory, alertness and reaction time.

Neurotransmitters called dopamine and later endorphins are released in the brain producing feelings of pleasure and satisfaction.

As an addictive drug, nicotine has two very potent issues –it is a stimulant as well as depressant.

ORALLY Not readily absorbed from digestive system;

pH lower than 6, not very lipid soluble

Significant first pass metabolism (high rate of liver metabolism)

SNIFFED/SNUFFED

Nicotine absorbed through mucous membranes of nasal cavity

SMOKED 90 percent of inhaled nicotine absorbed through mucous

membranes of lungs Volume of smoke inhaled vs. duration of inhalation Fun Factoid:

Why do we inhale cigarette smoke but not pipe or cigar?

Curing of tobacco: cigarettes vs. pip & cigar Flue-cured tobacco acidic smoke; lowers salivary pH to 5.3 Air-cured tobacco basic smoke with pH of 8.5; ionization <50%OTHER DELIVERY SYSTEMS Patch Nicotine inhaler Lozenges Gum

Waldum et al. (1996)-No harmful effect when inhaled in its pure form

Quik (2007)-Alleviates dyskinesia in Parkinson’s patients

Newhouse-Boosts cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s patients

Study- Beneficial effects in Tourette’s patients

Study (2006)-Decreases depressive feelings

Neuromuscular Junctions of Striated or Voluntary Muscles

• Curare blocks junctions, leading to paralysis and respiratory arrest.

Effects on the Body

• Muscle tremors

• Decrease in partellar reflex (knee jerk)

At doses found in cigarette smoking

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure

• Constriction of blood vessels in the skin; deleterious effects on aging.

• Inhibits stomach secretions & stimulated activity of bowel

• Acts as a laxative with low tolerance

Effects of Nicotine – PNS & CNS Communication Adrenal Glands in PNS affect CNS Nicotine stimulates release of epinephrine Causes CNS arousal and decrease in alpha activity

Brain Stem Centers Reticular Activating System Direct stimulation causes arousal Widespread cholinergic projections`1`.3 Substantial nigra, basal forebrain, thalamus, & cerebellum.

Medullary Respiratory Centers Direct and indirect stimulation Overdose of nicotine Blocking of these centers and neuromuscular junctions Respiratory arrest

Area Postrema / Vomit Center

5HT system from Raphe to cortex

Site of action for Antidepressant drugs

Nicotine may enhance an individual’s level of alertness.

Tobacco abuse and dependence may stimulate a frantic, almost manic picture.

The speech may also be accelerated in line with the behaviour.

Tobacco use can contribute to irritability often soothened by a dose of nicotine.

Tobacco addiction is the leading preventable cause of death

And is the second leading cause of death in the world.

The WHO estimates that there are 1.3 billion smokers worldwide today and contributes to approximately 5 million deaths each year.

With the present smoking trends, tobacco will kill 10 million people each year by 2020.

Non smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke have a significantly higher risk of developing cancers and pulmonary diseases.

Children exposed to second hand smoke develop a variety of respiratory disorders

Tolerance to nicotine with decreased effect and increasing dose to obtain same effect

Withdrawal symptoms after cessation Smoking more than usual Persistent desire to smoke despite efforts to

decrease intake Extensive time spent smoking or purchasing

tobacco Postponing work, social or recreational events in

order to smoke Continuing to smoke despite health hazards.

AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATIONAn individual diagnosed with tobacco use disorder needs

to meet all of the following criteria:

A problematic pattern of tobacco use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:

Tobacco is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.

There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control tobacco use.

A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain or use tobacco.

Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use tobacco.

Recurrent tobacco use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., interference with work) Important social, occupational, or recreational activities .

Continued tobacco use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of tobacco (e.g., arguments with others about tobacco use).

Recurrent tobacco use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., smoking in bed).

Tobacco use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by tobacco.

Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:

A need for markedly increased amounts of tobacco to achieve the desired effect.

A markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of tobacco.

Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:

The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for tobacco: Daily use of tobacco for at least several weeks.

Abrupt cessation of tobacco use, or reductionin the amount of tobacco used, followedwithin 24 hours by four (or more) of thefollowing signs and symptoms:

Irritability, frustration, or anger. Anxiety. Difficulty concentrating.

Increased appetite.

Restlessness.

Depressed mood.

Insomnia.

Tobacco (or closely related substance, such as nicotine)

is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Transdermal patch releasing

nicotine

Provides low levels of nicotine

Reduces physical signs of

withdrawal symptoms

• Battery-powered vaporizer which creates a mist

• Vaporizes e-liquid: Vaping

• May not be as safe as the manufacturers claim it to be

• Seattle- Sickness due to liquid nicotine ingestion

Used in acting scenes by

performers

Herbal cigarettes which are not

addictive

Made up of corn silk, mint, cinnamon,

lemongrass, rose

Consist of herbs and are made of rolling paper and

filter

• Helps in quitting smoking

• Smoking cessation aids

• Decreases withdrawal symptoms and urges to smoke

There are about 4000 chemicals in tobacco, and out of the 100 identified poisons, 63 are known to cause cancer

Nicotine is an addictive drug that takes only 6 seconds to reach your brain

Smoking kills more people than cocaine, heroin, alcohol, fire automobile accidents, homicides, suicides, and AIDS combined.

Every 8 seconds, someone in the world dies from a tobacco related illness

More than 3 million people under the age of 18 smoke about a ½ billion cigarettes each year, over half of those people consider themselves dependent on cigarettes

Smoking is responsible for every 1 out of 5 American deaths

About 430,000 people die needlessly every year from smoking, which means smoking kills about 1,200 people every day

A person who smokes dies an average 7 years earlier than someone who doesn’t smoke

Kids who smoke experience changes in the lungs, and reduced lung growth. They risk not achieving normal lung function as an adult

Peer Pressure They think it’s “cool” Their parents smoke Because they want to be skinny (fashion) Because they find it relaxing Rebellion

•Pleasurable feeling•Tolerance to the drug•Weight gain

“GIVING UP SMOKING IS THE EASIEST THING IN THE WORLD. I KNOW BECAUSE I’VE DONE IT THOUSANDS OF TIMES.”-MARK TWAIN

To live longer Better breath You’ll save a lot of money You’ll be around to see your grand children You won’t harm people around you You’ll cough less You won’t have to hide the habit from family You’ll be able to smell and taste food better Your teeth will become whiter You’ll have a smaller chance of getting emphysema

http://www.tobacco-facts.info/ http://www.unitedlearning.com http://www.costkids.org/tobacco/tobacco/tobaccofram

eset.htm http://www.quitsmokingsupport.com/whatsinit.htm http://www.smoking-facts.net/Teen-Smoking-

Facts.html http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/TCRB/Smoking_Facts/about.h

tml http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/TCRB/Smoking_Facts/tips.ht

ml http://www.drugfree.org/Portal/drug_guide/Tobacco http://www.uri.edu/personal/avye5598/ingredents.html