Divye Garg (10810023)Divye Garg (10810023)

Rahul Agarwal (10810047)Rahul Agarwal (10810047)

Nuclear non Nuclear non proliferation, proliferation,

Disarmament and Indo Disarmament and Indo US Nuclear DealUS Nuclear Deal

Nuclear Non-Proliferation & Nuclear Non-Proliferation & Disarmament RegimeDisarmament Regime

““International initiatives to prevent the International initiatives to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons leading to spread of nuclear weapons leading to their total elimination.”their total elimination.”

A regime of United Nations Security A regime of United Nations Security Council & Disarmament Machinery.Council & Disarmament Machinery.

What is ProliferationWhat is Proliferation??

– Horizontal Nuclear proliferationHorizontal Nuclear proliferation

– Vertical Nuclear proliferationVertical Nuclear proliferation

– Horizontal nuclear proliferationSpread of weapons to states not currently possessing nuclear weaponsSpread of weapons to states not currently possessing nuclear weapons

– Vertical nuclear proliferationIncrease in number and destructiveness of nuclear weapons within a state Increase in number and destructiveness of nuclear weapons within a state already possessing themalready possessing them

What is ProliferationWhat is Proliferation??

Mostly applicable to nuclear weapons as biological and chemical Mostly applicable to nuclear weapons as biological and chemical weapons are bannedweapons are banned..

WWHAT IS DISARMAMENTHAT IS DISARMAMENT? ?

““It is the total elimination of weapons It is the total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, including of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, through the nuclear weapons, through the prohibition on development, prohibition on development, production and use and destruction production and use and destruction

of all such weaponsof all such weapons ”. ”.

Why is Nuclear Disarmament & Why is Nuclear Disarmament & Non-proliferation a PriorityNon-proliferation a Priority??

24,00024,000 NUCLEAR WEAPONSNUCLEAR WEAPONS Any single bomb can destroy any major Any single bomb can destroy any major

citycity Estimated 24,000 nuclear warheads Estimated 24,000 nuclear warheads

worldwideworldwide 5 NPT nuclear weapons states (China, 5 NPT nuclear weapons states (China,

France, Russia, UK, USA)France, Russia, UK, USA) 4 states outside the NPT (India, Israel, 4 states outside the NPT (India, Israel,

Pakistan, North Korea)Pakistan, North Korea)

Estimated Nuclear Weapons Location Estimated Nuclear Weapons Location 20092009

Components of The Nuclear Non -Components of The Nuclear Non -Proliferation regimeProliferation regime

United Nations Security Council & United Nations Security Council & Disarmament MachineryDisarmament Machinery

Non-Proliferation TreatyNon-Proliferation TreatyThe Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT or NNPT):

Is a treaty to limit the spread (proliferation) of Nuclear Weapons..

How it startedHow it started?? Until the early 1960s, four nations (the United States, Until the early 1960s, four nations (the United States,

the Soviet Union, Britain and France) had acquired the Soviet Union, Britain and France) had acquired nuclear weapons.nuclear weapons.

In 1964, after China detonated a nuclear weapon. In 1964, after China detonated a nuclear weapon.

In June 1968, the U.N. General Assembly endorsed the In June 1968, the U.N. General Assembly endorsed the NPT with General Assembly Resolution 2373 (XXII), NPT with General Assembly Resolution 2373 (XXII), and in July 1968, the NPT opened for signature in and in July 1968, the NPT opened for signature in Washington, DC, London and Moscow. Washington, DC, London and Moscow.

The NPT entered into force in March 1970.The NPT entered into force in March 1970.

The IAEA now safeguards Nuclear Non-Proliferation The IAEA now safeguards Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).Treaty (NPT).

Non-Proliferation TreatyNon-Proliferation Treaty

Embodies the international community's efforts to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons.

Fulfill the aspirations for global disarmament.

To also facilitate the cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy under safeguards.

Entails commitments by both nuclear-weapon and non-nuclear-weapon states.

Verification of compliance with nonproliferation undertakings through the application of safeguards that was conferred on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Encourages & assists research, development and Encourages & assists research, development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout the worldthroughout the world

Establishes & administers safeguards designed to Establishes & administers safeguards designed to ensure that the use of nuclear energy is not used for ensure that the use of nuclear energy is not used for military purposesmilitary purposes

Applies safeguards to relevant activities at the request Applies safeguards to relevant activities at the request of Member Statesof Member States

Applies mandatory Applies mandatory comprehensive safeguards incomprehensive safeguards in NNWS to the NPT & otherNNWS to the NPT & other international treatiesinternational treaties

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA)ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA)

Why are safeguards Why are safeguards importantimportant??

Prevent the proliferation of nuclear Prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.weapons.

Foster the beneficial uses of atomic Foster the beneficial uses of atomic energy.energy.

Provide confidence and build trust.Provide confidence and build trust.

Bilateral treaties and agreements Bilateral treaties and agreements between Soviet Union and USbetween Soviet Union and US

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1) – 1969Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1) – 1969 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) - 1972Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) - 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 2) – 1979Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 2) – 1979 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START 1) – START 1) –

19911991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START 2) – START 2) –

19931993 Intermediate-Rang Nuclear Force Treaty (INF Intermediate-Rang Nuclear Force Treaty (INF

Treaty) – 1987Treaty) – 1987

SALT ISALT IStrategic Arms Limitation Talks IStrategic Arms Limitation Talks I

SALT I, the first series of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, started in SALT I, the first series of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, started in November 1969.November 1969.

Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (ABMS) and Limitation of Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (ABMS) and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. Strategic Offensive Arms.

Creation of more favourable conditions and relaxation of Creation of more favourable conditions and relaxation of international tension and the strengthening of trust between States. international tension and the strengthening of trust between States.

SALT I was brought to conclusion on May 26, 1972 and ABM treaty SALT I was brought to conclusion on May 26, 1972 and ABM treaty was signed by was signed by President Nixon and General Secretary Brezhnev President Nixon and General Secretary Brezhnev

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) Background

An An anti-ballistic missileanti-ballistic missile ( (ABMABM) is a ) is a missile designed to counter ballistic missile designed to counter ballistic missiles.missiles.

Soviet union introduced ABM systems Soviet union introduced ABM systems which was followed by US.which was followed by US.

Due to economic, political and Due to economic, political and technological reasons Uncle got afraid and technological reasons Uncle got afraid and went for the treaty.went for the treaty.

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) Clauses

– Deployed ABM systems were Deployed ABM systems were limited to two sites: limited to two sites:

--One around the national capital with no more than 100 ABM launchers and no more than 100 ABM interceptor missiles

- The other, around ICBM launchers with

no more than 100 ABM launchers, no more than 100 ABM interceptor missiles, two sites must be separated by no less than thirteen hundred kilometers

SALT IISALT II Capped the number of strategic offensive nuclear missiles, Capped the number of strategic offensive nuclear missiles,

limited the number of multiple-warhead missiles, froze the limited the number of multiple-warhead missiles, froze the number of permitted delivery systems.number of permitted delivery systems.

Signed in 1979 , it was adhered to by both parties throughout the 1980s.

Six months after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, the treaty Six months after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, the treaty was never formally ratified by the United States. was never formally ratified by the United States.

In 1986 US withdrew from SALT II after accusing the Soviets In 1986 US withdrew from SALT II after accusing the Soviets of violating the pact. Subsequent discussions took place of violating the pact. Subsequent discussions took place START and CTBT.START and CTBT.

Strategic Arms Reduction Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Treaty START ISTART I

The treaty was signed on 31 July The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994 due to dissolution of December 1994 due to dissolution of Russia.Russia.

Bans and limits the testing and Bans and limits the testing and development of ballistic missiles. development of ballistic missiles.

Strategic Arms Reduction Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Treaty START ISTART I

The START I treaty expired 5 The START I treaty expired 5 December 2009. On 8 April 2010, the December 2009. On 8 April 2010, the replacement New START treaty was replacement New START treaty was signed in Prague by U.S. President signed in Prague by U.S. President Obama and Russian President Obama and Russian President Medvedev.Medvedev.

Following ratification it went into force Following ratification it went into force on 26 January 2011.on 26 January 2011.

Strategic Arms Reduction Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Treaty START IISTART II

Signed January 3, 1993 by U.S. and Russia.

Banned the use of multiple independently Banned the use of multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) on targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) on intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

On 14 June 2002, Russia withdrew from On 14 June 2002, Russia withdrew from the treaty in response to U.S. withdrawal the treaty in response to U.S. withdrawal from ABM Treaty.from ABM Treaty.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force Treaty (INF Treaty)Force Treaty (INF Treaty)

Agreement between the United States and the Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987.Soviet Union in 1987.

Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range ((between 500 and 5,500 km) between 500 and 5,500 km) and Shorter-and Shorter-Range Missiles.Range Missiles.

A total of 2,692 missiles (A total of 2,692 missiles (846 by U.S. and 1,846 846 by U.S. and 1,846 by Soviet Union)by Soviet Union) were eliminated by mid-1991. were eliminated by mid-1991. In 2007, Russia withdrew from the treaty.In 2007, Russia withdrew from the treaty.

COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY (CTBT)BAN TREATY (CTBT)

Bans any nuclear weapon test explosion or any Bans any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion in all environments for other nuclear explosion in all environments for military and civilian purposes.military and civilian purposes.

Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 September 1996 but not yet entered into force.September 1996 but not yet entered into force.

As of May 2010, 153 states have ratified the CTBT As of May 2010, 153 states have ratified the CTBT and another 29 states have signed but not yet and another 29 states have signed but not yet ratified it.ratified it.

China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Israel and the China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Israel and the United StatesUnited States have signed but not yet ratified; have signed but not yet ratified; India, North Korea and PakistanIndia, North Korea and Pakistan have not signed. have not signed. Indonesia has initiated the ratification process.Indonesia has initiated the ratification process.

Nuclear Weapons Free ZoneNuclear Weapons Free Zone

116 states covered116 states covered

AntarcticAntarctic Latin America and the Caribbean (Tlatelolco)Latin America and the Caribbean (Tlatelolco) South Pacific (Rarotonga)South Pacific (Rarotonga) South Asia (Bangkok)South Asia (Bangkok) Africa (Pelindaba)Africa (Pelindaba) MongoliaMongolia Central AsiaCentral Asia Middle East Middle East South East Asia South East Asia

Nuclear Weapons Free ZoneNuclear Weapons Free Zone

States106 km²

landPop

NWFZ1168433%

NWS941.448%

NPTonly

682419%

Blue – Nuclear Weapon-

Free Zones      Red - NW states     

Yellow - NPT only

189 states are members of 189 states are members of NPT except India, Pakistan, NPT except India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea.Israel and North Korea.

NWFZ bans whereas NPT limits NWFZ bans whereas NPT limits the use, development and the use, development and deployment of nuclear deployment of nuclear weapons in a given area.weapons in a given area.

Are Nuclear weapons still in Are Nuclear weapons still in production & being testedproduction & being tested? ?

The 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty bans all explosive nuclear tests, but has not yet entered into force.

In May 1998, India and Pakistan each conducted a series of underground nuclear tests, but all of the NPT nuclear weapon states have refrained from conducting explosive nuclear tests pending entry into force of the CTBT.

Are Nuclear weapons still in Are Nuclear weapons still in production & being testedproduction & being tested? ?

India's Nuclear India's Nuclear Capable MissilesCapable Missiles

NameClassRangePayloadStatusAgni-ISRBM700 km1,000 kgOperational

Agni-IIMRBM2,200 km500 kg - 1,000 kgOperational

Agni-II Prime MRBM2,750 km - 3,000 km500 kg - 1,500 kgUnder Development

Agni-III IRBM3,500 km2,490 kgUnder induction

Agni-V ICBM 5,000 km - 6,000 km3,000 kg+Under Development

Surya-I ICBM 5,200 km - 11,600 km700 kg - 1,400 kgUnder Development

Dhanush SRBM 350 km500 kgOperational

Nirbhay Subsonic Cruise Missile 1,000 km ?Under Development

Brahmos Supersonic Cruise Missile 290 km300 kgOperational

P-70 Ametist Anti-shipping Missile65 km530 kgOperational

P-270 Moskit Supersonic Cruise Missile 120 km320 kgOperational

Popeye ASM 78 km340 kgOperationalPrithvi-I SRBM 150 km1000 kgOperationalPrithvi-II SRBM 250 km500 kgOperationalPrithvi-III SRBM 350 km500 kgOperational

Sagarika (missile) SLBM 700 km - 2,200 km150 kg - 1000 kgUnder Development

Shaurya TBM 700 km - 2,200 km150 kg - 1,000 kgUnder Development

About Indo-US Nuclear dealAbout Indo-US Nuclear deal

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• Also known as U.S.-India Civil Nuclear or more commonly known as 123 Agreement

• India agreed to separate its civil and military nuclear facilities

• India to place all its civil nuclear facilities under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards

• United States agreed to work toward full civil nuclear cooperation with India

Exceptions made for IndiaExceptions made for India• Amendment of U.S. domestic law, Amendment of U.S. domestic law,

specially the Atomic Energy Act of specially the Atomic Energy Act of 19541954

• Civil-military nuclear Separation Plan Civil-military nuclear Separation Plan in India, in India,

• An India-IAEA safeguards An India-IAEA safeguards (inspections) agreement(inspections) agreement

• The grant of an exemption for India The grant of an exemption for India by the Nuclear Suppliers Groupby the Nuclear Suppliers Group

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Approval at NSGApproval at NSG

• United States approached the Nuclear United States approached the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) to grant a Suppliers Group (NSG) to grant a waiver to India to commence civilian waiver to India to commence civilian nuclear tradenuclear trade

• On September 6, 2008 45-nation NSG On September 6, 2008 45-nation NSG granted the waiver to Indiagranted the waiver to India

• This approval makes India first country This approval makes India first country have nuclear arsenal, not a party to have nuclear arsenal, not a party to NPT and yet allowed nuclear commerceNPT and yet allowed nuclear commerce

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Hyde ActHyde Act

• Also known Henry J. Hyde United States-Also known Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act of 2008Cooperation Act of 2008

• U.S. domestic law that modifies the U.S. domestic law that modifies the Section 123 of the U.S. Section 123 of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act to permit nuclear to permit nuclear cooperation with Indiacooperation with India

• The Act was passed by an overwhelming The Act was passed by an overwhelming 359–68 in the house of representatives359–68 in the house of representatives

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Major events in the Major events in the development of the Dealdevelopment of the Deal

• July 18, 2005 – First public announcementJuly 18, 2005 – First public announcement• March3, 2006 – Bush meets Singh in IndiaMarch3, 2006 – Bush meets Singh in India• July 26, 2006 – Hyde Act passedJuly 26, 2006 – Hyde Act passed• July 28, 2006 – Left parties demand July 28, 2006 – Left parties demand

threadbare discussion in Parliamentthreadbare discussion in Parliament• December 18, 2006 - President Bush signs December 18, 2006 - President Bush signs

into law congressional legislation on into law congressional legislation on Indian atomic energy.Indian atomic energy.

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ContdContd....• Aug 13, 2007 – PM Singh makes a suo Aug 13, 2007 – PM Singh makes a suo

motu statement on the deal in motu statement on the deal in Parliament.Parliament.

• Feb 25, 2006 to July 8, 2008 - Left Feb 25, 2006 to July 8, 2008 - Left parties warn the ruling party against the parties warn the ruling party against the deal and finally withdraws supportdeal and finally withdraws support

• July 22, 2008 – PM Manmohan Singh July 22, 2008 – PM Manmohan Singh survives vote of confidence in Lok Sabhasurvives vote of confidence in Lok Sabha

• July 24, 2008 - India launches lobbying July 24, 2008 - India launches lobbying among the 45-nation NSG for an among the 45-nation NSG for an exemption for nuclear commerce.exemption for nuclear commerce.

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ContdContd....• Sept 11, 2008 - President Bush sends Sept 11, 2008 - President Bush sends

the text of the 123 Agreement to the the text of the 123 Agreement to the US Congress for final approvalUS Congress for final approval

• Sept 21, 2008 - US financial crisis Sept 21, 2008 - US financial crisis diverts attention from N-dealdiverts attention from N-deal

• Oct 8, 2008 - President Bush signs Oct 8, 2008 - President Bush signs legislation to enact the landmark US-legislation to enact the landmark US-India civilian nuclear agreement.India civilian nuclear agreement.

• Oct 10, 2008 - The 123 Agreement Oct 10, 2008 - The 123 Agreement operationalizedoperationalized

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What is “123 AgreementWhat is “123 Agreement? ”? ”

• It is Section 123 of the United States It is Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954Atomic Energy Act of 1954

• Till date U.S. has entered into Till date U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-five 123 Agreements roughly twenty-five 123 Agreements

• What problems India had with 123What problems India had with 123• Nuclear Liability Bill – limited liability – limited liability

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Implications of the Nuclear Implications of the Nuclear DealDeal

• Indian Constitution does not warrant Indian Constitution does not warrant capping of nuclear liabilitycapping of nuclear liability

• US Law permits limited liability only, US Law permits limited liability only, for American vendorsfor American vendors

• Max. compensation of $450 million Max. compensation of $450 million

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Thank YouThank You