North and South Nandi Forests Strategic Ecosystem...

North and South Nandi Forests

Strategic EcosystemManagement Plan2015 - 2040

September2015


Strategic EcosystemManagement Plan2015 - 2040

NORTH AND SOUTH NANDI FORESTS STRATEGIC ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT PLAN 2015 - 2040

Published by:Kenya Forest Service Kiambu RoadP. O. Box 30513 - 00100Nairobi, Kenya

© 2015

Plan development supported by GEF/UNDP through the “Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya project” coordinated by Nature Kenya

Implementers:Kenya Forests ServiceCommunity Forest AssociationsKenya Wildlife ServiceKenya Forestry Research InstituteNational Environmental Management AuthorityCounty Government of NandiNature Kenya

DisclaimerThe production, printing and distribution of this document to stakeholders has been with the financial assistance of the GEF and UNDP (Award ID: 00058356). The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Local Planning Team that developed the Cherangani Forest Ecosystem Strategic Plan 2015-2040, and cannot under normal circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the GEF nor the UNDP.

Approval PageThis North and South Nandi Forests Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan (2015 - 2040) is hereby approved for implementation and may be reviewed as need arises.

MESSAGE FROM THE IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS

The North and South Nandi Forests are the fragments of forests in Nandi County of the once expansive forest area that included the Kakamega Forest before the 1920s. The suitability of the area for both commercial and subsistence farming led to the loss of this forest area. The growing human population and depency of the economically marginalized section of the population for their livelihoods is the current threat to the forests health: notably from grazing and planned regional development projects for water supply to western Kenya settlements that poses a threat to the remaining stand of the natural forest and its regeneration.

Further the ecosystem services from the Forests such as the microclimate that supports commercial and small holder tea farming, dairy and food production; and water supply to rural and urban centres downstream, is yet to be appropriately included in the national economic valuation. The potential conservation synergy from upstream interventions and plough back of resources through payment for ecosystem services is far from being realized. Notable are the gains from the engagement of the local communities through three Community Forest Associations in the co-management of the forests with Kenya Forest Service. This was mainly with the support from development partners like DFID, GEF/UNDP which strengthened the community capacity and improved infrastructure towards effective management of the forests resources.

The ecosystem strategic management plan builds on this foundation and is a roadmap at mitigating the challenges and threats that the North Nandi and South Nandi Forest Ecosystem is facing. Developed jointly by a myriad of stakeholders at the various levels through an elaborate consultative process from June 2011 to December 2013 it is envisaged that a committed implementation process shall be followed by all those with a stake in the conservation and sustainable use of the forest ecosystem and the attainment of the Global Forest Goals of the United Nations Forum on Forests. In the plan eight forest management zones are identified, their specific management objectives stated and the management actions together with responsible institutions proposed. The local communities in the Forest Ecosystem adjacent area are recognized as important stakeholders who will actively participate in its management and conservation.

________________________ ________________________ Dr. Paul Matiku Dr. Ben Chikamai Executive Director Director Nature Kenya Kenya Forestry Research Institute

FOREWORD

The Nandi Forest Ecosystem is within the Nandi County and occupies an area currently covered by three sub-Counties namely; Nandi Central, Nandi South and Kabiyet.

The scope of this Strategic Management Plan covers all the protected forest units of the ecosystem as well as the surrounding buffer zones. The protected forest units comprise of the following; Nandi South, Kaptoroi, Ururu, Nandi North and Taressia forest blocks.

The Nandi Forest Ecosystem plays a very important role in the provision of ecological, social and economic services to the local community and the country at large. In the past, management of the Forest Ecosystem has been partly guided by a 10 year Ecosytem Management Plan for South Nandi Forest (2011-2020), that did not however cover the North Nandi Forest which is a sizeable part of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem. The strategic plan provides the long-term vision and management guidance for the protected areas and should be an an integrative framework for the ecosystem’s management.

There are numerous challenges to the integrity of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem which require mitigation, as well opportunities that need to be tapped. The plan addresses these and its implementation should lead to attaining the desired management and conservation state for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem.

The strategic planning process for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem was initiated under the project ”Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya” with funding support from GEF/UNDP and coordinated by Nature Kenya. It is a 25-year management plan (2015-2040) for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem, developed through a collaborative initiative between Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and Community Forest Associations (CFAs).

Essau OmolloDeputy Director, Forest Conservation and ManagementKenya Forest Service

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe planning team acknowledges the support provided by respective institutions, community members and individuals in development of the strategic plan. The planning team based in Nandi made valuable contribitions in the plan development. This team worked closely with the three CFAs in the ecosystem. We do also thank all the participants who gave their contributions during the workshops. Nature Kenya was facilitative in the development of the plan through their

field Project Officer Mr. Gibson Kitsao and Project Manager Mr. Washington Ayiemba. We do appreciate the role played by the plan facilitators; Messrs Joram Kagombe, James Kimondo and Stephen Kiama from KEFRI. The Plan benefited from the inputs of forest management plans section especially Mr. John Macharia of KFS. The KFS data office provided the maps. The Plan was developed through generous financial support of GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya.

ExECUTIvE SUMMARyThe vision is to be “The best sustainably con-served and well managed forest ecosystem in Africa, providing environmental goods and services for improved community livelihoods and benefits to other stakeholders”.

The purpose of the plan is “Sustainable forest management and conservation practices established and in operation”.

The strategic forest management objectives are:

1. To conserve water catchments and en-hance the unique biodiversity of the forest.

2. To contribute towards meeting subsist-ence needs and improving the livelihoods of forest-adjacent communities.

3. To improve and develop the condition and potential for utilization of the forest.

The user zones adopted in the planning were: the tea belt buffer; forest plantations; intervention zone; ecotourism; biodiversity; subsistence; rehabilitation; and water cach-ment. A criterion for zonation is provided and maps for each of the zones.

Thematic management programmesThe thematic management programmes form the core area of the strategic management plan and were derived from the visioning and thematic workshop and are expected to achieve the strategic objectives the plan. Each of the management programmes was developed folllowing the Logical Framework Approach to ensure that precise and coherent links between the programme purpose statement, management objectives and the management actions. For each of the programmes a brief background, underlying issues, objectives, strategies, activities and responsible organization/party is provided. The plan covers eleven programmes and a section on threats as follows:

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plans give the long-term vision needed for the sustainable management of protected areas. The strategic planning process for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem was initiated under the ”Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya project” with funding support from the GEF/UNDP. It is a 25-year management plan (2013-2038) for the Nandi Forest Eco-system, developed through a collaborative initiative between Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Environ-mental Management Authority (NEMA) and Community Forest Associations (CFAs).

The plan provides an integrative framework for management of the Nandi Forest Ecosys-tem and recognizing the roles and interests of stakeholders in the management of the forest resources sustainably for posterity. The scope of this Strategic Management Plan covers all the gazetted forest areas within the ecosys-tem as well as the surrounding buffer zone, all of which make the Nandi Forest Ecosystem. The ecosystem comprises of thev Nandi South, Kaptoroi, Ururu, Nandi North and Taressia forest blocks, all in Nandi County.

The planning process was guided by the following principles: Inclusion of all relevant stakeholders; Gender and youth mainstream-ing; integration of sound science; partnerships framework established among stakeholders; and transparency and accountability.

Vision, mission and strategic management objectivesThe main frame of the strategic management plan of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem emanates from a clear vision, statement of purpose, zonation scheme and thematic management programmes.

1. Forest conservation and biodiversity2. Forest protection

3. Farm forestry

4. PFM and livelihoods

5. Eco-tourism

6. Environmental education and awareness

7. Payment for ecosystem services

8. Research, monitoring and evaluation

9. Partnership and networking

10. Communication and infrastructure

11. Resource mobilization and capacity building

GovernanceImplementation of the Strategic Management Plan recognizes the importance of and the need to involve all stakeholders, especially the primary ones.

StakeholdersA stakeholders analysis identified three cate-gories namely primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary stakeholders are the main actors and are expected to play the greatest and direct roles during the implementation of the man-agement programmes. This is based either on their legal mandate or their direct livelihood dependence. They include KFS, KWS, CFAs, among others. Secondary stakeholders are also key actors but essentially play an indirect role in the management of the forest resourc-es. Tertiary stakeholders are those perceived to be potentially affected either positively or negatively by the activities. This Plan will be implemented by central government working closely with the Nandi County Government. Forestry issues will be coordinated by Ecosytem Forest Coordinator working closely with County Forest Manager. A Forest Managenment Team that brings to-gether stakeholders indentified in the plan will be crucial in ensuring that each stakeholder takes up their role and responsibility. Com-munity participation will be corrdinated by the umbrella CFA for the county.

TABLE OF CONTENTSApproval Page .................................................................................................................... iiiMessage from the Implementing Partners .........................................................................ivForeword ............................................................................................................................ vAcknowledgement ..............................................................................................................viExecutive Summary ..........................................................................................................viiList of Figures .....................................................................................................................xiList of Tables .......................................................................................................................xiList of Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................xii

PART ONE .......................................................................................................................... 11.0 Introduction of Nandi forest ecosystem ...................................................................... 1

PART TWO .......................................................................................................................... 52.0 Policy, legal and institutional framework ..................................................................... 52.1 Legal and policy frameworks ..................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Forests Act, 2005 ............................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999 ............... 5 2.1.3 Renewable Energy Act, Section 103: .............................................................. 5 2.1.4 Agriculture Act, Cap 318.................................................................................. 6 2.1.5 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327 ................................................................................. 6 2.1.6 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63) ....................................................... 6 2.1.7 Kenya’s Vision 2030 ......................................................................................... 6 2.1.8 Other International Conventions and Agreements ........................................... 7

PART THREE ...................................................................................................................... 93.0 Vision, purpose and objectives of the plan ................................................................ 93.1: The approach ............................................................................................................. 93.2: The planning process ............................................................................................... 103.3: Zoning ....................................................................................................................... 114.0 Management programmes ....................................................................................... 174.1 Forest Conservation and Biodiversity ....................................................................... 174.2 Forest Protection ....................................................................................................... 194.3 Farm Forestry ........................................................................................................... 224.4 Participatory Forest Management and Sustainable Livelihoods .............................. 234.5 Ecotourism ................................................................................................................ 244.6 Environmental Education and Awareness ................................................................ 274.7 Payment for Environmental Services ........................................................................ 294.8 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation ....................................................................... 304.9 Partnerships and Networking ................................................................................... 324.10 Communications and Infrastructure ......................................................................... 334.11 Resource Mobilizations and Capacity Building ........................................................ 354.12 Threats and Mitigation Measures ............................................................................. 375.0 Governance .............................................................................................................. 38

References: ...................................................................................................................... 39Appendix 1: Participants in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem 25 Year Strategic Management Plan Development Workshops ........................................................ 40Appendix 2: Categorization of stakeholders .................................................................... 42Appendix 3: Profile of some key stakeholders in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem Strategic Management Plan Implementation ........................................................ 43Appendix 4: Inventory of the floral species in the three vegetation types of in South Nandi forest ................................................................................................. 45Appendix 5: Nomenclature, growth habit and uses of Floral species in South Nandi Forest ................................................................................................ 46Appendix 6: List of butterfly species ............................................................................... 52

LIST OF FIGuRESFigure 1: Boundaries and administration map of South and North Nandi Forest Reserve (Courtesy of KIFICON 1994) ............................................................................ 2Figure 2: Location of North Nandi Forest Block .............................................................. 3Figure 3: Location of South Nandi ................................................................................... 4Figure 4: Zonation map for South Nandi Forest ............................................................ 19Figure 7: Tourist attraction sites and proposed nature trails in South Nandi Forest ..... 34

LIST OF TABLESTable 1: The criteria used to define forest ecosystem management zones ................ 16Table 2: Strategies, activities to promote forest biodiversity conservation .................. 23Table 3: Strategies and activities to enhance forest protection ................................... 25Table 4: Strategies and actions to promote farm forestry around Nandi ecosystem .. 28Table 5: Strategies and actions to promote participartory forest management around the Nandi forest ecosystem ............................................................... 31Table 6: Strategies and activities to build and market sustainable ecotourism in Nandi ecosystem ..................................................................... 33Table 7: Strategies and activities to enhance environmental awareness and knowledge among communites around Nandi .............................................. 36Table 8: Strategies and actions to promote the payment for environment services among stakeholders around Nandi ................................................. 38Table 9: Strategies and activites to improve generation of knowledge on Nandi ecosystem ........................................................................................... 40Table 10: Strategies and activities to promote networking and partnership among stakeholders ...................................................................................... 42Table 11: Strategies and activities to improve communication and infrastructure in Nandi .................................................................................... 44Table 12: Strategies and activities to mobilize resource and buld capacity among Nandi ecosystem stakeholders ........................................... 46Table 13: Threats and their mitigation measures ........................................................... 48

LIST OF ABBREvIATIONS AND ACRONyMS CBD Convention of Biological Diversity CBO Community Based OrganizationCCF Consultative Conservation ForumCDTF Community Development Trust Fund CEF Community Environment FacilityCFA Community Forest AssociationCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

FloraDDC District Development CommitteesFAC Forest Adjacent CommunityFFS Farmers Field SchoolGEF Global Environment FacilityGoK Government of KenyaIBAs Important Bird AreasIGAs Income Generating ActivitiesIUCN International Union Conservation for NatureJICA Japan International Corporation AgencyKEBS Kenya Bureau of StandardKEFRI Kenya Forestry Research InstituteKFS Kenya Forest ServiceKIFCON Kenya Indigenous Forest ConservationKTB Kenya Tourism BoardKWS Kenya Wildlife ServiceLPT Local Planning TeamLBDA Lake victoria Basin Development AuthorityLvNWSB Lake victoria North Water Service BoardMOALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and FisheriesMoL Ministry of LivestockMoT Ministry of TourismNBEs Nature based EnterprisesNEMA National Environment Management AuthorityNGOs Non -Governmental OrganizationsNK Nature KenyaNMK National Museums of KenyaNRM Natural Resource ManagementPAs Protected AreasPELIS Plantation Establishment and Livelihoods Improvement SchemePES Payment for Ecosystem ServicesPFM Participatory Forest ManagementUNCED United Nations Convention on Education and DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeWRMA Water Resource Management AuthorityWRUA Water Resource Users Association

PART I

1.0 Introduction of Nandi forest ecosystemNandi Forest Ecosystem comprises Nandi South,, Kaptoroi, Ururu, Nandi North and Taressia forest blocks, all in Nandi County. Figures 1- 3 show the extent of these blocks. The South Nandi Forest block is located in South Nandi District (00° 05’S, 35º 00’E), is a mid-elevation forest lying west of Kapsabet town and south of the main Kapsabet-Kaimosi road. Nandi North Forest (00° 00’S, 35º 00’E) and Taressia Forest blocks are located in North Nandi District. The three forest blocks, together with Kakamega forest, form part of the Western rainforest region, and the Eastern most fragment of the Guinea – Congolian phytogeographical region. The area occupied by the forest was once extensive, but has steadily declined due to high population pressure.

South Nandi Forest Reserve (SNFR) covers an area of 24,753.1 Ha, as per the most recent forest boundaries survey (KWS/KFS/UNEP, 2007). Some 934.7 ha (5%) of the original forestland had been settled. The forest elevation is between 1,700 to 2,000 meters above sea level and receives an average annual rainfall of between 1,600 and 1,900 millimetres, which makes it classified as a ‘moisti forest’ under the Forest and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) guidelines (Brown 1997). However, it can now be classified as a

1 forests with 1,500 to 3,000 mm mean annual rainfall

transitional forest between the lowland forests of West and Central Africa and the montane forests of Central Kenya. SNFR is composed of Kobujoi and Kimondi Forest Stations. Kobujoi Forest Station has two blocks: Kobujoi, and Kaptumek/Kajulu (Old Bonjoge). Kobujoi Forest Station could be described as being intact with annual rainfall of 1,700mm. Kobujoi block covers an area of 18,010 Ha, consisting of: Plantations- 160 ha and natural forest- 17,800 Ha while Old Bonjoge covers 2,150 Ha. Kimondi Forest Station is located 2 kms from Kapsabet town on the Kapsabet - Chavakali Road. It has 3 blocks: Kimondi, Ururu and Kaptoroi Forest blocks. The station has a total of 7 beats: Kolong’, Cheber, Iruru, Kamurguiwo, Kaptaroi, Kapsasur and Kechire. The total area is 6,743.1Ha with natural forest occupying 5,450.3 Ha, plantation 1,009.5 Ha and indigenous species plantation in 283.3 Ha.)

The North Nandi Forest block is located in Kabiyet and Central Nandi sub counties and occupies 10,500 Ha at an altitude of between 1,700 and 2,130 m. This is a strip of high-canopy forest on the edge of the Nandi Escarpment, above and immediately east of Kakamega Forest. North Nandi stretches for more than 30 km from north to south and is 3–5 km wide for most of its length (Fig 1-3).

Figure 1: Boundaries and administration map of South and North Nandi Forest Reserve (Courtesy of KIFICON 1994)

Figure 1: Boundaries and administration map of South and North Nandi Forest Reserve (Courtesy of KIFICON 1994)

Figure 2: Location of North Nandi Forest Block

Figure 1: Location of North Nandi Forest Block

HistoryConservation of South Nandi Forest dates back to 1936 when it was declared a Trust Land under colonial rule vide Legal Notice No. 76, covering an area of about 26,903.1 Ha. Later, in 1964, it changed status and was conserved as a Forest Reserve. Unfortunately, forest conversions also accompanied these legal declarations. In 1951 (Legal Notice No 15) and 1968 (Legal Notice 39) 400 Ha and 276 Ha were excised respectively from originally 20,200 Ha. The Forest which is currently managed by Kenya Forest Service as a forest reserve, covering 18,000 ha after 2,200 ha was excised for settlement. It comprises 13,000 Ha of closed-canopy forest, 1,400 Ha of exotic trees plantations, 340 Ha planted with tea and 3,260 Ha of scrub, grassland, or under cultivation (Birdlife 2007).

North Nandi Forest was first gazetted in 1936 as a Trust Forest covering 11,850 Ha. In 1968, the North Nandi Nature Reserve was

Figure 3: Location of South Nandi

established, with a total area of 3,434 Ha. Since gazettement, a total of 1,343 Ha have been excised, including part of the nature reserve. An additional 410 Ha have been converted to Nyayo Tea Zone. Of the present gazetted forest area (10,500 Ha), approximately 8,000 Ha is indigenous, closed-canopy forest, the remainder consisting of cultivation, scrub, grassland, plantations and tea (Blackett, 1994). All areas outside the Nature Reserve were originally slated for conversion to plantation forest, but this has not taken place. The North Nandi District has four main features namely: the rolling hills to the west, the Kapsabet Plateau, the highlands and Kingwal Swamp in the Baraton/Chepterit area. Land rises from 1,300m to 2,500m above the sea level in the highlands. The district is hilly and underlain by outcrop of basement rock system, distinct in the north. The topography is apt for growth of natural forest which covers an estimated 19% of total land area and acts as watershed for numerous rivers.

Figure 1: Location of South Nandi

PART II

protect water catchment areas, prevent soil erosion and regulate human settlement within or around the forest. The Act also empowers NEMA to promote the conservation of energy and planting of trees and woodlots, especially through research in appropriate renewable sources of energy, taking measures to encourage the planting of trees and woodlots by individual land users, institutions and by community groups etc. Other relevant sections include: Section 50: Conservation of Biological Diversity; Section 72: Water and Pollution prohibition and the EMCA, Water Quality Regulations 2006: Regulation 4 (Prevention of Water pollution) and Regulation 6 (Protection of lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other water sources).

2.1.3 Renewable Energy Act, Section 103: This Act mainly promotes the development and use of renewable energy technologies, including but not limited to biomass, biodiesel, bioethanol, charcoal, fuelwood, solar, wind, tidal waves, hydropower, biogas and municipal waste. The promotion of such may be through: formulating a national strategy for coordinating research in renewable energy; providing an enabling framework for the efficient and sustainable production, distribution and marketing of biomass, solar, wind, small hydros, municipal waste, geothermal and charcoal; promoting the use of fast maturing trees for energy production including biofuels and the establishment of commercial woodlots including peri-urban plantations harnessing opportunities offered under clean development mechanism and other mechanisms including, but not limited to, carbon credit trading to promote the development and exploitation of renewable energy sources among others.

2.0 Policy, legal and institutional framework

2.1 Legal and policy frameworksThe frameworks consist of the laws and policies under which the Nandi Forest Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan (NF SEMP) will be implemented and other aspects relating to various functions and values attributed to Forest Ecosystem. They include:

2.1.1 Forests Act, 2005There are various sections of this Act that provide guidelines and opportunites for participatory forest management and conservation. These provisions allow for the Director KFS with the approval of the KFS Board to enter into an agreement with any person for joint management of any forest which may enjoin such person to use or refrain from using such forest or any part thereof in a particular manner in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity.The Act also allows a member of a forest community together with other members or persons resident in the same area, to register a community forest association under the Societies Act, which may apply to the Director for Permission to participate in the conservation and management of a state forest or local authority forest in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Where there is no management plan in respect of the area, or where the association proposes that there be a new management plan, the application shall be accompanied by a draft management plan.

2.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999This Act has various sections concerned with protection and conservation of forests and watersheds. The Act permits the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) to provide, guidelines, procedures and measures which shall control the harvesting of forests and any natural resources so as to

2.1.4 Agriculture Act, Cap 318This Act provides for the management of agricultural systems and practices. Under Section xII which provides for the enactment of rules and regulations, the Agriculture (farm forestry) rules, 2009 were enacted.

The objective and purpose of these Rules is to promote the establishment and sustainable management of farm forestry for the purposes of maintaining a compulsory farm tree cover of at least 10 percent of any agricultural land holding; conserving water, soil and biodiversity; protecting riverbanks, shorelines, riparian and wetland areas; sustainable production of wood, charcoal and non wood products; providing fruits and fodder; and carbon sequestration and other environmental services.The rules require that every person who owns or occupies agricultural land shall establish and maintain a minimum of 10 percent of the land under farm forestry which may include trees on soil conservation structures or rangeland and cropland in any suitable configurations provided that the species of trees or varieties planted shall not have adverse effects on water sources, crops, livestock, soil fertility and the neighborhood and should not be of invasive nature, and that no agricultural landowner or occupier shall grow or maintain any Eucalyptus species in wetlands and riparian areas.

2.1.5 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327Section 3 of this Act prohibits the burning of vegetation without authority. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall set fire to any vegetation which is not his property unless he has lawful authority so to do. Subsection 2 further states that: No person shall willfully or negligently kindle any fire which by spreading, may damage or destroy the property of any other person.

2.1.6 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63)Section 3 of this Act covers issues relating to license required for certain tourist enterprises. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall on or after the appointed day carry on, or assist in carrying on, any regulated tourist enterprise otherwise than under and in accordance

with the terms of a license issued to him and for the time being in force. Subsection 3 refers to carrying on an enterprise activity in Subsection (1) of this section includes negotiating, soliciting, canvassing or accepting business for that enterprise and engaging in correspondence with a person who may become a customer of that enterprise, or with the agent of such a person, concerning business of that enterprise.

2.1.7 Kenya’s Vision 2030Economic Pillar: Tourism Goals for 2030 The vision for the tourism sector is to “become a top ten long-haul tourist destination in the world that offers a high-value, diverse and distinctive visitor experience”. To achieve this objective, there will be a critical focus on the quality and the diversity of tourism products in the country through partnership between the Government, the private sector and other stakeholders.

Social pillar: The vision for environmentThe vision for the environmental sector is “a people living in a clean, secure and sus-tainable environment”. The vision is inspired by the principle of sustainable development and by the need for equity in access to the benefits of a clean environment. To realize this vision, the focus will be on four strategic thrusts, among them conservation.

ConservationThe country will intensify conservation of stra-tegic natural resources (forests, water towers, wildlife sanctuaries and marine ecosystems) in a sustainable manner without compromis-ing economic growth. Kenya intends to have achieved four percent forest cover by 2012 and 10 per cent forest cover by 2030. In addition, specific measures will be adopted to promote bio-prospecting activities e.g. research and development of commercial products such as drugs, cosmetics and de-tergents.

The overall goal in forest conservation by 2012 is to increase current forest cover by 50 per cent. This will include significantly improv-ing the contribution of forest services to the economy and providing a base for the growth

of the forestry sector. Regarding wildlife con-servation, the goal is to fully protect all wildlife ecosystems. This will sustain the anticipated high growth rate of the tourism sector. The country will also develop an environmental-ly-friendly mining policy.

Under Environmental planning and gover-nance, the goals in this thrust aim to integrate planning approaches and improve overall governance of the environment. Specific goals include:

• Increase coverage of spatial data from the current 30 per cent to 50 per cent for land use and 30 per cent to 70 per cent for land cover;

• Enforce all environmental regulations and standards; and

• Attract at least 5 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects per year in the next five years.

2.1.8 Other International Conventions and Agreements

2.1.8.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is an international agreement between governments, drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conserva-tion of Nature (IUCN). The text of the convention was agreed upon in 1973, and CITES entered into force on 1st July 1975. Its aim is to en-sure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 33,000 species of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process.

2.1.8.2 Convention on Biological Diversi-ty (CBD)The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Conven-

tion, is an international legally binding treaty. The Convention has three main goals:

1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);

2. sustainable use of its components; and3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits aris-

ing from genetic resources

In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development.The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.

2.1.8.3 Rio Declaration on EnvironmentThe Rio Declaration on Environment and De-velopment, often shortened to Rio Declara-tion, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations “Conference on Environ-ment and Development” (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world. A few of the relevant principles include:

Principle 4: Environmental Protection in the Development ProcessIn order to achieve sustainable develop-ment, environmental protection shall con-stitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

Principle 10: Public ParticipationEnvironmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned cit-izens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropri-ate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public author-ities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communi-ties, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information

widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.

Principle 22: Indigenous Peoples have a Vital RoleIndigenous people and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental management and development because of their knowledge and traditional practices. States should recognize and duly support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development.

2.1.8.4 Kyoto ProtocolThe Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fight-ing global warming. The UNFCCC is an in-ternational environmental treaty with the goal of achieving “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic

interference with the climate system.”

The objective is the “stabilization and reduc-tion of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”The G77 wanted strong uniform emission cuts across the developed world of 15%. Countries, such as the US, made suggestions to reduce their responsi-bility to reduce emissions. These suggestions included:

• The inclusion of carbon sinks (e.g. by in-cluding forests that absorb CO2 from the atmosphere).

• Having net current emissions as the ba-sis for responsibility i.e. ignoring historical emissions.

• Carbon storage in forests and soils (car-bon sinks), which contribute highly to car-bon sequestration.

PART III

3.0 vision, purpose and objectives of the plan

Vision“The best sustainably conserved and well managed forest ecosystem in Africa, providing environmental goods and services for improved community livelihoods and benefits to other stakeholders”

Purpose“Sustainable forest management and conservation practices established and in operation”.

Strategic objectivesThe strategic objectives for KFS are broadly defined by the national objectives for forest management and conservation of indigenous forest in Kenya, as expressed in the draft National Forest Policy. Since National Policy Objectives are by definition broad, they have been further refined in this plan to fit the unique local context of KFS. In order of priority, the strategic forest management objectives are:

1. To conserve water catchments and enhance the unique biodiversity of the forest.2. To contribute towards meeting sub-sistence needs and improving the liveli-hoods of forest-adjacent communities.3. To improve and develop the condition and potential for utilisation of the forest.

3.1: The approachThe strategic management plan for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem has deliberately taken consideration of several important principles during the plan formulation, and these will also guide the process of implementation. They include:

3.1.1 Inclusion of all relevant stakeholdersThe interest in the Nandi Forest Ecosytem is from diverse and multiple interest groups. All relevant stakeholders, primary, secondary and tertiary, were identified consultatively and played key roles during the planning process and their valuable contributions will guide the implementation process.

3.1.2 Gender and youth mainstreamingWomen are often the majority amongst the subsistence users of forests. They engage in drawing firewood, PELIS and fruits from the Nandi Forest Ecosystem. youths in the surrounding communities are mostly unemployed, and mostly eke their livelihood illegally from the forest. The involvement of women and youth was deliberately sought in the planning process.

Due to the diversity of the stakeholders and their different interests the planning process used consensus building to accommodate the varied views and opinions.

3.1.3 Integration of Sound scienceIt was recognized that the long term realization of NFSEMP Vision would be firmly grounded on information based on sound science. Reference to relevant government documents and scientific data was made in the planning process. The proposed management programmes for implementation envisage the need for continuous research, education and monitoring.

Partnerships framework established among stakeholdersExperiences with the NFSEMP to date suggest that partnership arrangements among different government agencies and other groups in civil society can be an

effective way to create joint responsibility and “ownership” of actions. The need to strengthen the Forest Level Management Committee which is the tool for coordinating partnerships was recognized. No single body or organization has the sole right to plan, implement and benefit from actions, and best results will come through collaborative efforts.

Transparency and accountabilityGood communication, common vision, and accountability for actions can come only through the use of open and transparent working practices. Civil society today demands more accountability, and the advances in the communications technology has made it much easier to adopt this style of working both within the government agencies concerned, and between the government agencies and other stakeholder groups in society.

3.2: The planning processAs part of the “Strenthening the Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya Project” the development of a 25 years strategic management plan for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem was recognized as a key output. The plan would guide joint forest protection under long and short term objectives agreed by the stakeholders within the national policy and legistalative provisions. The multistakeholders consultative process of in preparing the plan was led by a KEFRI team who worked with stakeholders drawn from across section of interest groups and institutions engaged in the management and use of the Nandi Forest Ecosytem. The team provided technical support in terms of consolidating information generated by the stakeholders including PRAs, vegetation resource assessments, resources mapping and facilitating consultative meetings Three critical stages in the development and preparation of the plan included a reconnaissance survey, visioning workshop, thematic workshop and zonation workshop all held with the involvement of the identified stakeholders (Appendix 1).

The reconnaissance survey was necessitated

by the long delay from the time at which the proposal was developed to receipt of the funding for the project implementation. A revision of the approach in developing the plan was required given the changes in the ground conditions. The survey was carried out in June 2011 at all the forest blocks to consult with KFS personnel and other stakeholders so as to establish the prevailing situation on the ground. This would help in avoidance of duplication of activities and thus enhance cost effectiveness in the development of the strategic plan. The specific objectives of the reconnaissance field survey were to: (i) assess the necessity for undertaking the planned activities towards the development of the ecosystem management plan against status of resources/materials required (ii) establish availability of documents and data related to the development of ecosystem forest management plan; and (iii) visit the forest areas to familiarize with the field conditions and the pertaining management issues and challenges.

The creation of consensus was through a visioning workshop was held aimed at the key partners and stakeholders to developing a common vision for the ecosystem together. The objectives of the workshop were to: (a) create an understanding on the status of development of the NFSEMP (b) develop a common vision of NFSEMP for the next 25 years (c) identify challenges/obstacles to realizing the vision; and (d) develop general strategies for realizing the vision. The workshop was held in January 2012 at the Eden Springs Hotel, Kapsabet town. A total of 48 participants (most attending upto 3 workshops) drawn from the various organizations from the locations within the Nandi Forest Ecosystem attended the workshop.

Following this, a thematic workshop was held from 18th to 20th June 2012 at Kaimosi Agricultural Training Center. 40 participants drawn from Government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), community forest associations (CFAs) and local leaders hailing from the locations within which NFSEMP falls

attended the workshop, (see Appendix 1 for list of participants). Thematic group discussions were held, covering 11 management programmes previously generated during the visioning workshop. Through group discussions, brief background information on each of the themes were collated and discussed, and the strategies and actions to address them agreed and prioritized.

In October 2012, the zonation workshop was held at the Eden Springs Hotel, Kapsabet town. The objective was to define and agree on the zoning criteria for the Nandi Forest Ecosystem planning area and delineate the zones based on the management objectives. Since the zones had been defined in the ten year Integrated PFM plan for the South Nandi Forest (KFS 2011), the plenary checked their consistency with the strategic management objectives for adoption and applied the criteria to the rest of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem areas where zonation had not been done.

The information from the consultative process above was used in the production of a Zero-draft of the NFSEMP. The Zero-draft was subjected to stakeholders’ reviews to ensure ownership and validation of the content. The comments of the local stakeholders together with those of the headquarters officers of the stakeholders’ oraganisations were taken into account in the finalization of the Nandi Forest Strategic Ecosytstem Management Plan.

Finally, the LPT presented the refined draft of the plan to the communities at sensitization meetings.

3.3: ZoningDuring the zonation workshop, criteria for zonation were agreed and the management options for the respective identified zones. In designing the forest management zones for the NFSEMP, the following general considerations were taken into account.

3.3.1 Natural forest vegetation and useThe Nandi forests can generally be considered as indigenous forest. While there is presently no defined area for community utilization, and whereas they let their livestock roam freely and collect fire wood from anywhere, the management plan envisages delineating the belt adjacent to settlement areas as utilization zone and marking some sites as seasonal grazing areas, especially the natural glades.

3.3.2 Human settlement and population density

Assessment of the human settlements in the locations surrounding the Nandi forests reveals an increase in the density of settlements and intensity of land use activities driven by rapid population growth and increasing incidences of poverty. Moreover, agriculture and livestock keeping are the most important economic activities.

3.3.3 Rehabilitation areasPerhaps due to the trend described above, human settlements and land use continue to bear pressure on the Nandi forests, with some incidences of degradation. Some areas are still under recovery and require some rehabilitation efforts to enhance their recovery.

3.3.4 Cultural sites and sites for development/harnessing forest-based products/potential

There are sites that are still of cultural relevance to the community. Moreover, the forest is endowed with scenic sites and panoramic landscape potential for eco-tourism. Some forest resources, including murram, water source among others can be harnessed or developed to contribute towards the improvement of livelihoods.

Eventually, based on the criteria in Table 1, eight zones were defined which would guide the management in realization of the strategic objectives. Figure 4 and Figure 5 illustrate the defined zones in South Nandi and North Nandi Forests respectively.

Tabl

e 1:

The

crit

eria

used

to d

efine

fore

st e

cosy

stem

man

agem

ent z

ones

Zone

C

riter

ia

Obj

ectiv

e M

anag

emen

t Opt

ion

Res

pons

ible

Inst

itutio

n/ P

erso

nTe

a Be

lt Bu

ffer

- 10

0m in

side

the

fore

st

- Pr

even

t for

est e

ncro

achm

ent

- Co

mm

ercia

l tea

pro

duct

ion

NT Z

DC

- Ca

tchm

ent a

rea

not i

nter

fere

d

- Cr

eate

em

ploy

men

t to

the

-

PFM

CF

As

w

ith e

.g. s

prin

gs, r

ivers

, sw

amps

loca

ls

KF

S

- Ac

cess

road

s to

be

cons

ider

ed

- Re

venu

e ge

nera

tion

KEFR

I

(in

to th

e fo

rest

) -

Rese

arch

M

OAL

F

- Av

oid

slopp

y ar

eas

TRF,

coun

ty g

ovt.

Plan

tatio

n -

Area

s cu

rrent

ly un

der p

lanta

tion

-

Com

mer

cial (p

rodu

ctio

n of

-

PELI

S KF

S

(e

xcep

t wat

er c

atch

men

t are

a,

tre

es e

nhan

cing

reve

nue

- PF

M

CFAs

indi

geno

us fo

rest

) -

Empl

oym

ent c

reat

ion

KEFR

I

- Av

oid

stee

p slo

pes

(< 3

0% s

lope

) -

Fuelw

ood

prod

uctio

n

M

OAL

F

- Ac

cess

ibilit

y to

plan

tatio

n -

Build

ing

mat

erial

e.g

. tim

ber

NTZD

C

- A

buffe

r zon

e ar

ound

vul

nera

ble

-

Gra

zing

area

s

Li

cenc

ees

e.g.

Saw

indi

geno

us fo

rest

-

PELI

S

m

illers

, , c

ount

y go

vt.

Inte

rven

tion

Zone

-

Farm

lands

adj

acen

t to

fore

st

- To

eas

e pr

essu

re o

n fo

rest

-

Com

mun

ity s

ensit

izatio

n CF

As, N

K, K

FS,

abou

t 5km

reso

urce

s -

Iden

tify

and

esta

blish

farm

M

OAL

F, co

unty

gov

t.

- Im

prov

e liv

eliho

ods

of

fo

rest

com

mun

ities

adjac

ent t

o th

e

- In

itiate

IGAs

e.g

. bee

kee

ping

,

fo

rest

fish

farm

ing

-

PFM

-

Embr

ace

use

of e

nerg

y sa

ving

jikos

, bio

gas

-

Zero

gra

zing

Eco-

Tour

ism

- Id

entif

y ar

eas

- To

gen

erat

e in

com

e fro

m

- Ba

ndas

KW

S

- Ca

rry o

ut s

urve

y an

d m

ap th

e

to

urism

-

Cam

p sit

es

KFS

area

s -

To p

rom

ote

loca

l cul

ture

and

-

Reso

urce

cen

tres

CFAs

-

rich

in b

iodi

vers

ity

he

ritag

e -

Tour

gui

de

NK

- sc

enic

beau

ty

- Na

ture

trail

s NM

K, c

ount

y go

vt.

-

cultu

ral s

ites

- Cu

ltura

l act

ivitie

s

- sa

cred

site

s

-

Obs

erva

tiona

l/wat

ch to

wer

s

- ra

ised

grou

nd o

r view

poi

nts

- Tr

ee to

p ho

uses

-

uniq

ue b

iodi

vers

ity e

.g. s

itatu

nga

- Ec

olod

ges

Zone

C

riter

ia

Obj

ectiv

e M

anag

emen

t Opt

ion

Res

pons

ible

Inst

itutio

n/ P

erso

n

- Cl

ear N

atur

e tra

ils

- Sa

lt lic

ks

- To

urism

circ

uit

-

Road

net

wor

k

- Ca

nopy

walk

-

Boar

d w

alk

- G

lidin

g cla

mp

Biod

ivers

ity

- Fr

agile

eco

syst

em

- To

con

serv

e un

ique

and

rich

-

Sust

ainab

le us

e KS

F

- En

dem

ic sp

ecies

biod

ivers

ity

- Re

sour

ce in

vent

ory

KWS

-

Enda

nger

ed s

pecie

s

-

Rese

arch

NK

-

High

valu

ed in

dige

nous

fore

st

- Ed

ucat

ion

KEFR

I

- Ri

ch b

iodi

vers

ity

- M

&E

CFAs

-

Link

ages

NE

MA

-

Cens

us

WRM

A

NMK

W

RUAs

Re

ligio

us o

rgan

izatio

ns,

co

unty

gov

t.Su

bsist

ence

-

Area

s w

here

com

mun

ities

graz

e

- Co

nser

ve a

nd p

rote

ct

- Co

ntro

lled

graz

ing

acco

rdin

g

CFAs

, NK,

KFS

,

liv

esto

ck, c

ollec

t fire

woo

d an

d

bi

odive

rsity

for s

usta

inab

le

to c

arry

ing

capa

city

MO

ALF,

KWS,

cou

nty

herb

al m

edici

ne b

esid

es w

ater

use

- Se

nsitiz

e co

mm

unity

on

go

vt.

catc

hmen

t and

bio

dive

rsity

-

Cont

rolle

d ut

ilizat

ion

for

ef

ficien

t and

con

trolle

d us

e of

zone

s. C

ollec

tion

of s

and

and

com

mun

ity liv

eliho

od

fir

ewoo

d

ha

rdco

re

- Em

ploy

ene

rgy

savin

g de

vices

-

Iden

tify

and

regi

ster

her

balis

ts

-

Cont

rol e

xtra

ctio

n of

her

bal

prod

ucts

Reha

bilita

tion

- De

grad

ed a

reas

(>30

% fr

om

- En

richm

ent p

lantin

g w

ith

- Re

settl

emen

t KF

S

th

e or

igin

al po

pulat

ion

in

dige

nous

spe

cies

- Re

loca

tion

and

com

pens

atio

n CF

As

- Lo

w b

iodi

vers

ity

- To

incr

ease

bio

dive

rsity

-

Evict

ion

NK

- En

crao

chm

ent,

illega

l -

To h

ave

clear

bou

ndar

y -

Law

enf

orce

men

t KE

FRI

settl

emen

ts

- Pl

antin

g of

indi

geno

us tr

ee

KWS

spec

ies

NEM

A

Zone

C

riter

ia

Obj

ectiv

e M

anag

emen

t Opt

ion

Res

pons

ible

Inst

itutio

n/ P

erso

n

- En

hanc

e pr

otec

tion

by fe

ncin

g NG

Os

-

Re-in

trodu

ctio

n of

lost

spe

cies

Cou

nty

gove

rnm

ent

(flora

and

faun

a)

CSO

s

- In

trodu

ctio

n of

alte

rnat

ive

ener

gy s

ourc

es

Catc

hmen

t -

Sour

ces

of w

ater

with

in a

nd

- To

impr

ove

wat

er fl

ow a

nd

- Pl

antin

g an

d fe

ncin

g M

oW&I

outs

ide

the

fore

st

qu

ality

-

Deve

lop

wat

er c

atch

men

t CF

As

- Ri

ver b

anks

man

agem

ent p

lans

NK

- Sp

ring

prot

ectio

n W

RUAs

-

Regu

late

wat

er u

se a

nd

NGO

s

ab

stra

ctio

n NE

MA

-

Enco

urag

e w

ater

har

vest

ing

Coun

ty g

over

nmen

t

Figu

re 4

: Zon

atio

n m

ap fo

r Sou

th N

andi

For

est

19

Fi

gure

4:

Zona

tion

map

for

Sou

th N

andi

For

est


Figure 5: Zonation map for North Nandi

20

Figure 5: Zonation map for North Nandi

4.0 Management programmesThe management programmes were derived from the visioning and thematic workshops and their implementation should lead to achievement of the objectives of the plan. For each of the programmes a brief background, underlying issues, objectives, strategies, activities and responsible organization/party for the delivery were identified. The plan covers eleven programmes as follows:

1. Forest conservation and biodiversity2. Forest protection3. Farm forestry4. PFM and livelihoods5. Eco-tourism6. Environmental education and awareness7. Payment for ecosystem services8. Research, monitoring and evaluation9. Partnership and networking10. Communication and infrastructure11. Resource mobilization and capacity

building

Under each of the themes strategies with action points are identified and are ranked from 1 to 5. (1 is the top priority while 5 is least priority). In addition there is a section that discusses threats and mitigation measures.

4.1 Forest Conservation and Biodiversity

Background South Nandi forest covers 26,903.1 ha that was gazetted in 1936. It comprises closed natural forest and exotic tree plantations, a tea belt, grass, shrub land, wetlands. Studies on the biodiversity of South Nandi Forest were conducted by NMK and KEFRI and the report, which comprehensively documented the flora and fauna (Lange et.al., 2009; Agwanda et. al., 2009; Wasonga and Nyamache, 2009; Malaki and Ndegwa, 2009; Muchiri and Mbuvi, 2009). The North Nandi Forest covers

10,200 ha and was also gazetted in 1936. A similar study biodiversity was also done for the North Nandi Forest and a reported on the flora and fauna.

The Nandi forests have over time been degrad-ed due to charcoal burning, illegal logging and encroachment. Areas like Kechire, Kolong, Cheptol, Kapsasur, Bonchoge, Mugen, Ka-mungei, Chepngabai, Tabolwa, Chebirirbei, Kapchepkok, Kiptuiya, Rubet, Kimngoror, Kaptoroi and Kamwega, are especially much affected. The wetlands in the ecosystem have been degraded over time especially Kibirong, Kingwal, Kamatargui, Birei, due to cultivation, sand mining and brick making. Conservation of soil and water in the settled areas is lacking in many places, evidenced by the encroach-ment of riverbanks and wetlands. Wrong tree species are also planted along riverbanks and catchment areas. But the private tea estates are well conserved providing sites for aware-ness creation. WRMA have spearheaded the formation of Water Resources Users Asso-ciations (WRUAs) e.g. Chesumei-yala River Water Users Association. A number of water resources management plans have been formulated including Kiptuiya-Chemogouja River, Kiptuiya Hills; Kapkangeni-Kiborgok Hills, Chepchabai River; Chepkumia-Ngerek Hills, Kimach River and Kao River.

Issues• Inadequate conservation of threatened

species• Destruction of water catchment areas• Excessive extraction/utilisation of forest

products• Growing of Eucalyptus trees in water

catchment areas• Inadequate enforcement of conservation

laws• Unharmonized policies among agencies/

stakeholders• Disjoint sectorial implementation approach-

es Illegal settlements and encroachment

• Low level of integrity among some officers and other stakeholders

ObjectiveTo enhance biodiversity conservation of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem by key stakeholders

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are:• Establish and strengthen participatory

mechanisms for utilization of forest prod-ucts

• Contribute towards harmonized policies and coordination among implementing agencies

• Strengthen enforcement of laws on catch-ment protection and conservation

• Strengthen mitigation measures against impact climate change

• Secure resource boundaries• Establishing and strengthening in-situ and

ex-situ conservation of key flora species

Table 2: Strategies, activities to promote forest biodiversity conservation

Strategy Action Responsible Priority

To establish and To identify and mobilize all segments of KFS,KWS, CFAs, County 1strengthen forest users Government, NEMAparticipatory Enforce rules on regulation of utilization KFS, CFAs, County 1mechanisms of forest products Government/Provincialfor utilization of Administration/Countyforest products Coordinators, NEMA To conduct sensitization campaign on CFAs, KFS, NK, MoALF, 1 the conservation of threatened species MoW & I, MoL& F, NEMA, and regulation of utilization. County Government Contribute To strengthen and capacity build local KFS, CFAs, County 2towards structures for effective advocacy and Governmentharmonized policy contribution.policies and To establish coordination forum among CFAs, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, 2coordination local implementing stakeholders MOALF, MoW&I, MoL&F, among NEMAimplementing agencies Strengthen Identification and mapping of destroyed The coordination unit, KFS, 3enforcement of catchments sites and those sites KWS, MOALFMOALFLF, laws on wrongly planted with Eucalyptus trees NEMAcatchment’s Replacement of Eucalyptus trees from KFS, MOALFLF 3protection and identified sites.conservation Rehabilitation of degraded areas CFAs, KFS, KEFRI, MoW & 2 I, MoL& F, NEMA, Coporate FriendsEstablishing Identify key (and threatened) flora and NMK,KFS,KEFRI, KWS, 1and fauna species. Higher learning institutions, strengthening CFAsin-situ and Select candidate seed sources for NMK,KFS,KEFRI 1ex-situ threatened floraconservation of


key flora Enhance conservation of threatened NMK, KWS, KFS, NK, 1species fauna KEFRI Put in place mechanisms to protect CFAs, KFS,MOALFLF, 1 candidate seed trees KEFRI Enhance natural regeneration by CFAs, KFS, County 1 protecting wild seedlings in previously Government degraded hotspots Establish botanical gardens with key KFS, CFAs, KEFRI, NMK, NK 2 (and threatened) flora species ex-situ County Govts, MOALFLF, conservation Other NGOs, Higher Learning, Private Companies Establish seed bank for key (and MOALFLF,CBOs, KEFRI, 2 threatened) flora species Higher Learning Support production of seedlings of key KEFRI,KFS,Private 2 (and threatened) tree species Companies, CFAs, Other NGOs, County Government Support rehabilitation of degraded sites KFS, Institute of Higher 1 Learning, NEMA, KWS, KEFRI, MOALFLF, CFAs, Corporate/Private Companies , County Government

4.2 Forest ProtectionBackground KFS personnel strength is inadequate, especially the rangers, for forest protection. The foresters have low capacity on PFM. The main forms of forest destruction were: illegal charcoal production, illegal grazing and logging, pit sawing and growing of bhang. Up-to 2007 there was extensive forest destruction, which has since declined because of awareness creation among local communities & KFS staff, employing PFM through the efforts of KFS, Nature Kenya and Nandi Environmental Forum (NEF). There was also capacity building on alternative sources of energy and livelihoods options to the forest adjacent communities. In 2008 community forest scouts were recruited and deployed to assist the KFS rangers in joint forest protection on a voluntary basis. Community forest guidelines were developed for South Nandi Forest by the local community members (CFA) to guide on sustainable forest resources

exploitation. NK and NEF provided support to the community through the CFAs. This capacity was enhanced further in 2009, with the Nature Kenya facilitation of 2 South Nandi foresters to an advanced PFM processes training at the MS-TCDC, Tanzania.

Issues• Illegal grazing and overgrazing• Encroachment• Low level of integrity among some officers

and stakeholders • Illegal charcoal production• Illegal logging • Growing of “Bhang” and brewing of

chang’aa in forest• Forest fires• Over-exploitation of forest resources - de-

barking of Prunus africana for medicinal purposes,

• Felling trees for honey harvesting

• Unlimited access through the forests us-ing classified roads

• Lack of environmental audits in our forests• Effects of pests and diseases• Destructive development infrastructural

initiatives• Unformalized and incomplete excision of

land for human settlement

Objective:To enhance forest protection for sustainable provision of forest products & services

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are:• Enhance awareness creation among

stakeholders• Enhance forest protection through patrols• Identify & promote alternative sources of

livelihoods • Enhance forest fires detection & prevention• Secure forest boundaries• Mitigate against pest and disease in NF-

SEMP stations• Reduce human wild life conflict

Table 3: Strategies and activities to enhance forest protection


Enhance Develop awareness creation materials KFS, NK, CFAs, KWS, 1awareness KEFRI universitiescreation among Hold community public barazas CFAs, KFS, NK, County 1stakeholders Government Conduct environmental talks & film- WCK, NK, KWS, MOE 1 shows to the schools/general public Promote awareness through print KFS, CFAs, KEFRI, Higher 1 media & local FM radio stations learning, KWS, NGOs, NEMA, Media, County Government Conduct sensitisation campaigns CFAs/CBOs, County 1 among stakeholders for purpose of Government, Line Ministries attitude change Create awareness among judicial and KFS, , KWS, NEMA, 1 Law Enforcement officials of importance of conservation e.g. Court Users committee Enhance Identify forest hot-spots in the KFS, KWS, CFAs 1forest ecosystem & digitize themprotection Recruit, train & empower community KFS, KWS, NK 1through patrols forest scouts Determine the training needs of the KFS, CFAs, NK 1 community scouts Facilitate joint meetings between KFS, CFAs, NK 1 rangers & community scouts Establish road-barriers to regulate KFS, NK, 1 movement of trucks in the forest Lobby for recognition of forest scout in KFS, CFAs, NK 1 the forest legislation during the ongoing review


Establish mechanism for provision of CFAs, NK 1 incentives to community scouts based on sustainable income-generation of the CFAs Support security intelligence to feed 1 into forest protection Identify & Identify potential alternative sources of CFAs, KFS, Civil Society, 1promote livelihoods KEFRI, KWSalternative Conduct feasibility studies on the Civil Society, KEFRI 1sources of identified IGAslivelihoods Prepare business & marketing plans Civil Society Relevant 1 for the feasible IGAs institutions, Identify training needs for capacity Civil Society, CFAs, Relevant 1 building institutions Capacity building on identified needs Relevant institutions/ 1 ministries Promote the IGAs for sustainable Civil Society, MOALF, CFAs/ 1 production CBOs, Other NGOs,County GovernmentEnhance forest Develop fire management plan KFS, NK, Other NGOs 1fires detection Implement fire management plan KFS, NK, Other NGOs 1& prevention Secure forest Undertake participatory survey, KFS, CFAs, NLC,KWS 1boundaries delineate and mark forest boundaries Undertake re-alignment of forest KFS, CFAS,County 1 boundaries Government Arbitration of conflicting areas and KFS, CFAs, NLC,County 1 consultatively recover areas previously Government encroached Planting of trees along the boundaries KFS, CFAs, MOALF/MoLD 1Mitigate against Prompt reporting cases of in NFSEMP KWS, KFS,KEFRI, MOALF, 1pest and stations County Governmentdisease in Promotion of preventive measures eg KWS, KFS, KARI,MOALF/ 1NFSEMP early warning sytems MoLD, KEFRI, Other NGOsstationsReduce human Management of problem animals such KWS, Community 1wild life conflict as baboons, porcupines, sitatungas Organisations eg CFAs, WRUAs

4.3 Farm ForestryBackground Farm Forestry has been practiced from time immemorial but was intensified in 2008 with introduction of Agricultural policy/requirement of 10% on farm tree cover. Initially people planted trees along the farm boundaries. Some of the tree species planted include: Cypress, Eucalyptus, Croton, Nandi flame, wattle trees. The land area under trees varies from several acres to 0.1 acre. Fruit trees are also being planted in most households. These trees are used domestically and commercially for fuel wood, construction, timber, industrial uses e.g tannin, fruit trees are mostly for domestic consumption and commercial. Biologically on farm tea and coffee bushes have a positive effect on the microclimate. Most households and public institutions have established tree nurseries for domestic and commercial purposes. Collection of wild saplings is done from the neighbouring North and South Nandi Forests.

Issues• Population pressure• Land ownership tussle and access

• Increased demand for forestry resources• High poverty levels• Lack of alternative livelihoods• Insufficient high quality planting materials• Insufficient skills on tree farming• Inadequate market of seedlings from exist-

ing nurseries as well as tree-based prod-ucts

• Inefficient utilization of tree-based farm products

• Poor valuation of tree-based products• Insufficient know how on value addition• Poor silvicultural practices• Competing land use options• Conflict due to boundary tree planting

ObjectiveEnhance on-farm tree planting for improved community livelihoods

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are:• Promote farm forestry to reduce pressure

to the forest • Promote adoption of new technologies • Improve benefit from on-farm trees

Table 4: Strategies and actions to promote farm forestry around Nandi ecosystem


Promote farm Promote high value tree seedling CFAs, KFS, KEFRI, MoALF 1forestry to productionreduce Establishment of tree nurseries CFA, civil socities, institutions 1pressure to the of higher learning, KFS, forest KEFRI, MoALF Domestication of wild species CFA, institutions, KFS, 1 KEFRI, MoALF Train locals on seed collection CFA, institutions, KFS, 1 KEFRI, MoALF, NGOs Promote 10% tree cover on-farm CFA, institutions, KFS, 1 KEFRI, MoALF, NK, MoLD, County GovernmentPromote Enhance Agroforestry CBOs, KFS, KEFRI, NK, 2adoption of new MoALFtechnologies Promote use of energy saving jikos KFS, MoALF, NK, KEFRI, 1 CFAs/CBOs, Institutions, Capacity build on the technical KFS, MoALF, NK, KEFRI, 1 extension officers CFA, Institutions

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityImprove benefit Sensitize local communities on KFS, NGOs, CFAs, County 1from on-farm valuation of standing trees Govts, MoALFtrees Improve market information and access KFS, MoALF, CFAs, KEFRI, 1 KWS, Local media, NGOs Establish and strengthen Coop Officer, KFS, MoALF, 3 tree-enterprise based schemes CBOs, CFAs/CBOs, Private Companies value addition of tree products KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, 4 MoALF, Private Companies Promote efficient harvesting & KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, 4 processing of tree products MoALF, Private Companies Promote the use of proper silvicultural KFS, KEFRI, CFAs 1 practices

4.4 Participatory Forest Management and Sustainable Livelihoods

Background Initiatives on PFM started in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem with the enactment of the Forests Act 2005. Nature Kenya has facilitated the growth of PFM since 2008. To date, there are several community structures that have grown out of PFM process including Chesumei CFA (Nandi North Forest station), Kimondi/Iruru CFA (Nandi South station) and Kobujoi CFA (Kobujoi Forest station). All the three forest stations have participatory forest management plans in place. Awareness creation, training on legislation has also been going.

The CFAs have functioning offices, constitutions, and well-defined governance structures. CFAs have in the past had good political goodwill, relationship with the communities and with a membership with multiple skills. Initially CFAs in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem had no external funding but they now have established partnership that bring on board some support.

There is a level of strife between stakeholders, especially over management and /or ownership of resources and aggravated by lack of coordination. Success of PFM in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem is still faces the challenges of skewed decision-making and

benefit sharing mechanisms that do not fully favour the local communities. The harvesting of plantation forests in South and North Nandi Forests is a case that illustrates this disadvantage.

Issues• Poor participation in decision making

among local communities• Poverty among forest adjacent communi-

ties• Lack of cooperation and partnership

among stakeholders• Lack of coordination unit• Unzoned areas for operation by the tea

zone acting as a buffer zone• Lack of benefits sharing mechanism• Ownership strife among stakeholders over

resources• Unoperationalized decentralized deci-

sion-making

ObjectiveTo enhance participation of all stakeholders in conservation of the ecosystem for increased benefit and ownership

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are:• Strengthening the involvement of all stake-

holders: • Contributing towards the improvement of

community livelihoods• Capacity build all the stakeholders

Table 5: Strategies and actions to promote participartory forest management around the Nandi forest ecosystem

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityStrengthening To mobilize of stakeholders CFAs, NK, KFS, KWS, 1the involvement County Government/ of all Provincial Administrationstakeholders To establish a coordinating unit CFAs, KFS, KWS,NEMA, 1 County Government To define and allocate roles and CFAs, KFS, KWS, NEMA 1 responsibilities of stakeholders’ involvement To build the capacity of all stakeholders NK, KEFRI, KFS, Other 2 NGOs To establish in-built conflict prevention The coordinating unit, 1 and resolution mechanisms County Government Lobby for complete decentralization of CFAs, County Government, 3 forest decision-making to County level NK, KFWG, NACOFA, Other NGOs Promote equitable sharing of CFAs, CountyGovt., NK, ecotourism benefits KFWG, NACOFA, NGOs Contributing Advocate for a benefit sharing policy CFAs, NACOFA, NK, KFWG, 1towards the County Government, improvement Other NGOsof community Develop a benefit sharing protocol for The coordination (CFAs & 3livelihoods Nandi forest ecosystem KFS), other agencies Developing income generating activities CFAs/CBOs, SS, KFS, 2 KWS, NK, MOALF/MoLD, KEFRI, Other NGOSCapacity build Develop management agreements CFAs, NK,KWS, KEFRI, 1all the KFS, Other NGOsstakeholders Sign MoUs with relevant stakeholders CFAs, NK, KEFRI,KWS, 1 KFS, Other NGOs

4.5 EcotourismBackground At the Kobujoi Forest Station in South Nandi a Resource Centre is operational and is the focal point for ecotourism and environmental education action. Also two bandas with a four bed capacity and camping areas are available for visitors’ accomodation. visitors to the Kobujoi forest area can tour the marked nature trails that have big trees, huge rocks, snake areas, camp sites, and bird-watching sites.

In North Nandi Forest the main visitor attractions are Epeso Hill, several swamps, Chepkiit Water Falls and from the Tabolwa Rock the panoramic view of the Lake victoria, Tinderet forest & Kakamega forest canopy. Tabolwa is also an attraction for rock climbing ethusiats. There are also glades that can serve as good picnic and camping sites. In the adjacent Kingwal Swamp the Sitatunga Antelopes potential as ecotourism attraction has been identified and KWS is developing a strategic plan for their conservation.

The sites of cultural conservation importance in both the North and South Nandi Forests have also been identified and documented in the Indigenous Knowledge Report (Roba and Karuiki, 2010). The stakeholders involved in developing the ecotourism capacity and facilities are the CFAs, KFS, KWS, and Nature Kenya with resources from funded projects through Nature Kenya. A agreement between the Chesumei Cooperative Society of South Nandi and the Rondo Retreat in Kakamega for support on marketing the Nandi Forest Ecosystem was under drafting. There is need to build capacity of the stakeholders to manage of the bandas, resource centre, tour guiding, birds-watching guiding, group dynamics and on financial management. Lastly, the integration of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem into the Western Tourism Circuit is the sure way to grow the visitor numbers and effectively benefit from the ecotourism investments being undertaken.

Issues• Unidentified ecotourism sites, especially in

North Nandi• Unexploited tourism potentials• Low level of marketing of the ecotourism

potentials• Low level of awareness & capacity on eco-

nomic potentials of ecotourism among the community members.

ObjectiveTo build and market ecotourism sustainable ecotourism of Nandi forest ecosystem

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Identify & mark ecotourism sites• Exploit the identified ecotourism sites• Promote equitable sharing of Ecotourism

benefits• Monitoring and Evaluation

Table 6: Strategies and activities to build and market sustainable ecotourism in Nandi ecosystem

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityIdentify & mark Carry out joint survey of the forest CFAs, KFS, KWS, NK, 1ecotourism sites County Govt Mark the sites CFAs, KWS, KFS, County 1 Continue identifying more sites Govt Prepare the ecotourism attractions map(s) KWS 1 Prioritize the sites Exploit the Preparing the sites CFAs/CBOs 1identified Develop the sitesecotourism Awareness & education to the NK, KFS, KWS, CFAs 1sites community (e.g. exchange visits, County Government public meetings) visitor security and comfort KFS, KWS, CFAs 1 Capacity build the relevant stakeholders NK, CFAs, KWS 1 Marketing the sites NK, KTB, KWS, Marketing 1 Cooperative societies Do an inventory of flora and fauna Incorporate the ecotourism sites into KWS, KTB 1 the Western tourism circuit Promote Identify possible sites within community KWS, CFAs, NMK 2equitable areassharing Promote opportunities for local service KWS, CFAs, NK 2of Ecotourism providers

34

Figure 5: Tourist attraction sites and proposed nature trails in South Nandi Forest

Figure 6: Zonation of North Nandi Forest

Strategy Action Responsible Prioritybenefits Develop profit sharing mechanisms KWS, KFS, CFAs, NK 2 Encourage wildlife keeping KWS,CFA, County 2 GovernmentMonitoring and Monitor and evaluate impacts of KWS, KFS, CFAs, NMK 2Evaluation ecotourism in NFESMP


Figure 7: Zonation of North Nandi Forest

34


Figure 6: Zonation of North Nandi Forest 4.6 Environmental Education and Awareness

Background Environmental education and Awareness has been ongoing from Aug 2007 to date. The main target audience has been the local primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. The other target groups include FACs and churches. Environmental education is provided through films, brochures, posters, barazas, T-shirts and caps, flyers, media, public days (field days, World Environment Day celebrations and public holidays) sports among other initiatives. Stakeholders involved include: Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, CFAs, community scouts, SSG (SONABIC and PyRAMID), MoALF, MoE, KEFRI and CDF-SONA.

Issues• Lack of goodwill by some stakeholders• Low levels of environmental awareness• Low levels of Environmental Education

among the community• Community low capacity on PFM issues• HIV/AIDS prevalence• Poor communication network• Inadequate facilities/infrastructure• Inadequate technical expertise

ObjectiveEnhance environmental awareness and knowledge on Nandi forest ecosystem

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Community sensitization • Promote community and stakeholder trainings • Develop outreach school programmes • Incorporate cross cutting and emerging issues • Improve the communication network in

the area

Table 7: Strategies and activities to enhance environmental awareness and knowledge among communites around Nandi

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityCommunity Identify best mode of reaching the CFAs/CBOs, KFS, NEMA, 1sensitization community KWS, FBOs, County Govt, NGOs, MoW and other line Ministries Develop information, education and NK, NEMA, KFS, KWS, MOALF, 2 communication materials KEFRI, other line Ministries Disseminate the information NK, NEMA, KFS, KWS, MoALF, 2 other line Ministries, KEFRI, CFAs/CBOs, County Govt Construct and equip Resource Centres NK, CFA, KFS, CDF, Private 1 at strategic sites(2) Companies, County GovtPromote Carry out training needs assessment KFS, CFAs, NK, MoALF, MoLD 1community and Develop training materials MoE, KFS, CFA, NK, MOALF/ 2 stakeholder MoLD, KEFRI, KWS, trainings MoG &SS, County Govt Conduct trainings NEMA, KFS, Min. of Water 1 MoE, CFA, NK, MoALF/MoLD, Conduct exchange tours NK, KFS, KWS, CFAs, 3 KEFRI,CDF, MoALF/MoLDDevelop Identify schools to participate CFAs, MoE, CountyGovt 1outreach school Carryout training needs assessment CFAs, MoE, KFS, NK, 2programmes KWS,KEFRICounty Govt Develop outreach materials & activities NK, KWS, KEFRI, MOE, 2 KFS, Media, MoALF County Govt,CFAs Implement and monitor NK, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, 4 MoALF,CountyGovt Incorporate Identify crosscutting issues CFAs, County govt., Opinioncross cutting leaders, DDOand emerging Identify resource persons CFAs, NK,CBOs,FBOs, 2issues County Govt. Mainstream crosscutting issues during NK, MOALF, kefri, KFS, 4 trainings and the work plan KWS, MoLD, CFA, County Govt,youthImprove the Assess the status of the infrastructure in CFAs, County govt., KeRRA, 1communication the ecosystem KURA, DDOnetwork in the Construct or upgrade the infrastructure NGOs, KeRRA, KURA, CFA, 2area County Govt Mainstream crosscutting issues during NK, MoALF, KEFRI, KFS, 4

trainings and the work plan KWS, MoLD, CFA, County Govt., NEMA

4.7 Payment for Environmental Services

BackgroundThe Nandi Forest Ecosystem generates enormous ecosystem services that benefit the adjacent and far away communities. Tourism, carbon, biodiversity and power generation are among the potential services that have not been fully exploited. NEMA developed a supplementary legislation guiding how biodiversity resources are to be protected, harnessed and the proceeds generated shared. The ecosystem contributes to major hydrological systems like the Nyando, yala and Nzoia Rivers, which consequently support quite a number of water service providers and related agencies. Currently, WRMA has been pushing for remittance of fee against raw water extracted by the service providers. However, no arrangements are being put in place for ploughing back the proceeds to the conservation areas. Tourism has also not generated substantial incomes, but there are also no localized mechanisms in place to enhance the ploughing back part of the revenue into the conservation areas.

Other environmental services generated from the ecosystem like carbon, power and biodiversity have not been harnessed. For the South Nandi Forest a carbon baseline assessment was done (Glenday and Webb, 2009). Nzoia Cluster II water abstract water at the start of the yala River and pays to Water

Resoureces Management Authority (WRMA). Part of the revenue should be accessed by the communities through the WRUAs for their catchment protection action. They are yet to start making payments.

Issues• Lack of benefit sharing mechanisms with

the community with regard to water and tourism and other Environmental Services

• Inadequate information about opportuni-ties in biodiversity, carbon and power gen-eration

• Inadequate local capacity when it comes harnessing biodiversity, carbon and pow-er generation.

• Lack of valuation of potential ecosystem services

Current natural resource legislations are silent about payment for environmental services (PES).

ObjectiveTo evaluate and value environmental services and tap for payment for environmental services to enhance equitable benefit sharing among stakeholders

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Evaluate and value ecosystem services • Lobby for policy, legislative and institution-

al framework for PES • Promote sustainable exploitation of PES

Table 8: Strategies and actions to promote the payment for environment services among stakeholders around Nandi

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityEvaluate and Define methodology for validation and KEFRI, KFS, KWS, WRMA, 1value verification of the stock of these NEMA, Higher learningecosystem ecosystem services Institutions, NMK, CFAs/services CBOs, CSOs Map and quantity range environmental KEFRI, KFS, KWS, NEMA, 1 services generated from the ecosystem Higher Learning Institutions, NMK CFAs/CBOS, CSOs value these ecosystem services KEFRI, KFS, KWS, NEMA, 1 Higher Learning Institutions, NMK CFAs/CBOS, CSOs Promote marketing of Ecosystem CFAs/CBOS, KFS, KWS, 2 services NK, Other NGOs, Research Institutions, CSOsLobby for Identify gaps in current policy, legislative CFAs, KFS, NK, Other 1policy, and institutional frameworks NGOs, CSOs Governmentlegislative and Depts,Civil societiesinstitutional Support lobbying and advocacy geared NK, CFAs, other NGOs, 2framework for towards revision of these policies, County Government, CSOsPES legislative and institutional framework Strengthen and capacity build local NK, Other NGOs, County 2 structures for effective lobbying and Government, CSOs advocacy Develop frameworks for PES (Carbon, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, WRMA, 2 bio-fuels, water, power generation) NEMA, NK, Higher Learning Institutions, CFAs/CBOs, CSOsPromote To sensitize and create awareness on CFAs, NGOs, County 2sustainable PES Government,KEFRI KFS,exploitation of KWS, Higher LearningPES institutions, CSOs To pilot PES with regard to carbon, CFAs, KFS, WRMA, KWS, 3 bio-fuel, biodiversity prospecting, Private sector,KEFRI, CSOs energy, tourism, and water

4.8 Research, Monitoring and EvaluationBackgroundOngoing research in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem has been by Nature Kenya, KWS, NMK, KEFRI, Baraton University,

Moi University, Christian Institute Technical Centre, but is mostly uncoordinated in some areas. The information generated through this research has been availed to the local communities except for some studies from North Nandi Forest where it has not been disseminated locally. There is need for intensive

and continuous research in the North Nandi Forest since most of research has been done in South Nandi Forest. Studies conducted in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem include: Socio-economic surveys, Resource Assessment surveys e.g. Ornithological surveys, Butterfly surveys, Mammal checklists, Indigenous Knowledge, Permanent sample demo plots, GIS mapping of Forests. Most of the research has been done by external experts.

Issues• Inadequate financial resources to fund re-

search• Inadequate dissemination of research find-

ings• Incomprehensive research within the eco-

system• Uncoordinated research in the ecosystem

• Lack of a central data bank or repository

ObjectiveTo mainstream and strengthen research, monitoring and evaluation for improved conservation of Nandi Forest Ecosystem

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Improve the coordination of research ac-

tivities• Strengthen Biodiversity Resource centre• Capacity building• Enhance dissemination of research find-

ings• Undertake priority research activities with-

in the ecosystem• Enhance monitoring and Evaluation

Table 9: Strategies and activites to improve generation of knowledge on Nandi ecosystem

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityImprove the Establish a coordination unit KEFRI, NK, KFS, KWS, 1coordination of NMK, Higher learning instns.research CFAsactivities Develop research protocol KEFRI, NK, KFS, KWS, 2 NMK, Higher learning instns. CFAsStrengthen Improve on data banking within the NK, CFAs, County 2Biodiversity centre GovernmentResource Equip centre with modern standard NGOS/NK, KFS, KWS, 2centre facilities within the county Higher Education, County GovernmentCapacity Skills development KEFRI, NK, KFS, KWS, 1building NMK, Higher learning instns. CFAs, WARMA, MOALF/MOLD Improve research facilities & KEFRI, NK, NGOs, KFS, 1 infrastructures KWS, NMK, Higher learning instns. CFAs, County Govt. Incorporate emerging themes in KEFRI, NK, NMK, Higher 2 research learning, KFS, KWS, CFAs, MoALF/MoLDEnhance Sensitization of stakeholders NK, NMK, Higher learning, 1dissemination KFS, KWS, CFAs, KEFRI,of research findings

Strategy Action Responsible Priority User friendly packaging of info for NK/NGOs, Media, KWS, 1 specific target groups KFS, CountyGovt, CFAs, MoALF/MoLD, KEFRI, Establish demo site i.e on-farm, PAs KEFRI, KFS, KWS, MoALF/ 1 MoLD, CFAs Undertake valuation of the ecosystem NEMA, KFS, KEFRI, 1priority WRMA/MoWI, KWSresearch Improve yields of high value tree species KEFRI, KFS, MoALF/MoLD 1activities within Improve fish and wildlife species KWS, MoLD 1the ecosystem Enhance Develop observable and verifiable KFS, KEFRI, NMK, NK, 1monitoring and indicators (OvIs) CFAs, NEMA, MoW, KWSEvaluation Develop M&E procedures KFS,KEFRI,NMK,NK, CFAs, 1 NEMA, MoW Promote and empowering community CFAs/CBOs, KWS, KFS, 2 based M&E procedures NK, KEFRI Develop corrective mechanism for NK, KFS, KWS, CFAs, 2 non conformity NEMA, MoALF/MoLD, KEFRI, NMK, KIPI, MoWI, Enhance EIA and audit (ESIA) NEMA, KFS, KWS, CFAs, 1 County Govt, NK, KEFRI, NMK,

4.9 Partnerships and Networking

BackgroundSince the inception of PFM, there has been some level of partnership and networking though not yet fully functional and effective. At the local level there is a strong movement of CBOs networking to form the CFAs both in North and South Nandi Forest areas. KFS and the CFAs have partnered in the protection, conservation and rehabilitation of the forests. There are forest scouts in both North and South Nandi forests working together with KFS to protect the forest. In South Nandi Forest, community have partnered with KFS to rehabilitate degraded forest areas like Kimondi, Kobujoi and Iruru. Also in North Nandi Forest, the two partnered to rehabilitate areas like Septonok and Kipsamoite. Other ongoing partnerships arrangements are in place between the CFAs, Nature Kenya and other government agencies. The private sector organisations like the George Williamson Tea

Company have been partnered with the South Nandi CFAs in promoting marketing fuelwood from local community woodlots. KEFRI has also been partnering with the CFAs and KFS on seed production, rehabilitation, and environmental education and awareness.

Other partners such as the Nyayo Tea Zones who have supported CBOs in seedling production, education/awareness, beekeeping, and other integrated development initiatives. The MoALF, KWS, MoL& F, MoW & I and LvEMP and NMK also engage in interventions that enhance forestry development. With regards to networking, the CFAs in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem have affiliated themselves with the Kenya Forests Working Group (KFWG) and the National Allianace of Community Forest Associations (NACOFA) in issues of advocacy. Affiliation with North Rift Forest Conservancy Committee (FCC) is also active with a member of the FCC hailing from the ecosystem.

Issues• Mistrust amongst partners• Lack of clear roles, responsibilities and

benefits in the partnership• Un-harmonized implementation of PFM

plans• Lack of proper coordination • Poor attitude and big-brother sydrome• Conflict of interest

ObjectiveStrengthen partnership and networking among stakeholders and development partners

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Establish and strengthen coordination of

partnership among stakeholders • Strengthen lobbying and advocacy ca-

pacity among the stakeholders

Table 10: Strategies and activities to promote networking and partnership among stakeholders

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityEstablish and Establish an umbrella coordination unit NK, CFAs, County 2strengthen of all stakeholders in the ecosystem Government, NEF, KFS, coordination KWS, NACOFAof partnership Establish protocol defining nature of NK, NEF 2among engagement and partnershipsstakeholders Establish and strengthen in-built NK, CFAs, County 2 mechanism for conflict prevention and Government, NEF, KFS, resolution. KWS Establish an umbrella CFA within the NK, CFAs, County 1 ecosystem (county) Government, NEF, KFS, KWS, NACOFAStrengthen Strengthen and capacity build local KFS, CFAs, County 1lobbying and structures for effective advocacy and Government, NK, MoWadvocacy Sensitize stakeholders on the need to NK, CFAs, KFS, KEFRI 1capacity have harmonious partnership andamong the cooperationstakeholders Strengthen the participation of CFAs/ CFAs, NGOs, NK, NACOFA, 1 CBOs in other strong networks/fora County Government, KWS

4.10 Communications and Infrastructure

Background

Roads Most roads in South Nandi Forest are motorable throughout the year, unlike for North Nandi Forest where most roads are not motorable during the wet seasons. South Nandi Forest has a road-network that enables access to the entire forest area while for North

Nandi Forest there are some areas of the forest which are very difficult to access.

TelecommunicationThe KWS & KFS have radio-calls & mobile phones. Scouts have mobile phones, motorbikes, and bicycles. There are no watchtowers in the 2 forests.

Ranger out-postsThere ranger posts around the forests are inadequate to house the staff and are also in very poor state and poorly maintained.

Offices & office equipmentThe CFA from North Nandi Forets has rented offices and the CFAs offices are equipped with only basic facilities: not adequately equipped.

Issues • Inadequate communication equipment• Obsolete office equipment- e.g. type-writ-

ers, duplication machines. • Poor road-networks• Inadequate ranger outposts• CFAs lack offices & office equipment

ObjectiveImprove communication & infrastructure for effective forest management

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Improve road network• Improve communication networks • Link with ecotourism facilities and any

infrastructure issues buildings, establish new ones & office equipment

• Being ICT compliant

Table 11: Strategies and activities to improve communication and infrastructure in Nandi

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityImprove road Identify key roads & their classes KFS, MoTC, CFAs, County 1network Government Assess their conditions & develop MoTC, KFS, KeRRA, KURA 1 rehabilitation plan County Government, Prioritize & implement the plans KFS, KURA County 1 Government,KeRRA, Establish new roads in North Nandi, KFS, County Government 4 Bonchoge and Kimondi Improve Identify & purchase modern KFS, NK, County 2communication communication equipment Governmentnetworks Train all implementers & CFAs on Government line ministries, 2 usage of the modern equipment, NGOs, Consultant/Suppliers including exchange programmesImprove Assess conditions of the existing KFS, KWS, Min of Housing 1existing offices & ranger outpostsbuildings, Refurbish the dilapidated buildings KFS, KWS, Public Works 1establish new Establish new offices for the CFAs CFAs, NK other devt patners 1ones & office Establish ranger outposts in strategic KFS, KWS, NK, Min of 1equipment places Housing Equip offices with modern equipment NK, Government line 1 ministries, CFAsLink with Develop a Marketing strategy to link KTB,KWS, KFS,CFAs, 2ecotourism tourism sites with other circuits County Governmentfacilities and Vehicles, fire equipment, lightening KTB, KWS, KFS,CFAs, 2any arresters County Governmentinfrastructure Power and water supply KPLC, MOWi, KFS, 1issues Kapsabet Water Company Being ICT Equip offices with ICT technologies KFS, KWS, CFAs, County 1compliant Government

4.11 Resource Mobilizations and Capacity Building

BackgroundFunding towards conservation of the Nandi Forest Ecosystem has been ongoing through: NEF, CDTF (EU), Nature Kenya (GEF/DFID, UNDP), NTZD (AfDB), WRMA, MoALF and KFS. Within the Nandi Forest Ecosystem KFS has an Ecosystem Conservator, one zonal manager, 3 forest managers, 3 district forest officers, 48 rangers. In KWS there is only a warden, deputy warden 10 rangers. Two NEMA officers within the 5 sub-counties of Nandi and the WRMA office has since been relocated to Eldoret but personnel still operate within the ecosystem.

Nature Kenya and NEF have capacity built the CFAs through training of the leaders, forest scouts, and institutional support through establishment of offices and provision of equipment to engage in forest conservation and protection.

Issues• Inadequate financial support• Constraints in planning and implementa-

tion• Uncoordinated resource use• Inadequate man power/expertise• Inadequate skills among community

member• Lack of synergy in manpower use

ObjectiveTo enhance human and financial resources for effective implementation of the plan

The main strategies adopted to achieve the objectives are: • Develop and mobilize skilled staffing at all

levels• Lobbying for increased funding from govt.

and private sector• Enhance resource mobilization strategy• Promote payment of ecosystem services

Table 12: Strategies and activities to mobilize resource and buld capacity among Nandi ecosystem stakeholders

Strategy Action Responsible PriorityDevelop and Carry out training needs assessment KFS, NK, CFAs, KWS, 1mobilize skilled KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, staffing at all MoALF/MoLD, Highlerlevels Learning Instituitions Implement training KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, 1 WRMA, MoALF/MoLD, Higher Learning Institutions Deploy adequate skilled labour at KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, all levels CFAs/CBOs, WRMA, MoALF 2 /MoLD Training of trainers KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, 2 WRMA, MoALF/MoLD, CFAs/CBOs Monitoring and evaluation KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, 3 CBOs WRMA, MoALF/ MoLD, CFAsLobbying for Mainstream activities to sector plans CSOs, CFAs, KFS, KWS, 1increased and budget KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, funding from MoALF/MoLD, Higher

Strategy Action Responsible Prioritygovt. and Learning Institutionsprivate sector Prioritize activities for county plans and CSOs, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, 1 budgets NEMA, WRMA, MOALF/ MoLD, County Governments Promote public private sector CSOs, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, 1 partnerships NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/MoLDEnhance Capacity build in proposal writing skill CSOs,CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, 1resource KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, mobilization MoALF/MoLD, county govt.strategy Understand and Link Development CSOs, and other NGOs, 1 partners interest and the ecosystem County Government, Private Companies Promote fund raising activities e.g. CFA, County Govt. NGOs 1 sports, walks, Private CompaniesPromote Develop framework involving CSOs, CFAs, County Govt., 1payment of stakeholders to engage in conservation KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMAecosystem Sensitize downstream communities CSOs KFS, KWS, KEFRI, 1services NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/ MoLD, CFA Promote carbon financing NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, 2 NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/ MoLD, CFA Mainstream payment of ecosystem NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, 1 services into work plans NEMA, WRMA, MoALF/ MoLD

4.12 Threats and Mitigation Measures

Table 13: Threats and their mitigation measures

Threats Action Population increase Sensitization on family planningand subsequent Promotion of alternative means of livelihoods instead of full reliance onresource pressure forest resources Enhance energy saving technologies Farm forestryLow level of Involvement of community in all project cycles, especially incommunity decision-making and implementation with gender balanceparticipation & Establish mechanism for equitable sharing of resourcesownership Urbanization Advocate for proper planning of urban centers based on environmental conservation Advocate for clear policies on urban development

Lack of political Awareness creation among the political/opinion leadersgoodwill & Involve political leaders in project implementation through provision ofinterference regular project briefsDisasters like fires, Establish early warning systemsfloods, landslides, Identify & mark disaster-prone areasel nino, la nina, Document & utilize indigenous knowledgelighting, hail-stones, Form disaster management teams / committeefrost Sensitize & train on disaster preparedness & mitigationPoverty Sensitization and empowering on self-employment Enhance literacy levels Promotion and train on alternative means of livelihoods Exchange tours& visitsOvergrazing Improvement of breeds Promote zero grazing & biogas production Sensitization on change of cultural attitudes Destocking value chain process

5.0 Governance

StakeholdersBased on stakeholders analysis carried out, three categories were identified namely primary, secondary and tertiary (Appendix 2). Primary stakeholders were the main actors in the strategic planning process and are expected to play the greatest and direct roles during the implementation of the management programmes. This is based either on their legal mandate or their direct livelihood dependence on the forest ecosystem. They include KFS, KWS, CFAs, among others.

Secondary stakeholders are also key actors but essentially played a more indirect role in the planning process. Tertiary stakeholders are those perceived to be potentially affected either positively or negatively by the management actions on the Nandi Forest

Ecosystem but had no direct engagement in the planning process aprt from consultations as far as was possible for information. The Profiles of some of these stakeholders are captured in Appendix 3. The allocation of responsibilities in the management programmes are in tandem with this profiling.

The strategic plan will be implemented by central government working closely with the Nandi County government. Forestry issues will be coordinated by cosytem forest coordinator working closely with county forest manager. Forest managenment team that brings together stakeholders in the plan will be crucial in ensuring that each stakeholder identified take up their role and responsibility. Community participation will be corrdinated by the umbrella CFA for the county.

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(eds). Biogeography and ecology of the rainforests of Eastern Africa.CambridgeUniversity Press, London.

KFS (2011). Integrated Forest Management Plan for South Nandi Forest 2011-2020. KWS/KFS/UNEP, 2007.Aerial monitoring of forest boundaries. A joint KenyaWildlife Service-

Kenya Forest Service Programme. Supported by United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.vol 1.Pp. 29.

Lange C., mugambi J. and Mwakodi R. (2009). The Butterflies of South Nandi Forest, Kenya. Invertebrate Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya. Report NMK

Malaki P. and Ndegwa S. (2009). Report on Avifaunal Assessment of Nandi South Forest.Mbinge J. and Cheboiwo J. (2011). Report of feasibility study to determine priority tree species

for South Nandi and North Nandi Forests and adjacent farmland, KEFRI – Rift valley Eco-Region Research Progrm, Londiani, June 2011

Nandi County State of Environment Report 2013 Unpublished (Draft Report)Ng’weno, F . and Matiku, P (eds)., ( 2007)Kenya’s Important Bird Areas: status and trends 2006Otieno, N., Ng’weno, F., Matiku, P., Mwangi, S., Bennun, L, Musila, S., Mulwa, R ., and Kiragu

A. (2005) Kenya’s Important Bird Areas: status and trends 2004Roba H. and Kariuki P. (2010). Traditional Knowledge and Cultural/Religious Practices in

Conservation of South and North Nandi Forests. Kenya Resource Center for Indigenous Knowledge (KENRIK), Center for Biodiversity, Report National Museums of Kenya & Nature Kenya

Wasonga and Nyamache J. (2009). The Amphibians and Reptiles of South Nandi Forest Reserve: A Preliminary Survey. Technical Report. National Museums of Kenya, Zoology Department, Herpetology Section, March, 2009

Appendix 1: Participants in the Nandi Forest Ecosystem 25 year Strategic Management Plan Development WorkshopsNo Name Organization WORKSHOP Visioning Thematic Zonation Validation1 A. K. Walingo KFS-Nandi North √ √ 2 Albert Nyabuti KFS-Nandi South √ √ 3 Amos K. Limo LVNWSB √ √ 4 Annalyne Mutai Chief Nduriu L. √5 Augustine K. Kisorio Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ √6 Barnabas Mitei SONABIC √7 Benjamin Langat Kimondi/Iruru CFA √8 Benjamin Maiyo CFS Chebilat √9 Birgen Abubakar Kobujoi CFA √ √10 Catherine Wekunda MoLD √ √ 11 Charles K. Koech KEFRI √ √ √ √12 Cheruiyot Elijah Chesumei CFA √13 Dancan Kimutai KFS N/Nandi √14 Daniel Chepngoi Chesumei CFA √ 15 Daniel K. Lelei Chesumei CFA √16 Daniel K. Yator FONE √17 David Kemboi Chesumei CFA √18 David Rotich Kobujoi CFA √ √ √ √19 David Tum Chesumei CFA √ 20 Dawood Idenya MoL √21 Eliphas K. Rutto Kobujoi CFA √ 22 Eliud Murgor Kobujoi CFA √ √ √ √23 Elulu Francis KFS √ √24 E. O. Abungu KFS √25 F. H. Oyor KFS √26 Florence Ayidi Kobujoi CFA √27 Francis Rono Chesumei CFA √28 Gibson K. Kitsao NK √ √ √ √29 Gilbert K. Siwo KOFOA √30 Grace Kemboi Chesumei CFA √31 Grace Korir Chesumei CFA √ 32 Haron K. Rugut NNCFA √ √ √ √33 J. K. Chumo FONE √ √ 34 James Kimondo KEFRI √ √ √ √35 Joan Rotich Nature Kenya √ 36 Joel Siter Kanda KWS √ 37 John Ngalia KWS √ √ 38 Johnstone Koech Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ 39 Jonathan Yego Chesumei CFA √ √ √40 Johnstone Koech Kimondi/Iruru CFA √

No Name Organization WORKSHOP Visioning Thematic Zonation Validation41 Joram Kagombe KEFRI √ √ √ √42 Joseph A. Ondieki KFS Kimondi √ √43 Joseph Chirchir Chesumei CFA √44 Joshua K. Bor Kimondi/Iruru CFA √45 Josiah K. Koech Kobujoi CFA √ 46 Josiah K. Kosgei CFA √47 Julius K. Bett Kimondi/Iruru CFA √48 Lena C. Keino Nandi S. Water Officer √ √ √ 49 Lena Chebichiy Nature Kenya √ 50 Keter Eric Chumo Nature Kenya √51 Kirwa Lagat Chesumei CFA √52 Luke K. Mobo Chesumei CFA √ √ √ √53 Marcella Jebitok Chesumei CFA √54 Mary Mbenge NK √ √ √55 Michael Komen NEMA √ √ √ 56 Nduta Muiruri Nature Kenya √ 57 Nelson K. Vunyinda MoPND/Vision 2030 √ 58 Obadiah K. Muge Chesumei CFA √ √ 59 Pamela Lagat Chesumei CFA √ √ √ 60 Paul C. Bett NEMA √ √ 61 Paul K. Amai Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ √62 Paul Nandasaba KFS N/Nandi √ 63 Paul K. Songok KOFOA √64 Peter K. Tuwei Chesumei CFA √ √ √ √65 Peter Kiptanui Kobujoi CFA √ √ √ 66 Pius K. Rono Chesumei CFA √67 Philip Kirui KEFRI √ √ 68 Phillip Tabut Chesumei CFA √69 Raphael K. Biwott Kimondi CFA √ 70 Rose Lichuma KOFOA √71 Rosemary Seronei KFS N/Nandi √72 Sally Busienei Kobujoi CFA √ √ √73 Samwel Kimani KEFRI √74 S. K. Cheramboss Opinion Leader √75 Solomon Simidi Kimondi/Iruru CFA √76 Stephen Kiama KEFRI √ √ √ 77 Stephen Tena Chesumei CFA √78 Timothy M. Kirui Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ √79 Victor Otieno KEFRI √ √ √ √80 Waithera Natalie KWS √81 Washington Ayiemba Nature Kenya √ 82 Wilson Cheruiyot Kimondi/Iruru CFA √83 Wilson Langat Kimondi/Iruru CFA √ √ √ √84 Wilson K. Lel Chesumei CFA √85 Willy Masai KFS √

Appendix 2: Categorization of stakeholdersStakeholders Interest Importance Influence Average Overall score score score Score CategoryGovernment agencies KFS 7 KWS 5 NEMA 2 KEFRI 4 NandiCounty govt./ Prov Admin 5 Kaburwa elders 1 Nyayo tea zones DC 3 Private sector tea companies 3 KTDA 3 Min of Agric 3 Min of Forestry & Wildlife 2 Min of Water & Irrigation 4 LvN&SWSB 2 Kapsabet Water & SEWERAGE Co 3 MoL&F 3 LBDA 5 Provin, Admin CBOS Kimondi CFA Kobujoi CFA chesumei CFA WRUA NGOS Nature Kenya Green Belt Mercy Corp EAWS/KFWG Learning Institutions Moi University BaratonUniversity Chepkoilel UNI. Kaimosi ATC Community adjacent schools CFAs CBOs Farmers

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Appendix 4: Inventory of the floral species in the three vegetation types of in South Nandi forest

Species Forest typeCupressus lusitanica plantationTabernaemontana stapfiana closed Strombosia scheffleri closed Croton megalocarpus closed Macarnga kilimandscharica closed Olea capensis closedCasaeria battiscomberi closed Eucalyptus PlantationDrypetes gerrardii closed Polyscias fulva closed Dracaena steudneri openCheparusiot plantationPrunus africana open Macrorungia pubinervia closed Neoboutonia macrocalyx PlantationDiospyros abyssinica closed Solanum mauritianum closedAningeria altissima open Croton macrostachyus closedCassipoura ruwensoriensis closedEhretia cymosa closed Albizia gummifera closed Ibizia gummifera closed Bersama abyssinica openPinus patula plantationSchefflera volkensii closed Zathoxylum guleti closed Vernonia auriculifera open Abustanyet open Ensete edule openNyastabiny closed Celtis gomphophylla open Gouania longispicata closed Casuarina equistifolia open

Species Forest typePennisetum cladestinum open Sapium ellipticum open Vernonia amyddalina open Coffea eugenioides closed Syzygium guineense closed Kapkilalialwet closedMarkhamia lutea plantationSakamwet closed Sokomwet closedFamily SpeciesVernomonia amygdlina open Xymalos monospora closed Cordia africana closed Mbereriat closed Borkoyet closed Craibia brownii openFagarapsis angolensis closed Nuxia congesta open Pitpitet open Clerodendrum johnstonii closed Dracaena steudneri openEhretia cymosa closed lamaiyet closed Mbarkaiyat closed Mibeset closed Mimosaceae closed Namkoiyet closed Ocoba routledgei open Olea welwitchii closed Psidium guajava closed Ritchiea albersii closed Rubia cordifolia open Schefflera volkensii closed Tekestet open

Appendix 5: Nomenclature, growth habit and uses of Floral species in South Nandi Forest

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habitAlbizia gummifera Seet T Bark – Medicine for headache and stomach upsets; has anti-malaria qualities Stem – Firewood, charcoal Leaves – Cattle fodderAllophylus Abyssinica Noiywet or T Bark – Relieves stomachache Sakamwet Stem-Timber, beehive, PostsBersama abyssinica Kipumetiet T Stem-Firewood, Charcoal, FencingCassipourea malosana Martit T Stem- Spear- making, construction, Firewood, Charcoal, Small mammal trapsCeltis mildbraedii Kipsaitet T Stem-Beehive ConstructionChionanthus mildbraedii Itet T Stem-Charcoal, Firewood, Smoking milk CalabashCordia abyssinica Tepesuet T Stem – Timber Leaves – De-worming calvesCraibia brownie Mekunyet T Stem- Timber, Charcoal, Firewood, Posts, PolesCroton Tebesuet T Bole – Timber, rafters, construction,Macrostachyus Charcoal MakingCroton Megalocapus Masineitet T Stem – Charcoal, construction timberDombeya burgessiae Silipchet T Bark-String, Leaves-Cattle browseDracaena steudneri Lepkwet T Root-Sap applied to relieve toothacheDrypetes gerrardii Mekunyet T Stem-Charcoal, Firewood, Timber, Building PostsEkebergia capensis Teldet T Bark-Boiled, extract drank to relieve stomach upsets, constipation Stem-Posts, poles, Firewood, Charcoal, TimberFagaropsis angolensis Noiwet T Bark-Decoction used to treat stomachache, Stem-Beehive construction, Timber, CharcoalFicus sur Mukoiyot T Stem-Timber, Fruit- EdibleHeinsenia diervilleoides Sekerbanga T Stem- Construction, Hoe-Stick, Axe-Stick, Beehive, CharcoalLepidotrichilia volkensii Sakamwet T Stem-charcoal, Firewood, Beehive ConstructionMacaranga Sebesebet T Stem-Timber, Posts, Poles, Firewood,Kilimandscharica CharcoalMaesa lanceolata Kipapusitanyet T Bark- Crushed and sap used as antidiarrhoea, and for de-worming in human Stem- Timber, Firewood

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habitMaytenus heterophylla Kukerwet T Stem-Making spearsNeioboutonia macrocalyx Kipsebwet T Stem-Temporary Construction, e.g. food stores, sheep/goat pensOlea capensis Murkuiywet T Stem-Timber, charcoal, firewood, building posts Bark-Crushed and sap taken to relieve stomach upsetsOlea sp. Itaat T/S Stem-Cleaning calabashPrunus Africana Tenduet T Stem-Timber construction, CharcoalSyzygium guineense Lamaiywet T Stem-Timber, Firewood, Beehive construction Fruit-EdibleTabernaemontana Mobondet T Stem-Charcoal Firewood, beehive, stapfiana construction Fruit-Juice bait for trapping birdsTeclea nobilis Kuriot T/S Stem-Firewood, Charcoal Hoes, Spear handles clubs, walking stick arrow-makingTrema orientalis Kipsartet T Stem-Beehive constructionTrichilia emetica Noiywet T Stem-Timber, Beehive, Firewood, CharcoalTrilepsisium Kenduiywet or T Branches-Walking sticks, Firewood,madagascariense Mekunyet Bole-Fencing posts; construction, charcoalTurraea holstii Chemuriat T Stem-Hoe stick, Handles, ArrowsVangueria Kipmowet T Fruit – Ediblemadagascariensis Vangueria sp. Kesekesiet T Stem-Arched on the shamba to prevent thievesZanthoxylum gillettii Sagawaitet T Stem cortex and bark – Multiple treatment; relieves chest pain and coughs Sap- Treatment for snake bites Stem-TimberAcanthus eminens Indakariat S Leaves-Burnt and chewed to relieve flu – Goat broseAchyrospermum schimperi Inyonyoitat S Leaves-Browsed by sheep & GoatsAframomum keniense Chemagururiet S Roots-Spices Tangausi Fruit-EdibleAllophylus rubifolia Chemoriat S Stem- Making arrows and walking sticks Leaves-Livestock browseBrillantaisia Kipongiat S Leaves-Livestock foddermadagascarienseCaesalpinia volkensii Chepkomon S Stem-Boundary fencingCalpumea aurea Ipembetiet S Leaves & Roots-Antidiarrhoea for cattleCalpumea sp. Senetet S Root-boiled to relieve constipation in children

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habitCoffea eugenioides Noruyot Noriot S Stem- clubs, walking stick, firewoodDovyalis abyssinica Nukiat S Fruit- edible - Browsed by livestock - Medicinal (general)Dovyalis macrocalyx Kapchopinyat S Fruits- edible Stem- firewood Leave- livestock browseDracaena laxissima Chepkitonget S Stem fibre -string for mat and basket weavingEnsete ventricosa Sasusuwet S Leaves- livestock browse Fruits-edibleErythrocooca Sekelipagang S Stem- Dry stem used to open beehiveBongensis Chesicheiyot - constructionHibiscus calyphyllus Motosheiet S Whole plant-fodder; scouringLeonotis nepetifolia Sisiyat S Whole plant sweeping broom chuchnyiat Nectar-juice for human beings Stem-Making beehivesMaytenus heterophylla Kukerwet S Stem making spears, Charcoal & firewoodMeyna tetraphylla Chebikonyat S Stem- Weaponry; spear, arrow makingNuxia congesta Choruwet S Leaves- Ceremonial, sheep & goat browseOcimum Sisiet/sisiyat S Leaves – sheep browsekilimandscharicumPavetta sp. Sekerbanga S Stem- hoe handlesPseuderanthemum Chesumeiyot S Leaves-sap used for drying woundsRicinus communis Imaniat S Seed- castor oil used for softening leather - varnish for other woods - used as an oil during ceremoniesRubus apetalus Momonyet S Fruits-edibleScutia myrtina Sumbeiywet S/C Stems-firewood Fruits-edible, eaten by children & herdsmenSolanum aculeastrum Sikowet S Leaves-Browsed by sheep & goats - boundary fencing - gum used as adhesive for mending broken calabash.Solanum mauritianum S Stem-Hoe handle; firewoodSolanum sp. Mororuwet S Leaves-antidiarrhoea for cattle - crushed & sap used as medicineSolenecio sp. Chepkurbet S Whole plant-shade; water storage - fencing (propagated vegetatively & planted for boundary demarcation)Turraea sp Kosositiet S Leaves-Ceremonial a the initiation siteVernonia sp Kipsabuni S Roots-decoction for colds- Itet S Stem-milk fermentationAcalypha sp Sambachet H Leaves-livestock browse

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habitAcalypha sp Chesumeiyot H Stem-cuttings used by new initiates as arm decorationsAchyranthes aspera Chesirmit H Leaves-Sheep & goat browseBidens sp. Chepketel H Fruits-Chewed to relieve chest painsBlumea crispate Taptiet H Leaves-Goat/sheep browse Stem-beehive harvestingBrillantaisia nitens Sietet H Leaves-cattles grazeChlorophytum Sikotiet H Tuber-gum exudates used for fixing arrow galabatense shaftCommelina benghalensis Sochet H Leaves-Human vegetable - livestock browse - Crushed liquid exudates used to heal ringwormsCommelina latifolia Lepulopitiet H Leaves-Human vegetable - Browsed by livestockDesmodium repandum Chemigoiyot H Stem-tied round the arm of new initiates to assess weight gainGalinsoga parviflora Kipkoleitet H - Fodder - healing wounds Gloriosa superba H Flower-decoration for young girl Kalanchoe densiflora Kuserwet H Leaves – healing fresh wounds - press on swellings after it has been put on fireLactuca capensis Cheparaa H Root – boiled & syrup drank to relieve stomach upsetLactuca glandulifera Cheparaa H Root – treats stomachachesLaportea alatipes Sambachet H Leaves – human vegetable , goat browseLobelia gibberoa Sereguet H whole plant-used for beehive smoking during honey harvestingMacrorungia pubinervia Kipongiet H Leaves & stem-browsed by wildlifeMimulopsis solmsii Sietet H Leaves – cattle browseNeonotonia wightii Ng’wang’wanyet H Leaves-sheep & goat browseCimum suave Mwokiot H Leaves-Boiled and drunk with tea to relieve fluPentas lanceolata Cheruriet H Leaves – De-worming in humans Leaf sap – healing skin pimplesPhyllanthus odontadenius Mengeiwet H Sap-Dye making for decoration - insect repellent for spearsPhysalis peruviana Mbomiat H Fruit-edible to humans - Browsed by livestockPiper capense Kiptutung’it H Leaves-Livestock fodderPlantago palmate yakariet H Tuber- edible

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habitRumex usambarensis Chemideleliet H Stem- Fresh stem chewed for medicinal purpose Root-Dye for decorating mats - boiled, and syrup used as antidiarrhoesSida cuneifolia Kerundut H Stem-Toothbrush/chewing stick; Handles; hives; walking sticksSolanum nigrum Sojo or isochot H Leaves –– vegetable Sap-relieves painful cut on the bodySonchus sp. Cheparaa H Root – chewed to ease stomach upsetThalictrum rhynchocarpum Chesumeiyot H Roots-crushed and boiled to form antidote for diarrhea in children Leaves – sap applied on woundsTragia brevidens Sambachet H/C Leaves – Goat browse Sap – Treatment for mastitisTriumfetta ruwenzoriensis Miswot H Leaves – Fodder Stem- Roofing ropes/stringsUrtica sp. Sabajet L Leaves-Human vegetable - cattle grazeGouania longispicata Riksoit C Stem- Sap used for healing fresh wounds Leaves & stem –Browsed by goat & sheepAdenia sp. Chemyalelder C Stem & leaves – Ceremonial in marriage, circumcision, engagement Roots – Boiled, and exudates used to relieve stomach upsets in childrenCulcasia scandens Kataputiet C Leaves-Smoking hives during honey harvestingCyphostemma orondo Simet C Leaves-sap used for treating lumbagoDumasia villosa Ng’wang’wanyet C Leaves-Livestock browseEulophia horsfalli Sigotiet C Tuber-Gun exudates used to attach arrowhead to shaft Root-De-worming humansFicus sp. Kipchimdet C Stem- Used o join arrow shafts to the handleHelimus mystacinus Sesiat C Leaves & inflorescence – crushed and inhaled to cure epilepsyHippoctratea Africana Ng’ngichet C Sap exudates-chewed as gum Stem-strings for tyingHippocratea graciliflora Kipcheiyot C Dried leaves – for starting firesHippocratea sp. Chepseleitet C Stem-String for tying rafters Leaves & Stem- Ash taken to ease coughs Fruit-juice used as dyeIpomoea wightii Kimoiyat C - livestock fodderIpomoea sp Chepteleliet C Leaves & stem-Browsed by livestockLandolphia sp. Ngingichet C Stem-tying string - Milk sap as chewing gum

Botanical name Nandi name Growth Use habitMomordica foetida Sisiyet C Sap-Treating eye iNFESMPction in cattleMomordica friesiorum Ng’wang’wanyet C Leaves- livestock browseMomordica sp Cheptenderet C Sap-relieves toothache and general painMondia sp. Chemangururiet C Roos- chewed for sexual stimulationPassiflora edulis Kerenderiat C Fruit-edible ChemagururietPhytolacca dodecandra Patakwet C Root-crushed and taken to relieve diarrhea in childrenPsychotria sp. Rogoret C Stem- straws for drinking local brew ChelelkatiatRauvolfia sp. Kipcheiyot C Stem-dried and used to light firesRutidea orientalis Tinguet C Stem-rafters for constructionStephania abyssinica Taparariet C Stem- strings, trays, basket weavingTiliacora keniensis Mborosiet C Root-chewed to relieve stomach upset and chest pain Stem-stringsToddalia asiatica Kipkoskosit C Stem-walking stick, club Bark-string for constructionVernonia sp Kiplirmosok C Stem & leaves – Browsed by livestockVernonia sp Rimosok C - browsed by sheep & cattlevigna sp Ngw’angw’anyet C - browsed by livestockLandophia buchananii Ngigiye/ C Gum-chewing gum Ngingichet Fruit-edible Stem-stringAsplenium Sandersonii Kataputiet F - smoking out bees during honey harvestingAsplenium Theciferum Kataputiet F - smoking out bees

Appendix 6: List of butterfly species

Family Species Author

Papilionidae Papilio ophidicephalus Oberthur Papilio demodocus Esper Papilio phorcas Cramer Papilio mackinnoni Sharpe Graphium leonidas FabriciusNymphalidae Junonia sophia Butler Junonia stygia Butler Antanartia dimorphica Howarth Danaus chrysippus Linneus Hypolimnas misippus Linneus Amauris echeria Stoll Acraea alicia Sharpe Acraea acerata Hewitson Acraea uvui Grosen Smith Precis octavia Trimen Acraea quirinalis Grosen Smith Acraea melanoxantha Sharpe Salamis temora Felder Acraea disjuncta Grosen Smith Acraea poggei Grosen Smith Bicyclus safitza Hewitson Charaxes varanes Marbille Charaxes candiope Godart Neptis penningtoni vanson Charaxes brutus Cramer Hypolimnas anthedon Doubleday Phalanta phalantha Rothschild & Jordan Acraea oreas Sharpe Neptis nemetes Hewitson Neptis woodwardi Sharpe Charaxes pollux Cramer Ariadne pagenstecheri Suffert, 1904 Acraea ansorgei Grose- Smith Acraea asboloplintha Karsch, 1894Family Species Author

Family Species Author Junonia terea Drury Antanartia schaeneia Howarth Bicyclus smith Aurivillius Ypthima albida Butler Neptis constantiae CarcassonPieridae Leptosia alcesta Bernardi Appias sabina Felder Belenois subeida Grosen Smith Mylothris rueppelli Neave Mylothris chloris Butler Belenois aurota Fabricius Belenois creona Stoll Eurema hecabe Butler Eurema brigitta Stoll Catopsilia florella Fabricius Belenois victoria Dixey Belenois raffrayi Joicey & Talbot Appias epaphia Boisduval Leptosia nupta ButlerLycaenidae Anthenes choutedeni Huelst Cacyreus virilis Aurivillius Tuxentius margaritaceus Sharpe Leptotes pirithous Linneus Actizera stellata Trimen Anthene indefinite Bethune & BakerHesperiidae Zenonia zeno Trimen Eretis mitiana Evans Metisella quadrisignatus Butler Coeliades forestan Stoll Metisella orientalis Aurivillius Sarangesa seineri Strand Ceratrichia flava Joicey & Talbot Metisella medea Evans Spialia mafa Evans Celanorrhinus macrostictus Holland

Date post:	29-Apr-2018
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North and South Nandi Forests Strategic Ecosystem...

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