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Notes 10-26-07: 1.4.1: Draw a diagram of the fluid mosaic model:• Show bilayer, cholesterol, glycoprotein, integral and
peripheral proteins.
1.4.2: Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions and explain how phospholipids maintain the structure of cell membranes.
Hydrophobic
hydrophilic
hydrophilic
Phospholipids have a polar ‘head’ (phosphate group) and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain. Polar likes water and is near the water. The non-polar lipid chains stay together away from the water.
(Integral protein)
Peripheral proteins are on the outside layer… just draw one…
Make sure that you are on ‘View’ and ‘Slideshow’ for the rest of the
activity
Prokaryotes do not have membrane-
bound organelles like ER, Golgi,
Mitochondria etc…
Prokaryotes
• ‘Pro’ means ‘before’
• ‘Kary’ means kernal
• Prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus!
• They are SMALL
• Example: Bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae - coccoid prokaryote; causes gonorrhea
Staphylococcus aureus, a Staphylococcus prokaryote
Some prokaryotes that cause disease
Anthrax! Bacterial disease. (caused by a prokaryote)
Impetigo, common bacterial disease
Leprosy, bacterial disease
Other famous prokaryotic diseases:•Gonorrhea•Acne•Syphilis•Typhoid fever•Staph infection•Gangrene
NOT in prokaryotes! (Why?)
A cell with a golgi apparatus Prokaryotes don’t have organelles with membranes around them!
Monkey cell infected containing roughly twenty Coxiella burnetii
Why is Coxiella burnetii NOT a prokaryote?
Each cell that is infecting has a nucleus!
http://www.quia.com/mc/65947.html
Go to this site and play one of the games
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA… (in fact it is one of the pieces of endosymbiotic theory… they originated on
their own first)
The more specialized
organelles you have, the bigger
you can be.
Plasmodesmota – channel between two cells with a cell wall. ‘Pla’ and ‘Plant’
Gap junctions, channels between cells with membranes only
Desmosome - They are like rivets that hold two cells together. Necessary to
form tissues
Tight junctions – like a sewn seam that keeps two cells together
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/cell/
If you are up to it, play this game… look at the clues that the observers give you to know
which organelle to give to the guy going up the
ladder. The password is megacell.
Microtubules, microfilaments,
intermediate filaments and
microtrabecular lattice are part
of the cytoskeleton.
Microtubules – large, and make up cilia, centrioles, and flagella. They
are arranged in 9-2 format… 9 ‘doublets’ surrounding a pair.
Microfilaments
• Small strings of globular protein.
• Used especially in cell division. (cleavage furrow)
Peroxisomes-sacs of enzymes that come out of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. They are used to
detoxify things by adding oxygen to them. Different from lysosomes – lysosomes have digestive enzymes
to break down food and old cell parts.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids are used in cell recognition.
Phagocytosis: endocytosis where the
membrane wraps around the
desired material and ‘eats’ it. Phago=eat
Pinocytosis: endocytosis
where the cell ‘drinks’.
Pino=drink
Cotransport proteins:
Bravo! Biologia!
Beisbol y biologia !
Dynein arms- ‘motors’ that cause the doublets to pull
together. When they turn off and on it makes the cilia or
flagella move.
Surface to Volume ratio: When you look at the following, notice that as volume increases, surface area doesn’t increase as much…
Surface to volume with m and m’s
Diameter (in mm)
Radius(1/2 diameter)
Surface Area:(4r2)
Volume:(4r3)
Ratio:S.A./Volume
Mini m&m’s
4mm
Regular m&m’s
8mm
Peanut m&m’s
10mm
Questions regarding Surface:Volume
1. Describe how increasing the size of a cell affects the ratio of Surface area to Volume ratio.
2. Describe how increasing the size of a cell affects the ability of the cell to diffuse products into and out of the cell.
3. Why is smaller better for diffusion?
This scanning electron microscope picture demonstratesHIV budding (arrows) from the surface of an infected
T-lymphocyte magnified 80,000X.