Notes 3-3Notes 3-3Chemical Compounds in Chemical Compounds in

CellsCells

Elements Vs. Elements Vs. CompoundsCompounds

ELEMENTSELEMENTS

Any substance that Any substance that cannot be broken cannot be broken down into simpler down into simpler substancessubstances

Examples: Carbon, Examples: Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Gold, anything on Gold, anything on the periodic table…the periodic table…

Elements are made Elements are made up of atomsup of atoms

COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

Two or more Two or more elements that elements that combine chemicallycombine chemically

Examples: Water Examples: Water (H2O), Carbon (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Dioxide (CO2), DNA, Proteins, DNA, Proteins, etc…etc…

WaterWaterMost chemical Most chemical reactions in the cell reactions in the cell could not take place could not take place without the without the compound water.compound water.

Your body is 2/3 Your body is 2/3 waterwater

Since water changes Since water changes temperature so temperature so slowly, it helps cells slowly, it helps cells not change their not change their temperature too fasttemperature too fast

Inorganic Inorganic CompoundsCompounds

Compounds that do NOT Compounds that do NOT contain the element contain the element carbon (C)carbon (C)

Examples: Water (H2O) Examples: Water (H2O) and Table Salt (NaCl)and Table Salt (NaCl)

Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

Compounds that contain the Compounds that contain the element carbon (C)element carbon (C)

Organic compounds are found in all Organic compounds are found in all living thingsliving things

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids are important and Nucleic acids are important groups of organic compounds in groups of organic compounds in living things that help cells functionliving things that help cells function

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesProvides immediate Provides immediate energy for cellenergy for cell

Make up some cell partsMake up some cell parts

Made up of elements Made up of elements carbon, hydrogen, and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenoxygen

Carbs = sugarsCarbs = sugars

Examples: starches, like Examples: starches, like potatoes, pasta, bread, potatoes, pasta, bread, also found in cell also found in cell membranes and cell membranes and cell wallswalls

LipidsLipidsContain even more Contain even more energy than carbsenergy than carbs

Cells store energy in Cells store energy in lipids for later uselipids for later use

Made of the elements Made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygenoxygen

Examples: fats, waxes, Examples: fats, waxes, oils, makes up most of oils, makes up most of cell membranecell membrane

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsVery longVery long

Made up of elements carbon, Made up of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorusphosphorus

Contain instructions for cells to Contain instructions for cells to carry out all functions of lifecarry out all functions of life

Usually found in nucleus of cellUsually found in nucleus of cell

Examples: DNA (Examples: DNA (DDeoxyriboeoxyribonnucleic ucleic aacid) which is the genetic info cid) which is the genetic info passed from parent to offspring, passed from parent to offspring, and RNA (and RNA (RRiboibonnucleic ucleic aacid) which cid) which helps make proteinshelps make proteins

ProteinsProteinsRemember that the goal of the Remember that the goal of the cell is to MAKE PROTEINScell is to MAKE PROTEINS

Made up of the elements Made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfurnitrogen, and sulfur

Found in cell membrane, help Found in cell membrane, help make up many organelles, make up many organelles, hair, finger nails, spider webs, hair, finger nails, spider webs, feathers, etc.feathers, etc.

Examples: meat, eggs, beans, Examples: meat, eggs, beans, enzymes (we will talk about enzymes (we will talk about this more in a minute)this more in a minute)

Structure of Structure of ProteinsProteinsProteins are made up of long chains of Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acidsamino acids

20 different amino acids can form thousands of 20 different amino acids can form thousands of different proteins (just like 26 letters of the alphabet different proteins (just like 26 letters of the alphabet can form thousands of words)can form thousands of words)

Similar to letters and words, the order of amino acids Similar to letters and words, the order of amino acids will determine which protein it iswill determine which protein it is

EnzymesEnzymesProteins that speed up chemical Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in organismsreactions in organisms

Without enzymes, many chemical Without enzymes, many chemical reactions needed for life would not reactions needed for life would not occur or would occur to slowlyoccur or would occur to slowly

Example: enzymes (proteins) in your Example: enzymes (proteins) in your saliva speed up digestion of food by saliva speed up digestion of food by breaking it down into simpler sugars in breaking it down into simpler sugars in your mouthyour mouth