NOTES

CHAPTER 1

1 G.W.F. Hegel, Phiinomenologie des Geistes, ed. by G. Lasson (Leipzig: Meiner 1921), p.520. 2 See the Vorlesungen uber die Geschichte der Philosophie, in Glockner's edition of Hegel's, Siimtliche Werke (Stuttgart: Fromman 1928), Vol. XIX;3, pp. 19, 103, 104. Clearly we approach here the basic antinomy or ambiguity in Hegel with reference to the relation between time and essence. See the present author's From Substance to Subject, Studies in Hegel (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1974). 3 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Die Deutsche Ideologie, in V. Adoratsky's Historisch­Kritische Gesamtausgabe (Berlin: 1932), Vol. 115, p. 10. 4 Ibid., p. 17 5 See 'Uber Denken und Sprechen,' in Leitzmann's edition of Wilhelm von Humboldt's Werke (Berlin, 1908), Vol. VIII2, p. 581. See the present author's: Humboldt's Prole­gomena to Philosophy of Language, Cultural Hermeneutics, Vol. II, 1974, pp. 6 Compare the present author's book, On the Human Subject, Studies in the Phenomenol­ogy of Ethics and Politics, (Springfield, III: Charles C. Thomas 1965), pp. 30-51. 7 M. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, (Halle a.d.S., Max Niemeyer 1927), p. 17. Reference is made to this book only, and not to subsequent statements by Heidegger in what is considered his second period of philosophizing. In that period historicity acquires a cosmic meaning. On the topic of history consult: Karl Lowith, M. Heidegger and F. Rosenzweig. 'A Postscript to Being and Time', incl. in: Nature, History and Existentialism, and Other Essays in the Philosophy of History, Edited with a Critical Introduction by Arnold Levison (Evanston: Northwestern University Press 1966) pp. 51-78. B Sein und Zeit., p. 386. 9 Ibid., pp. 327ff. 10 Ibid., pp. 346ff. 11 Ibid., pp. 387ff. 12 Ibid., pp. 392ff. 13 On the position of time see the present author's Between Past and Present, An Essay on History (New Haven: Yale University Press 1958). Consult also Paul Weiss, History: Written and Lived (Carbondale, III.: Southern lIIinois University Press 1962), pp. 141ff., 197ff., 217ff. On various problems dealt with in contemporary philosophy of history see the present author's: Philosophy, History and Politics - Studies in Contemporary English Philosophy of History (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1976). Some of the systematic aspects are explored in: Reflection and Action (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff 1985).

CHAPTER 2

1 Cf. Eduard Meyer, 'Zur Theorie und Methodik er Geschichte', in Kleine Schriften, (Halle/Salle: Niemeyer 1924), Vol. I, p. 3. 2 J.G. Droysen, Historik; Vorlesungen uber Enzyklopiidie und Methodologie der Ge­schichte, hrsg. von Rudolf Hubner, (Miinchen: R. Oldenbourg Verlag 1958), p. 357.

207

208 NOTES

3 Ibid., p. 5. 4 Samuel Alexander: The Historicity of Things, incl. in: Philosophy and History, edited by R. Klibansky and H.J. Paton, (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1936), p. 15. 5 Consult the present author's: From Substance to Subject, Studies in Hegel, (The Hague: Nijhoff Publishers 1974). We shall come back to the notion of the "cunning of Reason" in our subsequent analysis of the concept of progress. 6 M. Schlick, 'Naturphilosophie,' in Die Philosophie in ihren Einzelgebieten, edited by M. Dessoir, (Berlin: 1m Verlag Ulstein 1925), p. 422. 7 Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, A 182, translated by N. Kemp Smith, (Toronto: st. Martin's Press, New York, MacMillan 1965), p. 212. B H. Cohen, Logik der rein en Erkenntnis, (Berlin: Bruno Cassirer 1914), p. 43. 9 R.G. Collingwood, An Essay on Metaphysics, (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1940), p. 275. 10 E. Brunner, 'Das Einmalige und der Existenzcharakter,' Bliitter fur Deutsche Philoso­phie III (1929-30), 270. 11 See H. Bergmann, 'Der Begrift der Verursachung und das Problem der individuellen Kausalitat; Logos V (1914--1915), 77-111. 12 See the subsequent discussion of the position of individuals. 13 See Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften, in Dilthey's Gesammelte Schriften, (Leipzig and Berlin: Verlag von B.G. Teubner 1927), Vol. VII, pp.85-86. 14 Ibid., pp. 118,137; see also Die Geistige Welt, in Gesammelte Schriften, op. cit., Vol. V, p.265. 15 Der Aufbau etc., ibid., p. 154. The currently popular hermeneutics follows by and large the line of thought explicated here. 16 See his Logik der reinen Erkenntnis, op. cit., p. 76, and the Ethik des reinen Willens, (Berlin: Bruno Cassirer 1921), mainly pp. 1-84. The distinction between the meaning of the ethical principle and the sphere of its realization has some bearing within the ethical discourse on the topic of ethical relativism. Consult the present author's: 'On Ethical Relativism,' The Journal of Value Inquiry XI (1977), 81-103. 17 H. Rickert, Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung, (Tiibingen and Leipzig: J.C.B. Mohr 1902), pp. 251,255. 18 Compare the present author's: Between Past and Present, An Essay on History, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958), Second edition, Kennikat Press, Port Washington N.Y.lLondon 1973, pp. 135ft.

CHAPTER 3

1 See: 'Race and History', by Claude Levi-Strauss, included in: Race and Science, (New York: Columbia University Press 1969), pp. 246-247. 2 J.B. Bury, The Idea of Progress, (New York: MacMillan 1932), pp. 21-22; in his footsteps, sec e.g., c.L. Becker, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philoso­phers, (New Haven: Yale University Press 1952), p. 130; cf. also J. Baillie, The Belief in Progress, (London: Oxford University Press 1951). 3 Gershom Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, (New York: Schocken, 1961), pp. 273--274.

NOTES 209

4 R. Eucken, Beitriige zur Einfiihrung in die Geschichte der Philosophie, (Leipzig, Diirr 1906), p. 36. 5 'Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit', in Herder's Werke, ed. Heinrich Diintzer, (Berlin: G. Hempel n.d.), XI/3, pp. 199-200. 6 On the other hand, the suggestion that there is a simple and continuous connection between Christian belief in the moral progress of humanity and the idea of progress is exaggerated, notwithstanding the view put forward by Alois Dempf in Die Krisis des Fortschrittsglaubens, (Wien: Herder 1947), p. 5. 7 O. Cullmann, Christ and Time: the Primitive Christian Conception of Time and History, transl. F.V. Filson, (London: S.C.M. Press 1951), pp. 52-53. 8 On Paracelsus, cf. Eucken, op. cit., and A. Grotenfelt, Geschichtliche Wertmassstiibe in der Geschichtsphilosophie bei Historikern und im Volksbewusstsein, (Leipzig: B.G. Eub­ner 1905), p. 28. 9 Novum Organum I, LXXXIV, in The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, ed. 1.M. Robertson, (London: Routledge 1905), p. 282. 10 From the 'Preface to the Treatise on Vacuum', in Blaise Pascal, Thoughts, Letters, Minor Works, ed. C.W. Eliot, (New York: P. Collier 1910), pp. 445-447, passim. 11 Ibid., p. 449. 12 See R. Flint, History of the Philosophy of History, (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Son 1893), pp. 214-215. 13 M.l.A.N. Condorcet, Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progres de ['esprit humain, (Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale 1876), I, pp. 19-20. 14 In his analysis 'Of the Typic of Pure Practical ludgment.' See Lewis White Beck's translation of the Critique of Practical Reason, (New York: Liberal Arts Press 1956), pp. 70ff. 15 M.1.A.N. Condorcet, Esquisse, II, p. 58. 16 See his 'Second Discours, Sur les progres successifs de I'esprit humain', in Oeuvres de TUrgot, ed. E. Dair, (Paris: Guillaumain 1844), II, p. 597. 17 'Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbiirgerlicher Absicht', in Immanuel Kants Siimmtliche Werke, ed. G. Hartenstein (Leipzig: Voss 1867), IV, p. 146. 18 Pascal, 'Preface to the Treatise on Vacuum,' p. 449. 19 M.l.A.N. Condorcet, Esquisse, loco cit. 20 Reftexionen Kants zur Anthropologie, ed. B. Erdmann, (Leipzig: Fues 1882), Reftexion 676. 21 'Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht', in Immanuel Kants Sammtliche Werke, ed. G. Hartenstein, VII, 649. 22 De rerum originatione radicali, quoted by A.a. Lovejoy in The Great Chain of Being, A Study of the History of an Idea, (New York: Harper & Brothers 1960) p. 257. 23 Ibid., p. 259. In the treatise Apokatastasis panton (quoted by M. Ettlinger, Leibniz als Geschichtsphilosoph (Miinchen: K6seI1921), 31-32). Leibniz posits linear and continuous time (as opposed to cyclical time). From the viewpoint of progress, the importance of this assumption lies in its implication that humanity will never remain in the same state, because it does not befit the divine harmony to touch a false chord repeatedly. If only for natural reasons of congruence, it should be assumed that things will necessarily progress toward the highest good, gradually and at times even by leaps. 24 Kant, 'Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbiirgerlicher Absicht,' Worke, ed. G. Hartenstein, IV, p. 144.

210 NOTES

The topic is central to Kant's attempt to find a kind of harmony between the sphere of ethics as that of practical reason and that of empirical behavior. The issue is analysed in the present author's: Practice and Realization, Studies in Kant, (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1979). 25 We face here the broader issue of historical prediction and its impact, including its paradoxical counterproductive results. This issue has been dealt with in the previously mentioned study, Between Past and Present: An Essay on History. 26 See Hegel's Enzyklopaedie der Wissenschaften, § 209, Zusatz. We follow here: 'The Logic of Hegel' translated from The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences by William Wallace, 2nd edition, revised and augmented (Oxford: Th6 University Press 1959), p.350. 27 The Idea of History, (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1946), p. 329. On the assumptions of the idea of progress, d. also Morris Ginsberg, 'The Idea of Progress: A Reevaluation,' in Evolution and Progress, (London: W. Heinemann 1961), pp. 1-55. On the empirical aspects of historical progress consult: Raymond Aron. Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (London: Penguin Books 1972). On the historical transfor­mations of the concept of progress consult: Robert Nisbet. History of the Idea of Progress. (New York: Basic Books 1980).

CHAPTER 4

1 See Edmund Husser!, Erfahrung und Urteil, Untersuchungen zur Genealogie der Logik, ausgearbeitet und herausgegeben von Ludwig Landgrebe (Prague: Academia 1939), pp. 235ff. 2 R.G. Collingwood, The Idea of History, edited byT.M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1946) pp. 213ff. See also: R.G. Collingwood, An Essay on Metaphysics (Oxford: Claren­don Press 1940) pp. 292ff. Compare the discussion in Allan Donagan, The Later Philo­sophy of R. G. Collingwood (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1962) pp. 192ff. 3 J.L. Austin, 'A Plea for Excuses,' included in Philosophical Papers (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1961), p. 127. 4 John Rawls, 'Two Concepts of Rules,' The Philosophical Review LXIV (1955), 3ff. See also: Thomas Morawetz, 'The Concept of a Practice,' Philosophical Studies 24 (1973), 209ff. 5 Max Scheler, Der Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik, ein Versuch der Grundlegung eines ethischen Personalismus, (Bern: Franke Verlag, 1954), p. 398. 6 Michael Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge: The University Press, 1933), pp. 296,297,298,273, 118. 7 Several surveys of the contemporary literature on action are available. Consult, for instance, Glenn Langford: Human Action, (London: Macmillan 1971) and the extensive bibliography appearing at the end of the book. 8 Toward a General Theory of Action, Talcott Parsons and Edward Shils (eds.) (Cam­bridge: Harvard University Press 1951), p. 193. 9 Der SinnhafteAufbau der sozialen Welt, eine Einleitung in die verstehende Soziologie, by Alfred Schutz (Wien: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1932), pp. 236ff.

NOTES 211

10 Arthur C. Danto, 'Basic Action,' included in: Readings in the Theory of Action, ed. by Norman S. Care and Charles Landesman, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1968), p.95. 11 G.E.M. Anscombe: 'Intention,' included in: The Philosophy of Action, ed. by Alan R. White (Oxford: The University Press, 1968), p. 147. 12 We follow here Max Weber's Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in its English translation, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, translated from the German by A.R. Henderson and Talcott Parsons, revised and edited with an introduction by Talcott Parsons (London: William Hodge and Company Ltd. 1947), p. 102. 13 We refer here to the first chapter of the present book.

CHAPTER 5

1 Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes and Hero-worship, and the Heroic in History (London: G. Routledge, n.d.), p. 1. 2 See the Vorlesungen uba die Philosophie der Geschichte, in Glockner's edition of Hegel's Siimtliche Werke, Vol. XI (Stuttgart: Fromann 1928), p. 60. 3 Carlyle, op. cit., p. 107. 4 G. Plekhanov, 'The Role of the Individual in History,' in Theories of History, edited with Introductions and Commentary by P. Gardiner (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press 1959), p. 155. 5 Ibid., p. 155. 6 Ibid., p. 156. 7 Ibid., pp. 157-158. 8 Ibid., p. 159. 9 Ibid., p. 159. 10 Ibid., p. 160. 11 Ibid., p. 162. 12 The Prince and The Discourses by Niccolo Machiavelli, with an introduction by Max Lerner (New York: Modern Library 1940), p. 382. 13 Ibid., p. 441. 14 Ibid., p. 383. 15 Hegel, Philosophy of Right, translated with notes by T.M. Knox, (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1942), p. 295. 16 Edward Hallett Carr cites this passage from Hegel in What is History? (New York: Knopf 1962), p. 68. Surprisingly, he skips over the important opening statement in which, as we have seen, Hegel alludes to the choice actualized by the great man. 17 See the present author's: On the Human Subject, Studies in the Phenomenology of Ethics and Politics, (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas Publisher 1966), pp. 30ff., as well as: Spirit and Man, An Essay on Being and Value, (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1963), pp. 3ff. 18 William James, 'Great Men and Their Environment,' in The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (New York: 1956), p. 219. 19 Cf. J.G. Droysen, Historik, Vo'rlesungen uber Enzyklopiidie und Methodologie der

212 NOTES

Geschichte, R. Heibner, ed. (Miinchen and Berlin: 1943), p. 25. See Sidney Hook: The Hero in History, A Study in Limitation and Possibility (New York: The Humanities Press 1950), especially Chs. 8 and 9 .. Consult also the present author's Between Past and Present, An Essay on History, pp. 135ff., as well as Spirit and Man, An Essay on Being and Value, pp. 3ff.

CHAPTER 6

1 See F.H. Bradley, 'The Vulgar Notions of Responsibility in Connexion with the Theories of Free-Will and Necessity,' included in: Ethical Studies (first published in 1876) (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1%2), pp. Iff. Consult on Bradley: Jonathan Glover, Responsi­bility (New York: The Humanities Press 1970), p. 13fL 2 Compare: Two Aspects of the Ethical Situation,' in the author's Humanism in the Contemporary Era (The Hague: Mouton & Co. 1963), pp. 87ff. Alfred Schutz speaks about equivocation in the notion of responsibility - in terms of "responsible for" and "responsible to someone." See his 'Some Equivocations of the Notion of Responsibility,' incl. in: Determinism and Freedom in the Age of Modern Science, ed. Sidney Hook (New York University Press, New York: 1958), pp. 206ff. 3 On the legal aspects, consult Hans Binder, Die Urteilsfiihigkeit in psychologischer, psychiatrischer und juristischer Sicht (Ziirich: 1964), pp. 9, 10, 16, 23. 4 See J. Glover, op. cit. 5 Bernard Williams: Problems of the Self, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973. Also: Moral Luck, Philosophical Papers, 1973-1980, Cambridge University Press, Cam­bridge 1981.

CHAPTER 7

1 'Die Grenznutzlehre und das psychophysische Grundgesetz,' Gesammelte Aufsiitze zur Wissenschaftslehre, lC.B. Mohr (Tiibingen: Siebek, 1922), pp. 366ff. 2 'Die 'Objektivitat' sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitischer Erkenntnis,' Gesam­melte Aufsiitze zur Wissenschaftslehre, p. 175. 3 Wissenschaft als Beruf, ibid., p. 531. 4 "Die 'Objektivitat"', ibid., p. 151. 5 Ibid. 6 'Der Sinn der 'Wertfreiheit' der sozioiogischen und 'Okonomischen Wissenschaften,' ibid., p. 492. 7 Kritik der reinen Vernunft, B 575 (Kemp-Smith's transl. p. 473 (New York: St. Martin's Press. Toronto: Macmillan, 1929.) 8 Prolegomena § 53. 9 Gunnar Myrdal, Objectivity in Social Resear~ (New York: 1969) p. 55. On Weber consult: Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1957), pp. 35ff. 10 Claude Levi-Strauss, The Scope of Anthropology, tr. Sherry Ortneran and Robert A.

NOTES 213

Pane (London: 1967), pp. 46, 32. 11 On the empirical expressions of alienation, see: Economic Failure, Alienation and Extremism by Michael Aiken, Louis A. Ferman and Harold L. Sheppard, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1968), pp. 8, 142. 12 Consult Charles Taylor, 'Neutrality in Political Science,' included in Philosophy, Politics and Society, Third Series, A collection edited by Peter Laslett and W.G. Runci­man, (Oxford: 1969), pp. 26ft. 13 Compare the author's 'Relevance examined,' Ethics, April 1972. On values and evaluations consult: Alexander Pfiinder, Ethik Ethische Wertlehre und ethische Sol/ens­lehre in kurzer Darstellung, aus dem Nachlass, herausgegeben von Peter Schwankl (Miinchen: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1973), pp. 141ft.

CHAPTER 8

1 The theme is that of George Gurvitch's book, The Spectrum of Social Time, translated and edited by Myrtle Korenbaum, assisted by Philip Bosserman (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1964). The present analysis does not relate the mUltiplicity of times to socrl strata or organizations. G.H. Mead's Philosophy of the Present deals with the posItion of the present in general, bestowing on it the central position within the dimensions of time. The emphasis in our exposition is on the pace of the present, and not on its ontological position. On the aspect of acceleration, other than within the experience of time, see Max Patterson; 'Acceleration in Evolution Before Human Times', Journal of Biological Structures 1 (1978), 201ft. The book by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann: The Social Construction of Reality, A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Allen Lane, 1971) relates rapid social change to "the pluralistic situation" which is subversive to traditional reality. 2 My friend Professor Werblowsky called my attention to the work of Ernst Benz; 'Akzeleration der Zeit als geschichtliches und heilsgeschichtliches Problem,' Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur, Mainz, Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissen­schaftlichen Klasse, Jhrg. 1977, Nr. 2. Benz analyzes the aspect of acceleration mainly in the context of eschatological expectations in the sense of "time is running short," and does not raise questions related to categorial contexts of historical time. He refers to aspects of revolution (pp. 48ft.). From the point of view directing the present exploration we can say that the velocity of the present time is not necessarily related to the momentum of revolutions, but rather to the interaction between events and the response to them. See Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space 1880--1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983). 3 See Irving Hallowell, Temporal Orientation in Western Civilization and in a Preliterate Society,' American Anthropologist XXXIX (1937), 647ft. 4 J. Huizinga, 'Die gegenwiirtige Kulturkrise verglichen mit friiheren,' Schriften zur Zeitkritik, iibersetzt von Werner Kaegi (Ziirich-Bruxelles: Occident-Verlag, Pantheon­Verlag, 1948) pp. 17ft. 5 Harold D. Lasswell, The Future of World Communication: Quality and Style of Life (Honolulu: East-West Communication Institute), 1972, p. 3. 6 Karl Jaspers' well-known Die geistige Situation der Zeit (Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter &

214 NOTES

Co.) appeared in 1933, that is to say, prior to the changes characteristic of the contempo­rary situation and the sense of velocity related to them. Jaspers said that what man can do refers to the short range. He is given tasks but not any continuity of his existence. That which has past (das Gewesene) no longer holds good, but only that which is present. (das Gegenwartige). See ibid., p. 40. 7 Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, Zusatz zu & 138. Hegel's Philosophy of Right, translated with Notes by T.M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1943), p. 255.

CHAPTER 9

1 On the positions and limitations of the historical approach, consult Leo Strauss: Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 1953. 2 Hegel's presentation, the "spirit of an epoch," is brought together with "the spirit of a people." The most explicit statement is contained in: System und Geschichte der Philoso­phie, ed. by Johannes Hoffmeister (Leipzig: Meiner 1944) pp. 38ff., 148ff. 3 Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia, An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, with a preface by Louis Wirth (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1960), pp. 70-71; p. 76. Clifford Geerth's 'Ideology as a Cultural System' is to some extent a continuation of Mannheim's view. Cf. The Interpretation of Cultures, Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973) pp. 193ff. 4 Probably the most instructive presentation of Marx's theory is expressed in 'Ekonomisch-Philosophische Manuscripte,' included in Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels Ge­samtausgabe 1,3 (Berlin: Marx-Engels Verlag, 1931). 5 Joachim Ritter: Hegel und die Jranzosische Revolution Heft 63 (K61n und Opladen: Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Forschung des Landes Nordheim - Westfalia, 1957). 6 On the transformation of the concept of ideology consult, Helmuth Plessner, 'Abwand­lungen des Ideologiegedankens,' in Zwischen Philosophie und Gesellschaft (Bern: Francke Verlag, 1953) pp. 218ff. 7 Zwi Lamm in 'Ideologies in a Hierarchical Order: A Neglected Theory,' in Science and Public Policy, February, 1984, pp. 40ff., deals with the theories of George Walford and Harold Walsby. The hierarchical order is a typology of ideologies according to their central themes. 8 See David McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1986. The book contains a Bibliography.

INDEX OF NAMES

Aiken, Michael 213 Alexander, Samuel 208 Ancombe, G.E.M. 211 Aristotle 71, 146 Aron, Rayrnondo 210 Athens 71 Austin, J.L. 82, 84, 210

Bacon, Francis 59, 209 Bach, J.S. 71 Baillie, J. 208 Becker, c.L. 208 Beethoven, Ludwig von 71 Benz, Ernst 213 Berger, Peter L. 213 Bergman, S.H. 208 Berlin, Isiah 148 Binder, Hans 212 Bradley, F.H. 130,212 Brandeis, Louis 148 Brunner, E. 208 Bury, J.B. 55,56,208

Caesar 81f. Carlyle, Thomas 97f.,211 Carr, Edward Hallett 211 Collingwood, KG. 71, 81fl., 208, 210 Columbus 162 Cohen, Hermann 48-49,208 Condorcet, M.J.A.N. 61f., 209 Cullman, Oscar 57l.,209

Dante Alighieri 100, 108 Danto, Arthur C. 88, 211 Dempf, Alois 209 Destut de Tracy, Antoine L.c. 175f. Dewey, John 88 Dilthey, Wilhelm 45-47, 208 Donagan, Allan 210 Droysen, J.G. 207,211 Duns Scotus 78

215

Engels, Friedrich 207

Feuerbach, Ludwig 205

Hegel, Georg W.F. 2f., 32, 33, 61, 69f., 99f., 105-106, 143, 172, 180, 183, 184, 185, 189, 207, 210, 211, 214

Heidegger, Martin 15f., 21f., 79, 207 Herder, J.G. 56,209 Hitler, Adolf 83 Hollowell, Irving 213 Hook, Sidney 212 Huizinga, Johannes 164f.,213 Humboldt, Wilhelm von 11,207 Husser!, Edmund 80, 210

James, William 24, 116 Jaspers, Karl 213 Jean Paul 160 Jefferson, Thomas 175

Kant, Immanuel 27,37,39,56, 61f., 121, 124f., 143, 144, 145, 146, 184, 188f., 204, 208, 209, 210, 212

Kern, Stephen 213

Lamm, Zwi 214 Lamprecht, Karl 97, 98 Langford, Glenn 210 Laswell, Harold D. 172,213 Leibniz, Gottfried W. 65, 209 Leonardo da Vinci 104, 107 Uvi-Strauss, Claude 146, 208, 212 Lovejoy, A.G. 209 LOwith, Karl 207 Luckmann, Thomas 213 Luther, Martin 100, 114

Machiavelli, Niccolo 211 Mannheim, Karl 176f.,214 Marquise de Pompadour 102

216 INDEX OF NAMES

Marx, Karl2f., 97f., 132f., 175f., 207, 214

Mead, G.H. 213 Meyer, Edward 207 Michalangelo, Buonarrotti 104, 105,

107 Morawetz, Thomas 210 Myrdall, Gunnar 145, 212

Napoleon 34,36,40-41,51, 103, 107 Nisbert, Robert 210 Nietsche, Friedrich 29

Oakeshott, Michael 86, 210

Paracelsus, Aurelous 56, 209 Pascal, Blaise 6Of., 209 Patterson, Max 213 Perelman, Chaim 153 Persians 40 Pfander, Alexander 213 Philo 57 Planck, Max 32 Plato 71, 108 Plekhanov, G. 97f., 211 Plessner, Helmuth 214

Raphael, Samti 104, 107, 108

Rawls, John 82f., 210 Rickert, Heinrich 50,208 Ritter, Joachim 214 Rome 71 Rosenzweig, Franz 207 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 100, 184 Russia 40,43

Sartre, Jean Paul 149 Scheler, Max 85,210 Schlick, Moritz 208 Scholem, Gershom 55,208 Schutz, Alfred 212 Shakespeare, William 161 Socrates 4 Spinoza, B. 120f., 198 Stern, William 93 Strauss, Leo 212, 214

Taylor, Charles 213 Turgot, Anne R.J. 62,209

Weber, Max 35,40, 89f., 14lf., 210, 211,212

Weiss, Paul 207 Werblowsky, R.Z. 213 Whitehead, Alfred North 204 Williams, Bernard 132, 212

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

absolute 52 absolute essence 3f. accumulation 52f. achievement 169f. actions 79f., 161f. acts passim actualization 8f., 105t. alienation 151f., 193,213 America 162, 164, 173 arnOT [ati 133 animals 7 answerability 131 anticipation 13f. anti-egocentric 9lf. apartheid 68 a priori 28f. art 61,117,164 authenticity 14t., 173 authority 59f. autobiography 47 awareness passim

becoming passim Being 12f. Bible 146 biography 44f. biological stratum 21, 34, 95 Buddhism 140, 143, 145

Catholic Churches 114 causa ut 82t. causal efficacy 7f. causality 40, 43f. change passim Christian Church 146 Christian tradition 57t. Christianity 154, 209 Churches 195, 196 circularity 92 Civil War 162 coercion 128f. collective creation 22

217

collective independence 182 Communist Poland 195 consent 83f. consumption 167 Continental Europe 164 continuity 38f. creation 56 creativity 2f. crystallization 19f., lIOf. culture 52f., 141f. 'Cunning of Reason' 33,43, 69f., 100,

105,208 CUTSUS If.

ltapassim I. ead Sea Scrolls 154 death 12f. decision 41-42 decolonization 162f. deeds 7St. demand 135f. democratic state 2 depersonalization 75, 11 It. , 133 desires 142f. determination 96f., 17Sf. determinism 20, 123t., 138f. detours 5, 6 dialectics 12, 176f., 199f. dialectics of realization 74f. directedness 84f. dissociation 132 discovery of continents 164 duration passim duty 63

economics 7,113,164,167, 175f. effort 170f. egalitarianism 170 empiricism 175f. endurance 33f. epochs 163f. equality 182, 193

218 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

equilibrium ISH. eschaton 156f. ethics 48f., 188f. eudaimonia 171 evaluation 117f., 135f. events passim evil 197f. experience 46f. expression 112f. externality 3f.

final cause 8f. finitude 124f., 156 Fortune 105 frankness 148 freedom 193f. French Revolution 188 function 130f. future passim

generation 2H., 160f. German music 164 German people 83f. German philosophy 164 Gestalt 11, 26, 30, 36, 89, 106, 108,

191 goals H., 85f. God 55f. good 198 'great individuals' 15f. Greek literature 164

hedonism 170 hermeneutics 208 heroes 8lf. historia rerum gestarum 92, 134 historical consciousness passim 'historical hours' 114f. historical materialism 175 historicity 12f. historiography 134 holiness 66 human dignity 197 human perspective 6f. humanities 46 hypostasis 6, 187, 190

ideologies 175f. identification 130t. immediacy 168, 173f. imperative 128f. impersonal 14t. impressions 172t. improvement 53f. incest taboo 166f. individuals 44, 81f., 94t. infrastructure 88t. instanteneous gratification 168, 171 institution 80f. intelligence 150 intention 84f. intentionality passim intersubjective 85f. interests 183f. internality 3f. interpretation passim intervention 181 introspection 42f., 138 'is' 144f. Italian art 104 Italian Renaissance 107

Jemeinigkeit 13f. Jews 157 Jewish mysticism 55f. justification 180

'Know Thyself 3f. Kulturmensch 141

language 22f., 113f. laws 25f., 123f. legal reasoning 131 legislation 188f. liberation 194 liberty 164 'Life' 45f. Lisbon earthquake 43 literature 47,100, llot., 117

manifestation 3f. mankind If. mass media 166f., 172f.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

materialism 7f. means 7f. measures 142f. mediation 3f., 11, 173f. metaphysical deduction 27f. monography 47f. morphe 116

Nachwelt 87 nationalism 192f. natural sciences 138f. nature 4,56 Nazi period 83f. necessity 9, 120 Neptune 39

obedience 167 observing 172 occurences passim one-sidedness lI5f. openness 87f. 'ought' 135f., 144f.

parliament 154 partial contents 76f. partialness 203 passions 141 passivity 201 past passim pauperization 202 people 35f., 86 periodization 163f. personal existence 14f. personality 146 phenomenology 174 philanthropy 199 philosophers 60 philosophical anthropology 199 philosophy 4,47, 73, 100, 110f., 117,

203 pivotal events 165 planning 10 poeiesis 80 politics 34 possibility, possibilities 13f., 39f., 115f. post-Nazi period I57f.

potentiality 8f. prayer 90 praxis 7f., 80, 205 present passim prediction 200 printing 164 process passim productivity 164 products 167 progress 4, 53f. projections 187f. proletariat 86 property 169 Protestantism 145 Providence 55f. psychiatric condition 132 public realm 20f.

ratio 54f. rationality 189 real, reality 26f. realization 74f. reason 144f. reciprocity 113f. redemption 143 reflection passim regularity 6lf. relatedness 124f. relationism 186 relative 52 relativism 73, 143f., 178f. relativity 143f. religion 7, 73, 90, 100, 178f. Renaissance 104 Renaissance thinkers 56 repetition 4 res gestae 92, 134 respect 148f. response %f., 16Of. responsibility 44, 94f., I28f., 156 result 170f. revolution 83, 162 rights 169f.

science 54f., 164 schools 8Sf.

219

220

self-consciousness 3f. self-defeating prophecies 68 self-externalization 4 self-fulfilling prophecies 68 self-identity 94f. self-knowledge 3f. sensualism l75f. services 199f. significance 14lf. socialism 194 social sciences 137f. society 97f., 177f. Socratic maxim 152 Spirit 3ff. stability 159f. state 196f. state of affairs 80f. steam engine 164 'strahlende Werte' 93 subjects 26f. subjective 144 subjectivism 174 substantive contents 93f. subsistence 190f. substratum 30f. success 169f. succession passim

technical efficiency 164 technology 54f., 165f., 200 te/os 58 Teutonic myth 67 Teutonic race 157f. theoria 146 theory 6ff. Theory of Relativity 99 Third World 192 Tikkun 55 totality 203 traditional society 168f.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

transcendence 18 transcendental 48f. transcendental deduction 28f. transition 19f. trans-individuality 85f. transpersonal 15f. trust 131 truth 14lf., 147f.

Oberbau 184 universalization 170 universality 143 universe l09f., 164 Unterbau 184 USSR 197 utopia 177f.

value, values 135f. values plurality 143f. velocity 159f. verbal communication 101 verification 180 Verstehen 45f. Vietnam War 172 vogues 167f. Volkssele 86 Vorwelt 87

warfare 164 Welfare State 199f. well-being 201 West 197 Western Civilization 53 will 4, 86, 126 work of art 111 World War II 162f.

youth 168

Zeitgeist 160f., 183f.