© K. Coder 2015

1. How is Earth’s water distributed?

• Our Earth is made of 70% water.

• Most of Earth’s water is in our oceans. Thus, it is too salty for most human uses.

• Most freshwater is frozen in glaciers.

• Humans can use surface water (lakes, streams, rivers) & groundwater for freshwater.

2. What are the names of water in each phase?

• Solid water = ice

• Liquid water = water

• Gaseous water = water vapor

3. How can the state of matter be changed?

• Heat energy absorbed (adding heat):

• Melting: Solid -> Liquid

• Evaporation: Liquid -> Gas

• Heat energy released (taking away heat):

• Freezing: Liquid -> Solid

• Condensation: Gas -> Liquid

4. How much energy is needed to change the state of matter of water? (ESRT page 1)

• Melting requires the addition of 334 Joules/gram.

• Freezing requires the release of 334 Joules/gram.

• Vaporization (evaporation) requires the addition of 2260 Joules/gram.

• Condensation requires the release of 2260 Joules/gram.

© K. Coder 2015

! Checkpoint: Water & Energy 1) How much energy is required for 3 grams of ice to become water? Show your work.

3 grams x 334 Joules/gram = 1002 Joules

2) How much energy is required for 10 grams of water to become vapor? Show your work.

10 grams x 2260 Joules/gram = 22,600 Joules

5. What factors affect evaporation rates?

Factor To Increase Evaporation To Decrease Evaporation

Temperature Warm temperatures Cool temperatures

Humidity Low humidity High humidity

Winds High winds Low winds

Surface Area Large surface area Small surface area

Covering Uncovered Covered (ex: frozen lake)

6. How is water naturally recycled?

• Water cycle: illustrates the movement of phase changes of water at and near Earth’s

surface

7. What powers the water cycle?

• The Sun provides heat energy needed to power the water cycle

o Evaporation: (C) liquid water becoming water vapor

o Transpiration: (D) release of water vapor into the

atmosphere by plants o Condensation: (A) water vapor becoming liquid

water (forming clouds) o Precipitation: (B) water falling to the ground

© K. Coder 2015

8. What happens after precipitation falls on land?

1) Infiltration: the downward movement of water through the soil

2) Runoff: excess water that cannot infiltrate the ground

9. Where does the water go when it moves underground?

• After infiltrating the soil, groundwater occupies distinct zones.

1) Zone of aeration: spaces between rocks filled with air 2) Zone of saturation: spaces between rocks filled with water

• Saturated = filled with water

• Unsaturated = not filled with water 3) Water table: the boundary between the two zones.

*The water table moves up and down depending upon the amount of ground water.

Zone of Aeration

Water Table

Zone of Saturation

Impermeable Bedrock Solid rock in Earth’s crust the water cannot pass through

© K. Coder 2015

10. How do conditions cause the water table to change?

Diagram

Average Water Table Height

Prolonged Precipitation

Prolonged Dry Conditions

Height of Water Table

Average height of water table

Increased height of water table

Decreased height of water table

Distance from

Water Table to

Land Surface

Average Distance Distance would decrease (water table gets closer to

land)

Distance would increase (water table gets farther

from land)

© K. Coder 2015

! Checkpoint: Water Cycle 1) Identify the processes A, B, C, D, E and F & the feature labeled X.

A Evaporation

B Condensation

C Transpiration

D Precipitation

E Runoff

F Infiltration

X Water table

© K. Coder 2015

11. Why can water infiltrate some soils quicker than others?

• Permeability: the ability of soil or sediment to allow water to flow down through it

o The sizes of the sediments (fragments of rock) determine how much water can move into the ground.

12. How are the sizes of sediments defined?

*Use ESRT page 6 for grain size comparison:

13. How is permeability determined?

• Permeable: water can infiltrate the ground

• Impermeable: water cannot infiltrate the ground and will become runoff

• As soil size increases, the permeability increases.

o Greater permeable sediments: pebbles & sand (larger)

o Less permeable sediments: silt & clay (small)

"Largest sediment

"Smallest sediment

© K. Coder 2015

14. How are runoff and infiltration related?

• Indirect relationship: as the amount of infiltration increases, the amount of runoff

decreases

15. What factors affect infiltration & runoff?

Factor Increase Infiltration, Decrease Runoff

Increase Runoff, Decrease Infiltration

Permeability High permeability Low permeability

Saturation Unsaturated Saturated

Slope Gentle slope Steep slope

Temperature Warm soil Cold or frozen soil

Vegetation Large amount of vegetation Small amount of vegetation

Location Soils and sands Concretes, pavement, buildings

© K. Coder 2015

16. How much water can soil hold?

• Porosity: the amount of space between sediments

o Porosity depends upon shape, packing, & sorting of soil particles.

17. What are the three factors that determine

porosity? 1) Shape

o Rounded particles have more porosity than particles with angular shapes.

2) Packing

o Loosely packed particles have more porosity than closely packed particles.

3) Sorting

o Well-sorted particles have more porosity than unsorted particles.

18. How does size affect porosity if shape, packing, and sorting are uniform? • Size DOES NOT affect porosity because it does not change the amount of empty space

between particles!

These all have the same porosity

because they have the same shape,

packing, and sorting!

© K. Coder 2015

19. How much water remains in the soil?

• Water retention: the ability for soil to hold water

• The smaller the sediments, the greater the water retention.

o Greatest retention: clay, silt

o Lowest retention: sand, pebbles

20. How does water rise in between particles?

• Capillarity: Upward movement of water through tiny spaces in soil or rock

• The smaller the sediments, the greater the capillarity.

o Greatest capillarity: clay, silt

o Lowest capillarity: sand, pebbles

© K. Coder 2015

! Checkpoint: Groundwater 1) Describe the permeability and saturation that would allow the most:

a. Infiltration: permeable and unsaturated

b. Runoff: impermeable and saturated

2) The diagram below shows tubes A and B partly filled with equal volumes of round plastic beads of uniform size. The beads in tube A are smaller than the beads in tube B. Water was placed in tube A until the pore spaces were filled. The drain valve was then opened, and the amount of time for the water to drain from the tube was recorded. The amount of water that remained around the beads was then calculated and recorded. Data table 1 shows the measurements recorded using tube A.

If the same procedure was followed with tube B, which data table shows the measurements most likely recorded?

© K. Coder 2015

21. How does soil permeability and saturation affect the pollution of groundwater? • Pollution: any substance or form of energy that harms living things

• Soil that is permeable and unsaturated will allow for more pollutants to seep into the

groundwater.

• Major causes of groundwater pollution:

o Runoff that contains oil, gasoline, garbage, animal feces, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and salts and other deicing agents.

o Leaking septic tanks.

o Leaking underground storage containers of chemicals such as oil and gasoline.

• Cleaning groundwater pollution:

o Groundwater pollution is difficult to clean up because water is dispersed throughout large areas of rock and sand. Pollutants can also cling to soil particles.

© K. Coder 2015

22. How do your read a map showing pollution isolines?

Pollution Map Example:

• The isolines on the map below represent concentrations (amounts) of pollutants.

• The source of the pollution will have the greatest concentration.

• The isolines are closest together (steepest gradient) near the source of the pollution.

• As pollution in the groundwater travels away from the source, the isolines spread out. This area of pollution is called the plume.

• To determine the direction the plume is moving, draw an arrow from the source towards the most gentle gradient.

! Checkpoint: Groundwater Pollution

1) Use the Pollution Map Example above to answer the following questions.

a. Which letter likely represents the source of the pollution? ___________________________

b. Which direction is this plume moving? __________________________________________

B

Southwest

© K. Coder 2015

2) A water soluble pesticide was applied to the ground surface at location A as shown on the map. Precipitation occurred as some of the pesticide that was carried into the ground dissolved in the water. As the ground water moved through the ground, it distributed the pesticide. A scientist took samples of the ground water and determined the concentration of the pesticide in parts per billion (ppb). The field map shows the concentrations of the pesticide.

a. Draw an accurate isoline map following the directions below. Begin your drawing with the 50-ppb isoline. Use an interval of 50-ppb.

b. Place an asterisk (*) on the map to represent the location of the source of the pollution.

c. In which direction is the plume moving? ________________________________________

d. Describe the general pattern of pesticide concentration as the distance from location A increases.

e. Use the isoline map you have constructed to determine the gradient of pesticide concentration in ppb between point B and point C, following the directions below.

(1) Write the formula for gradient. (2) Substitute data into the formula. (3) Calculate the gradient and label your answer with proper units.

Pesticide Concentrations in Ground Water (ppb)

*

Southeast

As the distance from location A increases, the pesticide concentration decreases.

Gradient = change in field value = 160 – 40 ppm = 120 ppm = 60 ppm/km distance 2 km 2 km