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November 17November 17thth, 2009, 2009 22
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction2.2. BackgroundBackground3.3. MotivationMotivation4.4. Proposed ApproachProposed Approach
OverviewOverview Host movement Detection using L2 InformationHost movement Detection using L2 Information CRN DiscoveryCRN Discovery Advance ReservationAdvance Reservation Localized State UpdateLocalized State Update
5.5. Implementation and Experimental ResultImplementation and Experimental Result Experimental Testbed ConfigurationExperimental Testbed Configuration Average Data Transmission RateAverage Data Transmission Rate Application: MPEG Video StreamingApplication: MPEG Video Streaming
6.6. Simulation StudySimulation Study7.7. ConclusionConclusion8.8. ReferencesReferences
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Need for QoS Guarantees in Mobile InternetNeed for QoS Guarantees in Mobile InternetIncreasing demand for real-time multimedia services for mobile users
VoIP, Video streaming, Video Conferencing, IPTV etc.
Multimedia application characteristicsRequire large bandwidth
Highly sensitive to delay and jitter
Loss-tolerant for the most part
Limitations on QoS guarantees in Mobile InternetLimitations on QoS guarantees in Mobile InternetCharacteristics of Wireless Links
Limited bandwidth
Error-prone wireless links
Service instability due to host mobilityHandoff latency
Traffic redirection overhead
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Mobility Management ProtocolsMobility Management ProtocolsSession Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Pre-call Mobility, mid-call Mobility
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Multi-stream features
Mobile IPMobile IPv4/IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IP, Proxy Mobil IP etc.
Other supporting technologyOther supporting technologyIEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover
Layer 2.5
Provide link layer information to upper layer mobility management protocols
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IEEE 802.21 MIHIEEE 802.21 MIH
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IETF Internet QoS ArchitectureIETF Internet QoS ArchitectureIntegrated Service (IntServ)
Per-flow based resource reservation for real-time applicationsService Models: Guranteed service, Controlled load, best-effortPriority queues for packet scheduling and admission control in each router
Differentiated Service (DiffServ)Coarse-grained QoS differentiationPacket labeling based on service classes (TOS field in IP packet)Service level agreement (SLA) among ISPs
Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP)Signaling protocol for IntServReservation of network resources in hop-by-hop fashionReceiver-initiated signalingSoft-state: non-permanent control state will expire unless refreshedOne-to-one or many-to-many multicast QoS reservation
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Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS)Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS)New General Signaling Protocol suite proposed by IETF(RFC 4080, 2005)NSIS Protocol Suite Features
Two Layer Architecture (NSIS Signaling Layer Protocol and NSIS Transport Layer Protocol)Session-based signalingInteract with both reliable and unreliable Transport protocols (TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP etc.)Support Various QoS Models (IntServe, DiffServ, 3GPP, Y.1541 etc.)Provide Security mechanismBidirectional ReservationSupport MobilitySupport Mobility
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<Logical Components in an NSIS-aware node [8]>
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NSIS Signaling Scenario [8]NSIS Signaling Scenario [8]NSIS entities: peer relationship
Each entity may store soft-statesoft-state information about peers
Type of NSIS EntitiesNSIS initiator (NI)
NSIS forwarders (NFs)
NSIS responder (NR)
Not all routersNot all routers along the data path need to be NSIS-aware
QoS NSLP OperationQoS NSLP OperationSupports both sender-initiated and receiver-initiated reservations
Message TypesQUERY, RESERVE, RESPONSE, NOTIFY
<NSIS signaling scenario between host and edge node>
<Basic a) sender-initiated and b) receiver-initiated protocol operation>
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Comparison of RSVP and NSIS [8]Comparison of RSVP and NSIS [8]
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NSIS Tunnel Signaling [9]NSIS Tunnel Signaling [9]The tunneling path is considered as non-NSIS-aware cloud.
When errors occur on the tunnel, the tunnel messages only drop off.
state management complexity increases
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(a) Sender Initiated (b) Receiver Initiated
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RSVP extensions for Mobile InternetRSVP extensions for Mobile InternetDifficult to deploy due to shortcomings of RSVP
Mobility-related features of NSISMobility-related features of NSISNot yet fully validated
Problems of conventional NSIS [9]Session re-establishment after handoff procedureafter handoff procedure
(100 ms delay only for this)
Overhead of complex mechanisms for discovering Crossover Node in Mobile IP tunnel
Applicable NSIS in mobile access networksApplicable NSIS in mobile access networks
To reduce latency due to signaling session re-establishmentTo reduce latency due to signaling session re-establishment
To address Mobile IP tunneling problems
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Cross-layer DesignCross-layer DesignHost Movement detection using L2 Information through Layer 2 APILayer 2 API
Mobility Control modules in QoS NSLP LayerMobility Control modules in QoS NSLP LayerNo Modifications in GIST Layer
Advance reservation, CRN Discovery, Localized State Update modules
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<Existing NSIS Protocol Stack> <Proposed NSIS Protocol Stack>
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Overall ProcedureOverall ProcedureBefore a Handoff ( )
Step 1. Receiving L2 beacon frame from new AR, MN notifies with Handoff_Init
Step 2. Each QNE on old path determines whether it is CRN or not
Step 3. If a QNE is the CRN, it reserves resources on the new path in a passive way
After a Handoff ( )Step 4. MN notifies its handoff
completion toward the new path and each QNE on new path activate passive reservation
Step 5. CRN requests state update on the common path
Step 6. CRN teardown old session
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Step 1. Cross-layer Interaction with Layer 2 (Link Layer)Step 1. Cross-layer Interaction with Layer 2 (Link Layer)Movement Prediction with Signal Strength of Access Points
Initiate Advance reservation Procedure at Cell Scan Threshold (CST)
Trigger handoff at Cell Switching Point (CSP)
Activate Passive reservation on the new path when Mobile IP handoff completes
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Step 2. CRN DiscoveryStep 2. CRN DiscoveryQoS NSLP NOTIFY message with Handoff Initiation (HO_INIT) flag
Message includes Changed Message Routing Information (MRI) – flow ID
Look up Routing table for determining whether it is CRN or not
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An ExampleAn Example
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Step 3. Advance ReservationStep 3. Advance ReservationQoS NSLP stateless RESERVE and RESPONSE message
Stateless message does not install QoS State immediately
→ Just prepare resource reservation
→ For other kinds of traffic
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Step 4. Activation of Advance ReservationStep 4. Activation of Advance ReservationAfter L3 (Mobile IP) handoff completes
NOTIFY message with Handoff Done (HO_DONE) flag initiate activation of passive reservation
Activate passive reservation on the new path after a handoff
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Step 5. Local State UpdateStep 5. Local State UpdateNOTIFY message with Route change (RT_CHG) flag is sent along common path between CRN and CN
Message includes new Message Routing Information (MRI) of which the destination address is new AR’s IP address
Step 6. Old Path TeardownStep 6. Old Path TeardownCRN teardowns previous signaling session on the old path
→ To avoid Invalid NR problem and waste of network resources
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Testbed ConfigurationTestbed Configuration
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OS: Linux kernel 2.6.17Mobile IP: HUT Dynamics 0.8.1Traffic Scheduling: HTB/SFQ
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Delay factors of handoff that affects the service disruptionDelay factors of handoff that affects the service disruption
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Average Data Transmission RateAverage Data Transmission Rate250 KBs (2 Mbps) reserved200 data packets per sec, each packet 1316 bytesLink capacity: 94.1 (wired) vs. 4.9 (wireless) Mbps
→→ 93.5 Mbps background traffic
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Experimental ScenarioExperimental Scenario
On aforementioned testbed
Background traffic generation:
MGEN tool
Maximum throughput of wired
network: 94.1 Mbps
Wired subnet A: non-congested
Wired subnet B: congested
93.5 Mbps background traffic
1.7 Mbps video traffic
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Comparison of video streaming rate variationsComparison of video streaming rate variations
Video Quality disruption time with conventional NSIS [9]: 7 seconds
Video Quality disruption time with proposed scheme: 13 ms (Negligible!)
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Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of each MPEG video framePeak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of each MPEG video framePSNR < 30.0 dB: video frame severely disruptedPSNR = 78.13 dB: no quality loss in video frame
Average PSNR value variation after a handoffNSIS with advance reservation: 69.1 dB 68.7 dB68.7 dBConventional NSIS: 69.6 dB 49.59 dB49.59 dB
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(a) NSIS with Advance Resource Reservation (b) Conventional NSIS
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<Simulation Environment><Simulation Environment>
Parameters Values
MAC IEEE 802.11b
Data rate 11Mbps
Number of ARs 7X7 (49)
Cell Coverage (radius) 250m
Overlapped area 150m
Beacon Interval 100ms
Mobile nodes speed 1.5 m/s ~ 25m/s
Traffic model Poisson traffic
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Performance metricsPerformance metricsReservation session blocking ratio
probability that a reservation requests for a wireless cell is blocked due to lack of network resources
Reservation session loss ratioprobability that an MN loses its active reservation path after a handoff due to lack of network resources
Reservation session completion ratioprobability that an MN can complete the reservation session successfully without suffering from any reservation blocking or session loss
Latency of reservation activation after handoffVersus hop count from the new AR and CRN
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ContributionsContributionsExploits shortcomings of RSVP with new signaling protocol NSIS
Lightweight, more flexible, scalable, more secure
Adapting Various Kinds of QoS Models
No Concern of Mobile IP TunnelingNo need to send and receive signaling message over IP-in-IP tunnel explicitly
No additional S/W neededJust some modifications of NSIS Protocol with existing NSIS features
Simplification of advance signaling processOptimized reservation path establishment is not needed
Performance enhancementMinimized additional re-establishment delay after handoff
→→ Fast Signaling session recovery after a handoff in order to support time Fast Signaling session recovery after a handoff in order to support time sensitive multimedia communicationssensitive multimedia communications
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1.1. A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath, and A. Acharya, MRSVP: A Resource Reservation Protocol for an Integrated Services Network A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath, and A. Acharya, MRSVP: A Resource Reservation Protocol for an Integrated Services Network with Mobile Hosts, Wireless Networks 7 (2001) 5-19. January.with Mobile Hosts, Wireless Networks 7 (2001) 5-19. January.
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5.5. R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog, and S. Jamin, Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)-Version 1 Functional R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog, and S. Jamin, Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)-Version 1 Functional Specification, IETF RFC 2205, September 1997.Specification, IETF RFC 2205, September 1997.
6.6. C. Perkins and others, IP Mobility Support for IPv4, IETF RFC 3344, August 2002.C. Perkins and others, IP Mobility Support for IPv4, IETF RFC 3344, August 2002.
7.7. R. Hancock, G. Karagiannis, J. Loughney, and S. Van den Bosch, Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS): Framework, IETF RFC 4080, R. Hancock, G. Karagiannis, J. Loughney, and S. Van den Bosch, Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS): Framework, IETF RFC 4080, June 2005.June 2005.
8.8. X. Fu, H. Schulzrinne, A. Bader, D. Hogrefe, C. Kappler, G. Karagiannis, H. Tschofenig, and S. Van den Bosch, “NSIS: a new X. Fu, H. Schulzrinne, A. Bader, D. Hogrefe, C. Kappler, G. Karagiannis, H. Tschofenig, and S. Van den Bosch, “NSIS: a new extensible IP signaling protocol suite, IEEE Communications Magazine 43 (2005) 133-141. October.extensible IP signaling protocol suite, IEEE Communications Magazine 43 (2005) 133-141. October.
9.9. T. Sanda, X. Fu, S. Jeong, J. Manner, and H. Tschofenig, Applicability Statement of NSIS Protocols in Mobile Environments, T. Sanda, X. Fu, S. Jeong, J. Manner, and H. Tschofenig, Applicability Statement of NSIS Protocols in Mobile Environments, IETF Internet Draft, November 2008.IETF Internet Draft, November 2008.
10.10. B. Benmammar and F. Krief, MQoS NSLP: a mobility profile management based approach for advance resource reservation in a B. Benmammar and F. Krief, MQoS NSLP: a mobility profile management based approach for advance resource reservation in a mobile environment, in: Proceedings of IFIP IEEE International Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks mobile environment, in: Proceedings of IFIP IEEE International Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks (MWCN), Marrakech, Morocco, September 19-21, 2005, pp. 19-21.(MWCN), Marrakech, Morocco, September 19-21, 2005, pp. 19-21.
11.11. S. Lee, M. Kim, K. Lee, S. Seol, and G. Lee, Seamless QoS Guarantees in Mobile Internet Using NSIS with Advance Resource S. Lee, M. Kim, K. Lee, S. Seol, and G. Lee, Seamless QoS Guarantees in Mobile Internet Using NSIS with Advance Resource Reservation, in: Proceedings of IEEE Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), Okinawa, Japan, March 25-28, Reservation, in: Proceedings of IEEE Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), Okinawa, Japan, March 25-28, 2008, pp. 464-471.2008, pp. 464-471.
12.12. Terzis, A., Srivastava, M., Lixia Zhang, A simple QoS signaling protocol for mobile hosts in the integrated services Internet, in: Terzis, A., Srivastava, M., Lixia Zhang, A simple QoS signaling protocol for mobile hosts in the integrated services Internet, in: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 1999, New York, vol. 3, March 21-25, 1999, pp. 1011-1018.Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 1999, New York, vol. 3, March 21-25, 1999, pp. 1011-1018.
13.13. E. Gustafsson, A. Jonsson and C. Perkins, Mobile IP Regional Registration, IETF Internet Draft, March 2000.E. Gustafsson, A. Jonsson and C. Perkins, Mobile IP Regional Registration, IETF Internet Draft, March 2000.
14.14. T. Tsenov, H. Tschofenig, X. Fu, C. Aoun, and E. Davies, GIST State Machine, IETF Internet Draft, November 2008.T. Tsenov, H. Tschofenig, X. Fu, C. Aoun, and E. Davies, GIST State Machine, IETF Internet Draft, November 2008.
15.15. S. Bosch, NSLP for Quality-of-Service signaling, IETF Internet Draft, February 2008.S. Bosch, NSLP for Quality-of-Service signaling, IETF Internet Draft, February 2008.
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17.17. H. Fathi, R. Prasad, and S. Chakraborty, Mobility Management for VoIP in 3G Systems: Evaluation of Low-Latency Handoff H. Fathi, R. Prasad, and S. Chakraborty, Mobility Management for VoIP in 3G Systems: Evaluation of Low-Latency Handoff Schemes, IEEE Wireless Communications 12 (2005) 96-104. April.Schemes, IEEE Wireless Communications 12 (2005) 96-104. April.
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Selected Areas in Communications 22 (2004) 643-652. May.Selected Areas in Communications 22 (2004) 643-652. May.21.21. C. Tseng, L. Yen, H. Chang, and K. Hsu, Topology-Aided Cross-Layer Fast Handoff Designs for IEEE 802.11/Mobile IP C. Tseng, L. Yen, H. Chang, and K. Hsu, Topology-Aided Cross-Layer Fast Handoff Designs for IEEE 802.11/Mobile IP
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Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’02), Lisbon, Portugal , vol. 2, September 15-18, 2002, pp. 977-981.Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC’02), Lisbon, Portugal , vol. 2, September 15-18, 2002, pp. 977-981.24.24. WaveLAN, http://www.agere.com/client/wlan.html.WaveLAN, http://www.agere.com/client/wlan.html.25.25. Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB), http://luxik.cdi.cz/~devik/qos/htb/.Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB), http://luxik.cdi.cz/~devik/qos/htb/.26.26. Stochastic Fair Queueing (SFQ), http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classless.html.Stochastic Fair Queueing (SFQ), http://lartc.org/howto/lartc.qdisc.classless.html.27.27. Dynamics HUT Mobile IP, http://www.cs.hut.fi/Research/Dynamics.Dynamics HUT Mobile IP, http://www.cs.hut.fi/Research/Dynamics.28.28. VideoLAN, Client (VLC), http://www.videolan.org.VideoLAN, Client (VLC), http://www.videolan.org.29.29. The, Multi-Generator, Tool (MGEN), http://manimac.itd.nrl.navy.mil/MGEN/.The, Multi-Generator, Tool (MGEN), http://manimac.itd.nrl.navy.mil/MGEN/.30.30. IEEE Standard 802.11-2007, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, June 2007.IEEE Standard 802.11-2007, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, June 2007.31.31. Tan, K. T., Ghanbari, M., and Pearson, D. E., An objective measurement tool for MPEG video quality, Signal Processing 70 (3) Tan, K. T., Ghanbari, M., and Pearson, D. E., An objective measurement tool for MPEG video quality, Signal Processing 70 (3)
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