Objectives of Today’s Lecture
•Present some NRC-IRC Green Building Research Highlights
•Promote the use of building performance simulation
• Focus Audience- Professional Engineers- Engineering Consultants- Design Professionals
Green Building Research
• Part of IRC’s Sustainable Build Environment Initiative
• Focus on:– Commercial Buildings– Residential Buildings– Urban Context
• Website and presentation oriented along popular green building rating schemes.
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/sbe/green_e.html
NRC Profile
• 20 Institutes, 4000 staff (+1200 guest workers)• Canada’s Federal Laboratories
IRC Profile
• 220 staff (+ guest workers)• 5 Programs
– Codes & Evaluation– Fire– Urban Infrastructure– Building Envelope
& Structure– Indoor Environment
What are Green Buildings?
1Liter House
Passive HouseC2000
R2000CIBP
Sustainable Building
Solar Building
Energy Plus House
LEED
BREAM
Solarbaulow energy building
Green Globe
Categories for new commercial construction and major renovation projects
• Sustainable Sites (14)• Water Efficiency (5)• Energy & Atmosphere (17)• Materials & Resources (14)• Indoor Environmental Quality (15)• Innovation & Design Process (5)
LEED Rating System
NRC Research Thrusts
Green Buildings and Building Performance Simulation
Integrated Design Approach
Material Properties & Occupant Preferences & Behavior.=> That’s where simulations come into play.
To compare different design options during design development.
To reduce risk through reduced planning uncertainty.
To demonstrate code compliance (absolute values).
What are building simulations used for?
Who should ‘do’ building performance simulations?
•Better interfaces. Faster computers.
•Help to initiate a dialogue with the designer/client.
•Competitive edge: high demand for simulationists.
•Financial Incentives (CBIP, IRS).
•Opportunity to work on more interesting projects.
•Better integration of internal and solar gains with HVAC systems.
Professional Engineers!
www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/
Building Energy Software Tools Directory
Energy- Lighting Controls- Green Roofs- CCHT
Energy Use for Electric Lighting and Cooling in Commercial Buildings
Space Cooling 4%
Lighting (15%)Space Cooling (5%)
source: NRCan for 2001
Can be significantly higher in office buildings.
Lighting Energy Savings
• Replace electric lighting with with natural daylight
⇒ Consider the use of personal Controls (on/off switches, bi-level switching, dimming)
⇒ Consider the use of automated controls (occupancy sensors and photocell controlled dimming)
Space Cooling 4%
Rest
! occupancy sensors save25% and 50% lighting energy
!photocell controlled dimming saves- 50-60% in perimeter zone- 25-40% in ‘second row’
! commissioning photocells is easier for ‘top-lighting’ than ‘side-lighting’occupancy sensor occupancy & photocell
Rules of Thumb – Lighting Controls
Occupant Behavior Research
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dayl
ight
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]
blinds always fully closed
blinds always down, slats at 45 o
blinds always up
USER BEHAVIOUR ?!
New NRC/NRCan field study
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Switch-On Probability (II)
Single Office Example
!!!! absolute comparison of different control strategies !!!! reference case is manual on/off switch with venetian blinds0
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annu
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reference case
Electric Lighting Use in South facing Office
Overall Energy Savings
Source: Tips for Daylighting
Integration of Lighting and Energy
Controls from Savings are climate dependant!
NRC Design Tools
– DAYSIM (advanced simulations)(2000 downloads, 600 A&E firms)Contact: Christoph Reinhart
– SkyVision (skylights)(1000 downloads)Contact: Aziz Laouadi
– Lightswitch (simulation beginners) Wizard (10000+ users)Contact: Christoph Reinhart
Seattle Art Museum - Arup Lighting
• Sidelit GalleryARUP Lighting
Seattle Art Museum - Arup Lighting
Museum Open Hours - 1,500,000+ lux-hours
ARUP Lighting
Seattle Art Museum - Arup Lighting
Automatic Shading + Switching - 555,000 lh
ARUP New York
Getting Started Energy Simulations
ee4: http://www.sbc.nrcan.gc.ca/software_and_tools/ee4_e.asp
e-Quest http://www.doe2.com/equest/
Getting Started Daylight Simulations
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ie/lighting/daylight/daysim/GettingStarted.pdf
What are “Green Roofs” or “Rooftop Gardens”?
Specialized roofing systems that support vegetation growth
NRC Contact: Bas Baskaran
Why Green Roofs?
Benefits (Owner)
– Energy efficiency
– Extended roof service life
Benefits (Municipality)
– Storm water management
– Less impact of sewer system
– Reduction in GHG emission
NRC Field Roofing Facility - Schematics
8m (26ft)
8m (26ft)
9m (30ft)9m (30ft)
5m (1
6ft)
5m (1
6ft)
NN
Green RoofGreen RoofReference RoofReference Roof
parapetparapet1m (3ft)1m (3ft)
Field Roofing Facility -Grass 2002
Green Roof
Reference Roof
Components and Instrumentation
Structural supportStructural support
VapourVapour control layercontrol layer
Thermal insulationThermal insulation
Support panelSupport panel
Reference RoofReference Roof Green RoofGreen Roof
S1 (VB)S1 (VB)
S0 (IN)S0 (IN)
S2 (INS)S2 (INS)
S4 (SB)S4 (SB)
LayerLayer
S5 (SM)S5 (SM)
ThermocoupleThermocouple
OUTOUT
S3 (MEM)S3 (MEM)
Heat Flux TransducerHeat Flux Transducer
Drainage layerDrainage layerFilter membraneFilter membrane
Growing mediumGrowing medium
VegetationVegetation
Roof membraneRoof membrane
020702, T-G1
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020702, T-R1
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Green RoofGreen RoofReference RoofReference Roof
A sunny summer day (July 2, 2002)A sunny summer day (July 2, 2002)
S0 (IN)
S3 (MEM)
OUT
Maximum Membrane Temperature
Maximum Roof Membrane Temperature(Nov 22, 2000 - Sep 30, 2002)
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2000 2001 2002
Reference Roof
Garden Roof
Heat Flow and Energy Efficiency
010716, HFT-R
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Heat Gain
Heat Gain
Heat Loss Heat Loss
Heat Loss
Green Roof excels in reducing heat gains.
Heat Flow Mechanism - Summer
Thermal Mass
Evapotranspiration
Insulation
Shading
Indoor
Heat Flow Mechanism - Winter
Thermal Mass Insulation
Indoor
Instrumentation -Stormwater Runoff
Green RoofGreen Roof
Drain PipeDrain Pipe
Flow MeterFlow Meter
Reference RoofReference Roof
RunoffRunoff--GGRunoffRunoff--RR
RainRain
Rain GaugeRain Gauge
Measurement Interval Selection
020927, Rain Event
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Duration: 384 min (6h 24min)Volume: 18.8 mm
Rain Runoff-R
Runoff-G
Delay
Flow Rate Amount
Runoff Statistics
Rain and Runoffs in Year 2002
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Overall Reduction = 54%
Main Results- Green Roofing Consortium
Membrane Durability
– Green roofs can reduce heat aging and thermal stress experienced by a roof membrane in service. This may improve membrane durability.
Energy Efficiency
– The green roof reduced the heat flow through the roof. The greenroof was significantly more efficient in reducing heat gain in the summer than heat loss in the winter.
Stormwater Management
– The green roof delayed runoff and reduced the runoff flow rate and volume by 54%.
Canadian Centre for Housing Technology
• Twin House Research Facility- To assess the whole-house
performance of energy efficient technologies
• Collaborative Effort:- National Research Council Canada- Natural Resources Canada - Canada Mortgage and Housing
Corporation- Contributions from 37 companies
NRC Contact: Mike Swinton
http://www.ccht-cctr.gc.ca/
Canada’s first Residential Fuel Cell
• NRCan, NRC, and Industry Partners• Fuel Cell Technologies, Kingston• Combined electrical power and space
& water heating
Thermostat Setback/Setforward
• NRCan, NRC, PERD funded• Evaluation of 3 different winter thermostat settings, and 2
summer settings• Whole House effects including surface temperatures and
recovery times
57241592316185466131Calculated Furnace Gas Consumption (MJ/yr)
10
18ºC Night and Day Setback
136.5---Savings from Benchmark (%)
16ºC Night and Day Setback
18ºC Night Setback
22ºC Benchmark
Materials and Resources- Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP)
What is Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP)?
Core Material
Gas Barrier / Facer Foil
Getter / Desiccant
Gas barrier
Core material
NRC Contact: Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya
Why VIP?
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Air Space Vermiculite Perlite Cellulose Mineral Fibre PolymericFoam
VIP
R-V
alue
Per
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‘Pink’ Sheet
Research Goal: Achieve high R value at same cost and same durability as for conventional materials.
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Ther
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Con
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(W/m
.K) Nanogel (Barrier Ultra-R)
Open-Cell PolyurethaneOpen-Cell PolystyrenePrecipitated Silica
Properties of Core VIP Materials
Fixed End
Vacuum Enclosure
Cold Plates
Main Guarded Heater
Stand
Newly Developed Vacuum Guarded Hot Plate for VIP Research
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Ther
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(W/m
.K) Nanogel (Barrier Ultra-R)
Open-Cell PolyurethaneOpen-Cell PolystyrenePrecipitated Silica
Promising New Material
Indoor Environmental Quality-IA-Quest-Demand Responsive Buildings-Light & Health-Organizational Productivity
IA-Quest -software
•Based on results from Material Emissions Project which developed guidelines for indoor material selection and ventilation strategies to meet specific indoor air quality requirements.
•Database & simulation engine.
•Provides information regarding emission (‘off-gassing’) of volatile organic compounds (VOC).
Demand Responsive Buildings
• Ontario electricity use forecast to increase by 20% by 2020
• Growing concern whether supply can meet demand
• Buildings could “shed load” automatically at periods of high demand
• Lab study with 120 participants
NRC Contact: Guy Newsham
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rods and cones – visual effects of light
ganglion cells: biological effects of light (Berson et al., Science 2002)
New Research on Light and Health
Contact: Jennifer Veitch
Organizational Productivity Effects
Contact: Guy Newsham
CCHT Mike Swinton [email protected]
Daylighting Christoph Reinhart [email protected]
Green Roofs Bas Baskaran [email protected]
IA-Quest Bob Magee [email protected]
Lighting Controls Guy Newsham [email protected]
VIP Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya Phalguni.Mukhopadhyaya @nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
Contact Info