NSW Government Flash Accessibility v1

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NSW Government Website

Flash Accessibility


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NSW Government Website Flash Accessibility

This work is copyright. It may be reproduced in whole or part forstudy training purposes subject to the inclusion of an

acknowledgement of the source. It may not be reproduced forcommercial usage or sale. Reproduction for the purposes other than

indicated above, requires written permission from the NSWGovernment Chief Information Office, Department of Commerce.

Crown Copyright

ISBN 7347 4369 6

Department of Commerce Cataloguing-in-Publication data

NSW Government Chief Information Office

Department of Commerce

McKell Building2-24 Rawson PlaceSydney NSW 2000

Tel: (02) 9372 8877

Fax: (02) 9372 8177

www.gcio.nsw.gov.au

www.commerce.nsw.gov.au

Feb 2009

Version 1

2 of 23 pages NSW Government Website Flash Accessibility


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Contents

Contents

1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Overview................................................................................................................................4 1.2. About Flash ............................................................................................................................5

2. Flash and accessibility......................................................................................................................62.1. Flash Player and screen readers ...............................................................................................62.2. Flash CS3 and Flash Player 9....................................................................................................62.3. Use of Flash on Agency websites ..............................................................................................8

3. Provide text equivalents and captions................................................................................................93.1. Assign text equivalents for graphic elements..............................................................................93.2. Provide captions for audio content............................................................................................9

4. Give users control............................................................................................................................114.1. Allow users to skip an introduction............................................................................................114.2. Enable stop, play and pause control..........................................................................................114.3. Enable control over audio playback...........................................................................................114.4. Keep the user informed ...........................................................................................................12

5. Make navigation accessible...............................................................................................................135.1. Ensure keyboard access to all controls ......................................................................................135.2. Enable control over reading order .............................................................................................135.3. Establish a visual hierarchy ......................................................................................................145.4. Describe the structure of the movie ..........................................................................................155.5. Increase the target area of buttons...........................................................................................15

6. Manage visual features ....................................................................................................................166.1. Handle animation ....................................................................................................................166.2. Use colour and fonts wisely......................................................................................................18

7. Provide low bandwidth delivery.........................................................................................................197.1. Keep the file size small ............................................................................................................197.2. Separate content based on bandwidth needs.............................................................................19

8. Use other accessibility techniques .....................................................................................................208.1. Provide two versions of your Flash file.......................................................................................208.2. Optimise for search engines .....................................................................................................21

9. Test Flash for accessibility ................................................................................................................2210. Document endnotes.........................................................................................................................23

NSW Government Website Flash Accessibility 3 of 23 pages


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Introduction

1. Introduction1.1. Overview

The purpose of this document is to assist NSW Government Agencies manage Flash movie files on websitesand at the same time comply with accessibility guidelines.

Note: It is assumed that the audience of this document are experienced users of Flash and its components.

This document (and the user guides listed below) compliments a suite of website best practice guidelineslocated on the Government Chief Information Office (GCIO) website at

NSW Government W ebsite Style Directive: Specifies compulsory and optional elements forpublic facing NSW Agency websites.

NSW Government W ebsite Style Directive Explanatory Notes: Provides additionalinformation regarding compulsory and optional elements specified in the NSW Government Website

Style Directive. It also provides details on website usability and accessibility.NSW Government W ebsite Style Directive Technical Implementation Notes:Assistsdevelopers with the style directive HTML templates and cascading style sheets.

NSW Government Website Style Directive Compliance Checklist: Provides a concisechecklist against which Agencies can check whether their websites are compliant with the NSWGovernment Website Style Directive.

NSW Government Website Best Practices Checklist: Provides a checklist against whichAgencies can check whether they have used website best practices for usability and accessibility.

NSW Government W ebsite Images and Graphics: Provides guidelines on how to manageimages on websites and at the same time comply with accessibility guidelines.

NSW Government W ebsite Online Forms: Provides guidelines on how to design and code online

forms for accessibility.

NSW Government W ebsite PDF Accessibility: Outlines how to create PDF files so they complywith accessibility guidelines.

NSW Government Website Information Architecture: Guides Agencies through the process ofdetermining who their main website users are, the most relevant content for their website andorganising that content.

NSW Government W ebsite Development and Maintenance: Provides information to helpNSW Government Agencies develop their websites and maintain the quality and effectiveness ofthese sites.

NSW Government W ebsite Legal Requirements and Statements: Outlines the legalrequirements regarding content, privacy and copyright on NSW Government websites.

http://www.gcio.nsw.gov.au/library/guidelines/797/http://www.gcio.nsw.gov.au/library/guidelines/797/


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Introduction

1.2. About Flash

Adobe Flash is software that can generate interactive animations of high visual impact with relatively smallsized files. Flash content is browser independent and looks the same on all graphical browsers that areequipped with the necessary Flash plug-in player. Flash was originally created by Macromedia which was

absorbed into Adobe Systems Incorporated in 2005.

The Flash software tool creates a file with a .FLV extension that can be converted to various types of moviefiles such as SWF, EXE, MOV and HQX. FLV files can also be converted to GIF, JPG and PNG graphic files.

Before the release of the Flash MX authoring tool and Flash Player 6, Flash generated content wasinaccessible to many web users with a disability. It was not possible to add alternative text equivalents tovisual content for users of screen readers or to caption audio content for users with impaired hearing.However, by using Flash MX or later versions and by employing accessibility techniques, developers can nowcreate Flash files that are much more accessible than in the past.

Although Flash presents accessibility barriers for people with physical as well as sensory disabilities, in somecases the use of Flash can enhance accessibility for people with cognitive and learning disabilities. A concept

or process is sometimes considerably easier to understand when it is presented in a simple, elegantanimation rather than explained in words.Since Flash uses vector-based graphics, presentations can also beresized without loss of clarity which is helpful to users with visual impairments.

Flash animations are most commonly used on websites for:

introductions to websites

instructional movies

cartoons and e-greeting cards

surveys and forms

applications with shopping carts

banner and pop-up window advertisements.



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Flash and accessibility

2. Flash and accessibil ity2.1. Flash Player and screen readers

To access Flash content using a screen reader, users need the following:

Flash Player 6 or later installed (the latest version can be downloaded from)

a screen reader with the Flash Player implementation of MSAA, for example, Window-Eyes from GWMicro or JAWS from Freedom Scientific

Microsoft Internet Explorer which is the only browser that supports MSAA.

Most screen readers including JAWS, IBM Home Page Reader and Window-Eyes, run on Windows. Windowsuses Microsoft Active Accessibility (MSAA) technology to help exchange information between a Windowsapplication, the program and an assistive device like a screen reader. With the release of Flash Player 6 in2002, Macromedia provided a player that supports MSAA to serve as a link between appropriately madeFlash material and assistive technologies. The Flash Player creates a list of objects on the screen and recordsthem on the MSAA data tree so the screen reader can read this list as it encounters Flash content.

By default screen readers can read text objects in a Flash movie and also identify buttons and movie clipswith attached scripts. However, screen readers cannot determine the meaning of a graphic element on thescreen. The Flash developer must assign a text description to any graphic or animated elements via eitherthe Accessibility Panel or ActionScript.

As screen readers always start from the top of a movie and can only read one thing at a time, some complexFlash content cannot be made accessible, for example, movies with multiple objects that must be interpretedat the same time.

Additional information:

For more information about the Window-Eyes screen readers, see .

For information about JAWS screen readers, see .

2.2. Flash CS3 and Flash Player 9

At time of writing, the latest version of Flash is Adobe Flash CS3 which has the following features to helpyou design for accessibility:

MSAA support so users of assistive technologies can access the contents of a Flash movie

content magnification that allows users to zoom in on Flash content

mouse-free navigation so users can use keyboard controls to navigate Flash content

sound synchronisation where developers can provide synchronised narrative audio for users who areunable to read graphics

an Accessibility Panel that allows developers give a text equivalent for a single element or a group ofelements

the auto-labelling feature ofenableAccessibility() that automatically provides text equivalents forseveral elements

the Make Child Object Accessible feature that hides elements that convey no content or are difficultto render using assistive technologies.

http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlashhttp://www.gwmicro.com/http://www.freedomscientific.com/http://www.freedomscientific.com/http://www.gwmicro.com/http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash


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Flash CS3 accessible ActionScript components

Adobe Flash CS3 has a core set of accessible ActionScript components that can automate many of thecommon accessibility practices related to labelling and keyboard access. To enable the accessibility objectfor a component, all you have to do is use the command enableAccessibility().This includes theaccessibility object with the component as the movie is compiled.

The set of accessible components available with Flash CS3 includes:

Button

Check box

Radio button

Text input

Text area

Combo box

List box

Data grid

Tile list.


Adobe (2008), Adobe Flash Player 9 accessibility, Adobe Systems Incorporated, retrieved 11 August 2008,.

Adobe (2008), Adobe Flash CS3 accessibility FAQ, Adobe Systems Incorporated, Retrieved 11 August 2008,.

Adobe (2008), Adobe Flash CS3 Professional Accessibility Overview, Adobe Systems Incorporated, Retrieved11 August 2008, .

http://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flashplayer/http://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/faq.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/author.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/author.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/author.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/faq.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flashplayer/


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2.3. Use of Flash on Agency websites

Guideline:

Flash should generally be avoided unless it adds significant user value. For example, Flash is useful forhouse banners, campaign advertisements, demonstrations, training materials and tours to demonstrate newinteractive functionality.

Animation and Flash can slow down web pages and should be used sparingly. Animation should be limited tohighlighting the key focus of a site and the file size of movies should be kept as small as possible.

Only use Flash introductions when it is appropriate to both the content of the site and the needs of siteusers. When Flash introduction pages are used, always include a Skip Introduction option outside the Flashobject.

If Flash is used, provide a HTML alternative that is automatically presented to users if they do not have Flashinstalled.

Rationale:

A Flash Player Penetration Survey conducted by Adobe (see) showed 97.8% ofUS web users have Flash Player 9 installed on their PC. Unfortunately statistics are not available for

Australian users, though it can be assumed (given the number of PCs sold each year with Flash pre-installed) the percentage of users with Flash Player 8 or 9 is high.

However many users are afraid to download plug-ins such as the Flash Player and may not be able to viewcontent and achieve their tasks if this is the only option available. Therefore, it is essential that an HTMLalternative is provided. In addition, depending on how it is implemented, Flash content may not beaccessible to some users with disabilities.

Implementation notes:

Use auto-detection code to determine whether or not users have Flash.

If possible save the output from your Flash file so it has backward compatibility with the previous Flash plug-in.

Follow the guidelines in this document for making Flash accessible.


Regan B (2005), Best Practices for Accessible Flash Design, Adobe, retrieved 12 August 2008,

.

WebAIM (2008), Creating Accessible Flash Content, Utah State University, retrieved 11 August 2008,.

Accessible Flash Whitepaperhttp://www.markme.com/accessibility/files/Best%20Practices%20for%20Accessible%20Flash%20Design.pdf

Hudson R (2003), Flash And Accessibility, Web Usability, retrieved 12 August 2008,.

Nielsen J (2002), Making Flash Usable for Users With Disabilities, Useit.com: Jakob Nielsen's Website,retrieved 12 August 2008, .

http://www.adobe.com/products/player_census/flashplayer/version_penetration.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/resources/accessibility/best_practices/bp_fp.htmlhttp://www.webaim.org/techniques/flash/http://www.markme.com/accessibility/files/Best%20Practices%20for%20Accessible%20Flash%20Design.pdfhttp://www.usability.com.au/resources/flash.cfmhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20021014.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20021014.htmlhttp://www.usability.com.au/resources/flash.cfmhttp://www.markme.com/accessibility/files/Best%20Practices%20for%20Accessible%20Flash%20Design.pdfhttp://www.webaim.org/techniques/flash/http://www.adobe.com/resources/accessibility/best_practices/bp_fp.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/products/player_census/flashplayer/version_penetration.html


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Provide text equivalents and captions

3. Provide text equivalents and captions3.1. Assign text equivalents for graphic elements

Make graphic elements in Flash accessible:

Provide text equivalents for graphic elements.

Provide names for graphic icons, e.g. pause, stop and play.

When a group of related graphic elements are used to convey a single idea, provide a single textequivalent and make the child objects inaccessible.

3.2. Provide captions for audio content

When delivering narrative audio, provide captions using one of these methods:

Stream an XML caption file (the preferred method).

Place text objects on stage by hand.

Import video with the captions already included.

Adobe Flash CS3 Professional has a new FLVPlaybackCaptioning component that allows developers easilydisplay caption data from timed text DFXP files and caption data that is embedded in FLV files as cue points.The new FLVPlaybackCaptioning component can be partnered with a FLVPlayback component so itdownloads a DFXP file (containing captions) and applies these captions to the FLVPlayback component.

Note: DFXP (Distribution Format Exchange Profile) is a file format for captions that is sanctioned by theWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C).1

The following tools support the necessary formats for adding captions to video in Flash:

Hi-Caption Studio, a third-party extension for Flash that allows you to easily create captions, savethem in an XML file and load them into the SWF file at runtime.

Captionate 2 is a Windows application that embeds captions into FLV files as embedded cuepoints. These cue points are displayed by the FLVPlaybackCaptioning component in Flash CS3.

MAGpie is a free tool from the Carl and Ruth Shapiro Family National Center for Accessible Media(NCAM) at WGBH. It allows you to create captions once and then output them in multiple formats,including DFXP. NCAM also offers a free component to display caption data in QuickTime and DFXP,named CC for Flash.


For more information about Flash extensions, see Third-Party Extensionsat.

For more information about captioning tools, see Captioning tools for Flash, Adobe Flash CS3 accessibilitydesign guidelines at .

Adobe (2008),Accessibility Best Practices OverviewAdobe Flash Accessibility Design Guidelines, AdobeSystems Incorporated, retrieved 12 August 2008,.

Regan B (2005), Best Practices for Accessible Flash Design, Macromedia White Paper, Adobe SystemsIncorporated, retrieved 11 August 2008,.

IBM Corporation (2008), Multimedia Web checkpoint 4, Human Ability and Accessibility Centre, IBMCorporation, retrieved 11 August 2008, .

http://www.adobe.com/products/flash/extensions/http://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/captioning_tools.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/captioning_tools.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/best_practices.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/resources/accessibility/best_practices/best_practices_acc_flash.pdfhttp://www-03.ibm.com/able/guidelines/web/webmultimedia.htmlhttp://www-03.ibm.com/able/guidelines/web/webmultimedia.htmlhttp://www-03.ibm.com/able/guidelines/web/webmultimedia.htmlhttp://www-03.ibm.com/able/guidelines/web/webmultimedia.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/resources/accessibility/best_practices/best_practices_acc_flash.pdfhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/best_practices.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/captioning_tools.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/products/flash/extensions/


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Provide text equivalents and captions

Wijering J (2007), Making Video Accessible, jeoenwifering.com, retrieved 13 August 2008,.

Examples:

Flash movie with option of Show Captions or Hide Captions

Hepatitis B Foundation, retrieved 21 August 2008, .

Flash movie with the option to turn captions on or off (by clicking CC)

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), retrieved 21 August 2008,.

http://www.jeroenwijering.com/?item=Making_Video_Accessiblehttp://hepb.org/learnguide/http://www.archives.gov/http://videocast.nih.gov/sla/NARA/dsh/index.htmlhttp://videocast.nih.gov/sla/NARA/dsh/index.htmlhttp://www.archives.gov/http://hepb.org/learnguide/http://www.jeroenwijering.com/?item=Making_Video_Accessible


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Give users control

4. Give users control4.1. Allow users to skip an introduction

Flash introductions are often used to inform or entertain the user while the rest of the Flash content loads.

These introductions are useful if Flash content is loading over a slow connection. However, they can turnusers away from a website if they feel the information they are receiving is not directly related to theirgoals.2

Provide a skip intro link as part of the HTML so the user can skip the introduction immediately withouthaving to wait for the animation to load.

4.2. Enable stop, play and pause control

The user should be able to stop a Flash animation at any time, rewind it and pause it. For all controls, it isalso important to provide the user with feedback on the control as it changes. For example when a play

button is pressed, it should clearly change to a pause button and the accessibility information for the buttonshould be updated as well.

4.3. Enable control over audio playback

Provide play, pause and turn off all movie sound buttons so users can control audio playback. If a user isusing a screen reader and music and audio plays as soon as a web page loads, they may not be able to hearthe contents of the movie via the screen reader.

Examples:

A Flash movie th at has buttons so users can control audio feedback and navigationLighthouse International, retrieved 12 August, .

http://www.lighthouse.org/medical/see/http://www.lighthouse.org/medical/see/


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Give users control

4.4. Keep the user informed

Offer the following information to users so their Flash experience is as accessible as possible:

Advise the user how long a download will take by providing a progress status when the movie isloading via either percentage loaded (e.g. 45%) or as amount of data loaded (e.g. 10k).

Advise the user when the pre-loading is finished, e.g. use a short beep to alert the user the movie isloaded.

If a specific version of the Flash plug-in is required to view the content, offer the user the option ofdownloading the plug-in or viewing the content in an alternative format.

Examples:

An accessible Flash movie that show s the percentage loaded

National Institute for Health (United States), retrieved 12 August 2008,.

A w ebsite that advises users they need the Flash P layer

NSW Board of Studies, retrieved 12 August 2008, .

http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih3/hearing/activities/lesson3.htmhttp://amow.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/http://amow.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih3/hearing/activities/lesson3.htm


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Make navigation accessible

5. Make navigation accessible5.1. Ensure keyboard access to all controls

Make sure users can navigate through your movie effectively using only their keyboard. To facilitate

keyboard access:

Try to keep scripts within frames as opposed to attaching them directly to objects.

Avoid using empty movie clips as buttons as these 'hit areas' are not recognised by screen readers.

Add keyboard shortcuts to commonly used buttons.

5.2. Enable control over reading order

The default reading order of a Flash movie does not follow a predictable left to right, top to bottom order.The most precise way of controlling the order in which a Flash movie is read by a screen reader is to use the.tabindex property in ActionScript. To make sure the .tabindex property can be used properly, do the

following:3

Ensure every instance on the stage has an instance name. This includes all text, movie clip,and button symbols as well as all components over the life of the movie.

Only use dynamic text fields as it is not possible to give an instance name to static text objects.One instance of static text will cause the entire reading order to revert to the default.

Include all instances over the life of the movie in the list of.tabindex values. This includeselements that are not visible and sit offstage or are hidden under another instance and elementsthat are not visible at the start of the movie which become visible later.

When child SWF files are loaded into a parent movie, l ist the .tabindex values in each childmovie clip. Make sure the .tabindex values in the reading order of each child SWF file are unique.

For example, so a screen reader will read the contents of the first movie followed by the contents ofthe second movie, the list of.tabindex values for the first movie should be 1, 2, 3, while the list ofvalues for the second movie should be 4, 5, 6.

Use a third-party repair and validation t ool

Use AccRepair, a third-party tool from HiSoftware () tolook for missing instance names, convert static text into dynamic text and build the reading order.

Note:Another way to control the reading order is to l imit the physical size of the stage and keep thelayout simple. A Flash movie that is less than 300 pixels wide and consists of a single column or a single rowof objects does not usually require control over the reading order, for example, a navigation bar thatconsists of a single row or an application that consists of a single column.

Another method of controlling the reading order is to develop a secondary control that places a duplicateversion of content offstage in a single column.

http://www.hisoftware.com/access/repair.htmlhttp://www.hisoftware.com/access/repair.html


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5.3. Establish a visual hierarchy

Provide visual cues for users so they can easily identify what part of the design is for content and what partis navigation. Create a visual hierarchy for content and maintain it throughout the movie. Make navigationclear and easy to use.4

Examples:

A Flash movie w ith visual cues that clearly identify navigation

Sydney Water, retrieved 13 August 2008,.

A Flash movie w here complex visual navigation metaphors are accessible

digNUBIA, retrieved 12 August 2008, .

http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SavingWater/InYourHome/InteractiveHouse/http://www.dignubia.org/http://www.dignubia.org/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/SavingWater/InYourHome/InteractiveHouse/


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5.4. Describe the structure of the movie

If a Adobe Flash movie has a complex layout, structure and/or navigation, it can be difficult for screenreader users to make sense of its content. For complex movies add a description of the entire movie to helporient screen reader users to its structure. This can be accomplished using a separate information screen sothe user can access the content without hearing the description at each refresh. It can also be accomplishedusing the root-level description.

5.5. Increase the target area of buttons

Increase the size of buttons or navigation items to assist disabled users who work with a mouse so theeasiest item to click on the screen is the one that is the closest to the mouse point and the largest in size.Use ActionScript to dynamically improve the target area of buttons as the cursor approaches them. 5



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Manage visual features

6. Manage visual features6.1. Handle animation

Screen readers sometimes have trouble keeping up with quick changes in Adobe Flash movies. To make

animations more accessible:

Avoid presenting information in your movie that is displayed for only a short time.

Make sure anything that users need to read or interact with stays still. 6

Add Next buttons on your movie so users can control movement.

As movies that never stop moving cause screen readers to refresh frequently, make loopingelements (e.g. child objects of movie clips or entire movies) inaccessible.

If you must have animation, stop the movement after one or two cycles.

Developers also should be aware that flickering animations can cause epileptic seizures in people. Forinstance in 2007, a movie clip on the official London 2012 Olympic Games website contained an animation that caused seizures in at least thirty people.

Additionally, according to Nielsen7, the use of animated words actually encourages users to ignore textbecause they believe anything that contains moving or blinking words is usually an advertisement.

Most people find static text easier to read than moving text, especially user groups with disabilities, learningdisorders and/or low literacy8. Text that is moving, flashing or scrolling may be inaccessible to some userswith cognitive disabilities or learning disorders such as dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) who have difficulty focusing their attention to the task at hand9.

The Web Content Accessibility Guideline 7 (W3C, 1999) states the following about animation: 10

Guideline 7. Ensure user control of time-sensitive content changes.

Ensure that moving, blinking, scrolling, or auto-updating objects or pages may be paused or stopped.Some people with cognitive or visual disabilities are unable to read moving text quickly enough or at all.Movement can also cause such a distraction that the rest of the page becomes unreadable for peoplewith cognitive disabilities. Screen readers are unable to read moving text. People with physical disabilitiesmight not be able to move quickly or accurately enough to interact with moving objects.


Bohman P (2004a), Cognitive Disabilities Part 1: We Still Know Too Little, and We Do Even Less, WebAIM,retrieved 12 August 2008, .

Bohman P (2004b), Cognitive Disabilities Part 2: Conceptualizing Design Considerations, WebAIM, retrieved12 August 2008, .

Vassallo S (2003), Enabling the Internet for People with Dyslexia, E-bility.com, retrieved 12 August,.

Johansson R (2007), London 2012 Olympics branding film causes epileptic seizures, 456 Berea St, retrieved11 August 2008,.

W3C (1999), Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 W3C Recommendation 5-May-1999, W3C, retrieved12 August 2008, .

http://www.london2012.com/http://www.webaim.org/articles/cognitive/cognitive_too_little/http://www.webaim.org/articles/cognitive/conceptualize/http://e-bility.com/articles/dyslexia.shtmlhttp://www.456bereastreet.com/archive/200706/london_2012_olympics_branding_film_causes_epileptic_seizures/http://www.456bereastreet.com/archive/200706/london_2012_olympics_branding_film_causes_epileptic_seizures/http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tochttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/wai-pageauth.html#tochttp://www.456bereastreet.com/archive/200706/london_2012_olympics_branding_film_causes_epileptic_seizures/http://www.456bereastreet.com/archive/200706/london_2012_olympics_branding_film_causes_epileptic_seizures/http://e-bility.com/articles/dyslexia.shtmlhttp://www.webaim.org/articles/cognitive/conceptualize/http://www.webaim.org/articles/cognitive/cognitive_too_little/http://www.london2012.com/


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Examples:

An animated Flash banner that changes slow ly

Water For Life: NSW Government, retrieved 13 August 2008, .

http://www.waterforlife.nsw.gov.au/http://www.waterforlife.nsw.gov.au/


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6.2. Use colour and fonts wisely

Avoid using colour as the primary way to convey information. Colour-blind users rely on HTML pages tounderline links, otherwise they may not be able to distinguish between links and text. Flash developersshould implement similar measures, for example, instead of creating a movie that has a green and a redbutton with the instructions, click the green button to start and click the red button to stop, create a movie

with buttons that have clearly defined labels of Start and Stop.11

It is also important to have sufficient contrast between foreground and background colours to make contenteasily readable.

When possible use fonts that are designed for onscreen reading such as Verdana and Arial. Make sure thereis a high contrast between text and the background colour.

Examples:

A Flash banner w ith a button that has a clearly defined label of FIND OUT MORE in Arial font

NSW Roads and Traffic Authority, retrieved 13 August 2008, .

http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/


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Provide low bandwidth delivery

7. Provide low bandwidth delivery7.1. Keep the file size small

If possible, Flash content should be optimised for low bandwidth delivery. To keep a Flash file as small as

possible and therefore decrease loading time:

Optimise sound and graphic files before you import them into Flash.

Experiment with the sound settings in Flash to find the best settings for each sound file you use.Sound significantly increases the file size of Flash content.12

Use vector-based images as they are lower in memory size than bitmap images. (However, complexbitmaps are better left as bitmap files.)

Use only a small number of fonts as fonts also increase the size of Flash content. Device fontsdecrease the file size but they do not display as anti-aliased (e.g. with straight lines and smoothcurves).13

7.2. Separate content based on bandwidth needs

Some users still have dial-up or low speed connections. Provide these users with a version of your Flashmovie that does not have lengthy sound files and high-resolution bitmaps. If the file size is reduced, the loadtime is shorter and users with slow connections have a much improved experience.

Developers can use ActionScript to test connection speed before loading various elements of the movie. Bytiming how long it takes to load specific content, e.g. 20k of data, the developer can then set a variable thattells Flash which content to deliver to the user.



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Use other accessibility techniques

8. Use other accessibil ity techniques8.1. Provide two versions of your Flash file

If a complex Flash file is required, it is possible to give users a choice between two Flash files, one with

accessibility features enabled and one without them enabled.

Examples:

A w ebsite created in Flash w hich offers a special Accessibility Enabled Version

J. K. Rowling, retrieved 12 August 2008, .

The special Accessibility Enabled Version with labelling

J. K. Rowling, retrieved 12 August 2008, .

http://www.jkrowling.com/http://www.jkrowling.com/http://www.jkrowling.com/http://www.jkrowling.com/


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Use other accessibility techniques

8.2. Optimise for search engines

The information within Flash movies is not readily accessible to internet search engines. However,developers can follow these strategies to ensure users looking for their content can find it via searchengines:

Create a synopsis page. A synopsis page that describes the site's content and containsappropriate keywords assists search engines to index the information that contains Flash content.

Mak e Flash as accessible as possible. Flash content that has been developed to meetaccessibility guidelines (as outlined in this document) is likely to be ranked highly by search engines.


Kamerer J (2006), Making Flash websites searchable, Adobe Systems Incorporated, retrieved 18 August2008, .

Avangate (2007), Flash and Search Engine Optimization, Avangate.com, retrieved 18 August 2008,.

Knecht A (2004), Search Engine Optimization and Non-HTML Sites, Digital Web Magazine, retrieved 18August 2008, .

http://www.adobe.com/devnet/flash/articles/flash_searchability.htmlhttp://www.avangate.com/articles/flash-seo_55.htmhttp://www.digital-web.com/articles/seo_and_non_html_sites/http://www.digital-web.com/articles/seo_and_non_html_sites/http://www.avangate.com/articles/flash-seo_55.htmhttp://www.adobe.com/devnet/flash/articles/flash_searchability.html


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Test Flash for accessibility

9. Test Flash for accessibilit yTest your website to ensure your Flash movie complies with accessibility requirements:

Use AccRepair, a third-party tool from HiSoftware() to look for missing instance names, convertstatic text into dynamic text and build the reading order.

Try accessing your content using screen readers such as Window-Eyes or Jaws.

Check whether the reading order is correct.

Change the context of elements on the stage (e.g. press a button that changes from Play toPause) and check whether that change is announced by the screen reader.

Try navigating your movie after turning off your monitor and using only the screen reader.

If you use audio narration, to make sure captions make sense, test your movie without speakers.

Test your movie using only the keyboard without a screen reader running. Keyboard access differswhen a screen reader is not present.

Test the movie with users who have a range of disabilities.

Note: Also check your website and its images against the NSW Government Website Style Directive

Compliance checklistand the NSW Government Website Best Practices Checklist.


MacGregor C (2004), Guidelines for user testing of Macromedia Flash content, Frazoom.com, retrieved 11August 2008,

http://www.hisoftware.com/access/repair.htmlhttp://www.flazoom.com/usability/usability_IV_2.shtmlhttp://www.flazoom.com/usability/usability_IV_2.shtmlhttp://www.hisoftware.com/access/repair.html


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Document endnotes

10. Document endnotes1 W3C (2006), Timed Text (TT) Authoring Format 1.0 Distribution Format Exchange Profile (DFXP), W3C,retrieved 12 August 2008, .

2MacGregor C, Developing User-Friendly Flash Content, Flazoom.com, retrieved 5 August 2008,

3 Adobe Systems Incorporated (2008), Control reading order, Adobe Flash CS3 accessibility designguidelines, Adobe Systems Incorporated, retrieved 30 July 2008,.

4MacGregor C, op. Cit.

5MacGregor C, op. Cit.

6 Nielsen J (2002), Making Flash Usable for Users With Disabilities, Useit.com: Jakob Nielsen's Website,retrieved 5 August 2008, .

7Nielsen, J. (2000). op. cit

8 Nielsen, J. (2005). Lower-literacy Users in Jakob Nielsen's Alertbox, March 14, 2005. Retrieved 22 June,from .

9 Vassallo, S. (2003). Enabling the Internet for People with Dyslexia. Retrieved 9 June, 2005, from .10

W3C (1999), Guideline 7. Ensure user control of time-sensitive content changes, Web ContentAccessibility Guidelines 1.0, W3C, retrieved 12 August 2008, .11

Perry J M (2002), Flash MX Accessibility Issues, Web Devcenter, O'Reilly Media Inc, retrieved 5 August2008, .12

MacGregor C, op. Cit.13

MacGregor C, op. Cit.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/CR-ttaf1-dfxp-20061116/http://www.flazoom.com/usability/usability_toc.shtmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/reading.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20021014.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050314.htmlhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/%23gl-movementhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/%23gl-movementhttp://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/2894http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/2894http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/2894http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/2894http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/%23gl-movementhttp://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/%23gl-movementhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050314.htmlhttp://www.useit.com/alertbox/20021014.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/accessibility/products/flash/reading.htmlhttp://www.flazoom.com/usability/usability_toc.shtmlhttp://www.w3.org/TR/2006/CR-ttaf1-dfxp-20061116/

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