ntspehLfspy; irtrka topghLk;> rpl;dpapy; irtrkaf;...

ntspehLfspy; irtrka topghLk;> rpl;dpapy; irtrkaf; fy;tpAk;

fyhepjp ,. =; ,utPe;jpuuh[h

rpl;dp> mT];jpNuypah

yz;ld; vl;lhtJ tUlhe;j irt kfhehl;L kyH> 2005

Temple Worship of Saivites in Abroad and Saiva Education in Sydney

Dr R Sri Ravindrarajah, Sydney, Australia

Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Saiva Conference,

London, England, 20th and 21st August 2005

AUM MURUGA SOCIETY 15, Valda Place, Baulkham Hills, NSW 2153, Australia

November 2005

AUM MURUGA SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION (AMP 1/2005)

kfhkhhpak;kd; Nfhapy;> ghq;nfhf;

khhpak;kd; Nfhapy;> tpal;dhk;

8th Saiva Conference Malar, London, 20th and 21st August 2005

Aum Muruga Society irtrkaf; fy;tpAk; mLj;j re;jjpapdUk;

2/16

ntspehLfspy; irtrka topghLk;> rpl;dpapy; irtrkaf; fy;tpAk;

fyhepjp ,. =,utPe;jpuuh[h> rpl;dp> mT];jpNuypah

1. rkatho;Tk;> r%ftho;Tk;

kdpj cly; tsHr;rpf;F rj;Js;s czT vt;tsT Kf;fpaNkh mJ

NghyNt kdpjdJ Md;kPf mwpT tsKw> tho;T tsk; ngw> tho;f;ifapd;

jj;Jtj;ij czu rkak; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. nja;t rpe;jidAld; ehk;

nra;Ak; vf;fhhpaKk; jh;kf;fhhpakhf mike;J mJ vkf;F ed;ikia

mspf;Fk; vd;w G+uz ek;gpf;ifAlDk;> kdj;jpUg;jpAlDk; tho;e;J vkf;F

topfhl;batHfs; ekJ %jhijaH. vy;yhk; mtd; nray;> mtdd;wp xU

mZTk; mirahJ> md;Ng rptk; vd;w tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtq;fis ekJ

tho;T gz;gila tsq;fpaJ vq;fs; irtrkak;. flikiar; nra; gyid

vjpHghuhNj vd;whH gfthd; =fpU\;zd;. tPzhf miyAk; kdj;jpid

xUikg;gLj;j rka jj;Jtq;fs; kpfTk; cWJizahf cs;sd vd;gij

mDgt%yk; ngw;wtHfs; gyH. vy;yhk; vg;gNth Kbe;j fhhpak; vd;w

Nahf RthkpfspdJk;> cd;idj; jpUj;J cyfk; jpUe;Jk; vd;w

,uhkfpU\;zhpdJk; mUs;thf;Ffs; vkJ nray;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

cjTfpd;wd.

cynfq;Fk; tsHe;J tUk; Fog;gkhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; thOk; ehk; nja;t

rpe;jidAld; nraw;gl;L> rhjp> rka NtWghLfisf; fle;J> kdpjNeaj;ij

tsHj;J> vy;NyhUk; ,iwtd; Foe;ijfs;> md;Ng flTs; (rptk;) vd;w

ghq;Fld; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. nja;trpe;jid ek; cs;sj;jpNy vd;nwd;Wk;

gRikahf epiyepw;fr; nra;tJ jhd; rkak;. rkak; xUtuJ tho;f;ifia

tskhf;Fk; vd;W G+uzkhf ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltHfNs rka tho;itf;

filg;gpbg;ghHfs;.

rkatho;T NtW r%ftho;T NtW vd;W tho;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; jhd;

kdpjr%fk; gythwhd ,lHg;ghLfis mDgtpj;J Jd;gilfpd;wJ.

kdpjHfs; md;whl tho;tpy; jj;jk; rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; filg;gpbf;fj;

jtwp te;Js;sdH vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf cyfrk;gtq;fs; gy ePjp>

NeHikaw;w Kiwapy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. kdpj chpik kPwy;> rka

topghl;Lr; Rje;jpuk; Gwf;fzpg;G> capHf; nfhiy> ,aw;if mopg;G

cynfq;Fk; gutyhf eilngWfpd;wijf; fhzf; $bajhfTs;sJ. gbg;gJ

Njthuk; ,bg;gJ rptd; Nfhapy; vd;w gonkhopiaAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jtHfs;

irtj; jkpoHfNs. jkpoHfspy; rpyH gz;ila fhye;njhl;L rka

Nfhl;ghLfis filg;gpbf;fj; jtwp te;Js;shHfs; vd;gij ,g;gonkhop

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. jw;fhy #oypy; rkatho;T NtW> r%ftho;T NtW

vd;;W tho;fpd;w irtHfs; njhif cynfq;Fk; $btUtijf; fhz



3/16

Kbfpd;wJ. Kjyhtjhf> irtHfs; gyH Ngustpy; irtHfshf

tho;tjpdhNyNa irtrka tsHr;rp kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;W $wpd;

kpifahfhJ. mj;Jld; gpwrkaj;jtHfs; rpyH jkJ rkaj;ij jk;

nghUshjhu typik nfhz;L Viofs;> ,lHg;gl;ltHfs;> Neha;

tha;g;gl;ltHfs;> r%fj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;ltHfs; MfpNahhplk;; jpzpg;gjhy; gy

irtrkaj;jtHfs; kjk; khwpAs;s ghpjhg epiyia ehk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

mj;Jld; rkak; khwpa irtHfNs Kd;dpd;W NkYk; gyiu kjkhw;wk;

nra;Ak; nfhLikiaAk; ehk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;;. gy ehLfspy;

kjkhw;wj;ijj; njhopyhff; nfhz;NlhH njhif $b tUfpd;wJ.

2. ntspehl;by; irtf; Nfhapy;fs;

rptngUkhid KOKjw; flTshf topgLgtHfs; irtHfs;. MdhYk;>

irtj;jkpoHfs; rf;jpAk; rptdpd; mk;rNk vd;W fUjp mk;kd; topghL

elhj;Jfpd;wdH. mj;Jld;> KUfid jkpo;f;flTshff; fUjp KUfd;

Nfhapy;fisf; mikj;J irtrka topghl;il cynfq;Fk; tsHj;J

tUgtHfSk; irtj;jkpoHfNs. ,g;gbahd fhuzq;fspdhy; irtrka

tho;Tk; ,tHfspilNa XusT NkNyhq;fp epw;fpd;wJ.

ghuj fz;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpa irtrkak; ,d;W cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspYk;

gutpAs;sJ. Ehw;iwk;gJ tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dH Mapuf;fzf;fhd

irtj;jkpoHfs; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Njhl;lj; njhopyhspfshf Nkw;fpe;jpa

jPTfs;> njd;dhgphpf;fh> gp[p> ,yq;if> gHkh> nkhwP];a];> wpA+dpad;>

kNyrpah Nghd;w gyehLfspy;; FbNaw;wg;gl;ldH. ,tH;fs; nrd;wile;j

ehLfspy;; jkpohpd; rkak;> fiy> fyhr;rhuk; Mfpatw;iw vt;tsT ,lHfs;

kj;jpapYk; NgzpAk;> ghJfhj;Jk;> tsHj;Jk; te;Js;shHfs;. jha;ehl;Lld;

cs;s njhlHG Fd;wpajhYk;> gpwnkhopfs; Mjpf;fj;jhYk;; ,e;ehLfspy;

jkpo;nkhop tsHr;rp ngUkstpy; ghjpg;gile;jJ. jw;nghOJ ,tHfspy;

ngUk;ghd;ikapdH ngaustpy; kl;Lk; jkpouhf tho;e;J tUfpd;whHfs;.

MdhYk;> jkJ tho;it G+uzkila irtrkak; Njitnad;W czHe;J

mtHfs; Mq;fhq;Nf gy Nfhapy;fisf; fl;br; irtrkaj;ij tsHj;J

te;Js;shHfs;. mtHfs; jkJ jkpo;nkhop mwpT Fd;wpDk; irtrkaj;ij

xUNghJk; iftpl;Ltpltpy;iy. ,f;fl;Liu ntspehLfspYs;s rpy

irtf;Nfhapy;fspy; ehd; Nehpilahfg; ngw;w mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;L

vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.1 njd;dhgphpf;fh

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpy; Ehwhz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;J

FbNaw;wg;gl;l irtHfs; gutyhf tho;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs; gy rpwpa> nghpa

irtf;Nfhapy;fis mikj;J rka topghL nra;J tUfpd;whHfs;. ,d;W

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpy; kl;Lk; ,UEhw;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Nfhapy;fs; rptd;> KUfd;>

khhpak;kd; Nghd;w nja;tq;fspd; ngauhy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;Wk; gy



4/16

Gjpa Nfhapy;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf nghUshjhu tsHr;rp ngw;w ,e;jpa

r%fj;jpduhy; epHkhzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kd;ida epwntwp nfhz;l

murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffshy; ntspehl;Lj; njhlHgw;w epiyapy; gy

irtf;Nfhapy;fs; cs;SH G+rhhpfshy; guhkhpf;fg;gl;L te;jpUe;jd. fle;j

rpy tUlq;fshf Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifypUe;J te;Js;s gpuhkz mHr;rfHfs;

Nfhapw; G+ir Kiwfisr; rPHgLj;jp> jpUKiwfisg; ghuhzk; nra;J>

mtw;iw g[id Kiwapy; ghb> jpUtpohf;fis elhj;jp> kf;fspilNa

tpujq;fs; mDl;bg;gij Cf;Ftpj;J irtrkaj;ij njd;dhgpf;fhtpy;

tsHj;J tUfpd;wdH.

gpuhkzHfspd; Mjpf;fj;ij tpUk;ghj irtHfspy; rpyH jhkhfNt Kd;te;J

gy irtrka epWtdq;fis epWtpAs;sdH. me;epWtdq;fs; rptypq;f

topghl;bid thuk; xUKiw jkpopNy Njthu ghuhazj;Jld; rpwg;ghf

elhj;jp tUfpd;wd. gpuhkzH ,y;yhky; eilngWk; topghl;by; ngUk;

njhifahf irtHfs; <Lgl;L rptypq;f mgpNrfk; nra;J> jpUKiwfs; Xjp>

rpttopghL elhj;JtJ vd; kdjpid cUf;Fk; fhl;rpahf mike;jJ.

,g;gbahd topghl;bid elhj;Jk; irtg;nghpahHfs; jkpopYk;>

Mq;fpyj;jpYk; rka tpsf;fk; nra;fpd;whHfs;. ,e;j topghLfspy; fye;J

nfhs;Sk; gyH jk; trjpf;Nfw;g Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; Nghfpd;wdh; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Nfhapy; mHr;rfHfs; rpyH mbahHfisf; Nfhapy; fphpiafspy; <LgLj;jp

tUfpd;whHfs;. %Hj;jp mgpNrfk;> Muhjid> Xkk; tsHj;jy;> Muhj;jp

fhl;Ljy; Mfpatw;wpy; gf;jHfs; rpyH mHr;rfUld; NrHe;J nraw;gLtij

vd;dhy; fhzf;$bajhftpUe;jJ.

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpYs;s irtHfspy; gyH neLNeuk; Nfhapypy; epw;f

tpUk;Gtjpy;iy vd;W Nfhapy; mHr;rfHfs; $wpdhHfs;. mj;Jld; mtHfs;

jiuapy; mkHe;jpUg;gijAk; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. MfNt> Nfhapy;fspYk;>

topghl;L epiyaq;fspYk; fjpiufspy; ,Ue;Nj topghL nra;a

tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. mj;Jld;> NfhapYf;F nfhz;L tUk; goq;fis Nfhapypy;

tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; gof;fKk; mtHfsplk; cs;sJ. flTs; goq;fisr;

rhg;gpLthH vd;W ek;gpf;ifapdhy; mtHfs; ,g;gb nra;tjhf

tpsf;fkspj;jhH xU Nfhapy; mH;r;rfH.

njd;dhgphpf;fhtpYs;s irtHfs; Gul;lhrp khjk; KOtJk; tpujk;

mDl;bj;J ,iwrpe;jidAld; fhtb vLj;Jk;> Nfhapy; topghL nra;J

tUtJ Mr;rhpaj;ijf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,k;khjj;jpy; kl;Lk; irtHfs;

vy;NyhUk; khkprk;> fspahl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpidj; jtpHf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy;

Nlgdpy; khkprk; tpw;Fk; filfSk;> glkhspiffSk; ,k;khjj;jpy;

%lg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjid mwpe;Njd;. nghJthf njd;dhgphpf;fhtpYs;s

irtHfspilNa nja;tek;gpf;if NtUd;wp Mokhf ,Ug;gij vd;dhy;



5/16

mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mj;Jld;> jkpoHfs; xUtiu xUtH

if$g;gp tzf;fk; vd;W jkpopy; nrhy;yp tuNtw;fpd;wdH.

mj;Jld; njd;dhgphpf;ftpy; thOk; irtHfs; Nfhapy; topghl;bYk; ghHf;f

kw;wtHfSf;Fr; Nrit nra;tijNa kpfTk; tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. ahuhtJ

tPl;by; kuzk; rk;gtpj;jhy; mtHfs; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W g[id nra;J

Nritfs; gy nra;J mtHfs; Jd;gj;ij Jilf;Fk; nray;fisr;

nra;fpd;wdH. ,d;Dk; rpyH fhiyapy; ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nrd;W trjp

Fiwe;j Mgphpf;f khztHfSf;Ff; fhiy Nghrdk; nfhLg;gijj; jtwhky;

nra;fpd;wdH.

2.2 kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+H

tpahghu> njhopy; fhuzq;fSf;fhf ntspehL nrd;w ,yq;if> ,e;jpaj;

jkpoHfs; irtf;Nfhapy;fs; gytw;iw njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfshd

jha;yhe;J> kNyrpah> NghHdpNah> gHkh> rpq;fg;G+H> tpal;dhk; Kjypa

ehLfspy; fl;bAs;shHfs;. kNyrpahtpy; Gfo;ngw;w KUfd; jykhd

gj;Jkiyapy; kpfTk; caukhd (80 mbf;F Nky;) KUfd; jpUr;rpiy xd;W

mikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Nfhyhk;G+hpy; mike;Js;s Gjpa %fhk;gpif

mk;kd; Nfhapy; rpw;g> rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghLfs; fz;ftH fhl;rpahFk;.

,yq;ifr; irtHfspd; fe;jrhkp Nfhapy; GJg;nghypTw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,q;Nf %y];jhdj;jpy; ey;YhH fe;jrhkp Nfhtpiyg; Nghd;W Nty;

mike;Js;sJ. irtHfspd; nghUshjhu tsHr;rpapd; gpujpgypg;ghf kNyrpah>

rpq;fg;G+hpy; Mfpa ehLfspy; gy Gjpa Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Lk;> gioa

Nfhapy;fs; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Lk; tUfpd;wd.

Jh;f;if mk;kd;> khhpak;kd;> fhsp mk;kd; topghL rpq;fg;G+h;> kNyrpah>

tpal;dhk;> jha;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfspy; cs;s Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp

irtj;jkpohpilNa Nkk;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;nghOJ Rthkp Iag;gd; topghL

rpq;fg;G+hpy; cs;s rpy Nfhapy;fspy; rpwg;ghf eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,q;Nf

irtHfs; ngUkstpy; fye;J nfhz;L jkpopy; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fis

$l;Lg;gpuhHj;jid Kiwapy; ghb rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; topghL elhj;jp

tUfpd;wdH. kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+H Mfpa ehl;Lr; irtHfs; ijg;G+rj;ij

rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdH. gpdhq;fpYk;> Ffe;jhdpYk; cs;s

KUfd;> kuj;jhz;ltH Nfhapy;fSk; gpurpj;jp ngw;wit. kNyrpahtpy; 16

Mapuk; irtf;Nfhapy;fs; ,Ug;gjhf xU fzpg;G $Wfpd;wJ. gy rpwpa

Nfhapy;fs; Gduikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. 1977Mk; Mz;L Kjy; kNyrpah>

rpq;fg;G+H ehLfspy; 12 tUlq;fshf tho;e;J> gpd;dH gy jlitfs;

,e;ehLfSf;F nrd;w mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;L irtHfspilNa Nfhapy;

topghL NkNyhq;fp tUtij vd;dhy; fzpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; rpy

rPdHfSk; NfhapYf;F te;J topghL nra;fpd;wdH. ijg;G+rj; jpdj;jpy;

rPdHfs; rpyUk; fhtb vLf;fpd;wdH.



6/16

2.3 NghHdpNah jPT

fpof;F kNyrpahtpYs;s NghHdpNah jPtpd; ruthf; ehl;by; $rpq;

gps;isahH NfhapYk;> rgh ehl;by; gRgjpehj;> rptRg;gpukzpa Rthkp

Nfhapy;fSk; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; guhkhpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;j

,lq;fspy; irtHfs; njhif mjpfkhf ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gpDk; ,f;Nfhapy;fs;

KiwahfTk;> rpwg;ghfTk; mHr;rfHfis itj;J elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

jlhfj;jpd; eLNt mofhf mike;Js;s gRgjpehj; Myaj;jpy;

,e;Jrkaj;jpd; rd;khHf;fj;ij fUj;jpw; nfhz;L gps;isahH> rptd;> tp\;Z>

rf;jp> #hpad;> KUfd;; Mfpatw;wpUf;F tpf;fpufq;fs; mikj;J topghL

eilngWfpd;wJ. kNyrpa uhZt Kfhkpy; mike;Js;s rptRg;gpukzpa

Rthkp Nfhapy; uhZt rpg;gha;fspdhy; guhkhpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,q;Nf

etf;fpuf topghl;bw;fhf Gul;lhrp khjk; vy;NyhUk; tUfpd;wdH.

2.4 jha;yhe;J

jha;yhe;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ikapdH Gj;jrkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfs;. MdhYk;>

,e;Jrka topghL gutyhf ,q;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW xU ehl;bYk;

,y;yhjthW gilj;jy; flTshfpa gpuk;khTf;F Nfhapy; mikj;J Neuk;

jtwhJ topghL nra;tij vq;Fk; mtjhdpf;f Kbe;jJ. nghpa tzpff;

fl;blq;fspYk;> N`hl;ly;fspYk;> tPjpr;re;jpg;GfspYk; gpuk;khTf;F

Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,Nj Nghd;Nw> tpehafH topghLk;

gutyhf jha;yhe;jpy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. tljha;yhe;J rpaq;kha; efhpy;

ehd; jq;fpapUe;j N`hl;ly; ntspj;Njhl;lj;jpy; gpuk;khTf;F xU nghpa

NfhapYk;> tpehafUf;F xU rpwpa NfhapYk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

,Ufuk; $g;gp xUtiu xUtH tuNtw;gij gof;fkhff; nfhz;bUg;gtHfs;

jha;ehl;ltHfs;. jkpoHfsplk; ,Ue;j ,g;gbahd tuNtw;Fk; gof;fk; khwp

tUfpd;w ,e;ehspy; jha;ehl;ltHfs; ,g;gb tuNtw;gijf; fz;L ehd;

G+hpg;gile;Njd;.

ghq;nfhq; efhpy; cs;s kfhkhhpak;kd; Nfhapypy; ,e;jpaHfSk;>

jha;ehl;ltHfSk;; rpwg;ghf ek;gpf;ifAld; topghL nra;fpd;wdH. ,q;Nf>

khhpak;kd;> tpehafH> KUfd;> rptd;> gpuk;kh> etf;fpufq;fs; Mfpa

nja;tq;fSf;F re;epjpfs; mikj;Js;sdH. kfhNfhGuj;ijf; nfhz;l

,f;Nfhapy; ,d;Dk; Fk;ghgpN\fj;ijf; fhztpy;iy. NfhapYf;F tUk;

gf;jHfs; ,sePH> G+f;fs;> CJgj;jpfs;> nkOFtHj;jp> ghy; Mfpa nfhz;L

tUfpwhHfs;. Nfhapypy; nkOFtHj;jp> CJgj;jp nfhOj;jp> Koq;fhypy;

epd;W mikjpahf gy epkplq;fs; ,Ue;J topghL nra;fpd;wdH. ,q;Nf

epue;jukhf jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J te;Js;s Ie;J mHr;rfHfs; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;.

jha;ehl;ltHfs; jkpo;j; Njhj;jpu> g[idg; ghly;fis jkJ jha; nkhopapNy

vOjp gpujp rdpf;fpoik NjhWk; $l;LtopghL elhj;Jfpd;w fhl;rp

vd;kdijr; rpypHf;f itj;jJ. fhiy MW kzp Kjy; ,uT vl;L kzp



7/16

tiu gf;jHfs; Fiwtpd;wp ,f;Nfhapypy; topghL elhj;Jfpd;wdH. jpdKk;

ehd;F Kiw NfhapYf;F tUk; jha; gf;jHfSk; cz;L.

etuhj;jphp fhyq;fspy; gj;J ehl;fs; rpwg;ghf ehj];tuk;> ehl;ba

epfo;r;rpAld; ,f;Nfhapypy; jpUtpohf;fs; eilngWfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;>

tp[ajrkp ehspy; khhpak;kd; ghq;nfhf; efhpy; 25 fpNyh kPl;lH Jhuk;

CHtyk; tUfpd;whs;. mj;jUzk;> jkJ tPl;Lg; G+ir miwapypUe;J

Rthkpg; glq;fisAk;> tpf;fpufq;fisAk; tPjpf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J mk;kd;

mUs; ngw;Wr; nry;thHfs;.

2.5 njd; tpal;dhk;

ehl;Lf;Nfhl;ilr; nrl;bahH r%fj;jtHfs; gyH tpahghu Nehf;fk; nfhz;L

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;F tpal;dhk; tiu nrd;Ws;sdH. mtHfs; njd;

tpal;dhkpy; N`h rP kpd; efhpy; %d;W irtf; Nfhapy;fis mikj;J

,iwtopghL nra;jdH. ,f;Nfhapy;fs; mWgJ tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf

,e;efhpd; tzpf tl;lhuj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. khhpak;kd; Nfhapy;> =

jz;lhAjghzp Nfhapy;> rptRg;gpukzpa Rthkpfs; Nfhapy; MfpaitfNs

,f;Nfhapy;fshFk;. khhpak;kd; Nfhapypy; jkpo;ehl;ilr; NrHe;j gpuhkzH

my;yhj xUtH G+ir nra;J tUfpwhH. kw;iwa Nfhapy;fspy; ,e;jpa

tk;rhtopapy; te;j tpal;dhkpaH G+ir nra;fpd;wdH. vy;yhf; Nfhapy;fspYk;

jkpo;g; gf;jpg;ghly;fs; ve;NeuKk; xypj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gijf; Nfl;Nld;.

khhpak;kd; Nfhapy; xd;Nw ,uh[NfhGuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mk;kdpd;

gytifahd Njhw;wq;fs; rpiytbthf Nfhapypy; mofhf mikf;fg;gl;L

tHzk; G+rg;gl;Ls;sJ ,f;Nfhapypy; mike;Js;s rpwg;ghFk;. tpal;dhkpaH

ngUk;ghd;ikahfr; nrd;W topghL nra;tijAk; fhzf; $bajhfTs;sJ.

jpUtpohf; fhyj;jpy; mk;kd; tPjp tyk; nra;fpd;whs;. jkpo; Ngr> vOjj;

njhpahj jkpoHfs;; ehyhapuk; tiu ,q;Nf ,Ug;gjhff; fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjpfkhd jkpoHfs; fyg;G kzk; nra;jhYk; jkpo;g; ngaH nfhz;Ls;sdH.

gf;jHfs; khhpak;kdplk; kpFe;j ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sdH vd;;gij mtHfs;

vz;zpf;ifAk;> topghl;L KiwAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

njd; tpal;dhik mnkhpf;fhtplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa fk;A+dp];l;thjpfs;

,f;Nfhapy;fisg; G+l;bitj;J mtw;iw gpd; Ntiyj;jsq;fshf khw;wpr;

nraw;gl;ldH. Nfhapy; eiffs; vy;yhk; #iwahlg;gl;ld vd;gij

mwpe;Njd;. ,UgJ tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dH> el;G ehlhfpa ,e;jpahtpd;

Ntz;LNfhSf;Fr; nrtpkLj;jp ,e;jf; Nfhapy;fs; kPz;Lk; ,iw topghl;Lj;

jyq;fshf Mf;fg;gl;ld. khhpak;kd; Nfhapy; tUkhdk; gf;jHfs; gyhpd;

tUifahy; Fiwtpd;wpAs;sJ. tUkhdk; Fiwe;j Nfhapyhd

jz;lhAjghzp Nfhapy; rhapghgh epiya mq;fj;jtHfs; MjuTld;

jw;nghOJ Gduikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;efhpYs;s ,e;jpa tzpfHfSk;>

,e;jpa Jhjuhyaj;jpdUk; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpf;F cjTfpd;wdH.



8/16

3. irtrka tsHr;rpapy; Nfhapy;fspd; gq;F

irtHfs; Nfhapy;fs; gytw;iwf; fl;b> rka topghl;Lf;F toptFj;J>

mtw;iw rpwe;j Kiwapy; guhkhpj;Jk; tUfpd;whHfs;. ,g;gzp

gytUlq;fshf gy ehLfspYk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. Nfhapy;fis

NeHikahd Kiwapy; guhkhpg;gJk;> Nfhapy;fspd; tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;L

r%fgzp Mw;WtJk;> irtHfspilNa flTs; topghl;bidAk;> rka

Nfhl;ghLfis tsHf;f cjTk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. ntspehLfspy; thOk;

irtHfs; ngUkstpy; Njitf;F Nkyhf gy Nfhapy;fisf; fl;LtJ

irtrka tsHr;rpf;fhfth? vd;w Nfs;tp gyH kdjpy; vOfpd;wJ. vJ

vg;gbahapDk; Nfhapy;fs; irtrka tsHr;rpf;F Kf;fpakhf Njitahdit

vd;gij ahuhYk; kWf;f KbahJ.

trjp gilj;j rpy irtrka epWtdq;fs; jk;khyhd kdpjhgpkhd

fhhpaq;fis jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; epiwNtw;Wfpd;wd vd;gij kWf;f

KbahJ. MdhYk;> irtrka epWtdq;fs; xd;Wgl;L> Nghl;b

kdg;ghd;ikaw;W r%fj; njhz;il Mw;wNtz;Lk;. ntspehl;bYs;s

irtrka epWtdq;fs; Nfhapy;fs; mike;Js;s jj;jk; ehl;by; cs;s

irtHfspd; NjitfisAk; Fwpg;ghff; ftdpj;jy; mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

irtrka mwptpid irtHfspilNa tsHf;Fk; irtf;Nfhapy;fs; xU

rpyNt vd;W $wyhk;. ,jw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. Nfhapy;

mikg;Gfs; jkJ r%fg; nghWg;ig G+uzkhf czuj;j jtWfpd;wd.

mitfs; gzj;ijr; NrHg;gjpYk;> Nfhapy; tsHr;rpapYk;> r%fg; gzpapYk;>

Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; jkJ Kaw;rpiar; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

Nfhapy; tUkhdj;jpy; xU tPjkhd njhifiaf; $l irtHfspd; rka

mwpT Nkk;ghl;lj;Jf;F nryT nra;a Nfhapy; epHthfq;fs; jaq;Ffpd;wd.

4. irtrka mwpTk; gaDk;

irtrka mwpT NtW irtrka tho;T NtW. irtrka mwpT ,Ue;J

irtrka tho;T thohjtH fz;zpUe;j FUlDf;Fr; rkkhthH. mtHfs;

ngUik epue;jukd;W. mNj Neuj;jpy; irtrka mwptpd;wp irtrkapahf

thOk; rptgf;jd; vy;NyhUila kjpg;igAk;> md;igAk; ngWthH. ,jw;F

ehad;khHfspd; rhpj;jpuq;fNs rhd;W gfHfpd;wd. vt;tpjj;jpYk; vk;tho;Tf;F

cgNahkhfpd;w mwpNt nkr;rg;gl Ntz;baJ. ey;tho;Tf;F cgNahfkw;w

mwpT ekf;Fj; Njitjhdh vd;gij ehNk jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ntspehl;by; thOk; irtHfshfpa ehk; irtrka mwptpidg; ngWtjhy;

Vw;gLk; ed;ikfis Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; vkf;F njspT Vw;gl;lhy;

kl;LNk ehk; irtrka mwptpid ekJ tUq;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F

mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; MHtk; fhl;l Kw;gLNthk;. nghpNahHfshfpa ehk;

irtrka mwptpy; ehl;lkpd;wp ekJ gps;isfsplk; jpzpg;gjhy; VJk; ed;ik

cz;lhFkh vd;gij Nahrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.



9/16

4.1 irtHfs; tho;f;if Kiw

irtHfspy; mjpfkhdtHfs; jdpahfNth> FLk;gkhfNt NfhapYf;F

nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk; nry;tij tof;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdH. jpUtpoh

ehl;fspYk;> tpNrl ehl;fspYk; Nfhapypy; gf;jHfs; vz;zpf;if $b

tUtij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. rpyH jkJ tho;f;ifapy; Kf;fpakhff;

fUjg;gLk; ehl;fshfpa gpwe;j ehs;;> fypahz ehs;> kiwe;j ngw;Nwhhpd;

jpjp ehl;fs; Mfpa ehl;fspy; NfhapYf;Fr; nry;thHfs;. ,tHfs;

NfhapYf;Fg; Nghtjd; fhuzq;fs; gythwhapDk; nghJthf Nfhapy;

topghL ed;ikia kl;LNk mspf;Fk; vd;w G+uz ek;gpf;ifAld;

tho;fpwhHfs; irtHfs;.

flTspd; flhr;rk; njhlHe;J fpilf;f> flTsplk; jkJ Fiwfis

vLj;jpak;g> jkJ FLk;g ey;tho;Tf;F flTSf;F ed;wp nrhy;y mtHfs;

gpuhHj;jidfs; mikfpd;wd. vg;gbahapDk; ,iw tzf;fk; jkJ

kdmikjpiaAk;> kdj;jpUg;jpiaAk;> Mde;jj;ijAk; nfhLf;Fk; vd;w

ek;gpf;ifapy; nraw;gl;L tUfpwhHfs; irtHfs;. ngw;NwhHfs; fhl;ba

topapy; gps;isfSk; njhlHe;J Nfhapy; topghL nra;fpd;wdH. Nfhapy;

topghNl ngw;NwhhplkpUe;J gps;isfs; ngw;w Kjy; irtrkaf; fy;tpahFk;.

ek;kpy; gyUf;F NfhapYf;Ff; Fspj;Jj; Jha;ikahd Mil mzpe;J ,iw

czHTld; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w ghlk; ,sk; tajpypUe;Nj kdjpdpy;

gjpe;Js;sJ.

4.2 irtrka tpsf;fk;

ehsiltpy; Nfhapy; topghl;il fUj;Jld; filg;gpbf;f tpf;fpufq;fs;>

fphpiafs; gw;wp tpsf;fk; ekf;Fj; JizGhpfpd;wJ. cUtkw;w ,iwtd;>

gps;isahH vd;w cUtepiy nfhz;L jilfis ePf;f cjTthH vd;w

ek;gpf;ifapy; irtHfs; vf;fhhpaj;ijiaAk; gps;isahH tzf;fj;Jld;

Muk;gpf;fpwhHfs;. ts;sp> nja;tahidAld; Njhd;Wk; KUfd;> vf;fhhpaKk;

ntw;wp ngw Qhdj;Jld; $ba nraiy tpUg;gKld; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;w jj;Jtj;ij mwpTWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,Nj Nghd;W rptKk; rf;jpAk;

NrHtjpdhy; Mde;jk; (KUfd;) cz;lhFk; vd;w jj;Jtj;ij rptdpd;

Nrhk];fe;j K$Hj;jk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

ekf;F ml;lnry;tq;fisAk; thhp tsq;Fgts; kfhyl;Rkp vd;gjhy;

irtHfs; tPLfspy; kfhyl;Rkpapd; jpUTUtg; glj;ij itj;Js;sdH. xUtH

kuzpj;jhy; mtuJ Md;kh rptdb NrHtjhy; kWgpwg;gw;W Mde;jepiy

ngWk; vd;W ek;GfpwhHfs; irtHfs;. mJNt irtHfs; kdpjg; gpwtpapid

vLj;jjpd; Nehf;fk; vd;W fUJfpwhHfs;.

rptha ekntd;W rpe;jpj;jpUg;Nghh;f;F (gpwtpg; ngUq;flypy; %o;Fk;) mghak;

xUehSk; ,y;iy vd;gij G+uzkhf irtHfs; ek;Gjy; mtrpak;. jpdKk;

fhiyapy; jpUePW G+Rk; NghJ rptha ek vd;w #f;Fk ke;jpuj;ijf; $wpNa



10/16

G+Rjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W MWKfehtyH $wpAs;shH. ,jd; cl;nghUs;

vd;dntd;why; ehd; ,j;jpdj;jpy; nra;Ak; vf;fhhpaKk; vdJ Mj;khtpd;

<Nlw;wj;Jf;F Jiz Ghpa Ntz;Lk; vd;w gpuhHj;jidahf mikfpd;wJ.

,iw rpe;jid vg;nghOJk; ,Ug;gjhy; vk;tho;T vg;nghOJk; md;Gk;>

mwKk; $bNa mikAk;.

,iwtid topgLtjw;fhd Kiwfs; gytw;wpy; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fis

kdKUfpg; ghLtNj ,yFthd Kiwnad;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid

newpg;gLj;j ehad;khHfs; mUspa jpUKiwfis kddk; nra;J gz;Zld;

ghLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; Foe;ijfSf;fhd irtg;

ghlrhiyfspy;;; Njthuq;fis fw;gpf;fpd;whHfs;. ,sk; tajpypUe;Nj

,tw;iw kddk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4.3 irtrka tsHr;rpf;F ,yF top

irtrkaj;ij tsHg;gjw;F ,yFthd xU top vd;dthapd; irt

rkaj;jtHfs; jkJ rkaj;jpd; jj;Jtq;fis mwpe;J> rka Nfhl;ghLfisf;

filg;gpbj;J ,iw czHTld; nraw;gl;L tUjNyahFk;. Ngr;rstpy;

irtHfshf tho;e;J> nraystpy; mirt tho;itf; filg;gpbj;jhy; ek;

tUq;fhy re;jjpapdh; irtrkaj;jpy; ek;gpf;if itg;ghHfs; vd;W

vjpHghHg;gJ epahakhdjh vd;W ehk; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kaw;rp nra;jhy;

vk;khy; mila KbahjJ ahJk; cz;Nlh? mJTk; ,iw fhhpakhapd;

vJTk; if$lhky; Nghf KbahJ.

5. mT];jpNuypahtpy; ,e;Jf;fs;

gj;njhd;gjhk;; Ehw;whz;by; ,e;Jf;fs; gUj;jp> fUk;Gj; Njhl;lq;fspy;

Ntiy nra;tjw;fhf mT];jpNuypahTf;F te;jdH. ,tHfspy; gyH

rpWtHj;jfHfs; MdhHfs;. 1900,y; mT];jpNuypahtpypUe;j 4000 njd;

,e;jpaHfspy; 25 tPjkhdtHfs; ,e;Jf;fs;. 1901Mk; Mz;L eilKiwf;F

te;j nts;is mT];jpNuypah nfhs;ifapdhy; 1970f;F Kd;dH

mT];jpNuypahtpy; tho;e;j ,e;Jf;fs; rpyNu. rdj;njhif kjpg;gPl;bd;gb

mT];jpNuypahtpy; thOk; ,e;Jf;fs; njhif gbg;gbahff; $bAs;sJ.

1988,y; 20>000> 2001,y; ,j;njhif 95>000 Mff; $bas;sij fPNo

jug;gl;Ls;s glj;jpd; %yk; mwpayhk;. mT];jpNuypahtpd; FbAhpikf;

nfhs;if khw;wj;jhYk;> ,q;Nf caHfy;tp fw;ftUk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd

,e;J khztHfshYk;; mT];jpNuypahtpy; ,e;Jf;fs; njhif ngUkstpy;

mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. mT];jpNuypahtpy; cs;s efuq;fspy;

,e;Jf;fs; tho;e;jhYk; rpl;dp khefuj;jpy; mjpfg;gbahd ,e;Jf;fs;

Fbnfhz;Ls;sdH. thu ,Wjp ehl;fspy; rpl;dpapYs;s ,e;Jf;

Nfhapy;fSf;F jkpo; Ngrj; njhpahj ,e;Jf;fs; gyH jtwhJ tUtijf;

fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ. mj;Jld; khjnkhUKiw rpl;dpapy; njd;Mgphpf;fh>

gp[p Mfpa ehl;bypUe;J te;j irtHfs; $b ,iwtopghL nra;fpd;wdH.



11/16

0

20

40

60

80

100

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Mz;L

,e;Jf;fs; njhif (M

apuk;)

mT];jpNuypahtpy; ,e;Jf;fs;;

5.1 rpl;dpapy; irtHfs;

mT];jpNuypahtpy; thOk; ,e;Jf;fspy; jkpioj; jha;nkhopahff;

nfhz;Ls;s ngUk;ghd;ikapdH irtrkaj;jtHfs; MtHfs;. ,tHfs;

,yq;if> ,e;jpah Mfpa ehLfspypUe;J te;J FbNawpAs;sdH. mj;Jld;

jkpio NgRk; nkhopahff; nfhs;shj irtHfs; gyH kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+H>

njd;dhgphpf;fh> gp[p Mfpa ehLfspypUe;J te;Js;shHfs;. mj;Jld; ekJ

,sk; re;jjpapdhplk; jkpo; NgRk; ty;yik Fd;wp tUtjpdhy; rpl;dpapy;

Ngr;rstpNy jkpio vOjg;> Ngr> thrpf;ff; $ba irtHfspd; njhif

Fiwe;J nfhz;L tUnkd;W vjpHghHf;fyhk;. jw;nghOJ rpl;dpapy;

rdpf;fpoikfs; NjhWk; Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd rpWtHfs; jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfspy;

jkpiof; fw;W tUtjhy; jkpo;nkhop rpl;dpapy; mopahJ XusT

epiyj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;if nfhs;syhk;. jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfSf;F

jq;fs; gps;isfis mDg;ghj irtj;jkpo;g; ngw;Nwhh;fs; gyH cs;sdH

vd;gJ tUj;jj;Jf;FhpaJ. jkpo;nkhop mwpT irtrkaf; fy;tpiag;

G+uzkhff; fw;f kpfTk; JizGhpAk; vd;gjpy; ahnjhU IaKkpy;iy.

irtj; jpUKiwfis gbj;jwpa jkpowpT kl;Lky;y> rka czHTk;>

MHtKk; ,d;wpaikahjit. jkpo; mwpitg; ngw;w xU rpyNu

jpUKiwfisf; fw;w Maj;jkhf cs;sdH.

5.2 irtf;fy;tpf;F irtkd;wk; Mw;Wk; gzp

rpl;dp khefuj;jpy; KUfd; Nfhapy; xd;iw Muk;gpj;J irtrkaj;ij

ghJfhj;J tsHf;Fk; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf 1986Mk; Mz;L irtkd;wk; vd;w

XH mikg;G Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpl;dp tho; irtHfspd; G+uz MjuTld;

1999Mk; Mz;L fz;ftH rpl;dp KUfd; Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;L rpwg;ghf ,aq;fp

tUfpd;wJ. rpl;dpapy; thOk; irtHfs; gyH; rpl;dp KUfd; Nfhapy; vq;fs;

Nfhapy; vd;W chpik nfhz;lhb Nfhapy; jpUg;gzp nra;J tUfpd;wdH



12/16

vd;gJ ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ. jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; gf;jHfs; jq;fs;

FLk;gj;Jld; Mapuf;fzf;fhf te;J Nfhapy; epfo;r;rpfspy; fye;J nfhz;L

NfhapYf;Fr; rpwg;Ngw;wp KUfdUs; ngw;W nry;fpd;whHfs;. rpl;dp KUfd;

Nfhapy; rpl;dp tho; irtHfs; ,ilNaAs;s $l;Lwit Nkk;gLj;jp r%f

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F top tFf;fpd;wJ.

KUfDf;F mofpa Nfhapy; fl;LtJld; epw;fhky; rpl;dpapy; irtf;fy;tp

tsHf;f> jkpoHfspd; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; Ngz irtkd;wk; fy;tpf;Fk;>

fyhr;rhuj;Jf;Fk; nghWg;ghsHfis epakpj;J fle;j gy tUlq;fshfg;

gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wJ. irtkd;wk; Mw;Wk; irtf;fy;tpg; gzpiaf;

fPo;f;fz;lthW njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;.

1. irtg;ghlrhiyfs; ,uz;bid QhapW NjhWk; rpl;dpapy; elhj;JtJ.

,q;Nf Ehw;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd gps;isfs; fy;tp fw;fpd;whHfs;. mDgtk;

kpf;f MrphpaHfs; njhz;lhw;wp r%fg;gzp nra;tJ ghuhl;lg;gl

Ntz;baJ.

2. ehahd;khHfspd; Njthuq;fis khztHfs;> nghpNahHfs; gz;Zld;

ghlj; jFe;j MrphpaHfisf; nfhz;L gapw;rp mspg;gJ. gpujp

nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk; KUfd; Nfhapypy; eilngWk; $l;Lg;

gpuhHj;jidapy; ,sk; khztHfisg; gq;Nfw;f Cf;Ftpg;gJ.

3. irtg;ghlrhiyfspd; khztHfis Cf;Ftpg;gjd; Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L

tUle;NjhWk; NjHTfis elhj;jpg; ghprpy;fs; toq;FtJ.

4. ehad;khHfs; FUG+irfisj; jtwhJ elhj;jp mtHfspd;

njhz;bidAk;> nra;j mw;Gjq;fisAk; Ngr;Rf;fs;> ehlfq;fs;>

ghly;fs; %yk; khztHfSf;F mwpar; nra;tJ.

5. murhq;f Muk;g ghlrhiyfspy; thue;NjhWk; eilngWk; ,e;Jrka

tFg;ig elhj;Jk; MrphpaHfis epakpj;J mtHfSf;F cjTtJ.

6. irt ,isQHfspilNa jpahdk;> cgepljq;fs; gw;wpa mwpit

tsHg;gJ.

7. ,isQH tl;lk; %yk; irt ,isQHfis Nfhapy; jpUg;gzp>

jpUtpohf;fs;> r%fgzpapy; <Lglr; nra;tJ.

8. nghpNahHfSf;F irtrpj;jhe;j tFg;Gfis elhj;JtJ.

9. Nfhapy; rpthr;rhhpahHfisf; nfhz;L gpujp; nrt;tha;f;fpoik>

nts;spf;fpoikfs; NjhWk; Nfhapypy; rka tpsf;fk; mspg;gJ.

10. cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lg; Ngr;rhusHfs; %yk; irtrka Ngr;Rj;

njhlHfis elhj;JtJ.

11. irtrka rk;ge;jkhd Ehy;fisf; nfhz;l xU Ehy;epiyaj;ij

mikj;J mij ,isQH tl;lk; Jiz nfhz;L elhj;JtJ.



13/16

12. gpwkjj;ijr; rhHe;j khztHfspilNa irtrkak;> Nfhapy; topghL

Mfpatw;iw tpsq;f itg;gJ.

13. rpl;dp KUfd; vd;w nra;jp kly; %yk; irtrka tpsf;fj;ij

tsq;FtJ.

irtkd;wk; elhj;Jk; fy;tpg;gzp G+uzkhfj; njhz;lHfspdhNyNa

eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;j

jd;dyk; fUjhJ cjTgtHfs; Nrit ghuhl;Lf;FhpaJ. ngw;NwhH>

khztHfs;> MrphpaHfs; vy;NyhhpdJ xj;Jiog;Gk; ,Ug;gjpdhy;

irtkd;wj;jpd; fy;tpg;gzp gy tUlq;fshfj; njhlHe;J rpwg;ghf

eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. fle;j ,U tUlq;fshf irt khztHfs; njhif

mjpfhpj;J tUtijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. irtg; ghlrhiy

khztHfs; gyH jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfspYk; fy;tp fw;gjhy; jkpopy; vOj>

thrpf;f XusT mwpT ngw;Ws;sik irtf;fy;tpiaj; jkpo; %yk; toq;f

MrphpaHfSf;F cjtpahfTs;sJ.

5.3 rpl;dpapy; irtf;fy;tpapd; vjpHfhyk;

ngw;NwhHfs; gyH irtrkaj;ij jkJ gps;isfSk; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;w MHtk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. MdhYk;> rpyH irtrkak; jkpo; nkhop

%yk; fw;gpg;gij jilahfNt fUJfpd;wdH. mj;Jld; ehk; irtHfs; vd;w

G+uz czHT ekJ ngw;NwhH> gps;isfsplkpUe;J Fiwe;J tUtijf;

fhz Kbfpd;wjhff; fUJgtHfSk; cz;L. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; irtHfs;

gyH ghFghbd;wp ngUkhs;> JHf;fh> Iag;gd;> FU topghLfspy; jk;ik

<LgLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.

mj;Jld; Ntjhe;j rpe;jidfis Mq;fpyk; %yk; mwpe;J irt rpj;jhe;j

tpsf;fk; mw;Ws;shHfs; vd;w FiwghLk; irtrkapfs; rpyhplk; cs;sJ.

ehk; vy;NyhUk; ,e;Jf;fs; vd;w mbg;gil czHT irtHfs; gyhplk;

cs;sJ. ,iw ek;gpf;ifNa> kdpj czHtpid tsHf;Fk; mwpT tho;Nt

Kf;fpak;. rpl;dp tho; irtHfspy; gyH rpj;jhe;jNjh> Ntjhe;jNk rpwe;jJ

vd;Dk; Muha;r;rpf;F ,iw tho;T mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd;gij czHe;J

nraw;gl;L jj;jk; tho;it Nkk;gLj;jp ey;y kdpjdhf thoNt

Mirg;gLfpd;wdH. kw;Wk; rpyH Kbe;jtiu rka tho;itf; filg;gpbf;f

tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. rka tho;T taJ NghdtHfSf;Nf vd;W epidg;gtHfs;

,Uf;fNt nra;fpd;wdH.

rpy irtj;jkpo;g; ngw;NwhHfs; jkJ gps;isfis rhapghgh epWtdq;fs;

elhj;Jk; ghyH tFg;GfSf;F mDg;GfpwhHfs;. mq;Nf kdpj Nkk;ghl;Lf;

fy;tp Mq;fpyj;jpy; elhj;jg;gLtjhy; gps;isfSk; kpFe;j tpUg;gj;Jld;

jtwhJ fye;J nfhs;fpwhHfs;. rhapghghit FUthf Vw;fhj ngw;NwhHfs;

gyH $l> tho;f;if tsk; ngw kdpj Nkk;ghl;Lf; fy;tp jkJ

gps;isfSf;F cjTk; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sdH.



14/16

6. epiwT

irtrka tsHr;rpf;F Nfhapy; topghL Ntz;Lk; vd;w Kf;fpaj;ij

czHe;j irtHfs; ngUthhpahf vy;yh ehLfspYk;> efuq;fspYk; irtf;

Nfhapy;fisf; fl;bg; guhkhpj;J tUfpd;whHfs;. vy;yhf; Nfhapy;fspd;

epHthff; FOf;fSk; irtrkaf; fy;tpia Kf;fpakhd gzpahff;

fUJtjpy;iy. ,J kpfTk; ftiyf;Fhpanjhd;whFk;.

rpl;dpapy; irtrkaj;ij fhj;J> tsHg;gij Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L

mikf;fg;gl;lNj irtkd;wkhFk;. ,e;jg; nghpa nghWg;gpid irtkd;wk;

moFW rpl;dp KUfd; Nfhapiy mikj;J irtrka topghl;il rpl;dpapy;

epue;jukhf epiyepWj;jpAs;sdH. ,j;Jld; irtrka tsHr;rpf;fhf irtg;

ghlrhiyfis elhj;jp tUfpd;wJ. irtrka tpsf;fk; Nfhapy;fspy;

rpthr;rhhpaHfshy; tsq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,isQHfSk; rka mwpT ngw;W

tUfpd;wdH. irtkd;wk; rka Ehy;fisj; jpul;b xU Ehy; epiyaj;ij

elhj;Jthjy; gyUk; ed;ik ngWfpd;wdH. mg;gbahd eltbf;iffshy;

rpl;dpapy; irtf;fy;tp tsHe;J tUtjhfNt fUj ,lKz;L. 2006,y;

gj;jhtJ cyf irtkfhehl;il rpl;dpapy; irtkd;wk; elhj;jTs;sJ.

mjdhy; rpl;dp tho; irtHfs; gadilthHfs; vd;W ek;gpf;if

nfhs;syhk;.

,g;gbahd gy eltbf;iffis irtkd;wk; vLj;jhYk; irtrka

mwptpidg; ngUf;f KaYk; rpl;dptho; irtHfs; njhif kpfTk;

FiwthfNt cs;sJ. irtrka mwptpid rpl;dptho; irtHfsplk; gug;g

fPo;f;fz;l topKiwfis ehk; nraw;gLj;jyhk;. ,tw;iw kw;wtHfSk;

filg;gpbf;fyhk; vd;W fUJfpNwd;.

1. irtf;fy;tp epiyak; (Centre for Saiva Education) xd;wpid

irtkd;wj;jpd; cWJizAld; epWTjy; mtrpak;. mjd; jiytuhf

jFjp tha;e;j nghWg;ghsiuAk;> cWg;gpdHfisAk; epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fhg;ghsuhd irtkd;wk; flikahw;wp ,e;epiyaj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd

nghUshjhu cjtpfisr; nra;J> irtf;fy;tpiaAk;> fyhr;rhuj;ijAk;

mT];jpNuypah KOtJk; Nkk;gLj;jg; ghLglNtz;Lk;. irtkd;w

epHthfj;Jf;F fy;tp> fyhr;rhu nghWg;Gfs; ,jdhy; Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

mtHfs; Nfhapy; topghL> r%fg;gzpfspy; KOf;ftdj;ijAk;

nrYj;jyhk;.

2. rpWtHfs;> nghpNahHfs; ed;ik fUjp irtrka tFg;Gfis

Mq;fpyj;jpYk; elhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpy %yk; irtrkaf; fy;tp

jkpo; njhpahj irtg;gps;isfSf;Fk;> kw;iwa rkaj;jhUf;Fk; gadspf;f

tha;g;Gz;L vdyhk;.



15/16

3. Nfhapy; topghl;bd; tpsf;fq;fis jkpopYk;> Mq;fpyj;jpYk;; tsq;f

epue;jukhf cj;jpNahfj;jiu epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpthr;rhhpahHfs;

cjtpAld; mtH nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4. Nfhapy; epfo;r;rpfs;> Njthu ghuhazk;> $l;Lg;gpuhHj;jid> irtrkag;

Ngr;Rf;fs;> irtrka tpsf;fk; Mfpatw;iw xypgug;g Nfhapy; epHthfk;

xU thndyp epiyaj;ij elhj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; vy;yh

epfo;r;rpfisAk; rpl;dpapYs;s jkpo; thndhypfSk; xypgug;g top nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

5. njd;dhgphpf;fh> gp[p> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+H Mfpa ehLfspypUe;J rpl;dpapy;

FbNawpa jkpo; Ngr> vOjj; njhpahj irtHfspd; topghl;L Kiwfis

kjpj;J mtHfs; NjitfisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L rpl;dpapYs;s

irtf;Nfhapy;fs; eilngw Ntz;Lk;.

MrphpaH mwpKfk;

aho;g;ghzk; ey;Yhiug; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l fyhepjp ,uhirah

=,utPe;jpuuh[h Nfhg;gha;> nfhOk;Gj;Jiw Mrphpafyhrhiyj; jkpo;

tphpTiuahsH kJiuj;jkpo; gz;bjH R. ,uuhirahtpd; kfdhthH. ,tH

mT];jpNuypahtpYs;s rpl;dp njhopy; El;gg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; (University of Technology, Sydney) nghwpapay; Jiwapy; %j;j tphpTiuahsuhff;

flikahw;Wfpd;whH. ,tH 1971Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof

fl;Lngj;ij tshfj;jpy; Kjyhk; gphptpy; nghwpapay; gl;lk; ngw;W> 1977Mk;

Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;J nrt;tPy;l; (University of Sheffield) gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;

fyhepjpg; gl;lk; ngw;whH. fle;j vl;L tUlq;fshf mT];jpNuypahtpy;

,Ue;J ntsptUk; xNu ,e;J rka Mq;fpy rQ;rpifahfpa Xk; KUfh

rQ;rpifapd; (Aum Muruga Journal) MrphpauhfTs;shH. cyfpd; gy ehLfspy;

(kNyrpah> jha;yhe;J> rpq;fg;G+H> ghyp> Nghh;dpNah> tpal;dhk;> n`hq;nfhq;>

njd;dhgphpf;fh> fdlh> ,q;fpyhe;J> Rtp];yhe;J> mnkhpf;fh> `tha;.

,e;jpah) cs;s irtf; Nfhtpy;fSf;Fr; nrd;w mDgtk; ngw;Ws;shH.

rpl;dp irtkd;wj;jpy; fy;tpg; nghWg;ghsuhf ,U tUlq;fshfg;

gzpGhpe;Js;shH. rpl;dpapYs;s ntd;Ntj;tpy; jkpo;g; ghlrhiyapd;

jiytuhfTk;> rpl;dpfspYs;s jkpo;g;ghlrhiyfspd; $l;likg;gpd;

Muk;gfhyj; jiytuhff; flikahw;wpAs;shH. 12 tUlq;fs; kNyrpah>

rpq;fg;G+H gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; tphpTiuahsuhff; flilahw;wp fle;j 18

tUlq;fshf rpl;dpapy; tho;e;J tUfpd;whH. rka> Md;kPf mwptpy; MHtk;

nfhz;L gy fl;LiufisAk;> gpuRuq;fisAk;> xyp> xspehlhf;fisAk;

ntspapl;Ls;shH. mtuJ fPo;fz;l ,izaj;jsj;jpy; gy fl;LiufisAk;>

ntspehl;Lf; Nfhapy;fspd; glq;fisAk; fhzyhk;.

http://www.eng.uts.edu.au/~ravir (Personal) [email protected]



16/16

Aum Muruga Society Publications

Aum Muruga Journal, Quarterly Publication published since 1998. Current issue No. 32 (October/December 2005) is now on sale (A$4.00). For annual subscription and past copies, contact Dr R Sri Ravindrarajah (Editor) on (02) 9899 4271 (AH) or (02) 9514 2625 (OH) or [email protected]

Aum Muruga Special Publications 1. KUfd; mbahHfs; Mf;fpa rpl;dp KUfd; ghly;fs; (Sydney

Murugan Paadalgal) 2. Kataragama by Swami Asangananda and Kataragama by K.

Ramachandran Thirupathikam (fjpHfhkk;> fjpHfhkj; jpUg;gjpfk;) 3. Puberty Ceremony for Tamil Hindu Girls by M. D. Ragavan 4. irtf;fphpiafs; tpsf;fk; - irtg;nghpahH R. rptghjRe;juk;

(Explanation to the Rituals of the Saivites) 5. The Revelations of Saint Meikandar by Kavi Yogi Maharishi

Shuddhanantha Bharathi 6. The Philosophy of Saivaism by M. Elaiyathamby 7. irtHfs; Nfhl;ghLfs; - irtg;GytH Njrpfkzp kl;LefH

mUzhry MrphpaH Code of Saivites 8. rptd; topghL Shiva Worship (Shiva Mantram, Shivapuranam and

Thevaram with explanation in English) 9. etf;fpuf topghL Navagragha Worship (Koolaru Pathikkam with

Transliteration) 10. jpUntk;ghit Thiruvampaavai (transliteration and meaning) 11. rf;jp topghL Sakti Worship (Devotional Songs)

Aum Muruga 2005 Audio, Video, DVD Productions

1. Vinayagar Worship (Songs and Discourse by Swami Haridas) 2. jpUthrfk; - xU gwitg; ghHit (Rthkp Xk;fhuhee;jh)

3. [Ptahj;jpiu (Rthkp Xk;fhuhee;jh)

4. Ashwamedah Yagna – Castle Hill, 2005 5. Sydney Murugan Temple Festivals

For full details on the production of Aum Muruga Society (available for sale), please contact Dr R Sri Ravindrarajah (02) 9899 4271 or [email protected]

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