NuFact’02NuFact’02

Summary of NuFact’02Rob Edgecock

CERN-PS & RAL

OutlineOutline

• Introduction to the Neutrino Factory

• NuFact School

• NuFact’02

• The machine and R&D

• Neutrino Oscillations

• Conclusions

If you have questions, please interrupt

IntroductionIntroduction

CERN layout: 2.2 GeV protons; 50 GeV muons

IntroductionIntroduction

NF capable of producing intense beams of

Neutrinos: long baseline neutrino oscillations (only future project guaranteed physics BSM)

Neutrinos: short baseline, high precision physics studies

Muons: precision measurements, MuSR, MuCF, etc

Kaons: rare decays, etc

Test bed for

High power proton projects: neutron spallation, waste transmutation, etc

Muon collider: particularly cooling

NuFact SchoolNuFact School

1st International Neutrino Factory Summer Institute

• 23 students, 12 lecturers (and a cat)

• Aim: to provide an introduction to NuFact

The Cosener’s

House, near to RAL

See cern.ch/mellis/physics/nufact/nufact_school.html for photos

NuFact SchoolNuFact School

• Programme:Physics of

Massive Neutrinos: Boris Kayser Basic Accelerator Physics: Ted Wilson Neutrino Factory:

Bennett/Geer/Kaplan/Mori/Palmer/Prior Slow Muons:Yoshi Kuno Neutrino Detectors:Harris/McFarland Neutrinos in Astrophysics:

Bob Bingham

• Very positive response from students (the cat, however, was only interested

in MICE)

• Second school is planned before NuFact’03

Introduction to NuFact’02Introduction to NuFact’02

IntroductionIntroduction

• At Imperial College, London

• 4th in the series: Lyon, Monterey CA, Tsukuba

• 161 participants, 14 from CERN (cf 23 in 2000) – (no cats)

• Programme:

Monday Jul 1 Tuesday Jul 2 Wednesday Jul 3 Thursday Jul 4 Friday Jul 5 Saturday Jul 6

9:00 WG WG WGPlenary WGs reports reports reports Summaries

10:30 Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee11:00 Summaries

Plenary WGs WGs WGs PlenaryClose

13:00 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch14:00

Plenary WGs WGs WGs Plenary

15:30 Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee Coffee16:00

Plenary WGs WGs WGs Plenary

19:00 Reception Banquet

IntroductionIntroduction• Four working groups:

(1) Machine - B.Autin (CERN), R.Fernow (BNL),

S.Machida (KEK)

(2) Neutrino oscillations - D.Harris (FNAL), S.King (Soton), O.Yasuda (TMU)

(3) Non-oscillation - A.Kataev (Moscow), S.Kumano neutrino physics (SAGA), K.McFarland (Rochester)

(4) Non-neutrino science - K.Jungmann (KVI), J-M.Poutissou (TRIUMF), K.Yoshimura (KEK)

• 49 Plenary talks, 106 parallel talks

• ~85 hours of talks!

Social events…..Social events…..

• Reception at V&A Silver Gallery

• Banquet in Flight Gallery, Science Museum

• Attended by

Lord Sainsbury – Minister of Science

Sir Richard Sykes – Rector of IC

Prof Ian Halliday – CEO PPARC

• Positive sign (hopefully) for UKfunding

The MachineThe Machine

• Proton drivers

• Targetry

• Particle production measurements

• RF manipulation

• Cooling

• Muon acceleration

• -beams

• Emphasize changes since NuFact’01

Proton DriversProton Drivers

• Range of energies: 2.2 to 50 GeV

• Some multiple purpose: PP + other areas

• Some multi-functional:superbeams, -beams, NF

• But….. 1-4 MW, ~ns bunch length

Proton DriversProton Drivers

• For CERN, two possibilities:

SPL

Wyss

Proton DriversProton Drivers

30 GeV Rapid Cycling

Synchrotron in the ISR tunnel

Proton DriversProton Drivers

PDAC RCS

MCHF MCHFSPL 350 Linac 110

Accumulator 63 Booster RCS 88Compressor 50 Driver 233TOTAL 463 TOTAL 431

Cost comparison

Schönauer

SPL: driver for a conventional superbeam to Frejusdriver for -beamsR&D already started with CEA

RCS: replacement for PS

Others……JHFOthers……JHF

JHF FacilityJHF Facility

Construction2001 ～ 2006 (approved)

JAERI@Tokai-mura(60km N.E. of KEK)

(0.77MW)

Super Conductingmagnet for beam line

Near detectors@280m and@~2km

1021POT(130day)≡ “1 year”

JHFJHF

~1GeV beamKamiokaJAERI

(Tokaimura)

0.77MW 50 GeV PS

( conventional beam)

Super-K: 22.5 kt

4MW 50 GeV PS

Hyper-K: 1000 kt

Phase-I (0.77MW + Super-Kamiokande)Phase-II (4MW+Hyper-K) ~ Phase-I 200

Plan to start in 2007

Kobayashi

JHF SuperbeamJHF Superbeam

Kobayashi

ProtonBeam

Target FocusingDevices

Decay Pipe

Beam Dump

,K

“Conventional” neutrino beam

TargetHornsDecay Pipe

Far Det.“Off-axis”

JHF Neutrino FactoryJHF Neutrino Factory

Neuffer

Neutrino Factory based on FFAGs:

Fixed Field Alternating Gradient synchrotrons

Others…..Others…..

Rees

• Upgrade to the AGS – BNL to Homestake/ WIPP superbeam

Machine Power Proton/Pulse Repetition Rate Protons/SSC year Current AGS 0.17 MW 6 1013 0.625 Hz 3.75 1020

AGS Proton Driver 1 MW 1 1014 2.5 Hz 2.5 1021

Japan Hadron Facility 0.77 MW 3.3 1014 0.29 Hz 9.6 1020

Super AGS Prot Driver 4 MW 2 1014 5.0 Hz 1.0 1022

See hep-ex/0205040

• ISIS upgrade:

New ring, R=78m; ISIS R=26m

3 GeV at 50Hz – 1MW neutron spallation source

8 GeV at 50/3 Hz – 1MW R&D for a Neutrino Factory

Same RF, modified magnet P/S for 8 GeV

Possibility of developing to 4MW

Kahn

Proposed rotating tantalum target ring

TargetryTargetry

Many difficulties: enormous power density lifetime problems pion capture

Replace target between bunches:

Liquid mercury jet or rotating solid target

Stationary target:

Densham

Sievers

Liquid Hg TestsLiquid Hg Tests

Tests with a proton beam at

BNL.

• Proton power 16kW in 100ns Spot size 3.2 x 1.6 mm

• Hg jet - 1cm diameter; 3m/s Kirk

0.0ms 0.5ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 2.0ms 3.0ms

Dispersal velocity ~10m/s, delay ~40s

Liquid Hg TestsLiquid Hg Tests

Tests with a 20T magnet at Grenoble.

B = 0T

1cm

Mercury jet (v=15 m/s)

B = 18T

Fabich/Lettry

Jet deflection Reduction in velocity

Pion Capture: SolenoidsPion Capture: Solenoids

Kirk

20T 1.25T

Pion Capture: HornPion Capture: Horn

Protons

Current of 300 kA

To decay channel

Hg target B1/R

B = 0

Gilardoni

Pion Capture: HornPion Capture: Horn

Gilardoni

BEAM AXIS

1500

1000

Ø80

0

Ø20

00

Ø80

600 kA (outer horn)

300 kA (inner horn)

Not to scale

Inner conductorInner conductor

Tests of inner horn prototype delayed due to

budget constraints

Particle Production ExperimentsParticle Production Experiments

The Hadron Production Experiment

2-15 GeV, East Hall, CERN

Ellis

Main Injector Particle Production Experiment

5-120 GeV, FNAL, 2002-2004

Raja

Phase RotationPhase Rotation

Beam after drift plusadiabatic buncher – Beam is formed intostring of ~ 200MHz bunches

Beam after ~200MHz rf rotation;Beam is formed into string of equal-energy bunches;matched to cooling rf acceptance

Neuffer

Phase RotationPhase Rotation

Studyii

Many ideas:

• Induction linac

• Drift and bunching

• Phase rotation in an FFAG

• Bunch to bucket at 88MHz

• Magnetic compression in AG chicane

• Weak focussing FFAG chicane

Neuffer

Sato

Hanke

Pasternak

Rees/Harold

Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane

Muon Front Ends Decay Region .2 GeV

44 MHz Rotation .2 GeV

44 MHz Cooling .2 GeV

44 MHz Accel’n .28 GeV

88 MHz Cooling & Acceleration .4 GeV 286.0 m

Decay Region .19 GeV

88 MHz Rotation .19 GeV

88 Mhz Acceleration .4 GeV 132.7 m

Decay Region .19 GeV

Reverse Rotation .19 GeV

88 MHz Acceleration .4 GeV 128.0 m

Pion-muon decay channel

88 MHz muon linacRees/Harold

Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane

Muon Frontend ChicaneMuon Frontend Chicane

Solenoid

channel

Es=190MeV

RF phase

rotation

channel

Es=190MeV

Linac

Es=400MeV

(Transmission

=77%)

Solenoid

channel

Es=190MeV

Inverse

rotation

channel

Es=190MeV

Linac

Es=400MeV

Transmission comparable to 44/88MHz scheme

CoolingCooling

• Cooling >10 increase in muon flux

• Existing techniques can’t be used ionsation cooling

RLEm

xdz

dE

Edz

d

3

2NN,

2

MeV/c6.13

• Cooling is delicate balance:

beam in

beam out

CoolingCooling

• Cooling cells are complex

• R&D essential: MuCool, MuScat and MICE

McKigney

CoolingCooling

• Main change: Rings!

Balbekov Palmer

Main advantages:shorterlongitudinal cooling

More RingsMore Rings

Cline

Quadrupole Ring Cooler

RFOFO Ring Cooler

Palmer

PerformancePerformance

Merit = 6 x trans.

But…..

Insertion 110

RF windows

Wedge absorber

Injection kicker

Palmer

PerformancePerformance

MuScatMuScat

• Measurement of muon multiple scattering

• Input for cooling simulations and MICE

• First (technical) run at TRIUMF summer 2000, M11 beam

• Run2: Oct 2002/Apr 2003

• New people welcome!

Murray

MICEMICEMICEMICE

• Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment

• Collaboration of 40 institutes from Europe, Japan, US

• LOI recently reviewed by international panel at RAL

• Enthusiastically supported MICE

• Asked for a proposal by end 2002

• Construction: 2002-2004

• First beam: 2004/5

• New collaborators welcome!

Edgecock

MICEMICEMuon AccelerationMuon Acceleration

• Needs to be fast – muon lifetime

• Needs to be a reasonable cost – not linacs all the way

• Baseline: Recirculating Linear Accelerators

• Other possibilities……Bogacz

MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs

• Fixed Field Alternating Gradient magnets not ramped

krB ~

• Cheaper/faster RLAs/RCSs

• Large momentum acceptance

• Large transverse acceptance less cooling required!

Johnstone/Machida/Neuffer

MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs

Proof Of Principle machine built and tested in Japan.

50keV to 500keV in 1ms.

150MeV FFAG under construction.

But…..

• Injection/extraction

• Low frequency 6.5MHzhigh gradient

MICEMICEVRCSVRCS

• Fastest existing RCS: ISIS at 50Hz 20ms

• Proposal: accelerate in 58s 4.3kHz

• Do it 15 times a second

For 2 20 GeV:Ring – 350m circumferenceRF – 200 MHz, 15 MV/m, possibly s/cMagnets – 100 micron laminations of thick

grain oriented silicon steelEddy current losses: 45MW 24kWSkin depth: 94 micronsPower supplies: 115kV x 81kACopper heating: 600 + 800W

• Also proposed: 20 180 GeV180 1600 GeV

Summers

MICEMICEStorage RingStorage Ring

• Straights should be large fraction

• Should point at two fardetectors

• Come in various shapes

Fraction of decays

in a straight

Length straights/length arcs

MICEMICE-Beams-Beams

• Produce radioactive beta emitters with T½~1s

• Accelerate and store:

ISOL Target and ECR

Linac Cyclotron Storage Ring

PS SPS Decay ring/Buncher

SPLLindroos/Wenander/Zucchelli

MICEMICE-Beams-Beams

Source:e 6He T½=0.81s Elab= 580 MeV

5 x 1013/s

Source:e 18Ne T½=1.67s Elab= 930 MeV 1012/s

• Single flavour

• Known intensity & energy spectrum

• Focussed

• Low energy

• Complementary to superbeams: same baseline/detector

But…… not cheap, needs R&D, decays losses a problem

Neutrino OscillationsNeutrino Oscillations

ii

iU Mixing described by

For 3-flavour eigenstates U is Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (MNS):

231312231312231223131223

231312231312231223131223

1312131213

ccescscseccsss

scesssccecsssc

essccc

Uii

ii

i

6 parameters: 3 mixing angles - θ23,θ12 and θ13

CP-violation angle - δ

2 mass differences - Δm223 and Δm2

12

Transition probability:

E

LmP e 4

sinsin2sin2232

232

132

Neutrino OscillationsNeutrino Oscillations

cyclic

ij

ijjejieie E

LmUUUUP

)(

22**

4sin)Re(4)(

cyclic

ij

ijjejiei E

LmUUUU

)(

2**

2sin)Im(2

Or more precisely (in vacuum)

Kimura

2

~sin~

22sin))()(( 2

2213

1322

23

LB

BE

msP ee

2sin

22sin 2

212

1222

23

AL

EA

mc

E

LmLBAL

BE

m

EA

mJ

4cos

2

~sin

2sin~

22

~ 213

213

212

In matterMena

where 13231213 2sin2sin2sin~ cJ

eFnGA 2 E

mAB

2

~ 213

What don’t we know?What don’t we know?

• Which solar solution is correct (just)

• Atmospheric params (accurately)

• 13 (at all)

• (“ “)

• Sign of m223 (“ “)

• Whether LSND is correct

“Holy grail” - matter-antimatter

leptogenesis

Choubey

Ibarra/Morozumi/Pluemacher

(Davdison & Ibarra, hep-ph/0206304: important over much of parameter

space)

What about What about 1313 and and ??

EEp p

(GeV)(GeV)PowePowerr(MW)(MW)

BeaBeamm

〈〈 EE〉〉

(GeV)(GeV)

L L (km)(km)

MMdetdet

(kt)(kt)CC CC

(/yr)(/yr)e e

@peak@peak

CNGSCNGS 400400 0.30.3 WBWB 1818 732732 ~2~2 ~5,000~5,000 0.8%0.8%

K2KK2K 1212 0.0050.005 WBWB 1.31.3 250250 22.522.5 ~50~50 ~1%~1%

MINOS(LE)MINOS(LE) 120120 0.410.41 WBWB 3.53.5 730730 5.45.4 ~2,500~2,500 1.2%1.2%

JHF-SKJHF-SK 5050 0.750.75 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 22.522.5 ~3,000~3,000 0.2%0.2%

NuMI-OANuMI-OA 120120 0.30.3 OAOA ~2~2 730?730? 20?20? ~1,000?~1,000? 0.5%0.5%

AGSAGS???? 2828 1.31.3 WB/WB/OAOA

~1~1 2,5002,500??

1,000?1,000? ~1,000?~1,000?

CNGS-OACNGS-OA 400400 0.30.3 OAOA 0.80.8 ~120~12000

1,000?1,000? ~400~400 0.2%0.2%

SJHF-HKSJHF-HK 5050 44 OAOA 0.70.7 295295 1,0001,000 ~600,00~600,0000

0.2%0.2%

SNuMI-OASNuMI-OA 120120 1.21.2 OAOA ~2~2 730?730? 20?20? ~4,000?~4,000? 0.5%0.5%

SPL-FrejusSPL-Frejus 2.22.2 44 WBWB 0.260.26 130130 40(40040(400))

650(0)650(0) 0.4%0.4%

-Beam-Beam 2.22.2 0.10.1 WBWB ~1~1 130130 400400

-Factory-Factory 2.2-2.2-5050

44 WBWB ~10-~10-3030

3000/ 3000/ 70007000

50*250*2

Near term: $100-Near term: $100-200M200M

Mid-term: Mid-term: >$300M>$300M

Long term: >$1BLong term: >$1B Kobayashi Harris

ComparisonComparison

Huber 90% CL

JHF-HK = 4MW, 1000kT; 6 years , 2 years

NuFact-II = 5.3 x1020 useful /yr, 50kT; 4 years

ComparisonComparison

Zucchelli

SB+BB = 400kT; Nufact = 2x40kT

(M. Mezzetto, NNN02)

DegeneraciesDegeneracies

Degeneracy: 2 or more parameter sets fit the same data

Three types, all of which can effect measurement of & 13:

1313 ',',

223

223 mm

4,

2 232323

13=8o, =-90o, 0o, 90o, 180o

(1)

(2)

(3)

,',' 1313 ee

PP

,',' 1313 ee

PP

(1)

DegeneraciesDegeneracies

E

Lm

E

Lm

44cot2sincotcos'

,'212

213

12231313

13

large

NB depends on L/E possible solutions

• Two baselines and E-dependence at NF

• NF + SB combination

• Two off-axis detectors

• e as well as e

Mena

Huber/Mena

Whisnant

Meloni

DegeneraciesDegeneracies

Mena

NuFact at 2810km + SB at 130KM

NuFact at 732km + SB at 130KM

large

small

Comments……Comments……

• Neutrino Factory is still the best

• We must continue with the R&D!

• Resources are scarce:Cannot do everything Must build complementary programmebased on physics

• Degeneracy: Better SB + large (water) detector thantwo NF detectors – SN, proton decay, etc

• Weighing difference proposals will be painful

• Delicate balance:keep growingprevent fragmentation

Harris/Mezzetto

Mezzetto

Harris

LSNDLSND

+ decay at rest: 87.9 22.4 6.0 (3.8)

e

e + decay in flight: 8.1 12.2 1.7 (0.7)

s

Coney

LSNDLSND

(3+1) 2+2

Valle

Analysis of osc. data

(3+1) ruled out at 4.8

(2+2) “ “ “ 2.5

Other possibilities?

• CPT violation:

1m2m

3m

1m

2m

3m

Not yet excluded by data.

MiniBooNE:

e e

LSNDLSND

Babu• Lepton flavour violating muon decay

,,, eie ie

Branching ratio: (1.5 – 3) x 10-3

Not yet excluded.

MiniBooNE: uses + decays would see nothing!

Whatever MiniBooNE sees, LSND is still alive!

ConclusionsConclusions

• NuFact’02: very enjoyable and well organised

• Nice location (despite the weather)

• Good attendance

• Lots of new ideas

• NF is still the ultimate LBL neutrino oscillation facility

• Very important R&D continues

• Need a complementary oscillation programme

• NuFact’03……..

NuFact’03NuFact’03

NuFact 03

5th International Workshop on Neutrino

Factories & Superbeams

Columbia University New York

5 – 11 June 2003

NuFact’03NuFact’03

ChairsR. Fernow & M. Shaevitz

Local Organizing GroupJ. S. Berg (BNL)

J. Conrad (Columbia)L. Coney (Columbia)

S. Geer (FNAL)D. Harris (FNAL)

J. Monroe (Columbia)A. Para (FNAL)