Nursing Research (2)

7/30/2019 Nursing Research (2)

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The Most Important Things in Life

A philosophy professor stood before his class

with some items on the table in front of him.

When the class began, wordlessly he picked

up a very large and empty mayonnaise jar and

proceeded to fill it with rocks, about 2 inches

in diameter.


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Now, said the professor, I want you to recognize that this

jar represents your life. The rocks are the important things

your family, your partner, your health, your children

things that if everything else was lost and only they

remained, your life would still be full.


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The pebbles are the other things that matterlike your job, your

house, your car. The sand is everything else. The small stuff.

If you put the sand into the jar first, he continued there is no room

for the pebbles or the rocks. The same goes for your life.


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RESEARCH

Research is a systematic inquiry using scientific methods in answering questions or in

solving problems. In nursing, it attempts to develop, refine and expand body of

knowledge about matters that are important to the nursing profession (practice,

education, administration)

NURSING RESEARCH


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RESEARCH


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RESEARCH

Nursing emerged as a profession when nurses started using systematic,

orderly, and objective methods of seeking information derived from research.

Research serves the need of nurses for direction in helping solve todays

problem.

Research problems my arise from the altruistic desire to improve nursingpractice.

DO you think Nursing Research is IMPORTANT?

dentificationnaminganunknownphenomenon

escriptiondescribeaphenomenon

xplorationwhat

xplanationwhy

edictionprojectsasituation

ontrolputsupabarrier


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PurposeofResearch

Researchdescribesaphenomenonthatrelatestothenursing

professionaswellasobserve,define,anddocumentnursingsituations

underinquiry.Researchexploresthephenomenonbeinginvestigated

Researchseeksclarificationofprevailingsituations

Projects a situation or events that could arise from research

investigation.

Puts up a barrier to hinder or minimize the effects of an

anticipatedoutcomesorreactions.


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Importance of Nursing Research

The ultimate goal is to: improve the practice of its members so that the service

provided to its clientele will be maximally effective

Enhance professionalism

Increase accountability

Strengthen social relevance of nursing

Basis for sound decision making

Tradition- certain truth are accepted as given on the basis of inherited custom and traditions

Authority- refer to people with specialized expertise

Experience and Trial and Error- own experience represent a familiar and functional sources of

knowledge

Logical reasoning- combines, intellectual faculties and formal system of thought


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Evidence Based Practice

You are a school nurse who regularly visits a number of elementary and middle schools (children

aged 5 to 13 years) in your region. It is cold and flu season once again. One of the teachers stops you

in the hall to ask you a question about his 10- year old daughter who also has a cold. He has heard

that zinc lozenges can help to relieve cold symptoms and wonders if they really do work and if it is

OK to give them to children.

You are a nurse practitioner working in a family practice setting. One of your patients is a 28-year

old woman who has been taking oral contraceptives (OCs) for the past 6 years. She telephones

you to say that she is growing increasingly anxious about taking OCs because recently she has

read in magazines and heard from friends that they may increase the risk of cardiovascular

disease. She has never smoked, is in good health, and has no history of cardiovascular disease in

her family. She asks to see you to discuss whether she should discontinue taking the OCs and

begin using a different birth control method.


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DataCollection Assessment

DataCollection DataInterpretation

Knowledgeofthenursingworld

ClinicalExperience LiteratureReview

ProblemDefinition NursingDiagnosis ProblemandPurposeIdentificationPLAN

GoalSetting IdentifyingSolutions

PLAN

GoalSetting PlannedIntervention

Methodology

Design

Sample MethodsandMeasurement

Implementation Implementation DataCollectionandanalysisEvaluationandRevisionProcess EvaluationandModification Outcomeanddisseminationof

finding


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Alternate Route for ProblemSolving

Ignore or redefine the Problem

Faith, habit or traditional practice

Authority

Human experience

Trial and error Logical reasoning

Common sense

the researcher identifies and eliminates specific constraints

the researcher uses results of experiences and observation rooted in objective reality as sources

of knowledge.

this is the holistic statement that is formulated after due analysis


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1. Identifying the problem

2. Determining the purpose

3. Review of Related Literature

4. Theoretical framework5. Stating the study assumption

6. Acknowledging the limitation of the study

7. Formulating the null hypothesis

8. Defining study variables9. Choice of research design

10. Identifying the population

11. Choosing the study samples

12. Conducting the field test


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Is ETHICS important inResearch?


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Ethics in Research

Codes of Nursing Research

firstinternationallyacceptedefforttoset

up formal ethical standards governing human research

subject.Requiresinformedconsenttoallcases.

differentiates2typesofresearch,that

whichisessentiallytherapeuticandthatwhichisessentially

directedtowarddevelopingscientificknowledgeandhasno

therapeuticvalue.

articulate 3 primary ethical principles,

beneficence,respectforhumandignityandjustice


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Belmont Report

I. Respect for persons: protecting the autonomy ofall

people and treating themwith courtesy and respect

andallowingforinformedconsent.Researchersmust

betruthfulandconductnodeception;

II. Beneficence: The philosophyof "Donoharm"while

maximizing benefits for the research project and

minimizingriskstotheresearchsubjects;and

III. Justice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and

well-consideredproceduresareadministeredfairly

the fair distribution of costs and benefits

topotentialresearchparticipantsandequally.


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Ethical Principle and Guidelines forResearcher (Polit and Beck:2004)

InformedConsent

BeneficenceandNonmaleficence

RespectforHumanDignity

Anonymity

Confidentiality

Righttofulldisclosure

Righttoselfdetermination

JusticeandFairness

Privacy


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Nature,durationandpurposeofthestudy

Methods,procedures,processesbywhichdatawillbe

collected Utilizationofthefindings

Inconveniences,potentialsharmordiscomfortthat

mightbeexperienced

Sideeffects Alternativestoparticipationinthestudy

Righttheparticipateorwithholdanytime

Identitiesoftheinvestigatorandwheretocontactthem


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Rationale for ConductingResearch

ThedemandforNursestopursueMAofDoctoral

Greateremphasisintheundergraduateprograms

Toproducemoreresearchmaterials Basisforpromotion

Broaderscopeofnursing

Personalsatisfactions

Noonehasthegreateraccesstopatients

Researchisapracticalwayofimprovinghealthcare

f k f li i l


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Reason for Lack of ClinicalResearch

feelingoftoobusytocareforpatients

Researchseemsnotimportant Manynursesdonothavetheacademictrainingtoconduct

clinicalresearch

Researchtakestime,costmoneywhichmustbe

budgeted.


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NursingResearchTrends

andConstraints

RationaleforConductingClinicalResearch

Nursingproblemsandissuesareintegraltotheworksituations

Personalsatisfactionisderivedfromfindingbetterwaysofproviding

nursingcare

Noonehasgreateraccesstothepatientthanthenurse

Itcouldbetherapeuticandenjoyable

Clinicalresearchisapracticalwayforanursetohelpimprovethehealthcareofthesick


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RolesofNursesinResearch

Asprincipalinvestigator

Asamemberofaresearchteam

Asevaluatorofresearchfindings Asconsumerofresearchfindings

Asclientadvocateinaresearchstudy

Asasubjectofresearch


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Problemidentification

Statementofthe

problem

Conceptualand

theoreticalframework

Significanceofthe

study

Definitionofterms

Scopeandlimitation

Reviewofrelated

literature

Selectingresearch

design

Determiningsampling

technique

Identifyingmethodof

datacollection

Conductingpilotstudy

Developingatimetable

Appropriatingabudget

andorseekingfunds

Recruitingand

retainingsubjects

Datagatheringand

collation

oAnalyzingthedata

oInterpretingand

evaluatingthefindings

orresultsofstatistical

treatments

Communicatingthe

findings

Utilizingresearch

findings


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TheResearchPROBLEM

Theselectionofaresearchproblemorqueryisprobablythemost

importantandmostdifficultstepintheresearchprocess.Research

arisesfromvarioussituations.

Perceiveddifficulty Afeelingofdiscomfortwiththewaythingsare

Adiscrepancyoragapbetweenwhatisandwhatshouldbe

Thedailyexperienceofhumanbeingswhichrequiresfurtherinquiry


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The Research PROBLEM

Theselectionofaresearchproblemorqueryisprobablythemostimportantandmost

difficultstepintheresearchprocess.

Aresearchproblemasasituationinneedofasolution,improvementoralteration.

Inanyresearchactivity,theidentificationofaproblemsignalsitsbeginning.When

thereisnoproblem,thereisnobasisforanyonetoundertakeresearch.

Problemsareendemictoallorganization,includingnursing.Theyarisefromvariousareasof

humanconcernsuchasthefollowing;

Fieldsofspecialization

Instructionalprogram

Readingprogram

Organizationalstructure,policiesandinterpersonalrelationship

Newtechnologies

Conflictingideasandideals

Journals,books,thesesordissertationandmassmedia

Theoriesandprinciplesaffectingcertainphenomenon

Problemareainnursing

Problemsituationandissues Suggestionofexpertsandauthorities

E L I T E


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E.L.I.T.E.Source of Problem

xperience

iterature

ssues(social)

heory

xternalSource


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Criteria for Choice of Research Problems

Significance of the Problem

Availability of the subjects

Time allotment

Limitation of tools

Limitation of subjects

Problem Researchability

Feasibility of the Problem

Potentials of the Researcher

Personal motivation

Novelty

Interrogative

Declarative

S.A.T.L.L.I.N


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SampleResearch

Problems

Whoaremoreproficientatthebedside,thegraduateofadiploma

programorthoseofthebasicdegreeprogram?

Arethehoursofnursingcareavailableingeneralhospitalrelatedto

patientssatisfactionwithnursingcare? Whataretheprofessionalattributesofstaffnurseandhowitrelatesto

patientssatisfaction?

WhatisthehealthseekingbehaviorsofMuslimlivinginSubic?

Doesinfantmassageincreasestheweightofaninfant?

Whatarethesourcesofstressanditseffectontheclinical

performanceofnurses?

whatarethemosteffectiveteachingmethodologyemployedbySt.

MarysCollegeofNursinganditseffectonthestudentnurses

performance?


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Common errors to avoid in

stating the research problem.

1. Problems that elicit broad, general findings instead of specific

informationneededfortheirsolutions.

2. Shallowandunimportantinquiries

3. Rhetorically statedproblemswhich tends to elicit emotional reactionthatdiminishedthescientificintentoftheinquiry

4. Questionsthatarenottestablecannotbeansweredthroughscientific

investigation


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Hallmark and Qualities ofGood Nurse Researcher

HonestCredible

Accurateinhis/herdata

OrganizedandSystematic

Logical SelfAwareness

ImaginativeandCurious

PersistentwithBarriers

GoodRelationshipwithhis/herRespondents Updated

Wh h B i


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What are the BasicComponents of Research

1. TitleoftheStudy

Isoneofthemajorcomponentsofyourresearchpaper.Itshould

be formulated so that the reader would get the idea of what

he/shewillbereadingabout. Embodies words or phrases which gives the idea of what the

researcherstudyisallabout.

2. Introduction

This section presents a brief discussion of the rationale and

backgroundoftheproblemorsubjectofinquiry.

Contextoftheproblemanditshistoricalbackground

Authoritativeviewpointsontheproblems

Theresearchersinterestinworkingontheproblem

Thepurposeofthestudyinrelationtotheproblem

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Thereareafewtipsthatcanhelpyouwriteastrongintroduction,arousinginterestand

encouragingthereadertoreadtherestofyourwork.

Alongandramblingintroductionwillsoonputpeopleoffandloseyoumarks.Stickcloselytoyouroutlineforthepaper,andstructureyourintroductioninasimilar

way.

entireintroductionshouldlogicallyendattheresearchquestion

andthesisstatementorhypothesis.Thereader,bytheendoftheintroduction,should

know exactly what you are trying to achieve with the paper. In addition,yourconclusionanddiscussionwillreferbacktotheintroduction,andthisiseasierif

youhaveaclearlydefinedproblem.

As you write the paper, you may find that it goes in a slightly different

directionthanplanned.Inthiscase,gowiththeflow,butmakesurethatyouadjustthe

introductionaccordingly.Somepeopleworkentirelyfromanoutlineandthenwritetheintroductionasthelastpartoftheprocess.Thisisfineifitworksforyou.


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Sample

The Aetas are numerous in Luzon, particularly in Zambales mountain range stretching from

Bataan,Zambales.Theyaremountainpeoplewithdarkskinkinkyhair,snubnoseblackeyesandwith

smallbodyframe.Theyusuallystandfrom1.35to1.05meterstallinheight.Theircommunitiesbelongto

theNegritos(ethnicgroup)therearesmallAetassettlementinIramtheyhavetheirowndialectbutthey

communicatetothelowlandersandoutsidersinTagalogvernacular.Itusedtobeatabooforthemto

marryanon-tribalmemberbut this traditionwasbroken in1977whenadaughterofanold chieftain

marriedalowlander.

AccordingtoMacatuno(2006)heelaboratedthatthiseventsetthetrendformixedmarriagethat

istheoneoftheir traditionbutithasmanyreligiousandbeliefpractices thatperformedbytheAetas.

Theybelieve insupremebeingwho ruleover lesser spiritsordeities.TheyworshipApoNamalayani,

whomtheyregardasthecreatorbelievedtoinhabitthemountaintopofPinatuboinZambales.Thereis

nospecificmentionofotherGodsoftheAetas,butonesourcementionsthatthefourmanifestationof

theGreatCreatorgrowthofgoods.Theyalsobelievethattherearespiritsmatliveintheenvironment

suchasin thesky,river,sea,mountain,andothers.Theyalsobelievedthatevil spiritsare theusualcauseofillnessaspunishmentforwrongdoing.

Thepurposeofthisstudyistofurthersupporttheknowledgeofthereaderandtheresearcher

ancestraldomainthechangesoftheAetaslifeafterthePinatuboeruptionanditseffectontheirwayof

living, and it triggers the social consciousness of the researchers more than any other indigenous

communitiesintheprovince.ThisstudyalsodefinedhowtheAetas atIramResettlementaffectstheir

primaryhealth by theirhealth belief and theirhealth practices. This studywill also give the reader a

clearerviewaboutthecultureandtheiractivity.

Wh t th B i


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Theproblem statementmustbe clearly stated. Itmust be expressed in precise

termsasthesubjectofinquiry.Itindicatesthepopulationandthemajorvariables

ofthestudyneededtobesubjectedtoempiricaltesting.

Consistofthe andthe Directsattentiontothesubjectoftheinvestigation,particularly

themainissuetobeanswered.Thisisalsoreferredtoasthegoalofthestudythat

requiresalongtermandbroadersolutions.

(ThesisbyMagnoUST1996)

Wh t th B i


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(ThesisbyAbella2009)

Thisstudyaimedtoassess:Whataretheprofessionalandbehavioralconductsofclinical

instructoroftheselectedprivatenursingcollegesinOlongapoCityduringtheacademicyear

2009-2010?

Specifically,thisstudywillseektoanswerthefollowingquestions;1. Profileoftherespondents:

Gender;

Age;

Qualification/s;

LengthofServiceintheAcademic

Yearsexperienceinthehospitalasastaffnurse

2. Howmaytheprofessionalattributesoftheclinicalinstructorsbedescribeintermsof: ProfessionalCompetencies

IntegrityandObjectivity

Solidarityandteamwork

Commitmentinservingothers

SocialandCivilResponsibility

ObservanceofEquality

GlobalCompetencies

Wh t th B i


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3.Howmaythebehavioralconductsofaclinicalinstructorbeexpressalongthefollowing:

Attitudetowardsworkassignment

Relationshiptothestudentsandpatients

Relationshiptothesuperiorsandcolleagues

Observanceoftheproperbehaviorofaprofessional

Observanceoftheethicalprincipleofthenursingprofession

Approachtostressandanger

4.Isthereasignificantrelationshipbetweenthegender,age,qualification,lengthofservicein

theacademe,yearsofexperienceinthehospitalasastaffnurseoftheclinicalinstructor

withtheobservanceoftheirprofessionalandbehavioralconduct?

5.Whatis the implicationof the findingsto the relatedlearningexperienceandthenursing

education?

Wh t th B i


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Thisalsoreferstotheobjectivesofthestudywhichrequires

shortterminquiryandnarroweddownsolutions.Thereshouldbe3to8sub

problemstoBREAKthemainproblemintoeachsubproblemscontributingto

thesolutionofthemainproblem.

Example:MagnoMastersThesis1996

Specificallythisstudyaimstoanswerthefollowing;

1. Whatisthestaffnursesextentofknowledgeofthenursingprocessinrelationtoitsfive

aspects;1. Assessment;

2. Diagnosis;

3. Planning;

4. Implementation;

5. Exvaluation?

Wh t th B i


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Example:MagnoMastersThesis1996

2.Whatistheextentofthestaffnursesknowledgeofthenursingprocessasperceivedby

themselvesandtheirheadnurse?

3. To what extent is the nursing process performed efficiently by the staff nurses as

perceivedbythemselvesandtheirheadnurses?

4. Is theresignificantcorrelationbetween the staffnursesextent ofknowledge and their

clinicalperformanceofthenursingprocessinrelationtothefivecomponents?

5. Is there significant differences in the staff nurses knowledge and their clinical

performanceofthenursingprocessasperceivedbythemselvesandtheirheadnurse?


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Sample

This study assessed the health beliefs and practices among Aetas of Iram resettlement in Olongapo City and its implicationto their primary health care.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of;

Age;

Gender;

Civil Status;Occupation?

2. How may the heath beliefs of Aetas be described in terms of;

1. Belief in Supernatural Beings; and its effect on individual health

3. How may the Health Practices of Aetas be described in terms of:

3.1 Restoring the HerbalMedicine;

3.2 Health Consultation or Maintenance;

3.3 Maternal and Child Care and

3.4 Nutrition?4. Is there a significant difference on the health belief and health practice among Aetas when group according to;

4.1 Age;

4.2 Gender;

5.Is there a significant difference on the implication to their Primary Health Care when Group according to:

5.1 Age;

5.2 Gender;

6. Is there significant relationship between the Aetas health beliefs and health practices and its implication to their Primary Health

Care?


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thisisintendedtoincreaseknowledgeinscience.Theendproductofresearchispurelyknowledge.

Towidentheknowledgebase

Formulationorrefinementoftheory Fordiscoveryofgeneralprinciples

thisisperformedtoacquireknowledgeorobtaininformationthatservesapracticalpurposes.Appliedresearchisfocusedon

finding solutions to existingproblem. It is a collaborative process involvingothermembers of the health care team that provides solutions to practical

problemsintheorganization.

Focusesonfactswhichcanbechangedbyinterventiontoachieveadesired

goal

Forsolvingproblems


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- this research approaches

possible cause and effect relationship of certain

variablethroughcarefulcontrolormanipulation.

The researcherdoes

not interfere with nature, and the conditions for

research are This is

mostly conducted in . They are

research situation in which the researcher cannot

controlandmanipulatetheindependentvariable.


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An inquiry that consider four properties of experimental

researchnamely;

theresearchersubjectstherespondentsofthestudytosomekindof

situationforaspecificpurpose.

theresearcherimposecertainconditionovertheexperimentalsituation; ControlGroup-thisgroupisnotsubjectedtoanyexperimentaltreatment.

ExperimentalGroup-thisgroupissubjectedtothetreatmentusedbythe

researcherwhoseperformanceiscomparedandanalyzed

accordingtotheperformanceofthecontrolgroupona

dependentvariable.

theresearcherassignssubjectstoacontrolorexperimentalgrouponrandombasis

This is an experiment that lacks one of the four

propertiesoftrueexperiments


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Explainsandestablishescausalrelationshipofvariables

Increasepurityofobservations

Freefromthepressureofdailylifewhenconductedinacontrolledunit

Dangerous

Difficulttocreatecondition

Timeconstraint

Noncooperativeofthesubjects

Populationconstraint


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-itisasystematically,factuallyandaccuratelydescribean

areaofinterestorsituation.Descriptiveresearchmayalsodealwithcomparison

andcontrast;orthediscoveryofexistingrelationshipbetweeneventsorgroups.

Surveys

CorrelationStudies

CaseStudy

FeasibilityStudy

ContentAnalysis

DecisionMaking ProblemSolving

- this research purports to reconstruct the past objectively

and accurately. The process involves investigation, recording, analysis and

interpretationofpasteventstounderstandthepresentbetterandanticipatethe

future.


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Surveys

CorrelationStudies

CaseStudy

FeasibilityStudy

ContentAnalysis

DecisionMaking

ProblemSolving


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Advantage and Disadvantage

Situationinwhichtheindividualvariableisinherentlynonmanipulable

Therearevariablesthatcanbemanipulatedtechnicallybutshouldnotbeforethicalreasons

Therearesituationsinwhichitisdeemedimpracticalorundesirabletoconductexperiments

Retrospectiveandlessexpensive

Adequatetime

Cooperationiseasytoobtain

Fundingisavailable

Notcapableofestimatingcausalrelationship

Cannotbeappliedtoanewproductorprocedure

Isnotusefulinthedevelopmentoftheories,principlesandconcepts

Oftentimesnotconsideredastrueresearch


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Associated with positivist tradition

Gathers numerical values as its data

Uses deductive reasoning

Using control

Gathers empirical evidence (from objective reality collected through senses)

Takes places both in natural as well as in contrived laboratory settings

Associated with naturalistic inquiry

Gathers narrative description as its data

Investigate phenomena and concepts

Uses inductive process

Uses subjectivity that enriches the analytic insights

Gathers information, insights that leads to search for further evidence

Takes place in the field


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-objective is accurate depiction of the characteristics of a person, situation or

groupsandorfrequencywithwhichcertainphenomenaoccurs

-explores the interrelationship among variables of interest without any active

interventionbytheresearcher

-conductedtodeterminetheeffectsoftreatmentorindependentvariables

onthedependentvariablesoroutcomevariable.Itlacksthecontrolofthedesign,samplesorsetting.

-it examines the cause and effect relationship between independent and

dependentvariableunderhighlycontrolledcondition

-concernedwithlivedexperiencedofhumans.Itisanapproachtothinking

aboutwhatlifeexperienceofpeoplearelikeandwhattheymean

-seekstounderstandthekeysocialpsychologicalandstructuralprocesses

thatoccursinasocialsetting.Amajorcomponentisthediscoveryofacorevariablethatiscentralin

explainingwhatisgoingoninthatsocialscene

-theprimaryresearchtraditionwithinanthropology,whichprovidesaframework

forstudyingthemeaning,patternsandexperienceofadefinedculturalgroupinaholisticfashion

narrativedescriptionoranalysisofeventsthatoccurredintheremoteorrecentpast

-in depthexaminationand analysisofpeople orgroupofpeople in relation to nursing

issuesorproblemsthatisimportanttotheclientandtheresearcher.

-naturalinvestigationdoneinthecommunity,suchasinnursinghomes,housingproject

andclinicalwards


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Theresearcherdevelopstheformalquestionstobe

studiedandplaceitintosomelargercontext

Formulatinganddelimitingtheproblem

Reviewingrelatedliterature

Undertakingclinicalfieldworks

Definingtheframeworkanddeveloping

conceptualdefinitions

Formulatingthehypothesis

Theresearchermakeanumberofmethodological

decisionregardingthestrategiestobeusedto

collectandanalyzethedatatoaddressthe

researchquestionandevaluatedecisionsbefore

implementation

Selectingtheresearchdesign Developingtheprotocolsfortheintervention

Identifyingthepopulationtobestudied

Designingthesamplingplan

Specifyingmethodstomeasuretheresearch

variables

Developingmethodsforsafeguarding

human/animalrights

Finalizingandreviewingtheresearchplan

Collectingdata

Preparingthedataforanalysis

AnalyzingtheData

Interpretingtheresult

Communicatingthefindings

Utilizingthefindingsinpractice


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Sampling Procedure


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Sampling Procedure

P r o b a b i l i t y S a m p l i n g

Involvesrandomselectioninchoosingelements.Researchercanspecifytheprobability

thateachelementofthepopulationwillbeincludedinthesample.Thereislessbias,as

every element in the population has equal chances to be selected, but this is timeconsumingexpensiveandinconvenient.

-researcher established sampling frame (listing

elements),thennumberingallelementsthenselectingsampleelements

-researchers divides the population into

homogenoussubgroups,fromwhichelementsareselectedatrandom.

-researcherselectsrandomsamplessuccessivelyfromlargerto

smallerunitsbyeithersimpleorstratifiedrandommethods

-researcher selects kth case from a list (where

k=populationdividedbydesiredsamplesize)wherekisthesamplinginterval(standard

distancebetweenelements)


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Sampling Procedure

N o n - P r o b a b i l i t y S a m p l i n g

Doesnotinvolvedrandomselection(nonrandommethods)

Theresearchercannotestimatethepreciseelementsofthepopulationthatwillbe

includedinthesample.Itisconvenientandeconomical;howeveritislikelytoproducebiasedsamples.

-usingmostconvenientavailable

peopleasparticipants

-everysampleidentifiesand

refersotherpersonwhomeettheinclusioncriteria

-researcherindentifiespopulationstrataanddetermineshowmany

participantsareneededfromeachstratum

-researchersdecidepurposelytoselect

subjectswhoarejudgedtobetypicalofthepopulationorparticularlyknowledgeable

abouttheissuesunderstudy.


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Resea rch Va r iab les

Thesearethefactorsmanipulatedbytheresearcherandthefocusofinquiry.

The (antecedentorinfluencetothedependentvariable).Itisthefactor,characteristicsorconditionsisintroduced,removedormanipulated

tocauseachangeinthedependentvariablethatisobservedormeasured.The

IV is also called the treatment, stimulus, predictor, input or experimental

variable.

Thisisthefactororvariablethatis

The (output or outcome). It is a factor, characteristics or

condition that is observed and measured to find out how the independent

variable affects it. Outcomes, response, output, and criterion or attribute

variable.


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Assumptions

These are statements of assertions related to the problems usually

drawn from the theoretical framework. These are accepted by the

researchersasTRUEonthebasicoflogicalreasoningorreason.

come from the knowledge of the researcher and

fromobservedfacts.TheyarealsobeliefsasTRUEbymostpeopleandneednotestingorverification.

confirmthevalidityoftheexplanatoryvariablesaswell

asbasisforformulatingthehypothesisofthestudy.

Th R h H h i


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TheResearchHypothesis

Hypothesis educated guess or tentative answer to a question that

establishesthebasisforstatisticaltreatment.

Shouldbesimple,specific,anddatedinadvance.

Arestatementsoftheexpectedrelationshipamongthevariablesbeingstudied

A good hypothesis then is easily understood specific, conceptually clear, tangiblymeasured.

a negative statement which indicates that

there is no association or relationship between and among

variables. Formal basis for testing the statistical

significance (Ho)

a positive research hypothesis that

proposes association or significant relationship between

variables (Ha)

states whether the relationship

between the variables is positive or negative, directs or

inverse


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Unifytheoryandreliability

Hypothesisgivedirectiontoresearch

Hypothesisenhanceknowledge

Testability

Th R h H h i


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TheResearchHypothesis

Tallpeopleeatmorethanshortpeople.

Tall people and people with high caloric intake tend to

weigh more than short people than short people and

peoplewithlowcalorieintake. People whosmokes aremore prone to lung cancer than

thosewhodonotsmoke.

Thereisnosignificantrelationshipbetweentheperception

of the nursing student and their clinical instructors withregardstoprofessionalconduct.

There is a significant difference in incidence of skin

breakdownbetweenpatientwhoareandwhoarenotplace

inairbed.

Review of Related Literature


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Reviewofliteratureiscomposedofdiscussionoffactsandprinciplestowhich

thepresent study is related. The literature review consists of a collection of

pertinentreadings,publishedorunpublished,inlocalorforeignsettings.

Related studies on the other hand are studies, inquiries, or investigations

alreadyconcludedtowhichthepresentproposedstudyisrelatedandhassomesimilarity.

CONCEPTUALLITERATURE.Thesearenonresearchreferencesmaterials

writtenbyauthoritiesonthesubjectthatembodyexperiences,viewpointsand

interpretationsofthesubjectoftheresearchstudy.

RESEARCHLITERATURE.Theseconsistofstudiesandresearchesortheses

anddissertationspublishedorunpublished,whichhavebearingonthecurrent

research.



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Informationanddataforthereviewaretakendirectlyfrom

the original researchorauthor of the referencesmaterials (Nursing literature,

Theories,Ideasfromothersources,Empiricalstudies)

Materialsforthereviewaretakenfromaresearcheroranauthorwhocitedtheoriginalauthorinhisworks.

Thereviewshouldnotbeamerecollectionofquotations

Itisnotmerelyaseriesofsummariesorabstracts Itmustbeawellintegrateddiscussion

Chronologyisobserved

Thesettingiseitherlocalorinternational



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Informationanddataforthereviewaretakendirectlyfrom

the original researchorauthor of the referencesmaterials (Nursing literature,

Theories,Ideasfromothersources,Empiricalstudies)

Materialsforthereviewaretakenfromaresearcheroranauthorwhocitedtheoriginalauthorinhisworks.

Thereviewshouldnotbeamerecollectionofquotations

Itisnotmerelyaseriesofsummariesorabstracts Itmustbeawellintegrateddiscussion

Chronologyisobserved

Thesettingiseitherlocalorinternational



65/109


ThesisReviewdescribescontentofthepreviousstudies

conducted

ThesisCritiqueappraisalofthevitalcomponentsofa

study,particularlytheproblems,methodology,resultsandconclusion

ThesisAbstractthesummaryofresearchcontent

Plagiarismpresentingtheideasorwordsofanotheras

onesownnordistortandfabricatethedataforthepurposeofcompletingtheresearchontime

RA8293ThePhilippineCopyrightLaw

D t C ll ti


66/109

Data Collection

1. Useofexistingoravailabledata

Rawdatafrombasicdocumentssuchasrecordsofpatientadmission,birth

dates,dischargesetc

Tabulardataindicatingnumberofpatientadmittedordischargedinayear

ormonth,ortotalnumberofdeliveries,surgeriesorworkloadsofnurses

2. Use of observers data gathered through actual observationand recording of

events.Subjectsmustbeinformedforethicalconsideration. Non participant observer does not share the same environment with the

subjectandisnotamemberofthegroup

Participantobserversharesthesameenvironmentanditsbetteracquainted

withouttheirknowledge

D t C ll ti


67/109

Data Collection

3.Useofselfrecordingorreportingapproachusesaspecificallyprepared

documentintendedtocollectdatacalledinstrument.

Questionnairesapaperandpencilapproachwhereparticipantsareasked

toanswersetofquestions,itisthemostfrequentusedresearchinstrument

togathertheneededdatafromtherespondentspertinenttothepurposeof

thestudy.

Interviewguideoneononedialoguewiththesubjectasksorreadsaquestionstoelicitanswersfromthelatter.(structureandunstructured)

4.Anecdotalmethodanddocumentarymaterials

5.Mechanicalinstruments

Research Instr ment


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Research Instrument

Instrumentarespeciallypreparedtoolsordevicesusedtocollectneeded

data or information and facilitates observation and measurement of

researchvariables.

Mustsuitthepurposeofthestudy

Gatherneededdata

Mustbevalidindicatorshouldbeclearlystatedsothatrespondentsperception

willnotbebiased

Reliable

Shouldbeeasytoadminister

Scaleofthemeasurementshouldbeappropriate


69/109

Research Instrument

TypesofResearchInstrument

Questionnaires paper and pencil

approach

ScanningQuestionnaires

InterviewGuide

TypesofQuestionsAsked

OpenEnded

CloseEnded

TypesofCloseEndedQuestions

Dichotomous

Multichotomous

FixedAlternative

ProjectiveQuestion

CafeteriaQuestions

RankOrder

Checklistmatrix


70/109

Research Instrument

State in affirmative rather than

negative

Questions should be neutrally

worded Ambiguous questions must be

avoided

Avoiddoublenegativequestions

Avoiddoublebarrelquestions

AdvantageofQuestionnaires

Facilitatesgathering

Easytotestdatareliabilityand

validity

Lesstimeconsumingthaninterview

Preservestheanonymityand

confidentiality

DisadvantageofQuestionnaires

Costly Less chance toclarify ambiguous

answer

Respondentsmustbeliterate

Rateofretrievalcanbelow


71/109

Research Instrument

AdvantageofInterview

Responsearebroadandvaried

Respondentscangivecomplete

answer Verbalandnonverbalbehavior

canbeobserve

Thereisflexibilityinquestions

DisadvantageofInterview

Timeconsumingandexpensive

Schedule for interview may be

difficult Interviewerneedstraining

Respondents answer may be

influenced by the interviewers

behavior

Criteria for Evaluating Instrument

R.E.S.S.Se.R.V.M.O.

M t f V i bl


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Measurement of Variables

1. QuantitativeMeasurement

a. ScaleofMeasurementreferstoadevicethatassignscodenumbers.(0-10

2. QualitativeDescription

1. Nominalnameandclassifiespersonsorobjectsinto2ormorecategorieshavingcommonsetofcharacteristics

2. Ordinalclassifiessubjectorobjectsbyrankingthemfromthehighesttolowest

respondentareaskedtoindicatethedegreetowhichthey

agreeordisagree.

respondentsareaskedtorespondinabipolarcontinuum

(highesttolowestormosttoleast) usedtoassesstheattitudesoftherespondentsusingacontinuum

ofcumulativestatements

usetomeasurethemeaningofconcepttodetermine

theemotionalevaluativeresponse

St ti ti l M t


73/109

Statistical Measurement

intendedtoorganizeandsummarizenumerical

datafrompopulationandsample.

concernedwithpopulationandtheuseofsampledatatopredictfutureoccurrence.

thenumberthatoccursmostfrequent

dividesthedistributionatthe50thpercentile

thearithmeticaverage(summationofallscoresdividedbynumberofcases)

Correlationreflectstherelationshipbetweentwovariables

designedtoexaminethestaticallydifferencebetweentwomeans

unrelatedgroups

samewithttestbutmoreversatilebecauseitcancomparetwoormore

groups


74/109

Thecustomofcitingreferences:

thatis,providingarecordofthesourcesyouhaveusedforyourresearch

isaformofprofessionalhonestyandcourtesythatisbasedonaregardfortheresponsibilities that writers have to readers and to other writers to indicate

whentheyhaveusedsomeoneelse'sideasorwords.

Itemsarepresentedin bythe ,or,if

noauthorislisted,bythefirstelementofthecitation(generallythetitle). During your research, develop a consistent system for noting bibliographic

information( )andkeepit

withyournotesorcopiesofthesourcematerialyouused.

Alwaysconsultyourprofessor/department/publisherforspecificrequirements.


75/109

Bankes,P.,Boss, J.,Cochran, A.,Duemer, L.,McCrary,

J., & Salazar, D. (2001). Censorship and restraint:

Lessons learned from the Catalyst.College Student

Journal, 35, 335-338. Retrieved August 14, 2003, fromEbscoAcademicSearchElitedatabase.

Chafee,Z.,Jr. (1962).Freedomof speech andpress. In

W. S. Dowden & T. N. Marsh (Eds.), The heritage offreedom:Essayson therightsoffreemen(pp.140-156).

NewYork:Harper.

Thanks for a beautiful day: On a beautiful day,


76/109

y y

we may thank God and praise him for his many gifts.

Father of Jesus,

We praise you and give you glory

For the wonderful things you do for us;

For life and health,

for friends and family,

for this splendid day.

For these reasons, we pray as Jesus taught us:

Our Father...


77/109

Which one of the following criteria should be

considered as a top priority in nursing care?A. Avoidance of destructive changes

B. Preservation of life

C. Assurance of safetyD. Preservation of integrity


78/109

Which of the following measures will best prevent

manipulation of vulnerable groups?

A. Secure informed consent

B. Payment of stipends for subjects

C. Protect privacy of patient

D. Ensure confidentiality of data


79/109

WhichofthefollowingproceduresensuresthatMs.

Montanahasfullydescribedtoprospectivesubjectsthe

natureofthestudyandthesubjectsrights?

A.Debriefing

B.Fulldisclosure

C.Informedconsent

D.Covertdatacollection


80/109

Afterthereviewsessionhasbeencompleted,Karen

andthestaffsignedthedocument.Whichofthe

followingisthepurposeofthis?A.Agreeaboutthecontentoftheevaluation.

B.Signifydisagreementofthecontentoftheevaluation.

C.DocumentthatKarenandthestaffreviewedthe

evaluation.D.Serveasbasisforfutureevaluation.


81/109

Thistechniquereferstotheuseofmultiplereferents

todrawconclusionsaboutwhatconstitutesthetruth

A.Triangulation

B.Experiment

C.Meta-analysis

D.Delphitechnique


82/109

Thestatement,Ninetypercent(90%)ofthe

respondentsarefemalestaffnursesvalidatesprevious

researchfindings(Santos,2001;Reyes,2005)thatthenursingprofessionislargelyafemaledominated

professionisanexampleof

A.implication

B.interpretationC.analysis

D.conclusion


83/109

HeplanstouseaLikertScaletodetermine

A.degreeofagreementanddisagreementB.compliancetoexpectedstandards

C.levelofsatisfaction

D.degreeofacceptance


84/109

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouta

hypothesis?Hypothesisis:

A.testableB.proven

C.statedinaformthatitcanbeacceptedorrejected

D.statesarelationshipbetweenvariables


85/109

ThestudyissaidtobecompletedwhenMs.

Montanaachievedwhichofthefollowingactivities?

A.Publishedtheresultsinanursingjournal.B.Presentedthestudyinaresearchforum.

C.Theresultsofthestudyisusedbythenursesinthehospital

D.SubmittedtheresearchreporttotheCEO.


86/109

Whilereviewingjournalarticles,Stephaniegot

interestedinreadingthebriefsummaryofthearticle

placedatthebeginningofthejournalreport.Whichofthefollowingreferstothis?

A.Introduction

B.Preface

C.AbstractD.Background


87/109

Shenotesdownideasthatwerederivedfromthe

descriptionofaninvestigationwrittenbytheperson

whoconductedit.Whichtypeofreferencesource

refers

tothis?

A.Footnote

B.Bibliography

C.Primarysource


88/109

Thiskindofresearchgathersdataindetailabouta

individualorgroupsandpresentedinnarrativeform,

whichis

A.Casestudy

B.Historical

C.AnalyticalD.Experimental


89/109

Shenotesthatthedependentvariableinthe

hypothesisDurationofsleepofcuddledinfantsis

longerthanthoseinfantswhoarenotcuddledby

mothersis

A.Cuddledinfants

B.DurationofsleepC.Infants

D.Absenceofcuddling


90/109

Shestatesthehypothesisofthestudy.Whichofthe

followingisanullhypothesis?

A.Infantswhoarebreastfedhavethesameweightas

thosewhoarebottlefed.

B.Bottle-fedinfantshavelowerweightthanbreast-fed

infants

C.Cuddledinfantssleeplongerthanthosewhoareleft

bythemselvestosleep.D.Childrenofabsenteeparentsaremoreproneto

experiencedepressionthanthosewholivewithboth

parents.


91/109

Duringdatacollection,Harryencountersapatient

whorefusestotalktohim.Whichofthefollowingisa

limitationofthestudy?A. Patientsrefusaltofullydivulgeinformation.

B.Patientswithhistoryoffeverandcough

C.PatientsadmittedorwhoseeksconsultationattheER

anddoctorsoffices

D.Contactsofpatientswithhistoryoffeverandcough


92/109

Theuseofanotherpersonsideasorwordings

withoutgivingappropriatecreditresultsfrom

inaccurateorincompleteattributionofmaterialsto

itsresources.Whichofthefollowingisreferredto

whenanotherpersonsideaisinappropriately

creditedasonesown?

a.Plagiarismb.Quotation

c.Assumption

d.Paraphrase


93/109

Whichofthefollowingusuallyreferstothe

independentvariablesindoingresearch?a.Result

b.Cause

c.Output

d.Effect


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TheinformationthataninvestigatorlikeVinz

collectsfromthesubjectsorparticipantsina

researchstudyisusuallycalled:

a.Hypothesis

b.Data

c.Variabled.Concept


95/109

MedelconductssamplingatBarangayMaligaya.He

collected100randomindividualsanddetermine

whoistheirfavoriteactor.50%saidPiolo,20%saidJohnLloyd,whilesomeansweredSam,Dingdong,

Richard,andDerek.Medelconductedwhattypeof

researchstudy?

a.Phenomenologicalb.Casestudy

c.Nonexperimental

d.Survey


96/109

Diana,Arlene,andSallyaretoconductastudyabout

relationshipofthenumberoffamilymembersinthe

householdandtheelectricitybill,whichofthe

followingisthebestresearchdesignsuitedforthis

study?1.Descriptive

2.Exploratory

3.Explanatory

4.Correlational

5.Comparative

6.Experimental

a.1and4

b.2and5

c.3and6

d.1and5

e.2and4


97/109

JezzaandJennyresearchedaboutTBits

transmission,causativeagentandfactors,

treatment,signsandsymptoms,aswellas

medicationandallotherin-depthinformationabout

tuberculosis.Thisstudyisbestsuitedforwhich

researchdesign?a.Historical

b.Casestudy

c.Phenomenological


98/109

Asuppositionorsystemofideasthatis

proposedto

explainagivenphenomenon,bestdefines:

a.Aparadigm

b.Aconcept

c.Atheory

d.Aconceptualframework


99/109

An85yearoldclientinanursinghometellsanurse,

Isignedthepapersforthatresearchstudybecause

thedoctorwassoinsistentandIwanthimto

continuetakingcareofme.Whichclientrightis

beingviolated?

a.Rightofselfdeterminationb.Righttoprivacyandconfidentiality

c.Righttofulldisclosure

d.Rightnottobeharmed


100/109

Inthehypothesis:Theutilizationoftechnologyin

teachingimprovestheretentionandattentionofthe

nursingstudents,whichisthedependentvariable?

a.Utilizationoftechnology

b.Improvementintheretentionandattention

c.Nursingstudentsd.Teaching


101/109

Inanyresearchstudywhereindividualpersonsare

involved,itisimportantthataninformedconsentof

thestudyisobtained.Thefollowingareessentialinformationabouttheconsentthatyoushould

disclosetotheprospectivesubjectsexcept:

a.Consenttoincompletedisclosure

b.Descriptionofbenefits,risks,anddiscomforts

c.Explanationofprocedure

d.Assuranceofanonymityandconfidentiality


102/109

Theresearcherimplementedamedicationregimen

usinganewtypeofcombinationdrugstomanic

patientswhileanothergroupofmanicpatients

receivestheroutinedrugs.Theresearcherhoweverhandpickedtheexperimentalgroupfortheyarethe

clientswithmultipleepisodesifbipolardisorder.The

researcherutilizedwhichresearchdesign?

a.Quasiexperimental

b.Pureexperimental

c.Phenomenological

d.Longitudinal


103/109

Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutapure

experimentalresearch?

a.Thereisacontrolgroup

b.Thereisanexperimentalgroup

c.Selectionofsubjectsinthecontrolgroupis

randomizedd.Thereisacareful


104/109

Aprofessionalnursecandoresearchforvaried

reasonsexcept:

a.Professionaladvancementthroughresearch

participation

b.Tovalidateresultsofnewnursingmodalities

c.Forfinancialgainsd.Toimprovenursingcare


105/109

Eachnurseparticipantwasaskedtoidentifya

problem.Aftertheidentificationoftheresearch

problem,whichofthefollowingshouldbedone?

a.Methodology

b.Reviewofrelatedliterature

c.Acknowledgementd.Formulatehypothesis


106/109

Whichofthefollowingcommunicatetheresultsof

theresearchtothereaders.Theyfacilitatethe

descriptionofthedata.

a.Hypothesis

b.Statistics

c.Researchproblemd.Tablesandgraphs


107/109

Sheknowsthattherearethreeelementsof

experimentalresearch.WhichisNOTincluded?

A.ManipulationB.Randomization

C.Control

D.Trial


108/109

Oneoftherelatedstudiesthatshereadsisa

phenomenologicalresearch.Whichofthefollowing

questionsisansweredbythistypeofqualitative

research?A.Whatisthewayoflifeofthisculturalgroup?

B.Whatistheeffectoftheinterventiontothe

dependentvariable?

C.Whattheessenceofthephenomenonisasexperiencedbythesepeople?

D.Whatisthecorecategorythatiscentralinexplaining

whatisgoingoninthatsocialscene?


109/109

Harryknowsthathehastoprotecttherightsof

humanresearchsubjects.Whichofthefollowingactions

ofHarryensuresanonymity?A.Keeptheidentitiesofthesubjectsecret

B.Obtaininformedconsent

C.Provideequaltreatmenttoallthesubjectsofthestudy.

D.Releasefindingsonlytotheparticipantsofthestudy

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