Date post: | 21-Nov-2014 |
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University of KalamoonNutrition Department
Dr. Louay Labban
Puberty Early adolescence
Middle adolescence
Late adolescence
Female 8-11 years 12-14 14-17 18-21
Male 9-11.5 years
12-14 14-17 18-21
Nutrition needs should be determined by the degree of sexual maturation and biological maturity instead of chronological age .
Unhealthy eating behaviors common among adolescence including frequent dieting, meal skipping, high consumption of foods high in fats
Concrete thinking and abstract reasoning abilities do not develop fully until late adolescence or early adulthood
Adjustment to a new body image, adaptation to emerging sexuality
Concrete thinking, early moral concepts
Strong peer effect
Establishment of emotional separation from parents
Expansion of verbal abilities, adjustment to increased school demands
Increased health risk behavior, sexual interests, early vocational plans
Personal identity, further separation from parents
Complex thinking Increased impulse control, emerging
social autonomy, vocational capability
50% of ideal body weight is gained during adolescence
Growth spurt in 3-6 monthsGirls will gain approximately 18 lbs
( 8.3 kg ) yearWeight gain slows during late
adolescence, will gain around 14 lbs ( 6.3 kg )
Lean body mass falls from 80% to 74%
Body fat increases form 16% to 27%During puberty, females experience
44% increase in lean body mass and 120% of body fat mass each year.
Males gain 20 lbs ( 9 kg ) per year during puberty
Fat decreases in males during adolescence to reach 12%
By age 18, more than 90% of skeletal mass has been formed
A variety of factors contribute to the accretion of bone mass including genetics, hormonal changes, smoking and nutrition
Eating patterns and behaviors of adolescents are affected by many factors:
Peer influenceParental modelingFood availabilityFood preference
CostConveniencePersonal and cultural beliefs Mass mediaBody image
Eating habits of adolescents are not static
They fluctuate throughout adolescence in relation to psychological and cognitive development
Adolescents lead busy lives Many involved in extracurricular sport
or academic activities This leave little time to sit and eat meal Snacking or meal skipping are common
Almost all adolescents consume one snack per day ( range 1- 7 )
One study showed that adolescents ate 18.2 meals and 10.9 snacks in a week
Snacks account foe 25% to 33% of daily energy intake
Snacks consumption has risen during the past decade
The occurrence of meal skipping increases as adolescents mature
Breakfast is the most commonly skipped meal
29% of female adolescents tend to eat breakfast
Skipping breakfast can dramatically decreases intakes of energy, protein, fiber, Ca, and folate
25% of adolescents skip lunch
As adolescents mature, they spend less time with the family and more time with peer
Eating away from homeFemales eat 1/3 of meals away from
homeFast food accounts for 33% of food
eaten
Eating at fast food restaurant has a direct bearing on the nutritional status of the adolescents
Fast foods are high in fats Low in fiber and nutrients
Vegetarian diets are consumed in 1% of adolescents
Vegetarian diets are consumed for many reasons
Vegetarian adolescents found to be shorter and leaner than omnivores during childhood and early puberty age
Menarche occurs 6 months later in vegetarian females
Vegetarian adolescents are taller or as tall as the omnivores but generally leaner
When well-planned, vegetarian diets provide health benefit to adolescents such as complex CHO intake , high vitamin intake and protein
With supplements from small amounts of animal foods such as milk and its products,
Vegetarian diets should include adequate fats and essential fatty acids ( DHA, EPA )
Type of vegetarian diet Food excluded
Semi- or partial vegetarian Red meat
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian Meat, poultry, fish, seafood
Laxctovegetarian Meat, poultry, fish, seafood and eggs
Vegan ( total vegetarian ) Meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, dairy products ( may exclude honey )
Macrobiotic Meat, poultry, eggs, dairy, seafood, fish ( fish may be included in some macrobiotic vegetarians)
Food groups Lcato-ovo-vegetarians11 years2200-2800 kcal
Vegans11 years2200-2800
Breads, grain, cereal 9-11 10-12
Legumes 2-3 2-5
Vegetables 4-5 3-5
Fruits 4 4-5
Nuts, seed 1 4-6
Milk, yogurt, cheese 3 0
Eggs ( limit 3/week ) ½ 0`
Fats , oils ( added ) 4-6 4-6
Sugar ( added teaspoons )
6-9 6-9
Food source Alph-lenolenic acid, g
Flaxseed, 2 tb 4.3
Walnuts, 1 oz`` 1.9
Walnut oil, 1 tb 1.5
Canola oil, 1 tb 1.6
Soybean oil, 1 tb 0.9
Soybean, ½ cup cooked 0.5
Tofu, ½ cup 0.4
Most diets do not match the dietary guidelines
1% of teens consume diets that meet the recommendations for all food groups
45% of teens meet recommendations for one group or more
7% of males and 18% of females adolescents do not meet any of the recommendations
Male % Female %
Dairy products 49 22
Fruits 17 19
Vegetables 50 46
Grains 43 21
Increases in lean body mass, skeletal mass and body fat during puberty result in energy and nutrient needs that exceed those of any other point of life
Energy and nutrient requirements correspond with the degree of physical maturation
Influenced by:Activity levelBMR Increased requirements to support
pubertal growth
Influenced by many factorsRDA for protein intake is:9-13 years old 0.95/g/kg/day14-18 years old 0.85/g/kg/dayWhen protein is inadequate, growth,
sexual maturity delay and reduced accumulation of lean body mass
Primary source of energyFrom fruits, vegetables, whole grains
and legumes55-60% of total energy< 10% form sweeteners but
adolescents consume about 16% of total energy for soft drinks
Ounces per day Adolescents %
> 26 oz per day 22
13-25 oz per day 28
0.1 12 oz per day 32
0 oz per day 18
Life-stage group
Calorie kcal
Protein grams
Age, years Kcal/day Kcal/ cm Grams/day Grams/cm
Females 11-14 15-18 19-24
220022002200
14.013.513.4
464446
0.290.270.28
Males 11-14 15-18 19-24
250030002900
15.917.016.4
455958
0.290.340.33
AAP Recommends 0.5 g/kg/day of fiber Or 15.5-34.5 g/ day for 10-18 years old
males 16-28.5 g/day for 10-18 years old
females National data shows consumption is: 11.5-15.4 g/day for males 10-14 g/day for females Because low intake of fruits and
vegetables
Essential for growth and development National cholesterol education
program NCEP recommends no more than 30% of total energy should come from fat
< 10% from saturated fat DRI recommendations: 4-18 years old should consume 25-
35% of total fats
Teens consume around 33% of total energy from fats
Over 12% from saturated fats
adequate intake is important for growth and development
Important for bone massFemales have the greatest capability
of absorbing calcium at time of menarche then decreasing after
By age 24 for females and 26 for males calcium accretion is almost nonexistent
DRIs for 9-18 years is 1300 mg/day Adolescents females consume 536-
815 mg/day Adolescents males consume 681-1146
mg/day Milk is the best source followed by
cheese, ice cream and frozen yogurt Consumption of soft drinks may
displace the consumption of more nutrient dense beverages such as milk and fortified juices
Growth at this stage increases blood volume
Menarche increases the need for iron
Group Ca mg/d
P mg/d
Mg mg/d
Vit Dmcg/d
Iron mg/d
B1mg/d
B2 mg/d
B3 mg/d
Males 9-13 14-18Females 9-13 14-18
13001300
13001300
12501250
12501250
240410
240360
55
55
811
815
0.91.2
0.91.0
0.91.3
0.91.0
1216
1214
Group B6 mg/d
B9 mg/d
B12mg/d
B5 mg/d
B7 mcg/d
Vit A mcg/d
Vit C mg/d
Vit E mg/d
Se mcg/d
Males 9-1314-18Females 9-1314-18
1.01.3
1.01.2
300400
300400
1.82.4
1.82.4
45
45
2025
2025
600900
600700
4575
4565
1115
1115
4045
4055