Nutrition review exam1

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Nutrition 101 Exam Review Session

TAs: Helen Corless and Delma Bettancourt



Chapter 2Planning a

Healthy Diet


Which of the following is a health claim?

a) Builds strong bones b) Diets adequate in calcium may

reduce the risk of osteoperosis

c) Excellent source of calcium


Which of the following is a health claim?

a) Builds strong bonesb) Diets adequate in calcium may

reduce the risk of osteoperosis

c) Excellent source of calcium


Explanation:

A health claim characterizes the relationship between a nutrient in a food and a disease/health-related condition

A structure-function claim characterizes the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and its role in the body; cannot mention a disease or symptom; no FDA approval needed

A nutrient claim characterizes the quantity of a nutrient in a food


Lets try some more…


« Good source of fiber » is which of the following?

a) Health claimb) Structure-function claimc) Nutrient claim


« Good source of fiber » is which of the following?



« Boosts the immune system » is which of the following?



« Boosts the immune system » is which of the following?




Chapter 3Digestion,

Absorption, and Transport


After food leaves the stomach it heads into which part of the digestive system?

a) Esophagusb) Pancreasc) Small Intestined) Large Intestine


After food leaves the stomach it heads into which part of the digestive system?

a) Esophagusb) Pancreasc) Small Intestined) Large Intestine


Explanation:

Remember, the anatomy of the digestive system occurs in this order:

MouthEsophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large IntestineRectumAnus


The periodic contraction of circular muscles in the small intestine is called:

a) Sphinter spasmsb) Peristalsisc) Segmentationd) Colonic churninge) Mastication


The periodic contraction of circular muscles in the small intestine is called:

a) Sphinter spasmsb) Peristalsisc) Segmentationd) Colonic churninge) Mastication


Explanation:

Segmentation is the periodic squeezing of circular muscles in the intestines that helps to mix chyme and promote contact with digestive juices and absorbing cells of the intestinal wall.

Peristalsis is wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that help push its contents along. Mastication is another word for chewing…and I made up those other two


Which of the following is not a role of sphincters:

a) Preventing reflux (back flow)b) Controlling movement of

contents through GI tractc) Segmentationd) Preventing anal leakage


Which of the following is not a role of sphincters:

a) Preventing refluxb) Controlling movement of

contents through GI tractc) Segmentationd) Preventing anal leakage


Explanation:Sphincters located throughout the GI tract open and close periodically to control the movement of contents during digestion.

Important sphincters to be aware of: upper & lower esophageal sphincters, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve, and anal sphincter.

Segmentation is the periodic squeezing of circular muscles in the intestines that helps to mix chyme.


Saliva plays a role in all but which of the following:

a) Making food easy to swallowb) Digestion of proteinc) Sensation of tasted) Protection


Saliva plays a role in all but which of the following:

a) Making food easy to swallowb) Digestion of proteinc) Sensation of tasted) Protection


Explanation:

Saliva mixes with food, moistening it to make it easier to swallow. Also, by suspending the food in solution, saliva enables food to react with taste buds. Saliva also helps protect against tooth decay by neutralizing acid. No protein digestion takes place in the mouth.


Carbohydrate digestion takes place in:

a) Mouthb) Stomachc) Small Intestined) Both a and c


Carbohydrate digestion takes place in:

a) Mouthb) Stomachc) Small Intestined) Both a and c


Explanation:

An enzyme in the saliva called salivary amylase initiates the digestion of carbohydrate in the mouth. This enzyme is deactivated in the stomach, so no carbohydrate digestion occurs in the stomach. Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes continue carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.


The strong acidity in the stomach does all but which of the following…

a) Prepares protein for digestionb) Activates salivary amylasec) Activates stomach enzymesd) Prevents bacterial growth


The strong acidity in the stomach does all but which of the following…

a) Prepares protein for digestionb) Activates salivary amylasec) Activates stomach enzymesd) Prevents bacterial growth


Explanation:

Salivary amylase is digested in the stomach along with other proteins.

Stomach enzymes, however, work most efficiently in this highly acidic environment.

Stomach cells protect themselves from damage by secreting mucus.


What is the function of bile in digestion?

a) Breaks down fatb) Neutralizes acidic chymec) Enhances protein absorptiond) Emulsifies fat


What is the function of bile in digestion?

a) Breaks down fatb) Neutralizes acidic chymec) Enhances protein absorptiond) Emulsifies fat


Explanation:Bile is not an enzyme and does not break down fat (that is the role of pancreatic and intestinal lipases). Rather, bile is an emulsifier that brings fats into suspension in water, preparing them for digestion.

Bicarbonate-rich juices released by the pancreas into the small intesting are responsible for neutralizing the acidic chyme.


Where is bile produced?

a) Liverb) Gallbladderc) Pancreasd) Small Intestine


Where is bile produced?

a) Liverb) Gallbladderc) Pancreasd) Small Intestine


Explanation:

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is secreted into the small intestine when the presence of fat triggers the release of CCK, which signals the gallbladder to contract.


The majority of absorption occurs in the…

a) Stomachb) Small Intestinec) Liverd) Large Intestine


The majority of absorption occurs in the…

a) Stomachb) Small Intestinec) Liverd) Large Intestine


Explanation:

The majority of absorption occurs in the small intestine (this includes macronutrients as well as vitamins and minerals).

The many folds and villi of the small intestine dramatically increase its surface area, facilitating nutrient absorption.


Explanation:Intestinal folds:

Villi:

Microvilli:


Once absorbed, water soluble nutrients and smaller products of fat digestion…

a) Cluster to form chylomicronsb) Enter the blood stream and

travel to the heartc) Enter the hepatic portal vein

and travel to the liverd) Enter the lymph and bypass the

liver


Once absorbed, water soluble nutrients and smaller products of fat digestion…

a) Cluster to form chylomicronsb) Enter the blood stream and

travel to the heartc) Enter the hepatic portal vein

and travel to the liverd) Enter the lymph and bypass the

liver


Explanation:Water-soluble nutrients and smaller products of fat digestion are released directly into the bloodstream and are guided directly to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.

Because they are insoluble in water, larger fats and fat soluble vitamins cluster together with certain proteins to form chylomicrons. Chlyomicrons cannot pass into capillaries, so instead they are released into the lymphatic system, bypassing the liver and entering the bloodstream near the heart.




Chapter 4The

Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches

and Fibers


How much energy does 1 gram of carbohydrate provide?

a) 4 kCalb) 7 kCalc) 9 kCal


How much energy does 1 gram of carbohydrate provide?

a) 4 kCalb) 7 kCalc) 9 kCal


Explanation:Carbohydrate, as well as protein, provides 4 kCal/gram.

Fat provides 9 kCal/gram

Alcohol provide 7 kCal/gram (but remember we don’t consider alcohol to be a nutrient)


The Atkins Diet is an example of a…

a) Low fat dietb) Low carb dietc) Low protein diet


The Atkins Diet is an example of a…

a) Low fat dietb) Low carb dietc) Low protein diet


Explanation:The Atkins Diet recommends that carbohydrates should make up 15% of your total daily energy intake.

This is very low, considering the RDA for carbohydrates is 45-65% of total daily energy intake.

Ketosis is thus a risk with the Atkins diet if the body does not get enough carbohydrate for fat digestion.


Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of which of the following:

a) Glucose and Glucoseb) Glucose and Maltosec) Glucose and Fructosed) Glucose and Galactose e) None of the above


Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of which of the following:

a) Glucose and Glucoseb) Glucose and Maltosec) Glucose and Fructosed) Glucose and Galactose e) None of the above


Explanation:Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose.

Sucrose = glucose + fructoseMaltose = glucose + glucoseLactose = glucose + galactose

*NOTE: all three of the disaccharides contain glucose!


The type of reaction that occurs when two molecules come together to form a larger product: a) Combination

b) Condensationc) Hydrophobicd) Hydrolysis


The type of reaction that occurs when two molecules come together to form a larger product: a) Combination

b) Condensationc) Hydrophobicd) Hydrolysis


A condensation reaction is…

a) Anabolicb) Catabolic


A condensation reaction is…

a) Anabolicb) Catabolic


Explanation:Condensation is a type ofchemical reaction in which water is released as two molecules bond together.

• It is an anabolic reaction because you are building something up.

Hydrolysis is a type of chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into its individual parts (water is added to break the bond)

• It is a catabolic reaction because you are breaking something apart


Explanation:

Example of a condensation reaction• Glucose and fructose coming together to produce sucrose• Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose +H20

Example of a hydrolysis reaction• Galactose being broken down into its components glucose and lactose with the addition of H20• Galactose +H20 = Glucose+Galactose

• NOTE: Hydrolysis reactions commonly occur during digestion


Which of the following is not a polysaccharide?

a) Glycogenb) Starch c) Stachyosed) Fiber


Which of the following is not a polysaccharide?

a) Glycogenb) Starch c) Stachyosed) Fiber


Explanation:Stachyose is an example of an oligosaccharide. Oligosaccharides are short chain carbohydrates (3-10) and include raffinose, stachyose, and maltodextrin.

Glycogen, starch and fiber are all polysaccharides, which are long chain carbohydrates (>10).

• Glycogen: storage form of energy in animals

• Starch: storage form of energy in plants

• Fiber: contribute little to no energy to the body


Which of the following is a good source of glycogen in the diet?

a) Meatb) Fruits & vegetables c) Grain productsd) None of the above


Which of the following is a good source of glycogen in the diet?

a) Meatb) Fruits & vegetables c) Grain productsd) None of the above


Explanation:

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, however, it is found only to a limited extent in meats and not at all in plants -> food is NOT a significant source of this carbohydrate

Instead, the body makes glycogen in the liver when excess glucose is consumed. Glycogen is formed via condensation reactions.

Plants (fruits, vegetables, and grains) provide starch in the diet..


When blood sugar is low, the pancreas releases _____, which triggers the liver to break down ______.

a) insulin; glycogenb) insulin; fatc) glucagon; glycogend) glucagon; fat


When blood sugar is low, the pancreas releases _____, which triggers the liver to break down ______.

a) insulin; glycogenb) insulin; fatc) glucagon; glycogend) glucagon; fat


Explanation:When blood glucose is low, the PANCREAS releases GLUCAGON which triggers the LIVER to break down GLYCOGEN and release glucose into the blood. As a result, blood glucose begins to rise.

When blood glucose is high, the PANCREAS releases INSULIN which triggers…

•Uptake of glucose into cells•Storage as glycogen in muscles and liver

•Conversion of excess glucose into fat for storage

*This is called glucose homeostasis


Adequate intake of fiber does all but which of the following … a) Fosters weight management

b) Lowers blood cholesterolc) Provides significant energy to

the bodyd) Helps prevent and control

diabetes


Adequate intake of fiber does all but which of the following…

a) Fosters weight managementb) Lowers blood cholesterolc) Provides significant energy to

the bodyd) Helps prevent and control

diabetes


Explanation:Fiber cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes in the body (do not recognize the bonds between monosaccharides in fiber).

Fiber contributes no monosaccharides, and therefore little or no energy.

Bacteria in the large intestine (colon) can ferment some fibers, generating short-chain fatty acids, which provide some usable energy to the cells of the colon…BUT this is not a significant amount.


Which of the following is an action of insoluble fiber in the body?

a) Lowers blood cholesterol by binding bile

b) Slows glucose absorptionc) Yields small fat molecules

after fermentation that the colon can use for energy

d) Provides bulk and feeling of fullness


Which of the following is an action of insoluble fiber in the body?

a) Lowers blood cholesterol by binding bile

b) Slows glucose absorptionc) Yields small fat molecules

after fermentation that the colon can use for energy

d) Provides bulk and feeling of fullness


Explanation:Insoluble fibers do not dissolve in water, do not form gels, and are less readily fermented. They promote bowel movements, alleviate constipation, and prevent diverticular disease.

Soluble fibers do dissolve in water, form gels, and are easily digested by bacteria in the colon. They are most often associated with protecting against heart disease and diabetes by lowering blood cholesterol and glucose levels, respectively.


Glucose and galactose are absorbed in the small intestine by…

a) Simpe diffusionb) Facilitated diffusionc) Active diffusiond) Active transport


Glucose and galactose are absorbed in the small intestine by…

a) Simpe diffusionb) Facilitated diffusionc) Active diffusiond) Active transport


Explanation:Glucose and galactose enter the cells lining the small intestine by active transport (requires carrier molecule and energy).

Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion (requires carrier molecule, but no energy)

Disaccharides are not absorbed until they are broken down into monosaccharides by intestinal enzymes on the outer membranes of the intestinal cells.


If a person does not replenish depleted glycogen stores by eating carbohydrate, the body breaks down ____ to make glucose:

a) Fatb) Proteinc) Ketonesd) None of the above


If a person does not replenish depleted glycogen stores by eating carbohydrate, the body breaks down ____ to make glucose:

a) Fatb) Proteinc) Ketonesd) None of the above


Explanation:When glycogen stores are depleted & inadequate carbohydrate is consumed, body proteins are broken down (mostly from the liver & skeletal muscles) to make glucose to fuel the brain and other special cells

This conversion of protein to glucose is called GLUCONEOGENESIS.

Fat cannot be converted to glucose to any significant extent.


Explanation:When there is an inadequate carbohydrate supply, fat takes an altermative metabolic pathway, where fat fragments combine to form KETONE BODIES.

Ketone bodies provide an alternate fuel source during starvation, but when their production exceeds their use, they accumulate in the blood causing KETOSIS

Ketosis is a dangerous condition because it disrupts the body’s acid-base balance.


The condition in which the body’s cells become resistant to insulin is called…

a) Hyperglycemiab) Hypoglycemiac) Type 1 Diabetesd) Type 2 Diabetes


The condition in which the body’s cells become resistant to insulin is called…

a) Hyperglycemiab) Hypoglycemiac) Type 1 Diabetesd) Type 2 Diabetes


Explanation:Type 2 Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the cells fail to respond to insulin; this condition tends to occur as a consequence of obesity

Type 1 Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce insulin (autoimmune)

Hypoglycemia refers to a state produced by an abnormally low blood glucose concentration


TRUE OR FALSE: Sugar alcohols provide no calories.

a) Trueb) False


TRUE OR FALSE: Sugar alcohols provide no calories.

a) Trueb) False


Explanation:Products containing sugar alcohols claim to be ‘sugar free’ on their labels, but in this case, ‘sugar free’ does not mean free of kcalories.

Sugar alcohols do provide calories, but fewer than sugars do.

Because sugar alcohols yield energy, they are sometimes referred to as nutritive sweeteners.

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