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“Nutritional constraint to dairy production in the
Andes”
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA
Carlos A. Gómez, PhD
Presented at U.Bonn on 11th July 2003
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA
Main campus in Lima with 3 main research sites in the Coast, Highlands and Tropical Forest
4200 Students (85 % Undergraduates/15 % MSc level)AgronomyFood technologyAgricultural engineeringForest ScienceRural EconomyEnvironmental SciencesBiologyAnimal Science
Last year we had 100 aniversary
ANIMAL SCIENCE STUDIES
Offers a BSc program of five years in Animal Science ( 50 students finish yearly) and a MSc program (50 students enrolled regulary)
Teaching staff of 52 among them 18 professor
Two research groups involved in Ruminant Nutritionand pasture utilization
A.-Profs. Enrique Florez and Lucrecia Aguirre
1 Associated professor6 MSc students/ 4 BSc honors dissertation
Grassland ecology
Pasture-ruminant interactions in the andes
B.-Prof. Carlos Gomez
2 Associated professors/1 research associate5 MSc students/ 6 BSc honors dissertation
Beef and dairy nutrition in pasture and intensive production systems
- Intensive: Nutritional evaluation of agroindustrial byproducts and cultivated forages/ Feeding strategies for small dairy producers
- Pasture: Developing of appropriate feeding strategies in andes pastures (Cultivated and natural)
Research supported by FAO-IAEA, ILRI, IDRC(Canada)
Highlands have potential for:
Cropping (Potato, cereals) 4 million Has
Cultivated pastures 2 million Has
Native pastures 20 million Has
Weather (seasonal precipitation and frost) and altitude contraints
Mining is the principal economic activity at present
Milk production in Peru grows up around 4% annually, due to the increased domestic demand for dairy products which are made of imported milk on aprox. 50%.
Low intake of milk and derived products (42 kg percapita yearly)
Three predominant systems: Coast Highlands
Mixed/crop Pastoral
Milk sold to milk buyers
16%
Milk sold to industrial
plants21%
Informal milk use63%
>40 Ha5%
20-40 Ha5%
<5 Ha59%
5 - 20 Ha31%
Structure of milk-producing farm types (in Ha) and market destination for milk in Peru
DAIRY CATTLE POPULATION AND MILK PRODUCTION IN PERU (1990 - 1999)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Years
Milking cows (Units) Milk production (TM)
Agriculture limited by:
Frost events Temperature Water supply
Slope
Andean crops (potatoes, Quinua, Corn)
Dairy in mixed farm systems (2500-3400 masl)Dairy production and beef prefattening
Utilization of agricultural byproducts (barley straw, maize stover) and cultivated pastures (alfalfa, rye grass
trifolium)B.Swiss, Holstein Genotype
2000-4000 kg of milk per lactation
Main issues
* Evaluation of appropriate strategies to improve nutritive value of agricultural byproducts and overcome dry season effects
* Evaluation of supplementary feeding (concentrates-cultivated forage for silage making)
* Genotype-environment interaction
Dairy in cultivated pastures (2500-4000 masl)
BSwiss genotype (1-3 head/ha)2000-4000 kg/milk/lactation
Growthperiod Protein Fiber Protein Fiber
Phenology weeks % % % %
Preflowering 2 - 4. 23 21 18 23
Preflowering 5 - 8. 19 22 13 23
Pre flowering 9 - 10. 17 22 11 24
Flowering 11 - 12. 15 23 10 24
Rye grass ingles / trifolium Rye grass ingles
Chemical composition (% D.M.) of rye grass x trifolium pasture
DM Protein Fat Cz Fiber ELN% % % % % %
Rye grass english 17 20 5 22
Rye grass english + trifolium white 15 22 5 21
Rye grass italian 17 17 4 19
Rye grass italian + trifolium white 13 24 4 18
Rye GrassxTrifoium pasture growth under P Fertilization
0.005.00
10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.0045.00
Kg DM./ha/day0 kg P2O5/ha
80 kg P2O5/ ha
Phosphorous content (%) in pasture Rye Phosphorous content (%) in pasture Rye grass / Trifoliumgrass / Trifolium
Díaz, 2001
With P Without P(80 kg P2O5/ha)
Rainy 0.47 0.45
Dry 0.38 0.35
Fertilization with phosphorous: Fertilization with phosphorous: Nutritive value of Rye grass / Nutritive value of Rye grass /
Trifolium Trifolium
Díaz, 2001
Rainy Dry Rainy DryRumen degradabilityO. matter (%) 59.6 48.1 60.2 49
Protein, % 19 16.7 19.1 14.9
With P (80 kg P2O5/ha) Without P
Main issues
* Evaluation of improved pasture species different to available at present including rzyobium
* Selection of appropriate grazing strategies(Stocking rate/grazing pressure)
* Evaluation of supplementary feeding (concentrates-cultivated forage for silage making)
* Genotype-environment interaction
Dairy in native pastures (4000-4300 masl)
Criollo X B.Swiss genotype (0.2-0.4 head/ha)Suckling calf + 400-800 kg/milk/lactation
Native pasture includes 10-20 species. No possibility for other cropp sucesfully
Land use mostly under comunal management
Strong effect of dry vs rainy season of the year on productivity and nutritive value
Protein and mineral content of native Protein and mineral content of native pasturespastures
Average Range Average RangeProtein, % 9.15 4.9 - 26.8 4.32 1.7 - 7.6Calcium, % 0.44 0.12 - 3.03 0.28 0.07 - 1.8Phosphorus, % 0.22 0.11 - 0.43 0.068 0.02 - 0.24Copper, ppm 5.9 1.5 - 14.1 3.13 1.7 - 9.2Cobalt, ppm 0.21 0.04 - 0.83 0.2 0.07 - 0.64Manganese, ppm 203 34 - 841 73 14 - 135Molibdenum, ppm 0.11 0.02 - 0.35 0.25 0.06 - 0.42
SeasonRainy Dry
Main issues
* Dry season undernutrition/Nutrition-reproductive performance interaction
Multinutrient supplementation Utilization of block Urea-molasses-Minerals Strategic use of cultivated pastures to complement animals during certain times of the year
* Soil conservation (Overgrazing) Development of apropriate stocking rate and grazing management
* Genotype-environment interaction