Objective 4: Describe organisms in the six-kingdom of classification system by their characteristics.

Recognize genus and species as components (parts) of a scientific

name.

Identify contributions of Aristotle and Linnaeus to the early history of taxonomy (science of naming &

classifying organisms).

Why learn this?

Based on Aristotle, it was once thought that there were only 2 kingdoms: plants & animals.

Over 500,000 new species have been discovered since 1978.

As DNA testing improves, a new classification system may develop.

Why Do Scientists Classify?Over 1 million organisms known & counting

Classification is the process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities.

Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups so organisms are easier to study.

Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.

Binomial Nomenclature: the naming system of Linnaeus

1750s Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus devised a system of naming organisms that is still used today.

Based it on his observations & gave each organism a 2-part name, thus, binomial, meaning “two parts”

Binomial Nomenclature

Scientists around the world use this system to identify all living organisms.

It assigns the Latin words Genus (capitalized) and species (lowercased) name as the scientific name. Both are written in Italics.

Example: Homo sapiens

Comprehension Check?

What is binomial nomenclature?

What is a scientific name?

What is taxonomy?

Why classify anything?

Levels of Classification

Today’s system is based on Linnaeus’s contributions but is much more advanced with many more levels.

Example: How would I find out how many students live on the continent of North America, in the United States, in Alabama, in Mobile County, in Mobile, in my neighborhood, on my street, and attend my school?

There are 8 levels currently:Domain, Kingdom, Phyla (Phylum), Classes, Orders, Families, Genera (Genus), and Species

Pneumonic for remembering the levels of classification:

D: _____________ Dominant (Domain)

K: _____________ Kings (Kingdom)

P: _____________ Play (Phyla)

C: _____________ Chess (Class)

O: _____________ On (Order)

F: _____________ Fine (Family)

G: _____________ Grained (Genus)

S: _____________ Sand (Species)

Levels of Classification

Organisms are put into a broad group and then each group is further divided as it becomes more specific.

The more levels of classification that 2 organisms share the more characteristics they have in common.

Example of classification levels

Domain: EukaryaKingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata– Class: Mammalia

» Order: Primates» Family: Hominidae» Genus: Homo» Species: sapiens

Domains and Kingdoms

3 Domains with kingdoms within themOrganisms are put into domains & kingdoms based on 3 things:

Cell type: prokaryotes or eukaryotes

Ability to make food: heterotroph or autotroph

Number of cells in bodies: unicellular (1 cell) or multicellular (many cells)

3 Domains

Bacteria: prokaryotes (no nucleus), autotrophic or heterotrophic, microscopic

Archaea (Archeabacteria): prokaryotes (no nucleus), autotrophic or heterotrophic; microscopic; no cell walls; extreme environments (hot, cold, salty, acidic)

Eurkarya: eukaryotes, nucleus; in 4 kingdoms—protists, fungi, plants, or animals

Domain: Eurkarya, Kingdom: Protista (the protists)

CANNOT be classified as plant, animal, or fungus

“odds and ends” kingdom

Mainly unicellular others multicellular, so it is usually referred to as single-celled/unicellular

Classified by the way they get energy--some autotrophs others heterotrophs

Examples of Protists

Euglena: use flagella to move

Amoeba:Use pseudopods(false feet; cytoplasmicExtensions to move)

Examples of Protists

ParameciumUse cilia to

move

Seaweed: float

Plant-like protists: diatoms

Plant like protists: algae

Protist-like plants: Algae, the solution to fuel crisis

Algae produce biodiesel.http://www.greenstrides.com/2008/04/01/algae-could-prove-to-be-the-best-biofuel/

Algae and the fuel crisis: large scale algae farm/wastewater treatment facility

http://inhabitat.com/researchers-use-algae-to-treat-wastewater-and-generate-biofuel/

Plant like protists: Dinoflagellates

The culprits behind

toxic red tide events.

Fungus like protists: slime mold

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular eukaryotes except yeasts which are unicellullar

Heterotrophs, can act as decomposers

Absorb nutrients to get energy

Cell walls present

Reproduce using spores

Examples: molds, yeasts, mushrooms

Fungi Examples

Yeast (Candida albicans)

Fungi Examples

Bread mold, Rhizopus, the happy accident of penicillin

Examples of Fungal Spores

Mushroom spores

Toxic molds: Stachybotrys chartarum or Stachybotrys atra

Domain: Eurkarya, Kingdom: Plantae

Eukaryotic, multicellular w/cell walls & choloroplasts (photosynthesis)

Autotrophic—they are producers

Cell wall made from cellulose—the crunchy stuff you taste in celery & lettuce

Fixed in place, don’t move—they are sessile

Example of plant: “angel trumpets”

Domain: Eukarya,Kingdom: Animalia

Multicellular

Advanced nervous system that allows them to respond to environment

Reproduce sexually or asexually

Highly mobile

Heterotrophic—they are consumers

Interdependent on other organisms

Example of animal: Zdonk

Zdonk

Cross b/w

Donkey & zebra