Andrew Bauer, Natalie Kirk and Sebastian Sahla with contributions from
Khin Saw Htay, Ko Ko Lwin and Paul Shortell
Zefe0g&D 2018
obm0o,HZmw
zuf'&,fpepf -
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh
tcsufrsm;
aus;Zl;wifvTm
þtpD&ifcHpm NyD;ajrmufa&;twGuf okawoejyKvkyf&mwGif yg0ifulnDay;cJYaom cifapmaX;?udkudkvGif
ESifh Paul Shortell wdkYtm; olwdkY\ tm;ay;ulnDrIrsm;twGuf txl;aus;Zl; wif&Sdygonf/ xdkYtjyif
Nitish Arora ? at;MunfomaqG? Sumit Bisarya ? Vicky Bowman ? Rani Febrianti ?
Jelson Garcia ? Hosana Chay ? Rebecca Iwerks ? Jeremy Liebowitz ? Cielo Magno ?
armfxGef;atmif? Fikri Muhammadi ? Sri Murniati ? Dorjdari Namkhaijantsan ? Matthieu Salomon ? Annamari Salonen ? Amir Shafaie ? Nomuuntugs Tuvaan ? Claudia Viale ESifh Tricia Yeoh wdkYudkvnf; vrf;nTefrIESifh yg0ifulnDrIwdkYtwGuf aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/
This report was made possible by funding from the U.K. government, the Australian government, and the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the above-mentioned organisations.
FUNDING PROVIDEDBY THE UNITED
STATES GOVERNMENT
1
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
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taMumif;t&m tusOf;csKyf …………………………………………………………………………. 2
aemufcH taMumif;t&m ……………………………………………………………………........... 5
o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI vkyfydkifcGifhESifh wm0efrsm; cGJa0jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;p&mrsm; .......... 17
vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;jcif; ….................................................................................................... 19
ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJjcif; …............................................................................... 30
b@ma&;rlabmifrsm;ESifh tcGefawmfaumufcHjcif; …......................................................................... 39
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI …........................................................................................ 53
vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; ….................................................................................... 60
a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; …....................................................................................................... 67
wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm;o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI …................................................................ 74
aemufqufwGJ (1)/ tusOf;csKyf Z,m;rsm; …................................................................................. 82
aemufqufwGJ (2)/ usrf;udk;pm&if; …......................................................................................... 90
rsufESmzHkk;"gwfyHk - NRGI twGuf Suthep Kritsanavarin
2
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taMumif;t&m tusOf;csKyf
jyefvnftpm;xdk; jznfhwif;í r&Edkifaom obm0 o,HZmwrsm; (a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGU?
wGif;xGuf ESifh ausmufrsuf&wemrsm;) udk pDrHcefYcGJrI jyKvkyf&jcif;onf trSefyif ½IyfaxG;vSonf/
a&&Snfoabmaqmifonfh zGHUNzdK;rIazmfaqmif&mwGif o,HZmwu@\ tusdK;jyKrIudk xnfhoGif;
toHk;csEdkif&ef tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmwqdkif&m udpö&yftrsdK;trsdK;twGuf Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmfxkwfa&;qGJ&rnf/ a'ocHtodkif;t0dkif;twGufvnf; tusdK;&Sd? EdkifiHw0Srf;rS
EdkifiHom;rsm;twGufvnf; tusdK;&Sdap&ef &nf&G,fa&;qGJ&rnf/ vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;[k
qkd&mwGif o,HZmw &SmazGa&;ESifh xkwfvkyfrIrSonf ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJjcif;? b@ma&; rlabmifrsm;
ESifh tcGefawmf aumufcHjcif;? obm0ywf0ef;usif pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&; ESifh
usef;rma&;? a'ocHrsm; tusdK;pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;wdk;wufa&;? wEdkifwydkkif ESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw
wl;azmf xkwfvkyfjcif;vkyfief; aqmif&GufrIrsm;txd yg0ifonf/
obm0o,HZmwrsm; pDrHyHkESifhywfoufNyD; pmtkyfpmwrf; taMumif;t&mrsm; us,fjyefYpGm &Sdae
aomfvnf; o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJjcif; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm; A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsa&;
txl;ojzifh A[dkESifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifh wm0efrsm; cGJ
a0ay;jcif; rnfonfhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udkwGJzuf pDrHcefYcGJa&; ESifh rwlnDaom qufpyftaMumif;t&m
rsm;t& rnfonfh tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpHonf txda&mufqHk;jzpfrnfqdkaom tcsufrsm;tay:wGif
txl;jyKazmfjyxm;csufrsm; tvGefenf;yg;ao;onf/
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a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;onf a'otwGif;&Sd obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk udk,fwdkif xdef;csKyf&ef
awmif;qdkrIrsm;rSmvnf; aeYpOfESifhtrQ BuD;xGm;vmvQuf&SdNyD; txl;ojzifh a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;
vufeufudkifrsm;Mum;wGif jzpfonf/ vuf&Sd NLD tpdk;&uvnf; zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk
wnfaxmif&eftwGuf uwdu0wfjyKxm;NyD; obm0o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufí vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmudk jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;odkY cGJa0ay;&efvnf;
tpDtpOf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh tpdk;&? ppfwyfESifh wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;Mum;
Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfvmap&ef rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;u jyifqifvsuf&Sdonfjzpf&m obm
0o,HZmwESifhywfoufaom udpö&yfonf tem*gwfjrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tcsuftcsmusaom
udpö&yf jzpfvmrnfjzpfonf/
obm0o,HZmwrsm;tm; pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIESifhywfoufNyD; A[dktpdk;&csKyfudkifrI avQmhcsa&;twGuf
ajcvSrf;rsm;u pwifxm;ESifhNyDjzpfonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh 2008 ckESpf zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;tay: wHkYjyefrI? ausmufrsuf&wem tacsmxkwfvkyf
rIESifh (vrf;cif;)ausmufwl;azmfjcif;twGuf tcaMu;aiGrsm; aumufcHjcif;udk jynfe,fESifh a'o
qdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;odkY pDrHydkkifcGifh ay;xm;onf/ rMumao;rDu A[dktpdk;&taejzifh jynfe,fESifh
wdkif;tpdk;&rsm;udk jynfe,fa'otqifh vkyfydkifcGifhudk pwifvTJajymif;ay;cJYNyD; txl;ojzifh wEdkif
wydkif ESifh tao;pm; o,HZmwwl;azmfjcif;vkyfief; aqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh
tcsdKUaom tcGefawmf aumufcHjcif; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk vTJajymif;cGJa0ay;cJYonf/
jynfaxmifpkk tpdk;&rS jynfe,f ESifh wdkif; tpdk;&odkkY bwf*swf vTJajymif;rIonf NyD;cJYonfh ESpf
tenf;i,ftwGif;rSm wdkk;wufrIrsm; &SdvmcJYonf/ 2012 - 2013 b@mESpfwGif jynfe,fESifhwdkkfif;
tpdk;&odkkY bwf*swfvTJajymif;ay;rIonf ESpftvdkuf &oHk; rSef;ajcaiGpm&if;\ 3 .4 &mcdkifEIdif; &SdcJY
&mrS 2015^2016 b@mESpfwGif 8 .7 &mcdkifEIdif;xd &SdvmcJYonf/
odkYaomfvnf; jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; tpdk;&rsm;odkY b@maiG cGJxGufay;jcif;ESifh tao;pm;
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; csxm;ay;rIrsm;jzifh wdk;wufrIrsm; &Sdvmaomfvnf; obm0 o,HZmwESifhywfouf
onfh vkyfydkifcGifh wdk;wufawmif;qdkrIrsm;twGuf pdwfauseyfzG,f tajzr[kwfyg/ jynfe,fESifh
wdkif;a'oBuD;rS tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;onf udpötawmfrsm;rsm;twGuf jynfaxmifpktqifhodkY wm0ef
cH tpD&ifcHae&qJ jzpfonf/ jynfe,fa'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;uvnf; obm0o,HZmw
vkyfief;u@ azmfaqmifa&;tay: vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdk awmif;qdkaumif; awmif;qdkvmEdkifovdk
3
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obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufrI qdk;usdK;rsm; avQmhenf;apa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom
tcef;u@udk awmif;qdkvmEdkifonfhtjyif b@ma&;r[kkwfaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm; wdk;wufcGJ
a0ay;&efudkvnf; awmif;qdkvmEdkifonf/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkjzpfap? A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmYcs
xm;aom wpfjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpfap jynfe,fa'otqifhodkY cGJxm;ay;Edkifonfh obm0o,H
Zmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif pkpnf;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
xdkYjyif tm&S-ypdzdwfa'orsm;rS erlem udpö&yfrsm;udk t"du avYvmxm;jcif;rsm; yg0ifNyD; rl0g'
csrSwfolrsm;taejzifh rnfonfh vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,ftpdk;&
tqifhrsm;odkY cGJa0vTJajymif;ay;rnf ESifh rnfonfhvkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;tm; wGJzufpDrHcefYcGJ
rnfqdkaom tcsufudk azmfjyxm;onf/
,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif jyKpkolrsm;taejzifh rwlnDaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI yHkpHrsm;wGif BuHKawGU&Edkifaom
tcuftcJrsm;udk ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk wifjyxm;ygonf/ tcsdKUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif jynfe,f
a'otqifh tpdk;&tm; vkyfydkifcGifh cGJay;vdkufjcif;jzifh tcsdef&SnfMumpGm wnf&Sdaeaom epfemrI
rsm;ESifh obm0o,HZmwtay: xdef;csKyfvdkrI awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tm; ajz&Sif;&mwGif tusdK;&Sdap
½Hkomru tpdk;&\ tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrIudkvnf; ydkrdkdk;wufaumif;rGefaponf/ tcsdKUaomudpö&yfrsm;
wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&tm; vkyfydkkifcGifh cGJay;vdkufjcif;jzifh tusifhysufjcpm;rI? rSm;,Gif;
aom pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI 0ef;usiftm; avsmhyg;xdcdkufaprIwdkYudkvnf; jrifhwufvmapEdkif
onf/
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¼ yxrOD;qHk;taejzifh (A[dkk)tpdk;&u Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk csrSwfNyD; (a'oEÅ&)
tjcm; tpdk;&tqifhrS tqdkyg Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh apmifhMunfh
Muyfrwfonfh enf;vrf;udk EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif toHkk;jyKMuonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh ywfoufaom Oya'rlabmifrsm;udk jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&u owfrSwfjyXmef;aomfvnf; cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif csay;&mwGif a'oEÅ&tpdk;&rsm;tm;
w&m;0if tcef;u@wpf&yf ay;xm;jcif; odkYr[kwf a'ocHrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rI jzpfpOf
tm; aqmif&Gufapjcif;jzifh taumiftxnfazmfrItydkif;wGif vkyfydkifcGifh cGJay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrmtaejzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya't& soum (c½dkif) jynfe,f
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk owÅKwGif; o,HZmw&SmazGa&; pDrHudef;rsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m BudKwifumuG,fa&; tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf tuJjzwf qef;ppf&ef wm0ef&Sdoltjzpf
azmfjyxm;onf/ ukrÜPDrsm;u pmcsKyfyg owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;udk csdK;azmufvkyfaqmifvm
vQif jypf'Pfay;Edkifaom tcGifhtmPmudkvnf; jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;udk ay;tyf
xm;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh EdkifiHawmf tmPmydkifrsm;u vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;
rma&;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;udk a&;qGJavY&SdNyD; taumiftxnfazmf vkyfaqmifrIrsm; ESifh apmifh
MunfhMuyfrwfjcif; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&tm; cGJa0ay;
onf/ Oyrmtaejzifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; tmPmydkifrsm;rSm A[dkktpdk;&\
obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh o,HZmwqdkif&m Xme\ jynfe,f½Hk;rsm; jzpfonf/ ,ckuJhodkYk pDpOf
xm;jcif;aMumifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; tmPmydkifrsm;udk pDrHudef;ESifh ydkí eD;pyfapNyD; pHkprf;
ppfaq;rIrsm;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&odkY wm0efcHrI&Sd&um EdkifiHawmftqifh pHcsdefpHEIef;rsm;ESifhtnD
aqmif&Gufjcif;udkvnf; jzpfay:aponf/
¼ 'kwd,taejzifh EdkifiHtrsm;pkü tcsdKUaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;twGuf vkyfydkifcGifhudk wGJzufwm0ef
,lonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh ukef;wGif; a&eH? obm0"mwfaiGU ESifh wGif;xGufypönf;xkwfvkyfa&;
vkyfief;vdkifpifrsm;tm; ukrÜPDrsm;odkkY csay;&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh A[dkkESifh jynfe,fa'o
tpdk;&rsm;u wGJzufaqmif&Gufonf/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif wGif;xGufypönf;xkwf,lcGifh vdkifpifudk
A[dktpdk;&rS csay;NyD; a'oEå& tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkifrsm; (tcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif Xmaewdkif;&if;
om; vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;) rS wl;azmfcGifhtwGuf twnfjyKcsufay;jcif;jzpfonf/ Mopaw;vs
EdkifiHwGifvnf; urf;vGefa&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU &SmazGrI ESifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfcGifhudk jynf
axmifpkk0efBuD; tygt0if jynfe,f? a'o0efBuD;rsm;ESifh zGJUpnf;xm;onhf yl;wGJtmPmydkif
tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfrS csay;onf/
4
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
¼ wwd,taejzifh tcsdKUvkyfydkifcGifhtmPmrsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;
tm; cGJa0 wm0efay;xm;onf/ vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m apmifhMunfh
ppfaq;jcif;? wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmwwl;azmfa&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkyfief;
vdkifpif csxm;ay;jcif; tp&Sdaom udpö&yfrsm;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&
rsm;tm; wm0efay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkkaomf o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&;
pDrHudef;rsm;\ oufa&mufrIrsm;udk a'oEå& tqifhwGif ydkkrdkawGUMuHKcHpm;&jcif; ESifh a'oEå&
tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;twGuf owif;tcsuftvuf&,lrItm; ydkrdk aumif;rGefapEdkifaomaMumifh
jzpfEdkifonf/
¼ pwkw¬tcsufrSm tcsdKUvkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;tm; jynfaxmifpkktpdk;&rsm;udk trsm;tm;
jzifh cGJa0 wm0efay;xm;onf/ tcGefESifh wGif;0cGef EIef;xm;owfrSwfjcif;? t"du tcGefawmf
rsm; aumufcHjcif;? tBuD;pm;ESifh tvwfpm; ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; csKyfqdkk&ef
aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;jcif; ponfh wm0efrsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh A[dkktpdk;&rS vkyfaqmifavY&Sdonf/
vkyfaqmif&onfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;\ eufeJ½IyfaxG;rI ESifh taumiftxnfazmf aqmif
&GufrItwGuf ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfwpf&yfudk vdktyfonfh
twGufaMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/
obm0 o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfpDrHrI vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk cGJa0a&;qdkkif&m ar;cGef;twGuf tvHk;pHk jynfh
pHkudkufnDrI&Sdaom ajz&Sif;csufwpf&yf r&Sdyg/ tcsKyfqkd&vQif jrefrmEdkifiHrS a&G;cs,fxm;onfh
vrf;aMumif;twGuf owdcsyf&ef ESpfckrSm EkdifiH\ Stakeholder trsdK;rsdK;\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;tm;
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efESifh ,ckkvuf&Sd vdktyfvsuf&Sdaom EdkifiH\ o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;udk cdkif
rmtm;aumif;vmap&ef jzpfonf/ tvm;wl jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf azmfxkwfxm;onfh taMumif;
t&m tajcjyK tao;pdwf avYvmoHk;oyfxm;aom qef;ppfcsufESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onftjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;twGuf oifhavQmfrI&Sdrnfr[kwfyg/
rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,f pepftwGuf atmufazmfjyyg tajccHoabm
w&m;rsm;onf ausmaxmufaemufcH jyKEdkifonf/
¼ rnfonfhtpdk;&tqifhwGifjzpfap vkyfydkkifcGifh cGJa0xm;aom tpdk;&tqifhqifh\ u@ESifh vkyf
ydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfjcif;
¼ rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ wm0efrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm jznfhqnf;aqmif&Guf
Edkif&eftwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm; tcdkiftrm &Sdapjcif;
¼ jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m tpdk;&\ pD&ifydkifcGifhjzpfaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftqifh vlrIywf0ef;usifESifh
obm0ywf0ef;usif tedrfhqHk; pHEIef;rsm;udfk usifhoHk;jcif;
¼ tpdk;&tqifhqifhMum;ESifh e,fajrtoD;oD;Mum;wGif aqG;aEG;rIrsm;? tcsuftvuf zvS,fjcif;
rsm; jyKvkyfEdkif&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;
¼ pDrHudef;\ tusdK;oufa&mufrIudk BuHKawGU&rnfh a'ocHvlxkkuJhokdY tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; tqHk;tjzwfrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif yg0ifapjcif;
¼ tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif;ESifh tusdK;&v'frsm; ydkí yGifhvif;jrifomrI&Sdap&ef
aqmif&Gufjcif;
5
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
1/ aemufcHtaMumif;t&m
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1 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m o,HZmw0ifaiG cGJa0jcif;ESifhywfoufí tao;pdwf avYvmvdkygu : Andrew Bauer, Paul Shortell and Lorenzo Delesgues, Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016) udk Munfhyg/
2 jrefrmEdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' (2008)/
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3 Hamish Nixon, Cindy Joelene, Kyi Pyar Chit Saw, Thet Aung Lynn and Matthew Arnold, State and Region Governments in Myanmar (MDRI and the Asia Foundation, 2015).
4 Bauer et al., Sharing the Wealth.
5 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Law 45/2015 (2015).
8
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6 Nixon et al., State and Region Governments in Myanmar.
7 Ibid.
8 International Crisis Group, Building Critical Mass for Peace in Myanmar (2017).
9 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’ (October 2015); see also: Yimou Lee and Joel Schectman, “How a Rebel Myanmar Tin Mine May Up-end a Global Supply Chain,” Reuters, 29 November 2016.
9
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udk rnfodkY cGJa0oifhonf[laom tao;pdwftcsuftvuf tenf;i,fom NCA pmcsKyfrS vrf;nTef taxmuftyHYjyKEdkifcJYonf/ tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udkrl 2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv
wGif usif;ycJYonfh yxrtBudrf jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&; nDvmcHodkY a&GUajymif;cJYonf/ 11
NLD ygwD tEdkif&&SdcJYonfh a&G;aumufyGJwGif EdkifiHawmf twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pk
Munfu Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfudk tpdk;&\ t"duOD;pm;ay; rl0g'wpf&yftaejzifh owfrSwf
cJYonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; nDvmcHudkvnf; 21 &mpk yifvHk[k trnfopf jyifvdkufonf/ (tqdkyg
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&&Sda&;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiHESifhtwl vGwfvyfa&;&,l&ef oabmwlnDcJYrIudk tpGJjyKxm;onfh
trnfjzpfonf) yxrtBudrf 21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcHudk 2016 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 31 &ufaeY
rS 2017 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeYtxd usif;yjyKvkyfcJYNyD; vufeufudkiftzGJU trsm;pk
\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufcJYMuonf/ 2017 ckESpf? arvwGif 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf
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pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;yHkpHrsm;twGuf tav;teufaqmif&Gufrnfh uwdu0wfrsm; yg0ifonf)
tpdk;&uvnf; tqdkyg Nidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHudk ajcmufvwpfBudrf usif;yoGm;Edkif&ef &nf&G,f
csuf &Sdaeonf/ 12
10 Adam Burke, Nicola Williams, Patrick Barron, Kim Jolliffe and Thomas Carr, The Contested Areas of Myanmar: Subnational Conflict, Aid, and Development (The Asia Foundation, 2017).
11 International Crisis Group, Building Critical Mass for Peace.
12 Ibid.
10
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jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; tjcm;o,HZmw <u,f0aom EdkifiHrsm;enf;wl zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif
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ydkifqdkifaMumif; a&;qGJazmfjyxm;onf/ 13 odkYaomfvnf; EdkifiHtrsm;pkurl tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifh
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tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk cGJa0ay;onf/ 14
zuf'&,fpepfESifh obm0o,HZmw qdkonfrSm obm0o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom
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0if yg0ifvmapjcif; (Oyrm jynfe,fa'o\ cGifhjyK twnfjyKrI vdktyfapjcif; ESifh aqG;aEG;
wdkkifyifjcif;rSwpfqifh) odkYr[kwf EdkifiHawmftqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh a'oEå&udk,fpm;vS,f
wpf&yf &SdapNyD; ¤if;taejzifh EdkifiHawmftqifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; t<uif;rJY wm0efcH&aomf
vnf; a'oEå&tusdK;udk &nfoef aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;onf a&m
>yef; yHkpHwpf&yfudk usifhoHk;Muonf/ Oya'jyKa&; tcGifhtmPmrSm EdkifiHawmftqifhwGif &SdaeEdkif
aomfvnf; vkyfief;taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrIESifh apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfjcif;wdkYrSm jynfe,f
a'o tpdk;&rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifhjyKonfh yHkpHjzpfonf/
urÇmESifht0Srf;wGif tusdK;tjrwfcGJa0jcif;onf jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m Stakeholder rsm;rS
awmif;qdkaom ta&;ygonfh tcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ,if;twGuf tpjyK vkyf
aqmifaerIrsm; &SdESifhNyD;jzpfum Natural Resource Governance Institute’s (NRGI) rS 2016 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJYaom Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues [lonfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif aqG;aEG;xm;cJYNyD; jzpf
onf/ odkY&mwGif ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;ESifh &Snfvsm;vSaom jrefrmEdkifiH\ y#dyu©xJwGif tusdK;tjrwf
cGJa0ay;jcif;u wdkif;&if;om; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf tvdkudk rjynfh0apEdkifovdk
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ajz&Sif;&ef rvHkavmufrSef; oufaojyaeonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; qufvufusif;yae
onfhtcsdefwGif rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;taejzifh jynfe,f^a'o tpdk;&rsm;udk obm0o,HZmw pDrH
tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm; ydkrdkay;tyf&mwGif BuHKawGUvmEdkifonfh tcGifh
ta&;ESifh tcuftcJwdkYudkvnf; tav;teufxm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/
tu,fí taotcsm pDrHEdkifcJYvQif zuf'&,fpepf ESifh obm0 o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIonf
jrefrmEdkifiH\ o,HZmw xkwfvkyfaeaom ae&ma'orsm;rS ordkif;0if y#dyu©rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif
13 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Constitution.
14 Nicholas Haysom and Sean Kane, Negotiating Natural Resources for Peace: Ownership, Control and Wealth-sharing (Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, October 2009); Center for Constitutional Transitions, International IDEA and the United Nations Development Programme, Oil and Natural Gas: Constitutional Frameworks for the Arab States Region (2014).
11
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
&ef enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfEdkifonfhtjyif tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;&Sdonfh o,HZmwxkwf,lrIu@
onf vlrIzGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf armif;ESifay;EdkifNyD; wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIudkvnf; ausmaxmufaemufcH
jyKEdkifonf/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif A[dktpdk;&taejzifh jynfe,f^a'otqifhodkY tcGifhtmPm ay;
Edkifjcif;aMumifh y#dyu©rsm;udk ausmfvTm;EdkifcJYMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif Aceh? Papua ESifh taemuf Papua a'orsm;&Sd o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf tcGefawmfrsm;udk cGJa0ay;&ef
oabmwlnDrIrsm;u y#dyu©rsm;udk ed*Hk;csKyf&mwGif t"du tcef;u@rS yg0ifcJYonf/ 15 tif'dk
eD;&Sm;EdkifiHu tcGefawmfaiG cGJa0jcif;xuf pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifh wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;yg
cGJa0ay;&ef csOf;uyf vkyfaqmifcJYonf/ OyrmtaeESifh 2005 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;tpdk;&ESifh
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zefwD;EdkifcJYonf/ 16
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepfonf o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfpDrHrItwGuf aumif;rGefaom tusdK;
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rmEdkifiH\ arQmfrSef;csufaMumifhvnf; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif zuf'&,fpepfonf jynfaxmifpk
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&nf&G,fcsuftjzpf udk,fpm;jyKonf/
15 Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Natural Resource Revenue Sharing (2016).
16 Haysom and Kane, Negotiating Natural Resources for Peace.
12
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13
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17 Andrew Bauer, Rebecca Iwerks, Matteo Pellegrini and Varsha Venugopal, Subnational Governance of Extractives: Fostering National Prosperity by Addressing Local Challenges (Natural Resource Governance Institute, August 2016).
18 Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2017 Resource Governance Index (2017).
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ta&;BuD;onf/ txl;ojzifh ywf0ef;usif pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif BuHKawGU&avY&Sdonf/ tb,faMumifh
qdkkaomf ywf0ef;usifpDrHrI tm;enf;ygu jynfe,fa'orsm;\ e,fedrdwfrsm;udk ausmfvGefNyD;
tusdK;oufa&mufrI &Sdwwfjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ywf0ef;usifqdkkif&m
tedrfhqHk; pHEIef;wpfckudk jynfaxmifpktqifhwGif owfrSwfNyD; jynfe,ftpdk;&tm; taumif
txnfazmf&ef wm0efudk vTJay;jcif;jzifh tqdkkygtcuftcJudk ajz&Sif;Muonf/ jynfe,fa'o
tpdk;&u a&;qGJcsrSwfonfh Oya'ESihf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;jzifh tqdkygpHEIef;wdkYudk tjynfht0
18
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
taxmuftyHYay;&onf/
¼ tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;\ wm0ef,laqmif&GufrIrsm;udk csdwfqufn§dEdIif; aqmif&Gufjcif; / /
tpdk;&wpf&yfwnf;uom wm0efwpfckktm; t<uif;rJY vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdoifhaomfvnf; jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&ESifh jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifrI&Sd&ef vdkonf/ tjyef
tvSef qufpyfrI&Sdonfh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk tpdk;&tqifhqifhrS cGJa0aqmif&Guf&mwGif
tpdk;&tMum; ylaygif;vkyfaqif&ef txl;ta&;BuD;onf/ (Oyrm - tao;pm;owÅKESifh a&eH
wl;azmfa&; vkyfydkkifcGifhrsm;udk jynfe,fa'otpdk;&rsm;odkY cGJa0ay;NyD; tBuD;pm; wl;azmfrIwdkkYudk
jynfaxmifpktqifh tpdk;&u wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/) tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;EdkifrI
vrf;aMumif;rsm;udk zefwD;jcif;ESifh tqHk;tjzwf csrSwfonfhtqifhwGif rwlnDaom tpdk;&rsm;
yg0ifjcif;onf csdwfqufn§dEdIif; aqmif&GufrIudk wdk;wufaponf/
¼ tpdk;&r[kkwfaom oufqdkkifonfh tpkktzGJUrsm;\u@tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; / / obm0
o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepftaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;&mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpdk;&zGJUpnf; wnf
aqmufrIyHkpHudkom tm½Hkpdkuf aqG;aEG;wwfMuaomfvnf; vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif;? obm0
ywf0ef;usif pDrHcefYcGJrI? usef;rma&;ESifh ab;uif;a&; pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh a'otusdK;pD;yGm;
twGuf aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYuJhodkkY udpö&yfrsm;twGuf a'owGif; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf;aqG;aEG;
wdkifyifrIrsm; jyKvkyfoifhonf/ vlenf;pktusdK;udk tNrJwrf; udk,fpm;rjyKEdkifonfh EdkifiHa&;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tqdkygtcsufonf tusdK;&SdapEdkifonf/ a'owGif;
Stakeholder rsm; yg0ifrIonf wm0efcHrIESifh vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrIudk
ydkrdktm;aumif;apEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif aumif;rGefonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh trsm;jynfolodkY
wm0efcHrI&Sdonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@tm; tpm;xdk; toHk;jyKEdkifonfh tcsufwpfck
rjzpfoifhyg/ xdkkYjyif wm0efcHrI&Sdonfh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tm; qGJaqmifEdkif&ef ¤if;\ pdk;&drfrIudkvnf;
xnfhoGif;pOf;&ef vdkonf/
¼ yGifhvif;jrifomrI jr§ifhwifjcif; / / yGifhvif;jrifomrI&Sdjcif;onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,f
a'o tpdk;&wdkYtMum; ,HkMunfrIwnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;t&m
wpfckjzpfonf/ o,HZmw xkwf,ljcif;u@\ tcsuftvufrsm;udk tvG,fwul &&dSEdkif
atmif jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzifh Stakeholder rsm;taejzifh owif;tcsuftvufESifh vkkyfykkdifcGifh
rnDrQrI udpö&yfrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmftqifh tpdk;&\ t<uif;rJY xdef;csKyfrI
atmufwGifom&Sdaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tygt0if qHk;jzwfcsuftm;vHkk;udk jynfe,fa'otpkkd;&
rsm;u taumiftxnfazmf MuyfrwfrI tm;aumif;vmap&ef yGifhvif;jrifomrIu ta&;yg
onf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif tu,fí jynfe,fa'otpdk;&rsm; vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm ydkkrdk&&Sdvmyg
u tusifhysufjcpm;jcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI vGJrSm;jcif;tEå&m,frsm;udk BudKwifavQmhcsEdkif&eftwGuf
a'oEÅ&tpdk;&\ wm0efcHrI,Eå&m; vkyfief;pOfrsm;tm; cdkifrmatmif jyKvkyf&rnf/
19
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
3/ vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;jcif;
bmaMumihfta&;ygovJ
vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif; qdkonfrSm ukrÜPDrsm;tm; prf;oyf&SmazGcGifh ESifh wl;azmfcGifhay;onfh
jzpfpOf jzpfonf/ cdkifrmNyD; aumif;rGefpGm tpDtpOfa&;qGJxm;aom vdkifpifcsay;onfhjzpfpOfonf
tpdk;&\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifhtnD pDrHudef;rsm;
udk azmfaqmifapEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrI&SdNyD; trSefwu,f xda&mufaom cGifhjyKcsuf
vdkifpifcsay;jcif;onf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf cefYrSef;& vG,fulapNyD; aocsmrIudkvnf;
taxmuftyHYay;Edkifonf/ vdkifpifcsay;onfhjzpfpOfwGif tqifhESpfqifh&Sdonf/ yxrtqifhrSm
rnfonfhae&ma'orsm;wGif o,HZmw xkwf,lcGifhjyKrnfqdkonfudk tpdk;&u qHk;jzwfjcif;jzpfNyD;
'kwd,tqifhrSm wl;azmfxkkwfvkyfrnfh ukrÜPDudk a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfonfh tqifhjzpfonf/ oDtdk&D
t&qdkvQif vdkifpifwpfckcsif;pDtwGuf aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;jcif;rjyKvkyfrD wl;azmf&efqHk;jzwfjcif;t&if
jyKvkyf&aomfvnf; tqdkygESpfckvHk;u wlnDaom jzpfpOfwpfck\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;omjzpfonf/
vdkifpifcsray;rSDtcsdefwGif tpdk;&taejzifh o,HZmwZpfjrpf? blrdaA'qdkkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh
ajray:ajratmuf &ykkdifcGifhrsm;taMumif; (tydkif; 4 &Sd ajryHktnTef;ESifh ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJjcif;wGif
Munfhyg) udk aocsmem;vnf oabmayguf&ef vdkonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifhvnf; ukrÜPDrsm;udk
vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;&mwGif vHkavmufaomenf;ynmESifh aiGa&;aMu;a&; tajctaeaumif;rGef
aom ukrÜPDrsm;udk csay;&rnfhtjyif o,HZmwwl;azmfrIrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif tqdkygukrÜPDrsm;
taejzifh b@ma&;t& (tydkfif; 5 wGifMunfhyg)? obm0ywf0ef;usif (tydkif; 6 wGifMunfhyg)?
vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; (tydkif; 7 wGifMunfhyg)? vlrIpD;yGm;a&;wm0efrsm; (tydkif;
8 wGifMunfhyg) 20 ESifhtnD vdkufemvkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfonf/ tpdk;&taeESifh vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf
vdkifpifcsxm;ay;vdkufNyDqdkygu apmifhMunfhppfaq;&ef ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; Oya'rsm;udk Muyf
rwf&ef vdktyfonf/
av;axmifhuGuf (4) wl;azmfonfhukrÜPD\ wm0efrsm;udk owfrSwfay;jcif;
o,HZmwxkwf,la&; pDrHudef;rsm;? vkkdufem&rnfh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh
Oya'rsm;ESifh vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyf ESpfckpvHk;wGif owfrSwfMuonf/ wl;azmfa&;vkkyfief;rsm;
wGif cdkkifrmaumif;rGefaom pDrHtkkyfcsKyfrIpepf&Sdonfh tpdk;&rsm;onf vkyfief;&Sifrsm;vkyfaqmif
&rnfh t"du wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;udk Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;wGif azmfjyowfrSwfxm;Mu
onf/ vdkifpif odkYr[kwf cGifhjyKrdefYrsm;udkrl xyfjznfh Oya'jyXmef;rIwGif (Oyrm trdefYaMumfjim
pm) owfrSwfonf/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ü tajccH pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk Oya'rsm;wGif owf
rSwfzGifhqdkMuaomfvnf; o,HZmwwl;azmfa&; udpö&yfrsm;twGuf tao;pdwf pnf;urf;owf
rSwfcsufrsm;udk vkyfief;oabmwlpmcsKyf wpfckpDwdkif;wGif azmfjyMuonf/ txl;ojzifh Oya'
rlabmiftm; rMumcP jyifqifaom (odkkY) Oya'rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tm;
enf;aom EdkifiHa&;t& wnfNidrfrIr&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif jyKvkyfavY&Sdonf/ tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;wGif
tpdk;& ESifh y#dyu©jzpfyGm;jcif;ESifh Oya' tajymif;tvJrsm;aMumifh vkyfiefrsm;tay: xdcdkkufrI
r&Sdap&ef &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m cHk½Hk;wGif ajz&Sif;cGifhESifh vkyfief;wnf
NidrfrIESifhqdkifonfh Oya'tydk'f (stabilization clauses) udk xnfhoGif;csKyfqdkkMuonf/ pm
csKyftajcjyK pepfwGif rwlnDonfh o,HZmwxkwf,lrI pDrHudef;rsm;tay: pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m
wm0efrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; odomxif&Sm;aom uGJjym;rIyHkpHrsm;vnf; &SdaeEdkifonf/,if;tcsuf
u apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwf&mwGif tcuftcJ&SdapNyD; tusifhysufjcpm;rI
tEå&m,fESifh tpdk;&rS &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk nDwlnDrQ qufqHrIr&Sdjcif;wdkkY jzpfvmapygonf/
cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif csay;&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mü jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&\ yg0ifapjcif;jzifh o,H
Zmw xkwfazmfrI vkyfief;pOfaMumifh wdkuf½dkuf tusdK;oufa&mufrnfh Stakeholder rsm;yg0if
20 Licensing for artisanal and small-scale production is covered in section 9.
20
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
rItm; ydkkrdktm;aumif;vmaprnfhtjyif a'o\ pdk;&drfrIrsm;ESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tav;xm;vm
apygonf/ jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&\ yg0ifrIu a'ocHrsm;onf o,HZmwtm; ydkifqdkifonfqdkkonfh
tcsufudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;wpfenf;yif jzpfonf/ ,if;tcsufonf o,HZmw wl;azmfrIrsm;wGif
ordkif;aMumif;t& a'owpfckESifh A[dktpdk;&tMum; y#dyu© rajyvnfrIrsm;&Sdonfh tajctae
rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh ta&;ygonf/
odkY&mwGif vdkifpifavQmufvTmrsm;ESifh (vdktyfygu) pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;tm; jynfvnfqef;
ppf&mwGif enf;ynmqdkif&m uRrf;usifrIrsm; tvGefvdktyfonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;wGif A[dkktpdk;&yifvQif
tqdkygvkyfief;pOfrsm;ufdk xda&mufpGm pDrHEdkif&ef &kef;uef&avY&Sdonf/ tu,fí pGrf;aqmif&nf
tm;enf;aom jynfe,fa'otpdk;&udk ¤if;vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; vTJajymif;ay;vdkufrnfqdkygu jyóem
rSm ydkíqdk;&Gm;vmEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh tpdk;&ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tMum; owif;tcsuftvuf
tcsdK;rnDrI odkYr[kwf tqdkygvkyfief;pOftm; xdef;aMumif;&ef tawGUtMuHKr&Sdygu ydkkíqdkk;&Gm;vm
Edkifonf/ &v'ftaejzifh tpdk;&rS tusdK;odyfr&Sdaom oabmwl pmcsKyfrIrsm; jzpfapygonf/
tu,fí wm0ef&SdolwdkYwGif oifhavsmfaom rSwfwrf;pepfESifh avQmufxm;rIrsm;udk ajc&mcHjcif;wdkY
r&SdvQif cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpifrsm;udk xyfcgxyfcg csay;Edkifonfh tvm;tvmrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf
(tydkif; 4 wGif tao;pdwfMunfhyg)/ xdkYtjyif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif csay;jcif;
qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;rS z,f&Sm;vdkufygu tajccH pHEIef;rsm; owfrSwfjcif;? xda&mufaom blrdaA'
qdkkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;? oifhavsmfaom tcGefEIef;xm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh
wl;azmfrI twdrfteuf owfrSwfjcif;wdkkY vkyfaqmif&mwGif ydkí cufcJvmrnfjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tav;xm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf vdkifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;udkk EkkdifiHtqifh xkkwfjyefxm;onfh Oya'
tay:wGif tajccHum aqmif&Gufonf/ taumiftxnfazmf udpö&yftrsm;pkkonf jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&\ tcGifhtmPmtwGif; &Sdaeonf/ tao;pm;vkyfief;rsm; (tydkif; 9 wGifMunfhyg) tay:
jynfe,fESifh wdkif;tpdk;&wdkY\ pDrHydkifcGifhtmPmudk tcsdKUaomjyXmef;csufrsm;u wdk;jr§ifhay;xm;aomf
vnf; tBuD;pm;pDrHudef;twGuf vdkifpifcsay;onfh udpörsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\ vkyfydkifcGifhudk uefYowf
xm;qJjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif w&m;0if jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; oufa&mufrI&Sdonfh jynf
e,fa'o tpdk;&\ tcef;u@onf tBuD;pm; pDrHudef;twGuf vdkifpifcsay;&mwGif ta&;yg
vsuf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh owÅKu@wGif awGU&onf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tusdK;&Sdrnfh enf;ynmESifh aiGa&;aMu;a&;t& tiftm;awmifhwif;aom
o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&;ukrÜPDrsm;udkom vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;Edkif&eftwGuf xda&muf
aom? yGifhvif;jrifomrI&Sdaom? BudKwifcefYrSef;Edkifaom cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpifcsay;onfh vkyfief;pOf
onf tvGefta&;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif;onf ,ckvuf&SdwGif pdefac:rI
tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifae&onf/ vuf&Sdacwf wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qDavQmfrIr&Sdonfh
rwdusaom? acwfaemufusaeaom cGifhjyKcsufqdkif&m pnf;urf;csufrsm;? rnfonfhtpdk;&Xmeu
qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&mwGif yg0ifaeonfudk r&Sif;vif;jcif;ESifh trsdK;rsdK;aom Oya'rsm;wGifyg&Sdonfh
cGifhjyKcsufqdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm; ½IyfaxG;aejcif; tp&Sdonfh pdefac:rIrsm;udk &ifqdkifae&onf/
txl;ojzifh ausmufrswf&wem wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;wGif vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifhyufoufí tcuf
tcJrsm;pGm MuHKawGUae&NyD; vuf&Sda&G;aumufcH NLD tpdk;&uvnf; tqdkyg vdkifpifcsay;jcif;
qdkif&m Oya'rlabmifudk jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif csxm;ay;
jcif;udk 2016 ckESpfwGif ,m,Dqdkif;iHYxm;cJYonf/ 21
21 Ye Mon and Kyi Kyi Sway, “Jade Mining Permit Extensions Suspended,” Myanmar Times, 27 July 2016.
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf
vdkifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;ESifh
taumiftxnfazmf
udpö&yf trsm;pkkonf
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\
tcGifhtmPmtwGif;
&Sdaeonf/
21
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
vdkifpifcsay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfh
t"duOya'rsm;tay: NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
owÅKwl;azmfa&;u@twGuf vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh oufqdkifaom t"du Oya'rsm;rSm
jrefrmYowÅKwGif;Oya' (1994 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;? 2015 ckESpfwGif jyifqifa&;qGJ) ESifh jrefrmY
ausmufrsufOya' (1995 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;? 2003 ESifh 2016 ckESpfwGif jyifqifa&;qGJ) wdkYjzpf
onf/ vdkifpifcsay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf to;pdwf owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jrefrmY
owÅKwGif;Oya' (1996) ESifh jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' (1996) wdkYwGif awGU&SdEdkifonf/ ,ckk
tpD&ifcHpmtm; a&;om;csdefwGif jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya' ESifh jrefrmYowÅKwGif; Oya'wdkYudk
jyifqifa&;qGJaeonfh tcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJYonf/ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm; vdkufem&rnfh
jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya' (2016) wGif vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif jyKvkyf&eftwGuf owfrSwf
vdktyfcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;xm;onf/
a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@wdkYwGifrl vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif;twGuf aocsmpkpnf;a&;qGJxm;
onfh Oya'rlabmif r&Sdao;ay/ a&eHajr tufOya' (1918)? a&eHtufOya' (1934) ESifh
jrefrmYa&eHpnf;rsOf; cGifhjyKcsuf tufOya' (1962) wdkYuJhodkY q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; jyef
vnfjyKjyif a&;qGJjcif;r&Sdonfh u@tajcjyK Oya'rsm;om &SdaeNyD; tusdK;quftm;jzifhvufawGU
vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifjcif; r&Sday/ ,if;tpm; jrefrmYa&eH ESifh
obm0"gwfaiGUvkyfief; (MOGE) rS azmfaqmifxm;onfh xkwfvkyfrI rQa0a&; oabmwlnDcsuf
rsm; (PSCs) ESifh jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya' (2016) wdkYuom tqdkygu@twGuf Oya't&
t"du rSDjirf;p&m jzpfvmonf/ 22
Oya'jyXmef;rI tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;tm; vdkifpifvkyfief;
pif csay;&mwGif twdkifyifcHap&eftwGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jynfhpHk&Sif;vif;pGm udk;um;azmfjyxm;
onf/ 2015 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;cJYaom jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm; tumtuG,fay;a&; Oya'
t& Xmaewdkif;&if;om;wdkYonf ¤if;a'otwGif; jyKvkyfrnfh o,HZmwwl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; wdusaocsmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
tqdkygvkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnfrazmfrSD od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfNyD; tqdkyg Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh
tpdk;&wdkYtMum; aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcGifh&Sdonf/ 23 jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;
tumtuG,fay;a&; Oya'\ oufa&mufrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;twGuf aemufxyf awGUqHkk
aqG;aEG;rI jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfEdkifonf[kk jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; (2017) wGif
owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;onf/ (atmufwGif Munfhyg)/ 24 xdkYtjyif EdkifiHawmf typftcwf&yfpJa&;
oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf (NCA) wGifvnf; typftcwf&yfpJa&; e,fedrdwftwGif;&Sd a'ocH
jynfolwdkYtay:wGif BuD;rm;pGm tusKd;oufa&mufEdkifaom pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;onf o,HZmw
wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmfaqmifjcif; (EITI) pHcsdefpHnTef; vkyfief;pOf
rsm;t& a'oEå& vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&rnfjzpfNyD; oufqdkifonfh wdkif;&if;
om; vufeufudkif tzGJUtpnf;ESifh n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif tqdkyg
owfrSwfjyXmef;csuftm; rnfonfhtqifhxd taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufEdkifonfrSm &Sif;vif;
rIr&Sdyg/ 25
22 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Oil and Gas Sector Wide Impact Assessment (2014).
23 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment on Limestone, Gold and Tin: Draft for Consultation (2016).
24 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Rules (2017).
25 Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and the Ethnic Armed Organizations, Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (March 2015).
22
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26 pwdwf[kkd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf
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onf/
28 pwdwf[kkd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf
29 Patrick Heller and Lorenzo Delesgues, Gilded Gatekeepers: Myanmar’s State-owned Oil, Gas and Mining Enterprises (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016).
30 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Oil and Gas Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
31 pwdwf[kkd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf
23
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
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onfhtwGuf jynfe,fwdkif; tpdk;&\ vkyfaqmifcGifhrSm tenf;i,fom&Sdonf/ 32
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csxm;ay;&mwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;\ w&m;0if vkyfydkifcGifhrSm uefYowf
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vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/ 33 þjzpfpOfudk w&m;0if rlabmift& owfrSwfxm;jcif;r[kwfaomfvnf;
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Stakeholder rsm;onf tvm;wl tcGifhtmPmr&SdaMumif; od&onf/ 36
32 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Investment Rules; see also: Htin Lynn Aung, “Regions Can Approve up to US5$m Investments,” Myanmar Times, 13 March 2017.
33 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
34 Su Phyo Win, “Tanintharyi Tightens Mining Oversight,” Myanmar Times, 17 August 2016.
35 Chan Mya Htwe, “Sagaing Authorities Start Gold Mine Clampdown,” Myanmar Times, 23 June 2016.
36 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
24
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rsm;u ydkifqdkif odkYr[kwf xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ 38 tqdkygowÅKwGif;rsm;udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u
cGifhjyKxm;jcif; r[kwfay/ MONREC taejzifh tvm;wl EdkifiH\ tcsdKUa'orsm;wGif vkyfydkkifcGifh
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ausmufrsuf&wemu@ wl;azmfa&;pDrHudef; vdkifpifcsay;&mwGif jrefrmYpD;yGm;a&; aumfydka&;&Sif;
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uyif vdkifpifyg pnf;urf;csufrsm;tay: vdkufemrI &Sd r&Sdudk BuD;MuyfavY&Sdonf/ 39
37 Paul Shortell and Maw Htun Aung, Mineral and Gemstone Licensing in Myanmar (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016).
38 Yimou Lee and Joel Schectman, “How a Rebel Myanmar Tin Mine May Up-end a Global Supply Chain,” Reuters, 29 November 2016.
39 Heller and Delesgues, Gilded Gatekeepers.
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rsm;tay: ADwdktmPm toHk;jyKcGifhudk awmif;qdkavY&SdMuonf/
av;axmifhuGuf (5) vdkifpifcsay;jcif;qdkkif&m qHkkjzwfcsufcs&mwGif
jynfe,fa'otqifhrS xdawGUvkyfaqmifrI yHkpHrsm;
a'oEÅ&twGif;&Sd yg0ifoufqdkkifolrsm; (a'oEå& tpdk;&rsm;jzpfap? t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;
jzpfap) wdkY\ vdkifpifcsay;jcif;qdkkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif vkyfydkifcGifh twdkif;twm
wpfckkxd yg0ifcGifhudk Oya'rlabmifwGif xnfhoGif;xm;Edkifonf/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS OD;pD;
aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifhrS yg0ifvkyfaqmifEdkifcGifh yHkpHudk
trsdK;tpm; 4 ck cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ 40
¼ today;jcif; / / vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifhoufqdkifaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udfk
EdkifiHawmftzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS jynfe,f^a'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;udk wdkuf½dkuftoday;
onfh wpfzufoGm;(one way) vkyfief;pOf
¼ aqG;aEG;wdkkifyifjcif; / / vdkifpifcsay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfESifhpyfvsOf;í jynfe,fa'otqifh
Stakeholder rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;rIrsm;jyKvkyfonfh ESpfzufoGm;(two-way) vkyfief;pOf
¼ taxmuftyHYay;jcif; / / tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;wGif jynfe,f
a'otqifhwdkY yg0ifonfh ESpfzufoGm; vkyfief;pOf
¼ oabmwlnDcsuf &,ljcif; / / vdkifpifcsay;jcif; jzpfpOfwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh
Stakeholder wdkYtm; vdkifpifay;tyfydkifcGifh odkYr[kwf uefYuGufydkkifcGifh&Sdonfh ESpfzufoGm;
vkyfief;pOf
40 Oxfam, Community Consent Index 2015 (Oxfam Briefing Paper, 23 July 2015).
oabmwlnDcsuf&,ljcif;taxmuftyHYay;jcif;aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;today;jcif;
trsm;tm;jzifh a&eHESifh
obm0"gwfaiGUu@xuf
owÅKu@wGif
jynfe,fESifh a'otqifh
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\
yg0ifrItcef;u@
ydkBuD;rm;avY&Sdonf/
26
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
tjcm;udpö&yfrsm;wGif jynfe,f^a'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf vdkifpifcsay;jcif;qdkif&m
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif OD;aqmifEkkdifonf/ ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh A[dkktpdk;& tmPmydkifrsm; odkYr[kwf
tdrfeD;csif; jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tBuHjyK wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;udkvnf;
tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh vdktyfEdkifonf/
vkyfief;vdkifpif csxm;ay;jcif;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;
vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh vdkifpifygowfrSwfcsufrsm;? vkkdifpifrsm;twGuf owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk qHk;
jzwf&mwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh\ yg0ifrIonf EdkifiHtvdkuf uGJjym;Muonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh
jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@tm; a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@wGifxuf
owÅKwGif;u@wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@tm; ydkrdk jrifawGU&avY&Sd
onf/ zuf'&,fEdkifiHrsm;jzpfMuaom Mopaw;vsEdkifiHESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwdkkYonf owÅKwl;azmfa&;
u@ cGihfjyKcsufvdkifpifqdkkif&m Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk jynfe,fa'otqifhrS a&;qGJ
owfrSwfí vdkifpifrsm;xkkwfay;onf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHawmfOya't& jynfe,frsm;udkowÅK
wl;azmfa&;vkyfief; vdkifpifay;tyfEdkifaom tcGihfta&;udk ay;tyfxm;aomfvnf; A[dktpdk;&\
cGifhjyKcsufudk vdfktyfonfhtjyif? tcsdKUowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkk Oya'xJwGif yHkao
owfrSwfxm;onf/ wefzdkk;enf; wGif;xGufypönf; (aqmufvkyfa&;ausmufrsm;? ausmufp&pf?
&GHU? oJ tp&Sdonf) rsm; wl;azmfrItwGuf cGifhjyKcsufqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udkrl jynfe,f
tpdk;&rsm;u tjynfht0 qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonf/ 41 tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGifrl EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
owÅKwl;azmfrI vkyfief;vdkifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;udk jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&rsm;odkY vkyfydkifcGifhay;tyfxm;
onf/ xdkuJhodkY vkyfydkifcGifh vGTJtyfay;vdkufjcif;u vkyfief;vdkifpif xyfoGm;jcif;rsm;? vkyfydkifcGifh
rsm;vHkNcHKrI r&Sdjcif;ESifh a'oEå& tmPmydkkifrsm;rS tvkyftudkif odkYr[kwf b@ma&;ydkif;qdkif&m
tusdK;tjrwftvdkYiSm vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tvGJoHk;pm; jyKvkyfrIrsm; jzpfapcJYonf/
c½dkiftqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm; cGJa0ay;&ef vkyfaqmifcJYonfh tapmydkif;
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rSmvnf; tvm;wl jyóemrsm;&SdcJYonf/ 2011 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;\ A[dk
tpdk;&rS cefYrSef;csuft& c½dkifrsm;taejzifh vdkifpifrsm;csay;&mwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&odkY owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk pepfwus ray;cJYbJ owÅKwl;azmfa&; vdkifpifaygif; 10500 eD;yg;udk cs
ay;cJYonf[kqdkonf/ 42 ,if;tcsufu tcGefawmfaumufcHrItwGuf t"du tcuftcJ twm;
tqD;wpfck jzpfcJYNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\ pdwfcs,kHMunfEdkifrIudkvnf; xdcdkufapcJYonf/
41 Government of India, Mineral Concession Rules (1960); Government of India, Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957, amended 2015 (2015).
42 Erin Smith and Peter Rosenblum, Enforcing the Rules: Government and Citizen Oversight of Mining (Revenue Watch Institute, 2011); Government of the Philippines, Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (1997).
zm;uefYa'o? ucsif
jynfe,fwGif w&m;r0if
wl;azmfvsuf&Sdaom
ausmufwl;orm;rsm;
NRGI twGuf cifapmaX;
27
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@ü qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ydkrsm;
wwfonf/ tdE´d,EdkfifiHonf zuf'&,fpepfudk usifhoHk;aeaomfvnf; ukef;wGif;ESifh urf;vGef&Sd
a&eHprf;oyf&SmazGrI? wl;azmfrI ESifh xkwfvkyfa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;vdkifpifrsm; ay;tyfjcif;udk A[dkk
tpdk;&u a&;qGJonfh a&eHajrrsm; (BuD;Muyfa&;ESifh wl;azmfa&;) tufOya' (1948) ESifh a&eHESifh
obm0"gwfaiGU pnf;rsOf;rsm; (1959) jzifh vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufonf/ Oya'rlabmift& ukrÜPD
rsm;taejzifh urf;vGefwl;azmfa&;twGuf A[dktpdk;&xHodkY avQmufvTmwif&NyD; ukef;wGif;wl;azmf
rItwGufrl jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;xHodkY avQmufvTmwif&onf/ 43 vkyfydkifcGifhudk a'
oEÅ&tqifhrsm;odkY cGJa0ay;rI trsm;qHk;jzpfonfh Mopaw;vsEdkfifiHwGifrl jynfe,fESifh a'otpdk;&
rsm;taejzifh ukef;wGif; a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUqdkif&m Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;cGifh&Sdovdk vdkifpifrsm;
udkvnf; csay;cGifh&Sdonf/ a&rdkif 3 rdkifESifhtxuf uGma0;aom urf;vGefyifv,fjyif vkyfief;rsm;
twGuf vdkifpifcsay;jcif;qdkif&m Oya'rlabmifu ydkí ½IyfaxG;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ¤if;wdkkY
tm; jynfaxmifpkk tpdk;&rS a&;qGJjyXmef;onfh urf;vGefa&eH ESifh zefvHktdrf "mwfaiGU tufOya'
(2006) jzifh vdkifpifrsm;tm; jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;ESifh jynfe,f^a'o0efBuD;wdkY yg0ifzGJUpnf;onfh
yl;wGJtmPmydkiftzGJUrS csay;onf/ 44
vdkifpifrsm;csay;&ef tqHk;tjzwfwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh yg0ifrI
vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;jcif;ESifhoufqdkifaom vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;onf A[dktpdk;& vuf0,fwGifom &Sd
aomfvnf; EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGifrl a'oEå&\ qHk;jzwfcsuf cs&mwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhudk
Oya'jzifh owfrSwfjyXmef;avY&SdMuonf/ odkkYaomf ¤if;wdkkY\ vkyfydkkifcGifhtwdkif;twmonf EdkifiH
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ypönf; prf;oyf&SmazGa&; vdkifpifxkwfay;rIudk uefYuGufcGifh&Sdonf (xkwfvkyfrIvdkifpifudk wm;qD;
ydwfyif&ef tcGifhtmPm r&Sdaomfvnf;) 45 a&eHwl;azmfxkkwfvkyfrI vdkifpiftwGufrl tkyfcsKyfa&;
rSL;rsm;onf oabmxm;tjrifudkom xkwfjyefcGifh&Sdonf/ 46 zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif owÅKwl;azmfa&;
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&Sdaomfvnf; a'oEå&tpdk;& ,lepfrsm;xHrS axmufcHtwnfjyKcsufudk vdktyfonf/ 47 ,if;
tcsufu ae&ma'o tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif owÅKwGif;vkyfief; aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk &yfqdkif;apcJY
onf/ 48 pDrHudef; tpDtpOfrsm;udk ajymif;vJap&eftwGuf oabmwlnDcsuf xkwfray;yg [kk
Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;enf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh Shell ESifh Occidental a&eH ukrÜPDrsm;u Malampaya pDrHudef;twGuf cGifhjyKcsufawmif;cHaomtcg a'oEå&tpdk;&u pDrH
udef; tqdkxJwGifyg&Sdaom ydkufvdkif;vrf;aMumif;rsm;u ZD0rsdK;pdwfrsm; ayg<u,f0NyD; Xmaewdkif;&if;
om;rsm; aexdkifaom tqdkyga'oudk jzwfoef;roGm;&eftwGuf n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;cJYonf/ 49
ta&;BuD;aom tcsufwpfckrSm vGwfvyfí BudKwiftoday; &,laom oabmwlnDcsuf(FPIC) t,ltqjzpfonf/ urÇmhukvor*¾\ Xmaewdkif;&if;om; tcGifhta&;qdkkif&m aMujimpmwrf;wGif
vGyfvyfí BudKwiftoday; &,lonfh oabmwlnDjcif;r&SdbJ? rQwaom avQmfaMu;aiGray;tyfbJ
Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY Xmae odkYr[kwf e,fajrrsm;rS twif;tMuyf a&TUajymif;apjcif;?
43 Venkatesh Raman Prasad and Abhishek Kumar Singh, “Oil and Gas Regulation in India: Overview,” Thomson Reuters Practical Law, 1 November 2016.
44 Andrew Smith, John King and Clayton Utz, “Oil and Gas Regulation in Australia: Overview,” Thomson Reuters Practical Law, 1 May 2013.
45 Government of Mongolia, The Minerals Law of Mongolia (2006).
46 Government of Mongolia, The Law of Mongolia on Petroleum (2014).
47 Government of the Philippines, Local Government Act (1991).
48 Smith and Rosenblum, Enforcing the Rules.
49 Varsha Venugopal, Thinking Locally: Community Consultation in the Philippines (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016).
28
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
ae&ma&TUajymif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcGifYr&SdaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ 50 þtpD&ifcHpmtwGuf erlem
avYvmxm;aom EdkifiHwpfckkjzpfonfh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;
tufOya't& vkyfief;vdkifpifESifhywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk Xmaewdkif;&if;om;u ADwdk
tmPmudk toHk;jyK uefYuGufcGifh&Sdonf/ 51 Mopaw;vsEdkifiHwGifvnf; Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\
tcGifhta&;udk umuG,f&ef wif;Muyfaom Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;&Sdonf/ Mopaw;vs\ Zmwdajr
ydkifqdkifrI tufOya'(1993) t& Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYYtpOftvmt& ydkifqdkifaom
ajray:wGif wl;azmfrIvkyfaqmif&ef vsmxm;aom vkyfief;udpö&yfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;
ydkkifcGifh&Sdonf/ tu,fí oabmwlnDcsuf r&&SdvQif EdkifiH\ jynfe,fa&;rSL;csKyfrS cefYtyfaom
tzGJU0ifrsm;yg0ifonfh MopaMw;vs tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfNyD; tzGJU0iftm; EdkifiHawmfZmwdajr
ydkifqdkifrI&m cHk½Hk;rS aemufqHk; tqHk;tjzwfudk jyKvkyfonf/ 52
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh o,HZmwwl;azmfjcif;ESifhh wl;azmfrIpnf;urf;csufrsm;tm; owfrSwf&mwGif
jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rS rnfodkY yg0if&rnfqdkonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk avYvmvsuf&Sdonfh
twGuf rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;taejzifh atmufygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifonf/
¼ EdkifiHawmftqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrI
udk jr§ifhwiftm;ay;jcif; / / vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;ydkkifcGifhudk EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,fa'o
tzGJUtpnf; ESpf&yfpvHk;tm; cGJa0ay;xm;onfhtcg pdefac:rIrsm; &SdvmEdkifonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh
vdkifpifcsay;ydkkifcGifhudk o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI trsdK;tpm;tay: (Oyrm owÅKwGif; ESifh
a&eH? ukef;wGif; ESifh urf;vGef) odkYr[kwf vkyfief;t&G,ftpm;tay: (Oyrm tao;pm; ESifh
tBuD;pm;) rlwnfí vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmudk cGJa0Edkifonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfe,fESifh
wdkif;rsm;odkY tao;pm; o,HZmwwl;azmfa&; vkyfief;vdkifpifcsxm;ay;cGifh ay;rnfh tpDtpOf
rSm tif'dkeD;&Sm;wGif awGUBuHKcJY&aom vkyfief;cGifhjyKcsufrsm; xyfoGm;Edkifrnfh tvm;tvm&SdEdkifNyD;
wm0efcHrI a&a&&m&m r&Sdjcif; ESifh pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;tm; av;pm;vdkufemaprI tm;enf;rIrsm;
jzpfay:vmEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh jynfaxmifpk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh aumif;rGefaom n§dEdIif;quf
oG,f aqmif&GufrI&Sd&ef ta&;ygrnfjzpfonf/ (EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tzJGJU
tpnf;rsm;tm; ajryHktnTef;toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;jzifh n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufjcif; tydkif; 4 wGif aqG;aEG;
rnf)
¼ o,HZmwwl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIESifhywfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif a'owGif; Stakeholder rsm; yg0ifEdkif&ef vkyfaqmifjcif; / / vkyfief;vdkifpifjyKvkyfjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif rnfonfhtzGJU
tpnf; odkYr[kwf vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;u yg0ifoifhonfqdkjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; Oya'ESifh pnf;
rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jyKvkyfxm;&ef vdktyfNyD; ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh rnfonfhtqifh
wGif yg0ifoifhonfqdkonfhtcsufESifh vkyfydkifcGifh rnfrQ&Sdonfudkyg &Sif;vif;pGm zGifhqdk&ef vdk
tyfonf/ t<uif;rJY qHk;jzwfcsuftmPmudk rnfonfhtqifhwGif xm;onfjzpfap o,HZmw
wl;azmfa&;pDrHudef;rsm; a&SUqufoGm;&eftwGuf rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;ESifh a'oEå&vlrI
todkif;t0dkif;rsm;\ yg0ifrI&Sd&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ ¤if;rSm o,HZmw wl;azmfjcif;vkyfief;twGuf
us,fjyefYonfh axmufcHtm;ay;rI &&SdEdkifrnfh ta&;ygaom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH
taejzifh vkyfief;vdkifpifcsay;cGifh t<uif;rJYtmPmudk jynfaxmifpktqifhwGif &Sdaomfvnf;
jynfe,fa'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;tm; qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif
w&m;0if yg0ifEdkif&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tusdK;&SdEdkifonf/
50 United Nations, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (2007).
51 Government of the Philippines, Indigenous Peoples Rights Act.
52 Michael Limerick, Kathryn Tomlinson, Rosemary Taufatofua, Rodger Barnes and David Brereton, Agreement-making with Indigenous Groups: Oil and Gas Development in Australia (University of Queensland, 2012).
29
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
¼ oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\ wm0efrsm;udk jznfhqnf;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef vHk
avmufaom pGrf;aqmif&nf &Sdapjcif; / / jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m wm0ef&SdolwdkYtm; ydkkrdkBuD;rm;
aom vdkifpifcsay;cGifh ray;tyfrSD ¤if;wdkkY\ pGrf;aqmif&nfudk ydkrdkcdkifrm tm;aumif;ap&ef
BudKwif vkyfaqmifoifhonf/ qdkkvdkonfrSm wm0ef&Sdolrsm;tm; vdkifpifESifhoufqdkifaom
pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk ydkrdkem;vnfap&ef ulnDay;jcif;? t"dyÜg,fjynfh0aom wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;
jyKvkyfjcif; ESifh cGJa0ay;xm;aom vkyfydkkifcGifhwdkkYtm; jyefvnfajc&maumuf oHk;oyfonfhpepf
rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfrIwdkY yg0ifonf/ vdktyfaom pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh t&if;tjrpf
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oabmwlnDrI owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh vkyfydkifcGifhudk ay;jcif;aMumifhtusifhysuf
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aumif;rGefaom vkyfief;oabmwlcsufwpf&yfudk azmfaqmif&ef ydkrdkcufcJEdkifonf/
¼ yGifhvif;jrifomrI jr§ifhwiftm;ay;jcif; / / tu,fí a'oEå&tpkd;& odkYr[kwf vlrItodkif;t0dkif;
rsm;rS qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfjcif; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm; r&Sdaomfvnf; vdkifpifcsrSwfjcif;qdkif
&m vkyfief;pOfESifh oabmwlxm;aom pnf;urf;csufrsm;udkrl wm0ef&Sdolrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkkY
tm; today;oifhonf/ jynfe,fESifh a'orsm;odkY rnfonfhvkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmudk cGJa0
ay;onfjzpfygap ¤if;wdkYjyKvkyfaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay:wGif yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sdoifhonf/
csrSwfaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf a'oEå&tusdK;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efESifh tusifhysufjcpm;rI
rS umuG,fay;&ef yGifhvif;jrifomrIonf ta&;ygonf/
30
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
4/ ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJjcif;
bmaMumifhta&;ygovJ
o,HZmwwl;azmfa&; vdkifpifrsm;udk csxm;ay;&mwGif tpdk;&taejzifh tqdkyg ajray:ajratmuf&Sd
o,HZmw toHk;jyKrIESifh ydkifqdkifrIudpörsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; wkefYjyefaqmif&GufEdkif&ef
vdkonf/ a,bkk,stm;jzifh EdkifiHawmftqifhtpdk;&u ajratmufo,HZmwrsm;udk ydkifqdkifavY&SdNyD;
ajray:o,HZmwtm; ydkkifqdkkifrIrSm tvGef½IyfaxG;avY&Sdonf/ xdkkYaMumifh ydkifqdkifrIudpörsm;udk rSwf
wrf;wif&efESifh ydkifqdkifrI tqdkrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&ef enf;pepfrsm; vdktyfonf/ aumif;rGefxda&muf
aom ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmif&mwGif tpdk;&rsm;tm; trsdK;om;O,smOfrsm;uJhodkY tjcm;toHk;jyK
rI&Sdonfh {&d,mrsm;wGif o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrsm; raqmif&Guf&ef owfrSwfjcif; vdktyf
onf/ tu,fí aumif;rGefaom ajryHktnTef;ESifh ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrI r&Sdygu o,HZmw wl;azmfrI
rsm;onf ajrudk w&m;0ifydkifqdkifoljzpfap w&m;0if tcsuftvufrsm; r&SdbJ ydkifqdkifaeol\
tcGifhta&;udk csdK;azmufoGm;apEdkifNyD; v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifh opfawmu@ tygt0ifobm0
ywf0ef;usift& txdtcdkuf twdrf;tapmif; rcHEdkifaom umuG,fxm;onfh {&d,mrsm;udkvnf;
usL;ausmfrIrsm; jzpfEdkifonf (av;axmifhuGuf 6 udkMunfhyg)/ ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh vHkkNcHKpdwfcs&rI
r&SdvQif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\ ,HkMunfrIudkvnf; xdcdkuffaprnfjzpfonf/
av;axmifhuGuf (6) ajryHktnTef;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/
o,HZmwwl;azmfjcif; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm; ajrtoHk;jyKrIrsm;u rsm;jym;aom tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk xGufay:vmaponf/ tqdkyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk wpfae&mwnf;wGif pkpnf;NyD;
tvG,fwul od&SdEdkif&ef vdktyfonf/ tqdkygtcsuftvufrsm;udk pkpnf;odkkavSmifxm;aom
pepfudk ajryHktnTef;[k ac:qdkonf/ 53 aumif;rGefaom ajryHktnTef; qdkonfrSm ajray:&Sd
tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; ydkifqdkifolrsm;pm&if; (ajr,mqdkkif&m ajryHktnTef;twGuf) odkYr[kwf ajr
atmuf o,HZmw tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydkkifqdkifolpm&if; (owÅKwGif;qdkif&m ajryHktnTef;)
ponfh ajr,m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk csdwfqufxm;onf/ txufazmfjyyg ajryHk
tnTef;wGif w&m;0if ESifh w&m;r0if (ydkkifqdkkifrI) vkyfydkkifcGifhoufwrf; tcsuftvufrsm; yg
&SdEdkifonf/ ajr,mpm&if;rsm;taejzifh oufwrf;ukefvGefoGm;aom vdkifpifrsm;ESifh vdkifpif
aMu;rsm; ay;aqmifrIESifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf umuG,fxm;aom {&d,mrsm;ESifhywfoufí
ajc&maumuf ppfaq;&eftwGuf toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;onf pm&Gufay:wGif a&;om;jyKpkxm;jcif;jzpfEdkfifovdk 'D*spfw,fpepfjzifh
jyKvkyfxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ jrefrmEdkfifiHwGifrl yxrenf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKaeqJjzpfNyD;
tjcm; urÇmYEdkifiHrsm;url 'pf*spfpepfudk toHk;jyKaeonf/ bufaygif;pHk pkpnf;xm;aomowif;
tcsuftvufrsm; pkpnf;odkavSmifrIwpf&yfudk zefwD;ay;NyD; ½IyfaxG;rI trsm;tjym; &SdaeEdkif
onfh ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tqdkrsm;udk azmfxkwf&eftwGufvnf; taxmuftul jzpfapEdkifonfh
'D*spfw,fpepfodkY ul;ajymif;&ef jyifqifvsuf&Sdonf/ (yHk 2 wGif 'D*spfw,f ajr,mpm&if;udk
Munfhyg) 'pf*spfw,fpepfjzifh wpfEdkfifiHvHk;twdkif;twmtwGuf tcsdefumvESifh wpfajy;nD
od&SdEdkifonfh aemufqHk;& wlnDaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh
jynfe,fa'otqifh tm;vHk;rS &&SdvmEdkifaponf/
trsm;jynfoluvnf; ajryHktnTef;pm&if;tm; Munfh½I&,lEdkifygu pDrHudef; apmifhMunfhppfaq;
a&; enf;vrf;wpfcktaejzifhvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ rnfolu rnfonfhajrae&mudk ydkifqdkif
cGifh&Sdaeonf qdkaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sdjcif;aMumifh EdkfifiHom;rsm;taejzifh
tpdk;&\ wm0efcHrIudkvnf; od&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ trSefwGif vdkifpiftcsuftvuf jynfhjynfh
pHkkpHkk azmfjyxm;onfh ajryHktnTef; xm;&Sd&efrSm EITI pHEIef;wpfckkjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf
EITI tzGJU0ifavmif; EdkifiHjzpfonfhtwGuf tqdkyg owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;udk vufawGU
53 A cadaster can also be defined as a public institution that integrates the regulatory, institutional and technological aspects of mineral rights administration. In this report, we use the land information system definition.
31
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonf/
pdefac:rIrsm;xJrS wpfckrSm rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;onf ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh owÅKwGif;rsm;
twGuf vdkifpifcsay;jcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/ wcgw&HwGif ajrae&mwpfck odkYr[kwf tjcm;
wpfckudk rSwfwrf;wifjcif;onf rwlnDaom 0efBuD;Xmersm; odkYr[kwf rwlnDaom tkyfcsKyfrI
tqifhqifhtay: rlwnfaeEdkifonf (jynfaxmifpk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfe,f^a'otqifhtzGJU
tpnf;rsm;u rwlnDaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf)
tqdkyg tkyfcsKyfa&;u@rsm;rS wlnDaom rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ESihf tcsuftvuf rQa0jcif;pepfudk
toHk;rjyKygu ajr,mrsm; xyfausmhtoHk;jyKaerI tajctaeESifh owÅKwl;azmfcGifh vdkifpifrsm;udk
vG,fulpGm od&Sdem;vnf&eftwGuf ydkrdkcufcJaponf/ ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf vkyfydkifcGifhESifh rwl
nDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;tMum;wGif aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIESifh ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm;twGuf &Sif;vif;
wdusaom enf;vrf;rsm;&Sd&efrSm zuf'&,fpepfusifhoHk;aom obm0 o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfNyD; obm0 o,HZmw u@udk aumif;rGefpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifrItwGufvnf; r&Sd
rjzpf ta&;BuD;vmonf/
vkyfydkifcGifhtcsdKUudk jynfe,f^a'otqifhodkY vGTJtyfay;vdkufjcif;jzifh rSwfwrf;rsm; wduspGm odrf;
qnf;EdkifapNyD; txl;ojzifh w&m;0ifr[kkwfaom ajr,mydkkifqdkkifxm;rIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;xm;Edkifrnf
jzpfonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf owif;tcsuftvuf pk
aqmif;rIjzifh ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tjiif;yGm;rI taMumif;t&mwdkYudk ydkrdkem;vnf oabmaygufMuonf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf ajr,mtaMumif;ESifh ajr,m
toHk;jyKrIwdkYudk ydkrdkod&Sdem;vnfMuNyD; a'o\ ,Ofaus;rI "avYxHk;wrf;rsm;ESifh ydkrdk,Ofyg;onfh
tjyif ajr,mtoHk;jyKrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf a'owGif; vlrItzGJU0ifrsm;\,HkMunfrI
udkvnf; &&Sdxm;MuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ a'owGif; vlYtzGJUtpnff;rsm;rSm o,HZmwwl;azmfcGifh
r&Sdonfh uefYowfe,fajr owfrSwfjcif;qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifEdkifMuonf/ Oyrm
taejzifh 2016 ckESpf? udkvHbD,mEdkfifiHwGif tajccHOya' cHk½Hk;u uefYowfe,fajr owfrSwf&m
wGif A[dktpdk;&taejzifh a'oEÅ&tpdk;&ESifh oabmwlnDrI &,l&rnf[k tajccHOya'cHk½Hk;utrdefY
xkwfjyefcJYjcif;jzpfonf/ 54
odkY&mwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJydkkifcGifh ay;tyf&mwGifvnf;
pdefac:rI tcuftcJrsm; MuHKawGUEdkifonf/ tu,fí EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,fa'otqifhMum;
vkyfydkkifcGifhcGJa0rI &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdygu ½IyfaxG;rIrsm;? n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;rI nHh
zsif;jcif;ESifh ta&SUtaemufrnDrIrsm; tBuD;tus,f jzpfay:vmEdkifNyD; &v'ftaejzifh ajr,mydkif
54 Corte Constitucional de Colombia, Comunicado No. 4: Sentencia C-035/16 (8 February 2016).
yHk (2) uae'gEdkifiH?
NAdwdoQ udkvHbD,m
jynfe,frS tGefvdkif;
ajr,mpm&if;
32
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
qdkifrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; xyfoGm;jcif;ESifh ajr,mtjiif;yGm;rIwdkYudk jzpfay:apEdkifonf/ 55
enf;ynmqdkif&m tuefYtowfrsm;uvnf; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrIudk taESmifht,SufjzpfapEdkifonf/
Oyrmtaejzifh a0;vHacgifzsm;aom jynfe,fa'owGif;&Sd vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm&Sdaom jynfe,fa'o
qdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;wGif ajr,mqdkkif&m 'D*spfw,frSwfwrf;xJodkY tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfh
oGif;Edkif&ef pdwfcs&aom vQyfppfrD; odkYr[kwf tifwmeufvdkif;rsm;udk r&&SdEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;
2008 zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' yk'fr 37 wGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd ajray:
ajratmuf o,HZmw tvHk;pHkudk t<uif;rJYydkifqdkifonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;twGufaMumifh
ajr,mrsm; toHk;jyKrItwGuf tqHk;tjzwfay;onfh Oya'rsm;rSm jynfaxmifpktqifhwGif owf
rSwfjcif;jzpfNyD; jynfaxmifpktzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ajr,mrl0g'udk taumiftxnfazmfonf/
ajr,mtjiif;yGm;rIrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;aeus y#dyu©rsm;\ t"du taMumif;&if;jzpfNyD;
ajr,mESifhywfoufaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udfk jyefvnfjyKjyif&efrSmvnf; EdkifiHtwGif;&Sdwdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm; awmif;qdkaeaom udpöjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t½Hk; (KNU) u 2015 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ¤if;wdkY\ udk,fydkifajr,m rl0g'wpf&yfudk xkwfjyefcJYonf/ ,if;
rl0g'wGif wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYaexdkif&m a'orsm;&Sd ajr,mESifh obm0o,HZmw
tm;vHk;udk t<uif;rJYydkifqdkifolrsm;jzpfaMumif;? "avYxHk;wrf;ESifh udkufnDaom ydkrdktmrcHcsuf&Sdonfh
ajr,mtcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfaMumif;wdkkYudk xnfhoGif;xm;
onf/ 56 2017 ckESpf? arvwGif usif;ycJYonfh 21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcHwGif &&SdcJYaom oabmwl
nDrIrsm;wGif A[dktpdk;& xdef;csKyfrIrsm; avQmhcsxm;onfh EdkifiHawmf ajr,mrl0g' wpf&yfudk azmf
aqmif&eftwGuf wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfonfh tcsufwpfcsuf yg0ifcJYonf/ 57
ajr,mpDrHtkyfcsKyfrIqdkkif&m t"du Oya'rsm;tm; NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajr,mpDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;qkdkif&m Oya'rlabmifrsm;rSm tvGefyif ½IyfaxG;onf/ ydkifqdkif
rI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ajrxdfef;odrf;a&;ESifhywfoufaom rwlnDonfh Oya'aygif; 73 ckxd&Sdonf/ 58
t"duusaom Oya'oHk;ckrSm ajr,modrf;qnf;jcif; Oya'(1894)? ajrvGwf? ajrvyf? ajr½dkif;
pDrHcefYcGJa&; Oya' (2012) ESihf v,f,majr Oya' (2012) wdkYjzpfonf/ jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'
(2016) wGifvnf; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwdkYtwGuf ajrtoHk;csrIESifhoufqdkifaom jyXmef;csufrsm;yg&Sdonf/
55 Enrique Ortega Girones. Mineral Rights Cadastre: Promoting Transparent Access to Mineral Resources (World Bank, 2016).
56 Office of the Supreme Headquarters of the Karen National Union, Karen National Union Land Policy (Karen National Union, December 2015).
57 Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Information, 37 Points Signed as Part of Pyidaungsu Accord (30 May 2017).
58 Burma Environmental Working Group, Resource Federalism: A Roadmap for Decentralised Governance of Burma’s Natural Heritage (2017).
ajr,mtjiif;yGm;rIrsm;onf
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;ae
us y#dyu©rsm;\ t"du
taMumif;&if;jzpfNyD;
ajr,mESifhywfoufaom
tcGifhta&;rsm;udfk jyefvnf
jyKjyif&efrSmvnf; EdkifiH
twGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm; awmif;qdkae
aom udpöjzpfonf/
33
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
ajr,modrf;qnf;jcif; Oya' (1894) wGif ajr,modrf;qnf;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;
udk azmfjyxm;NyD; tqdkygOya'wGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u ]]jynfolrsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sdrnf[k
,lq&vQif}} ukrÜPDrsm;udk,fpm; ajrudk odrf;,lcGifh&Sdonf[k yg&Sdonf/ tqdkygOya'wGif ajr,m
odrf;qnf;jcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; avsmfaMu;ay;tyfjcif;? ajr,modrf;qnf;rItm; uefYuGufjcif;ESifh
oufqdkifonfh jyXmef;csufrsm;vnf;yg0ifNyD; ajrodrf;cH&olrsm;twGuf ]]Mum;emcGifh}} tcGifhta&;
vnf; yg&Sdonf/ tqdkyg ajr,mudpö tcsif;yGm;rItwGuf t<uif;rJY tmPmrSm or®wxHwGif &Sd
onf/ 59
ajrvGwf? ajrvyf? ajr½dkif; pDrHcefYcGJa&;Oya' (2012) onf tpdk;&\ pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHudef;azmfaqmif
jcif;ESifh qufEG,faeaom ajr,mrl0g'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;twGuf toHkkkk;jyKonf/
tqdkygOya'onf w&m;0ifr[kwfaom (rd½dkk;zvm) ajr,mydkkifqkkdifrIrsm;udk todtrSwf rjyKyg/
xdkkYaMumifh vuf&SdtoHk;jyKaeonfh odkYr[kwf aexdkkifvsuf&Sdonfh ajrtm; ajrvGwfajrvyfajr½dkif;
tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;udk jzpfyGm;apEdkifonf/ Oya'xJwGif odrf;qnf;cH wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm;rS ajr,m
odrf;qnf;rItm; uefYuGufrIjyKvkyfEdkifonfh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; yg0ifjcif;r&Sday/ 60
v,f,majrOya' (2012) u ajr,mydkifqdkifrIESifh ajr,mvGJajymif;rIwdkYESifhoufqdkifaom Oya'
jzpfonf/ ajrvGwf? ajrvyf? ajr½dkif; pDrHcefYcGJa&;Oya' (2012)ESifhtwl tqdkygOya'u ]]EdkifiH
ESifh jynfolvlxktusdK;twGuf}} v,f,majrrsm; odrf;qnf;cGifhudk cGifhjyKxm;onf/ tqdkygOya'
wGif ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tjiif;yGm;jcif; odkYr[kwf w&m;a&;&m jyefvnfoHk;oyf ppfaq;rItwGuf
vkyfief;pOfrsm;tm; azmfjyrxm;yg/ 61
odomxif&Sm;aom wdk;wufrIwpfckrSm 2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif EdkifiHawmf\ ajr,mtoHk;jyKrI
rl0g'udk jyXmef;cJYjcif; jzpfonf/ tqdkyg rl0g'u jynfe,fa'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;\
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ydkrdkumuG,fay;&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ tqdkyg rl0g'xJwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk
rsm;\ ajr,mtcGihfta&;wdkYudk todtrSwfjyK&ef pHEIef;rsm;ESifh ,cifu w&m;0if rSwfwrf;r&SdcJY
aomfvnf; a'oEå& vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;u todtrSwfjyKaom ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh tcGifhta&;
rsm;udk w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifonf/ 62 tqdkyg rl0g'u
EdkifiHawmf ajr,mOya'rlMurf; a&;qGJEdkifa&;twGuf &nf&G,fonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vufawGU
taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfh tajctaea&muf&ef aES;auG;MuefYMumaeOD;rnfjzpfNyD; Oya'rlMurf;
59 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
60 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
61 Ibid.
62 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, National Land Use Policy (January 2016).
&Srf;jynfe,fwGif
rdkif;vkyfom;rsm;
ausmufrD;aoG;
prf;oyfwl;azmfaerI
NRGI twGuf
Suthep Kritsanavarin
34
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
a&;qGJjcif;udkyif rpwif&ao;ay/ 63
ajr,mydkifqdkifrI ESifh ajr,mpm&if; pDrHcefYcGJrI
EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,fa'otqifhwGif&Sdaom jynfaxmifpktqifh Xmersm;u ajr,mtoHk;
jyKrIESifh ydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;jyKpkkxm;onf/ MONREC ESifh
MOGE wdkYu owÅKwl;azmfa&; ESifh a&eHESifhywfoufaom vkyfief;vdkifpifqdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;udk
rSSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ MOREC, DGSE, owÅKwGif;0efBuD;Xme ESifh MGE wdkYuvnf; rwlnD
aom ajr,mpm&if;ajryHkrsm;udk rwlnDaomenf;pepfrsm;jzifh oD;jcm;pD xdef;odrf;xm;Muonf/64
vkyfief;vdkifpif csay;&mwGif (tydkif; 3 wGifMunfhyg) ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh vuf&Sdajrydkif&Sifrsm; odkY
r[kwf ajrtoHk;jyKaeolrsm;ESifh y#dyu©jzpfrIrS a&SmifMuOfEdkif&eftwGuf jynfe,f? a'oESifh NrdKUe,f
tqifh tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rI jyKvkyfonf/ tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHkk; pkpnf;xm;
aom ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yf r&Sdjcif;u ydkrdkcufcJaponf/ ajrydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk
trsm;tm;jzifh NrdKUe,ftqifhwGif pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;xm;rIaMumifh tcuftcJudk jzpf
ay:aponf/ 65 opfawmESifhoufqdkifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkrl MONREC \
opfawma&;&mOD;pDXme NrdKUe,f½Hk;rsm;u xdef;odrf;onf/ tqdkygXmeu umuG,fxdef;odrf;xm;
onfh ajr,m tcsuftvufrsm;udkyg odrf;qnf;xm;onf/ v,f,majr toHk;jyKrIESifhoufqdkifaom
tcsuftvufrsm;udkrl v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;0efBuD;Xme\ pdkufysdK;a&;? arG;jrLa&;ESifh qnfajrmif;
0efBuD;? ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pm&if;tif;Xme\ NrdKUe,f½Hk;rsm;wGif odrf;qnf;xm;onf/ 66
xyfausmhvkyfaqmifrIrsm; a&Smif&Sm;a&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udkvnf; aumif;rGefpGm zGifhqdkxm;jcif;r&SdbJ
y#dyu©wpfck jzpfay:vmvQif jynfe,fa'o Stakeholder wdkYtwGuf vkyfydkifcGifh rnfrQ&Sdrnf
qdkjcif;uvnf; &Sif;vif;rI r&Sdao;ay/ o,HZmwwl;azmfrI jyKvkyfaeaom ae&mwpf0dkuf&Sd ajr
rsm;udk rw&m;odrf;qnf;rI &Sdonf[kk pGyfpGJcsuftrsm;tjym; &SdaeNyD; a'ocH vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;
ESifh &JwyfzGJUtMum; xdyfwdkuf &ifqdkifawGUrIrsm;udk jzpfapcJYonf/ 67 tpdk;&uvnf; v,f,majr
ESifh tjcm;ajrrsm; odrf;qnf;rIESifhywfoufí a'ocH vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;tMum;
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef jyefvnfoHk;oyf pdppfa&; A[dkaumfrwDudk zGJUpnf;cJYonf/ 68
odkY&mwGif 2014 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif tqdkyg trIaygif; 8478 xJrS 5 &mcdkifEIef;u ajyvnf
rI &&SdcJYonf/ obm0o,HZmw u@ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf ajrrsm;odrf;qnf;jcif;onfwyfrawmf
ESifh wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; y#dyu©rsm;udkvnf; jzpfay:apcJYonf/ 69
MONREC uvnf; EdkifiHwum tultnDudk &,lNyD; owÅKwGif;qdkif&m ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yfudk
azmfaqmif&ef vkyfaqmifvsuf&SdNyD;? ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tjiif;yGm;csufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom pdefac:
csufrsm;udk avQmhcs&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif ajr,mpm&if; jyKpkkjcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifh tpdk;&Xmersm; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrI cdkifrm
vmapjcif;xuf owÅKwGif;vdkifpifqdkif&m udpörsm;tay: BuD;MuyfrIrsm; wdkk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef
&nf&G,fonf/ xYdktwGufaMumifh tqdkyg ajr,mpm&if;rSmvnf; ydkí BuD;rm;aom ajrpDrHcefYcGJjcif;
63 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
64 Stakeholder interview.
65 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Oil and Gas Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
66 Shortell and Aung, Mineral and Gemstone Licensing.
67 Ei Ei Toe Lwin. “Fury Over Letpadaung Copper Mine Report,” Myanmar Times, 18 March 2013.
68 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
69 The Asia Foundation, The State of Conflict and Violence in Asia (2017).
35
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
qdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;udk tjynfht0 ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfr[kwfay/ 70
urÇmwpf0ef;rS vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI vkyfxHk;enf;emrsm;tm; avYvmjcif;
ajr,mpm&if; ESifh ajrpDrHcefYcGJrI udpö&yfrsm;udk avYvmcsOf;uyf&mwGif ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsufrSm
ajr,mydkkifqdkkifcGifh trsdK;tpm;rsm;udk rnfolu qHk;jzwfrnf? rnfonfh ajr,mrsm;tm; rnfodkY
toHkk;jyKcGifhay;Edkifonfudk rnfolu qHk;jzwfrnf (o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrsm;udk uefYowf
xm;onfh {&d,mrsm; tygt0if)? ajruGufwpfcktm; w&m;0if ydkifqdkifrIESifhpyfvsOf;í rnfolu
qHk;jzwfrnf? tqdkyg ydkifqdkifrI rSwfwrf;rsm;udk rnfolu odrf;qnf;rnf? tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD
ajr,mrSwfyHkwifrIrsm;ESifh ajr,mpm&if;rsm;udk Munfh&Ippfaq;jcif;ESifh jyifqifrGrf;rHrIrsm;udk rnfol
u jyKvkyfEdkifonfqdkonfh tcsufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfxm;&efvdkonf/ erlemtjzpf
azmfjyxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh\ tqdkygvkyfief;pOfü yg0ifrI twdkif;twm
yrmPrSm wpfEdkifiHESifh wpfEdkifiH uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm; &Sdonf/ tqdkygEdkifiHrsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;wGif
jynfe,fa'otqifh yg0ifrI twdkif;twm wpf&yftwGuf owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm; xm;&SdNyD;
rnfonfhenf;vrf;u o,HZmw pDrHtkkyfcsKyfrItm; ydkkrdkaumif;rGefapoenf; qdkkonfhtcsuftay:
rlwnfí uGJjym;rI&Sdonf/
ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m Oya'rlabmifrsm;
a,bk,stm;jzifh ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkkif&m Oya'rlabmifrsm;onf erlemtjzpf azmfjyxm;aom
EdkifiHrsm;\ EdkifiHa&;pepfay:wGif rlwnfavY&Sdonf/ wpfjynfaxmifpepf usifhoHkk;aom EdkifiHrsm;
wGif vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftqifhwGif vuf0,fxm;&SdNyD; zuf'&,fpepf
usifhoHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdkay;tyfxm;onf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;\ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh oufqdkif&m Oya'rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfu
]]ajr,mydkifqdkifol}} jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;NyD;? EdkifiHawmfrS ajr,mtiSm; csxm;ay;
onf/ 71 aemufxyf OyrmwpfckrSm MopaMw;vsjzpfNyD; jynfe,frsm;ESifh a'orsm;u ajr,mESihf
oufqdkifaom udpö&yftm;vHk;twGuf tajccHOya't& pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/
Oya'rlabmifrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;pGm teufzGifhqdkxm;jcif;r&Sdygu o,HZmwpDrHtkyfcsKyfrIudkxdcdkuf
apEdkifNyD; rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;tMum; wif;rmrIrsm;udk ydkrdkjzpfyGm;aponf/ tqdkygtcsuf
tm; tif'dkeD;&Sm; Papua jyóemwGif awGUjrifEdkifonf/ Papua a'o udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh
txl; Oya't& c½dkiftqifhESifh NrdKUe,ftqifh tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; opfawmqdkkif&m
cGifhjyKrdefYvdkifpif csay;&ef tcGifhtmPm&Sdonf/ odkYaomf jynfe,ftqifhwGifvnf; jynfe,fa'o
\ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh txl;Oya't& tvm;wl tcGifhtmPm&Sdonf/ tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;u
¤if;wdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf Oya'rlabmiftm; vdktyfovdk teufzGifhMuNyD; tpdk;&tqifhrsm;
tMum; n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;&mü tcuftcJrsm;udk jzpfapcJYonf/ 72
ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh ajr,mpm&if;ppfwrf; aumuf,ljcif;rsm;
erIem avYvmxm;aom EdkifiHrsm; (tm;vHkk;r[kkwf) wGif ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif; ESifh ajr,mpm&if;
ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; vkyfydkifcGifhtcsdKUudk jynfe,fa'oodkY cGJa0xm;onf/ odkY&mwGif ydkrdkxda&muf
tusdK;&Sdaom obm0o,HZmw tkyfcsKyfpDrHEdkifrItay: rlwnfí wpfEdkifiHESifh wpfEdkifiH cGJa0ay;rI
twdkif;twm rwlMuay/ rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrI tqifajy
acsmarGUap&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftqifh ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yfudk xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/
70 Shortell and Aung, Mineral and Gemstone Licensing.
71 Lehman Law, Basics of Mongolia Land Law (November 2016).
72 Yuko Kurauchi, Antonio La Vina, Nathan Badenoch and Lindsey Fransen, Decentralization of Natural Resources Management – Lessons from Southeast Asia: Case Studies under REPSI (World Resources Institute, May 2006).
36
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
Mopaw;vsEdkifiH zuf'&,ftpdk;&\ ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIpepfwGif EdkifiHtwGif; oD;jcm;&Sdaeaom ajr
,mpm&if; &Spfckktygt0if ajr,mpDrHjcif; rSwfyHkwifXme &Spfck &Sdonf/ yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDwpfckrS
a&;qGJcJYonfh jynfe,fa'otqifhrsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk aygif;pyf jyKpkxm;onfh
wpfEdkifiHvHk;udk NcHKiHkEdkifonfh em;vnf&vG,fulonfh wpfckwnf;aom ajr,mpm&if;onf vuf&Sd
wGif taumif;qHk; ajr,mpm&if;jzpfonf/ 73 jynfe,fESifh a'otpdk;&rsm;taejzifhvnf; ¤if;wdkY
\ ajr,mpm&if;rsm;udk pepfusNyD; xda&mufaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJEdkifMuonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzifh e,l;aqmufofa0;vfjynfe,fwGif trsm;jynfolrS owÅKwGif;ESifh ajr,mydkifqdkifrIqdkkif&m
owif;tcsuftvuf tvG,fwul &&SdEdkifonfh (Common Ground Database) owif;
tcsuftvuf pkpnf;rIwpf&yfudk jynfe,ftpdk;&u ukkrÜPDrsm;? t&yfbufvlrItzGJUtpnf;wdkYESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJYonf/ 74 rnfodkYyifjzpfap 0efBuD;csKyf? jynfe,f0efBuD;rsm; ESifh ajrmufydkif;
a'o 0efBuD;wdkYyg0ifaom ppfaq;avYvmrIESifh ajryHka&;qGJrIrsm;qdkif&m aygif;pyftpdk;&aumfrwD
wpf&yftm; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJYNyD; EdkifiHawmftqifh ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yf jyKpkjcif;vkyfief;pOfudk
pwifaqmif&GufcJYonf/ 75
jynfe,fa'otqifh oD;jcm;ajr,mpm&if; xm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh MopaMw;vsEdkifiHonft&nftaoG;
jrifhrm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk qGJaqmif&mwGif atmifjrifrIrsm;&Sdonf/ tcsdKUaom udpö&yfrsm;
wGif A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;aMumifh tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrIudk xdcdkufapcJYonfh tcsufrsm;&Sdonf/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; owÅKwGif;vdkifpif csay;cGifh ay;vdkuf&m
vkyfuGufxyfoGm;rI rsm;vmjcif;ESifh vkyfydkkifcGifh oufwrf;twGuf vHkNcHKrI r&Sdjcif;wdkYudk jzpfapcJY
onf/ Swandiri Institute ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrS PWYP wdkY\ okawoe&v'ft& taemuf
Kalimantan jynfe,fwGif owÅKwl;azmfcGifhvdkifpif {&d,m [ufwmaygif; 123000 udk ab;rJY
awmrsm; wnf&Sd&mae&mtwGif; csxm;rdcJYonfhtjyif v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;? opfawmESifhoufqdkif
aom ajr{&d,m [ufwm ESpfoef; tus,ft0ef;udkvnf; owÅKwl;azmfcGifhvdkifpif csay;cJYonf
udk &SmazGawGU&SdcJYonf/ 76 tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH\ tawGUtBuHKudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh jynfe,fa'o
tqifhESifh EdkifiHawmftqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrIjzifh tqdkyg jyóemrsm;udk
a&SmifMuOfEdkifaMumif; awGU&ayrnf (av;axmifhuGuf 7 udkMunfhyg)/
av;axmifhuGuf (7) tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH\ ajr,mpm&if; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
1980 ckESpfrsm;wGif tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH\ owÅKu@rSm ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifhqdkif&m y#dyu©rsm;
ESifh &ifqdkifcJY&onf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;u owÅKprf;oyf&SmazGrI vdkifpifcsay;cGifhESifh udk,fydkif
ajr,mpm&if;rsm; xm;&SdcGifhwdkkY &SdcJYonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh e,fedrdwf owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; &&SdrI tm;enf;í vkyfydkifcGifhoufwrf; vHkkNcHKrIudk ray;Edkifonfh xda&mufrIr&Sdaom
pepfrsm;u t"du jyóem&yf jzpfapcJYonf/ tqdkygtcsufonf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf
t[efYtwm; jzpfapcJYonf/ 1993 ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif jynfe,frsm;u wlnDaom ajr,m
pm&if;wpfckwnf;udkom xm;&Sd&ef oabmwlnDrI &&SdoGm;aomtcg yk*¾vduu@\,HkMunf
rIrsm;udk jyefvnf&&SdvmNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;uvnf; jyefvnfwdk;wufvmcJYonf/ tqHk;t
jzwf csrSwfEdkifaom tcGifhtmPmonf a'oEå&tqifhwGif &Sdaomfvnf; tpdk;&rsm; tm;vHk;
twGuf wlnDaom ajr,mpepfwpf&yf xm;&Sdjcif;rSm n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrIudk ydkrdkxda&mufrI &Sd
apovdk vkyfief;u@ pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIudkvnf; ydkrdkwdk;wuf aumif;rGefaponf/ 77
73 The CadLite dataset developed by PSMA Australia. Company website, accessed 16 November 2017, https://www.psma.com.au/products/cadlite.
74 See NSW Government, Department of Planning and Environment, “Common Ground,” accessed 16 November 2017, www.commonground.nsw.gov.au.
75 Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping, Cadastre 2034: Powering Land and Real Property (ICSM, 2014).
76 Rebecca Iwerks and Varsha Venugopal, It Takes a Village: Routes to Local-level Extractive Transparency (Natural Resource Governance Institute, February 2016).
77 Bauer et al., Subnational Governance of Extractives.
37
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
tm*sifwD;em;ajryHk
zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif ajr,mpm&if; aumuf,ljcif;ESifh ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk
jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY ydkrdkcGJa0ay;a&; vkyfaqmifcJY&mwGifvnf; pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh
BuHKawGUcJY&onf/ 1991 ckESpf a'oEå& tpdk;&Oya'wGif a'oEå&tpdk;&rsm;udk ajr,mpm&if;
ppfwrf;rsm; jyKpkkcGifh wm0efay;tyfxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif 2001 ckESpfwGif enf;ynmpGrf;&nfESifh
aiGa&;aMu;a&; rvHkavmufrIaMumifh rnfonfhh a'oEÅ&tzGJUtpnf;urS ppfwrf;aumuf,lEdkifjcif;
r&SdcJYaMumif; awGU&SdchJ&onf/ tqHk;wGif A[dktpdk;&u tqdkygwm0efudk obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh
o,HZmwXme (DENR) jynfe,f½Hk;cGJrsm;odkY jyefvnfvTJajymif;ay;cJYvdkuf&onf/ 78
rav;&Sm;EdkfifiHwGifrl a&m>yef;aygif;pyf pepfwpf&yfudk taumiftxnfazmfcJYonf/ ajr,mrSwfyHk
wifjcif;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&rS wm0ef,l aqmif&GufNyD; 1965 ckESpf? EdkifiHawmf ajr,mOya'jzifh
jyefvnfxdef;csKyfxm;onf/ zuf'&,ftqifh Xmewpfckjzpfaom ppfwrf; ESifh ajryHka&;qGJjcif;Xme
(JUPEM) u ajr,mpm&if; ppfwrf;aumufjcif;udk vkyfaqmifNyD; uRef;qG,fwpfckvHk;\ e,f
ajrtpkrsm;udk ajryHkwpfckwnf;tay:wGif a&;qGJEdkif&ef vkyfaqmif&onf/ jynfe,ftqifh½Hk;rsm;wGif
tqdkyga&;qGJxm;aom ajryHkudk 'D*spfw,fenf;t& toHk;jyKcGifh&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;
vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk tpD&ifcH&onf/ abmfeD,dkuRef;qG,f&Sd Sabah ESifh Sarawak jynfe,fwdkY
wGif ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIudk Sabah ajr,mOya'ESifh Sarawak ajr,mOya'wdkYjzifh toD;oD; pDrH
tkyfcsKyfonf/ 79 tqdkygjynfe,frsm;u ¤if;wdkYjynfe,ff\ ajr,mpm&if;udk udk,fwdkifjyKpkonf/80
,if;tcsufonf A[dktpdk;&xHrS vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPm ydkrdkcGJa0xm;onfqdkonfh tcsuftm;
xif[yfjyoonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
ajr,mpm&if; pDrHrI ESifh ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhudk rnfonfhtpdk;&tqifhu vkyf
aqmifoifhonfudk qHk;jzwf&mwGif rl0g' csrSwfolrsm;taejzifh atmufygtcsufrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;Edkifonf/
78 Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration, Cadastral Template 2.0: Philippines (University of Melbourne, 2015).
79 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), “Gender and Land Rights Database: Malaysia – Land Legislation,” accessed 3 October 2017, http://www.fao.org/gender-landrights-database/en.
80 Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration, Cadastral Template 2.0: Malaysia (University of Melbourne, 2015).
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38
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¼ ajr,mtpDtpOfrsm; csrSwf&mwGif jynfe,fa'o Stakeholer rsm; yg0ifapjcif; / / jynf
e,fa'otqifhrS Stakeholder rsm;onf o,HZmw wl;azmfcGifhr&Sdaom uefYowfe,fajrrsm;
owfrSwfjcif; (Oyrm - ab;rJY{&d,m? opfawmESifh v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;{&d,m tp&Sdojzifh)
ponfh ajr,mtoHkk;jyKcGifh pDrHcefYcGJjcif;qdkkif&m aqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifoifhonf/ jynfe,fa'o
tqifh\ yg0ifrIonf tusdK;&Sdapaomfvnf; rl0g' a&;qGJolrsm;taejzifh aemufqHk; tqHk;
tjzwftm; rnfonfhtpdk;& (jynfaxmifpk odkYr[kwf jynfe,f ESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&) u
jyKvkyfcGifh&Sdonfudk qHk;jzwf&ef vdktyfonf/
¼ EdkifiHawmftqifh ESifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&Gufjcif; / /
rnfonfhtpdk;&u ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIqkkdif&m t<uif;rJY vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm &Sdaeygap rwlnDaom
tpdk;&tqifhrsm;tMum; n§dEIdif;aqmif&GufrI &Sdoifhonfudk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\ Oyrmrsm;u azmf
jyaeonf/ wpfEdkifiHvHk; NcHKiHkkonfhtcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifaom ajr,mpm&if;onf toHk;0if
aomenf;vrf; jzpfvmEdkifonf/ tu,fí jrefrmEdkifiHu ajr,mrSwfyHkwifjcif;ESifhoufqkdifaom
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk jynfe,fESifh wdkif;rsm;odkY ay;tyfrnfqdkygu jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
taejzifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk jynfe,fa'otqifhtwGufomr[kwfyJ wpfEdkifiHvHk;tqifh
ajr,mpm&if;xJodkY xnfhoGif;ay;&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY jyKvkyfjcif;u jynfaxmifpkESifh jynf
e,fa'o tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrIrsm; &Sdvmapygonf/
¼ o,HZmw xl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tjcm;ajrtoHk;jyKrIrsm;tMum; vdfkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif
vkyfaqmifjcif; / / MONREC \ owÅKajr,mpm&if; azmfaqmif&ef vkyfaqmifaerIonf
o,HZmw pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI u@twGuf ta&;MuD;NyD; tjcm;u@rsm;ESifhvnf; rnfodkY n§dEIdif;
aqG;aEG; vkyfaqmif&rnf qdkonfudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;zdkY vdkonf/ Oyrm opfawmESifh
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;? ab;rJYawmu@ tp&SdonfwdkYESifhvnf; n§dEIdif;aqmif&Gufjzpf&ef vdktyf
onf/ rwlnDaom tpdk;&tqifhrsm;u rwlnDaomu@rsm;wGif tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf
,lrnfqdkvQif n§dEIdif;aqmif&Guf&ef ydkNyD; ta&;BuD;onf/
¼ jynfe,fa'o\ pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh enf;ynm t[efYtwm;rsm;tm; udkifwG,fjcif; / /
rnfonfhudpöwGifrqkkd jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdkay;tyfrnfqkkdygu
jynfe,fa'o\ pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh enf;ynmqdkif&m tuefYtowfudk owd&Sd&rnf/ txl;
ojzifh EdkifiHawmftqifh ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yfudk jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS ay;
tyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh xnfhhoGif; aqmif&Gufrnfqdkygu vQyfppfrD;ESifh tifwmeuf
&&SdrI aocsmjcif;r&Sdonfh ae&mwGif oifwef;tenf;i,f ay;½kkHESifh tokkH;jyKEkkdifonfh aqmh0J
jzpf&efvkkdonf/
¼ vkyfief;vdkifpifESifh ajr,mydkifqdkifrIqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk jynfolrsm; vG,fulpGm od&Sd
Edkif&ef vkyfaqmifjcif; / / ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrIwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrI ESifh wm0efcHrI &Sdap&ef
twGuf ajr,mpm&if;wdkif;udk jynfolrsm; vufvSrf;rSDEdkifNyD;? toHkk;jyK&vG,fulatmif aqmif
&Gufoifhonf/ Mopaw;vsEdkifiH? e,l;aqmufofa0;vf jynfe,frS trsm;jynfol vufvSrf;rSD
Edkifaom ajr,mpm&if;wpf&yf (Common Ground initiative) udk toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh rwlnD
aom Stakeholder rsm;tMum; ,HkMunfrIwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tusdK;&SdapcJYonf/
39
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
5/ b@ma&;rlabmifrsm;ESifh tcGefawmfaumufcHjcif;
bmaMumihfta&;ygovJ
tcGefawmfaiG aumufcH&&SdrIonf o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udkk vkyfaqmifonfhEdkifiHrsm;
twGuff t"du tusKd;tjrwfwpfckkjzpfonf/ a&eH obm0"mwfaiGU ESifh owÅKwGif;pDrHudef;rsm;
jynfolYb@mESihf vlrIpD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf t"du taxmuftyHYay;aeaom t&mrsm;jzpf
onf/ xdkYaMumifh oifhavsmfaom b@ma&;rlabmif a&;qGJjcif;ESifh tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk xd
a&mufpGm aumufcHEdkifa&;onf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf/ tpdk;&rsm;uvnf; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk
rufvHk;ay;&ef vdktyfNyD; ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusdK;&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkif&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ odkYr
[kwfygu jyefjynfhNrJr[kkwfonfh o,HZmwrsm;udk jynfolrsm;twGuf a&&SnftusdK;jzpfxGef;rItjzpf
ajymif;vJEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;wpf&yfESifh vGJacsmfEdkifonf/
yxrqHk;tqifhtaejzifh tpdk;&onf b@ma&;rlabmiftm; &Sif;vif;pGm t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&ef vdk
tyfNyD; EdkifiHawmf\ vuf&SdOya'rsm; odkYr[kwf pDrHudef;rsm; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGiftxl;ojzifh
&Sif;vif;pGm teufzGifhqdk&ef vdktyfonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh wGif;0cGefrsm;? taumufcGefrsm;?
xkwfvkyfrI rQa0jcif; tpDtpOfrsm; ESifh vufrSwfxdk;aMu;rsm; ponfh tcGef trsdK;tpm;rsm;udk
toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ aumif;rGefpGm 'DZdkif;a&;qGJxm;aom b@ma&;rlabmiftaejzifh tuefYtowf
&Sdaom obm0o,HZmwrsm;\ oabmobm0? o,HZmw &SmazGrIrsm;wGif raocsm ra&&mrI
rsm;ESifh tcGefawmfpD;qif;rIudk a&&SnfwnfwHh aumif;rGefap&ef tpdk;&\ pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sdatmif
aqmif&Gufjcif; tp&Sdonfh tcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;onf/ 81 ay;aqmifoifhonfh tcGef
awmfaiGrsm;udk tpdk;&taejzifh xda&mufpGm aumufcH&efvnf; vdktyfonf/ tcGefawmfrsm;
ay;aqmifrIudk qef;ppfxm;aom ukrÜPDrsm;\ udk,fwdkif tpD&ifcHpmrsm;? xda&mufaom apmifh
Munfhppfaq;rI? pm&if;ppfjcif; ESifh pnf;Muyfjcif; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh avQmhaygh tpD&ifcHjcif; ESifh
tcGefawmfaiG qHk;½HI;jcif;wdkkYudk a&Smif&Sm;Ekkdifonf/
tcGefawmfaiGudpöudk o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf azmfaqmif&mwGif t"duxm; aqG;aEG;&avY&Sd
onf/ tcsdKUtpdk;&rsm;u o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif;rS &&Sdaom tcGefawmfaiGrsm;ukd jynf
e,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;xHodkY vGJajymif;ay;jcif; enf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;Muonf/ tcGefawmf
cGJa0rIESifh oufqdkifaom pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&rnfh tcsufrsm;udk 2016 NRGI ESifh UNDP wdkYrS
xkwfa0aom Natural Resource Revenue Sharing ESifh 2016 NRGI rS xkwfa0aom
Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues tp&Sdaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;xm;onf/
tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif o,HZmw zuf'&,ffpepf azmfaqmif&mwGif jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&rsm;tm;
tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf aumufcHcGifhay;NyD; tcGef ESifh wGif;0cGef EIef;xm;udkyif ¤if;wdkY
udk,fwdkif owfrSwfEdkifcGifhay;onf/ tqdkygtcsufonf o,HZmw wl;azmfrIaMumifh jzpfay:vm
aom qdk;usdK;rsm;twGuf a'ocH vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; avsmfaMu;aiG ay;Edkifjcif;? y#dyu©rsm;udk
avQmhcsjcif; ESifh BudKwifumuG,fjcif;? o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; a'oEå& ydkifqdkifrI tqdk
rsm;udk wkefYjyefjcif;twGuf enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfEdkifonf/ tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;onf tv,ftvwf
vrf;pOfudk vdkufMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tm*sifwD;em;wGif owÅKwGif;xGuf vkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJ
rIudk jynfe,fa'otqifhodkY cGJa0ay;cJYNyD; jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;rS aumufcH,lEdkifonfh
wGif;0cGef EIef;xm;udk 3 &mcdkifEIef;xuf rydkk&ef owfrSwfxm;onf/ 82
tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf aumufcHcGifhtm; jynfe,fa'tqifhodkkY cGJa0ay;jcif;jzifh jynfe,f
a'otqifhwGif tcGefawmfaiGrsm; vuf0,fa&muf&SdrI ydkrdkxda&mufapEdkifonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;
81 Natural Resource Governance Institute, Fiscal Regime Design (Natural Resource Governance Institute, March 2015).
82 Smith and Rosenblum, Enforcing the Rules.
40
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
wGif A[dktpdk;&rS tcGefawmfaiG vTJtyfay;jcif;udk aumif;rGefpGm taumiftxnf razmfEkkdifMuay/
Oyrmtm;jzifh uGef*dk 'Drdku&ufwpf EdkifiHwGif jynfe,frsm;odfkY b@ma&; cGJwrf;rsm; a&muf&Sd&ef
aESmifhaES;MuefYMumaejcif;u EdkifiHwGif; wif;rmrIrsm; jzpfyGm;&jcif;\ t"du taMumif;t&if; jzpf
aecJYNyD; txl;ojzifh owÅKwGif;vkyfief;rsm; trsm;qHk; aqmif&Gufaeonfh Katanga wGif jzpf
onf/ 83 tcGefawmfrsm; aumufcHEdkifcGifh ay;jcif;jzifh jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; b@m
a&;t& cdkifrmtm;aumif;vmapEdkifonf/ 84
jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&tm; tcGefawmfaumufcHcGifh ay;&mwGif a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
\ owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk n§dEIdif; azmfaqmifEdkifpGrf;? tcGefawmf aumufcHEdkifpGrf; ESifh &HyHkaiGrsm;udk
pDrHcefYcGJEdkifpGrf; &Sdr&Sdudk aqG;aEG;&avY&Sdonf/ aa,bk,stm;jzifh acwfrDqef;opfaom taumuf
cGef pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;udk vdktyfNyD; tpdk;&taejzifh aumufcHoifhaom taumufcGefrsm;udktrSefwu,f
aumufcHEdkifaponf/ Oyrm wGif;0cGef aumufcHrItwGuf xkwfvkyfrIqdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;
jcif;udk jyKvkyf&eftwGuf jrifhrm;aom enf;ynmrsm;ESifh vlom;pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; vdktyfonf/
tqdkygtcsufrSm A[dkktpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;yif ½kef;uef aqmif&Gufae&aom tcsufjzpfonf/
jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPm vTJtyfay;jcif;jzifh tcGefaumuf,l&&SdrI
avsmhusoGm;Edkifonf/
tcGefawmfaiG aumufcHjcif;udpöonf EdkifiHa&;t& toHkk;cscH&rI ESifh vmbfpm;rIwdkYaMumifhvnf;
xdcdkufysufpD;wwfNyD; enf;yg;aom BuD;Muyfa&; ,Eå&m;vkyfief;pOfwdkYaMumifh jynfe,fa'otqifh
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS tcuftcJ t[efYtwm;rsm; BuHKawGUEdkifonf/ 85 Oyrmtm;jzifh Edkif*sD;&D;,m;
EdkifiH\ jynfe,fa'otqifh tcGefawmf pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif yGifhvif;jrifomrI tenf;i,fom&Sdonf/
tjzpftysufwpfckkrSm 2011 ckESpfwGif Akwa Ibom jynfe,ftpdk;&u tar&duefa':vm oef;
120 udk aiGvHk;aiG&if; toHk;p&dwfrS jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;½Hk;odkY cGJa0 csxm;ay;vdkufonf/
tqdkygjynfe,f&Sd 60 &mcdkifEIef;aom aexdkifolrsm;onf qif;&JrGJawrI'Pfudk cHpm;ae&NyD;
trsm;jynfolrS tqdkyg toHk;p&dwf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: Munfh½Ippfaq;EdkifcGifh r&SdcJYay/ 86
83 International Crisis Group, Katanga: Tensions in DRC’s Mineral Heartland (3 August 2016); Rebecca Iwerks and Kaisa Toroskainen, Subnational Revenue Sharing in the DRC after Decoupage: Four Recommendations for Better Governance (Natural Resource Governance Institute, April 2017).
84 Bauer et al., Sharing the Wealth.
85 Ibid.
86 Vanessa Ushie. Political Decentralization and Natural Resource Governance in Nigeria, Research Report (The North-South Institute, 2012).
ucsifjynfe,fwGif
a&Tyef;xdrfwpfOD;
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41
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;ukd tcGefawmfaiGtay: xdef;csKyfrI tjynfht0 ay;vdkufygu o,HZmwrS&&Sd
aom tcGefawmfaiG\ jynfolYb@mtwGuf ta&;ygrItay: rlwnfNyD; o,HZmw <u,f0aom
a'orsm;ESifh o,HZmwenf;yg;aom a'orsm;tMum; rnDrQrIrsm;jzpfvmEdkifonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh
2007 ckESpfwGif avYvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& b&mZD;EdkifiHwGif urf;vGefa&eHwGif;rsm;rS wGif;0cGefudk
cGJa0&,l&ef pDrHcefYcGJcJYrIaMumihf Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo ESifh Sao Paolo jynfe,frsm;
wGif tcGefawmf&&SdrI trsm;tjym; wdk;wufvmcJYonf/ tqdkyg jzpf&yfaMumifh o,HZmw xkwf
vkyfrIr&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;rS EdkifiHa&;vHIYaqmfrI urfydef;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJYonf/ 2013 ckESpfwGif
tqdkygjynfe,frsm;u tcGefawmfaiGcGJa0rIqdkkif&m Oya'udk ajymif;&ef BudK;pm;cJYMuNyD; atmifjrifrI
vnf; &&SdcJYMuonf/ tqdkyg jyifqifrIaMumifh o,HZmw xkwfvkyfaom jynfe,frsm;wGif ½kwf
w&uf bwf*suf tusyftwnf;udk &ifqdkifcJY&NyD; 2013 wpfESpfwnf;wGifyif Rio de Janeiro jynfe,frSm tar&duefa':vm oef; 810 rQ qHk;&HI;oGm;cJYaMumif; cefYrSef;xm;cJYonf/ 87
jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; o,HZmw u@rsm;rS tcGefawmfaiG owfrSwfaumuf
cHEdkifcGifh ay;tyfyguvnf; wpfEdkifiHvHkk;qdkkif&m b@ma&;rl0g'ESifh us,fjyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'ESifh
ukdufnDonfh vkkyfief;pOfrsm; azmfaqmif&ef ydkrdkcufcJapEdkifonf/ tcsdKUtcGefawmfrsm;udk EdkifiH
awmftqifh? tcsdKUtcGefawmfrsm;udk jynfe,fa'otqifh aumufcHyguvnf; ukrÜPDrsm; tcGef
awmfaiGay;aqmif&ef 0efxkkyf0efydkk; jzpfapEdkifonf/ ,if;tcsufonf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\ ,HkMunfrI
tydkif;udk xdcdkufapEdkifonf/ xdkkYjyif qif;&Jcsrf;om rnDrQrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef tcGefawmfaiGvTJajymif;
ay;rIudk toHk;jyK&eftwGufvnf; ydkrdkcufcJrI&SdapEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh bdkvDAD;,m;wGif jrLeDpD
y,f tpdk;&rsm;odkY tcGefawmfvTJajymif;rIonf jynfwGif; qif;&JrGJawrI EIef;xm;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;
wGufcsufxm;aom azmfrIvmjzifh tqHk;tjzwfjyKonf/ 88 tcsdKUaoma'orsm;twGuf A[dkcsKyf
udkiffrI avQmhcsaom csOf;uyfrIwpf&yfonf o,HZmw 0ifaiGrsm;udk toHk;jyKNyD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
pdefac:csufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef BudK;yrf;rIrsm;twGuf twm;tqD;wpf&yf jzpfapwwfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ b@ma&;rlabmifudk vuf&SdwGif jynfaxmifpktqifhwGif qHk;jzwfNyD; jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkif pdD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm; tm;vHk;rS
tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udfk aumufcH,laeMuonf/ (av;axmifhuGuf 8 wGifMunfhyg)
jrefrmEdkifiHonf o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;rS odomxif&Sm;aom tusdK;tjrwf &&Sdonf/
EdkfifiH\ yxrqHk; o,HZmwwl;azmfa&;u@ yGifhvif;jrifomrI azmfaqmifa&; (EITI) \ 2016
ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif xkwfjyefcJYaom tpD&ifcHpmt& jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&onf 2013^2014
ckESpfwGif owÅKwGif;rS cefYrSef;ajctm;jzifh tcGefawmfaiG tar&duefa':vm oef; 460 udk &&SdcJYNyD;
a&eHESifh "gwfaiGUrS tcGefawmfaiG tar&duefa':vm 2 .7 bDvD,Hudk &&SdcJYonf[kod&onf/ 89
tqdkygawGU&Sdcsufu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vkyfief;rsm;onf jynfolYb@m
twGuf ta&;BuD;onfudk jyoaeonf/ xdkkYjyif b@ma&;rlabmifrsm; ½IyfaxG;rIESifh tcGefawmf
aumufcH&mwGif tm;enf;csufrsm; &Sdjcif;aMumifh (txl;ojzifh ausmufrsufu@wGif) avsmhaygY
tpD&ifcHjcif;? aps;EIef;upm;jcif; ESifh tcGefa&Smifjcif;wdkYudk trsm;tjym; jzpfay:apcJYonf/ 90
tusdK;quftm;jzifh tcGefawmfaiG ½IH;qHk;jcif; jzpfvmapcJYonf/
87 Thalito Carrico, “Rio: Loser in Brazil’s Oil Royalty Row,” FT, 15 March 2013.
88 NRGI and UNDP, Revenue Sharing.
89 Bauer et al., Sharing the Wealth.
90 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret.’
42
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
b@ma&; owfrSwfcsufrsm; jyXmef;jcif;
owÅKwGif;u@ tcGefawmfaiG aumufcHrIudk t"dutm;jzifh jrefrmYowÅKwGif;Oya' (2015)? jref
rmYausmufrsufOya' (2016)? oufqkdif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;t& pDrHtkyfcsKyfonf/ tqdkyg
tcsufrsm;udk tajccHMunfhvQif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u xkwfvkyfrIrQa0jcif;? EdkifiHawmfrS cGJa0ay;
jcif? wGif;0cGefaumufcHjcif; ESifh ajrjyifydkYaqmifcwdkYESifhywfoufaom n§dEIdif;rIrsm;ESifh owfrSwf
jcif;rsm;udfk jyKvkyfonf/ a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@ü jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u xkwfvkyfrIrQa0jcif;
oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif b@ma&;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jyXmef;onf/ o,HZmwwl;azmfa&;ukrÜPD
rsm;taejzifh u@tvkkdufaumuf,lonfh tcGefrsm;tjyif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS owfrSwfaom
aumfydk&dwf0ifaiGcGefrsm;ESifh jynfwGif;taumufcGefrsm;uJhodkY tjcm;tcGefrsm;tm;ay;aqmif&onf/
av;axmifhuGuf (8) jrefrmEdkifiH\ a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGUYESifh
owÅKwGif;u@\tcGefawmfaiG pD;qif;rI
jrefrmEdkifiH\ Oya'rlabmifwGif o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwf,la&; vkyfief;rsm;rS tcGefawmfaiG
aumufcHjcif;udpöudk xnfhoGif;jyXef;xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYxJrS ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsufrsm;rSm-
¼ vdkifpifaMu; / / vdkifpifopf &&Sd&ef ukrÜPDrsm;rS wpfBudrfwnf;ay;&aom tcGef
¼ tpdk;&yg0ifrI / / o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif tpdk;&ydkifqdkifrI tpk&S,f,mrsm;
tay: tjrwfrsm;
¼ tpdk;&a0pk / / o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfrS yg0ifaqmif
&Guf&onfhtwGuf a&eH odkYr[kwf owÅKwGif;xGufypönf; tcsdK;wpf&yfudk wdkuf½dkufvufcH
&&Sdjcif;
¼ wGif;0cGef / / o,HZmw wl;azmfrIwGif yrmPESifh wefzdk;ay:rlwnfí &mcdkifEIef; tcsdK;us
jzifh ay;aqmif&jcif;
¼ aumfydk&dwf 0ifaiGcGef / / a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGU ESifh owÅKwGif;ukrÜPDrsm;\ 0ifaiGay:wGif
aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;
¼ ukefoG,fvkyfief;cGef / / a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGU ESifh owÅKwGif;rS xkwfukefrsm; a&mif;csrI
tay:wGif aumufcHaom tcGefrsm;
¼ jynfwGif;taumufcGef / / a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGUESifh owÅKwGif;xkwfukefrsm; wifydkYa&mif;cs
&mwGif aumufcHaom txl;tcGefrsm;
jynfaxmifpktqifh Xmersm;rS tcGefawmfaiG aumufcHrI
a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@wGif tcGefawmfaiG aumufcHjcif;ESifh vdkufemrI &Sdr&Sd apmifhMunfh
ppfaq;jcif;wGif MOGE u t"duae&mrS yg0ifaeonf/ PSC ykHpHatmufwGif EdkifiHawmfydkfif
pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf tpdk;& &&Sdonfh a&eHa0pkkudk &,lydkifcGifhESifh a&mif;csydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
vufawGU wGif urf;vGefyifv,fjyif&Sd obm0"gwfaiGUrsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;u a&mif;csNyD;
jrefrmEdkifiH twGuf &S,f,ma0pkudk aiGom;jzifh &&Sdonf/ ukef;wGif;a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUrS
&&Sdaom a0pk rsm;ukdrl wcgw&HwGif a&eHpdrf;jzifh jyefvnf&&SdNyD; wcgw&HwGifrl aiGom;jzifh
&&Sdonf/ MOGE u oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqdkrIESifh xkwfvkyfrI tydkqkaMu;rsm;? wGif;0cGef?
tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf ay;aqmif&aomaiGESifh oifwef; &HyHkaiGrsm;udk aumufcHonf/
xdkYtjyif EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;taejzifh ukkrÜPDrsm;\ a&eHpdrf; wefzdk;jzwfjcif;tm; ppfaq;&ef
wm0ef,l&onf/ 91 a&eHwGif;0cGef ESifh tydkqkaMu;aiGrsm;udk MOGE u &&SdNyD; MOEE odkY
vGJajymif;ay;onf/ aumfydk&dwf 0ifaiGcGef ESifh taumufcGefwdkYudk jynfwGif; tcGefrsm;OD;pD;Xme
(IRD) ESifh pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme\ taumufcGefXmerS aumufcHonf/
91 Heller and Delesgues. Gilded Gatekeepers.
43
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
owÅKwl;azmfa&; u@wGifrl t"du tcGefawmfaiGaumufcHa&; wm0efrsm;udk EdkifiHydkif pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;? jynfwGif; tcGefOD;pD;Xme ESifh taumufcGef XmewdkYu vkyfaqmifonf/ owÅKu@
wGifrl xkwfvkyfrI apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;tm; EdkifiHawmfydkif owÅKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;u tvsOf;oifh
ovdk aqmif&GufaeNyD; jynfe,fa'otqifhrS w&m;0if yg0ifrI tcef;u@ r&Sdovdk xdef;odrf;
BuD;Muyfa&; vkyfydkifcGifh wm0efrsm;tay: Oya'jyXmef;rIrSmvnf; &Sif;vif;rI r&Sday/ ausmufrsuf
u@wGifrl wGif;0cGefrsm; wGufcsufjcif;wGif jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m Stakeholder rsm;udk yg0if
cGifhay;xm;onf/ wGif;0cGefrsm;udkrl MONREC \ tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrS owfrSwfaomEIef;xm;tay:
tajccHxm;onf/ MONREC \ nTefMum;csufrsm;t& tqdkygtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwGif oufqdkif&m
jynfe,fESifhwdkif; vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; ESifh NrdKUe,frsm;rS taumufcGef 0efxrf;rsm; yg0if
onf/ odkYaomfvnf; t<uif;rJYvkyfydkifcGifh tmPm&SdonfrSm jynfaxmifpktpdk;&om jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpktkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf jynfe,fa'o\ yg0ifrIr&SdbJ tjcm;aom tcGef
awmfaiGrsm;udkvnf; aumufcHonf/ 92
jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;rS tcGefawmfaumufcHrI
jynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'orsm;wGif tcGefawmfaiG wdkuf½dkufaumufcHcGifh tenf;i,fom&Sdonf/ jynf
e,fESifhwdkif;tpdk;&rsm;onf ausmufp&pfESifh oJ tygt0if tjcm;qufpyfaeaom u@tvdkuf
r[kwfaom tao;pm;tcGefrsm; (,pfrsdK;cGef? ajrcGef? a&cGef? vrf;jzwfoef;ctcGef)udk wdkuf½dkuf
aumufcHydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ txufyg aumufcHcGifh&Sdaom tcGeftrsdK;tpm;rsm;rS tcsdKUaom tcGefkudk
jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&rsm;u EIef;xm;owfrSwfEdkifaom tcGifhtmPm&Sdaomfvnf; tcsdKUaomtcGef
rsm;udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS owfrSwfxm;aom tcGefEIef;xm;rsm;twdkif;om aumufcHEdkifonf/
jynfe,fESifhwdkif; tpdk;&wdkYonf a'owGif;&Sd tpdk;&ydkifypönf;rsm; iSm;&rf;jcif; odkYr[kwf a&mif;cs
NyD;? jynfe,f odkYr[kwf a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&ydkifvkyfief;rsm;twGuf tusdK;tjrwf&&Sd&ef jyKvkyfEdkif
onf/ (vufawGUwGif tqdkygtcsufrsm;onf o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;u@twGuf ta&;ygrI
odyfr&Sd[k od&Sdem;vnfxm;onf) 93
toHk;p&dwfqdkkif&m vkyfydkkifcGifh tenf;i,fom&Sdaom jynfe,fESifh wdkif;tpdk;&bwf*sufrsm;onf
(av;axmifhuGuf 1 wGifMunfhyg) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ vTJajymif;ay;aiGtay:wGifom trsm;
tm;jzifh rlwnfae&onf/ tqdkyg bwf*swfvTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;rSmvnf; tvsOf;oifhovdk
aqmif&Gufaejcif;om jzpfonf/ 94 xdkodkYjyKvkyfjcif;u bwf*sufa&;qGJ&mwGif tcuftcJjzpfap
ovdk jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;\ toHk;p&dwfqdkkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;vkkyfaqmif&mwGif
A[kkdMoZmuif;NyD; vGwfvyfpGmqkkH;jzwfEkkdifpGrf;udkk aESmifhaES;aponf/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh jynfe,f
a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;u tcGefawmfrsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf aumufcHEdkifcGifhtwGuf awmif;qdkrIrsm;
&SdvmcJYonf/ vuf&SdwGif jynfe,fESifhwdkif;tpdk;&rsm;rS wpfEdkifwpfydkif ESifh tao;pm;wl;azmfa&;
vkyfief;rsm;tay: tcGefaiG wdkuf½dkufaumufcHcGifh &Sd&ef Oya'jyifqifrIrsm;udk vkyfaqmifaeonf/
tqdkyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tydkif; 9 wGif tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;xm;onf/
jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;onf vuf&SdwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ Oya'rlabmifwGif razmf
jyxm;aom udpörsm;twGuf tcGefaumuf,lEkkdif&ef enf;vrf;rsm; aqmif&GufaeMuonf/ (av;
axmifh uGuf 9 wGifMunfhyg)/ o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIu@wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh tcGefaumuf,lEdkifrI pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;rSm tuefYtowf&SdaeNyD; wdkif;
&if;om; vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS w&m;r0if tcGefaumuf,lrIrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzifh ucsifvGyfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (KIA) onf ausmufpdrf;wGif;rsm;rS w½kwfjynfe,fpyfodkY
jzwfoef;ctcGefudkk pepfusNyD; acwfrDaom taumufcGef aumuf,lrIpepfwpf&yfjzifh aumuf,l
92 Stakeholder interview.
93 Bauer et al., Sharing the Wealth.
94 Ibid.
44
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
aeonf[kk ajymMum;rIrsm;&Sdonf/ 95 tpdk;&ppfwyfydkif;rSvnf; tqdkygu@rS w&m;r0if tcGef
awmfrsm; aumufcHrI&SdaeaMumif; pGyfpGJajymMum;rIrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ 96
av;axmifhuGuf (9) a'oEå& tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;
wGif;0cGefay;jcif;? tcGefESifh tjcm;tcGefawmfaiGrsm; ay;oGif;apjcif;tjyif tpdk;&rsm;onf
ukrÜPDrsm;tm; a'ozGHUNzdK;a&;qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm; odkYr[kwf tajccHtaqmufttHk pDrHudef;
rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI &Sdvmap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ tcsdKUudpö&yfrsm;wGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf
¤if;wdkY\ a&&Snf wnfwHhzGHUNzdK;a&; r[mAsL[mtwGuf tqdkyg &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk qE´
tavsmuf jyKvkyfvmEdkifonf/
xdkuJhodkYaom okkH;pGJrIrsm;twGuf tcGefavQmhayghavY &SdapNyD;? a'oEå& pDrHudef;rsm;wGif &if;
ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;tm;jzifh ukrÜPDrS aqmif&rnfhtcGef 0efxkyf0efydk;udk avQmhcsEdkifonf/ ,if;uJhokkdY
aqmif&Gufjcif;onf tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udkk A[kkdtpkd;&rS a'otqifhokkdY tusdK;tjrwfrsm;
ajymif;vJcHpm;apjcif;jzpfNyD; b@ma&;rIabmifrsm;t& jynfe,frsm;taejzifh u@rS aumuf
,l&onfh tcGefrsm; xdef;csKyfEkdifcGifhr&Sdonfhwkkdif tusdK;tjrwf a0pkkrsm; ykkdí&&Sdaponfh enf;
vrf;wpfckkjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ owÅK? a&eHESifh obm0"gwfaiGUu@wGif a'owGif; vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf
odkYr[kwf vlrIa&; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&Sday/
odkYaomfvnf; MIC u &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm; tm;vHk;udk tcGefraumufrD tusdK;tjrwfrsm;\
wpf&mcdkifEIef; rS oHk;&mcdkifEIef;txd aumfydk&dwf vlrIa&;wm0ef (CSR) tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf
oHkk;pGJ&efESifh ,if;tpDtpOftwGuf oHkk;pGJrIqdkkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; a'ocHtzGJU
tpnf;rsm;ESifh wm0ef&SdolwdkYxHrS tBuHÓmPfrsm; &,l&rnf[k tjynfht0 wdkufwGef;xm;onf/ 97 2016 ckESpfwGif jyifqifa&;qGJcJYaom jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'wGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm
ausmufrsuf&wem pDrHudef;rsm;rS &&Sdaom tjrwfaiG\ 2 &mcdkifEIef;onf ]]usef;rma&;?
ynma&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&; ESifh tjcm;t&mrsm;twGuf}} &efyHkaiGtjzpf toHk;jyK&rnf[k
jyXmef;xm;aomfvnf; tqdkygjyXmef;csufrsm;udk vufawGUtrSefwu,f taumiftxnfazmf
rIESifhywfoufNyD; &Sif;vif;rI r&Sday/ 98 vlrIa&;qdkif&m &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI wm0efrsm;udkvnf;vdkifpif
oabmwlnDrI wpfckcsif;pDwGif owfrSwfazmfjyEdkifonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh vufyHawmif; &Sd
aMu;eDowÅK wl;azmfrIvdkifpifudk jyefvnfaqG;aEG; n§dEdIif;rIt& 0rfaygifukrÜPDonf ukrÜPD
tom;wiftjrwfaiG\ ESpf&mcdkifEIef;udk a'ozGHUNzdK;a&; &HyHkaiGtwGuf toHk;jyK&ef oabmwl
nDrI &&SdcJYonf/ 99
jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;uvnf; vlrIa&; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf ¤if;wdkYudk,fydkifowfrSwf
csufrsm;udk jyXmef;aqmif&GufrIrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
¼ &Srf;jynfe,fwGif jynfe,ftpdk;&u ]]qif;&JrGJawrI avQmhcsjcif; ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif
xdef;odrf;a&; &efyHkaiG}} udk jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf trdefYESifh xlaxmifcJYonf/ 2014 ckESpf?
ZGefvwGif tqdkyg &efyHkaiGrSm jrefrmusyfaiG oef; 240 xd&SdaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ tqdkyg
trdefYyg jyXmef;csuft& owÅKwGif;rsm;u owÅKwGif;t&G,ftpm; ESifh trsdK;tpm; tay:
rlwnfí w&m;ao owfrSwfxm;aom tcaMu;aiGudk ay;aqmif&onf/ vuf&SdwGif
tqdkyg&efyHkaiGudk vuf&Sdtajctaetm; &Sif;vif;pGm rod&Sd&aomfvnf; t"dutm;jzifh
&Srf;jynfe,f&Sd v,form;rsm;twGuf tao;pm; aiGacs;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;cJY
95 Bauer et al., Sharing the Wealth.
96 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret.’
97 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Oil and Gas Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
98 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Gemstone Law (2016).
99 Myanmar Wanbao website, accessed 16 November 2017, www.myanmarwanbao.com.mm.
45
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
onf[k od&onf/ 100
¼ 2014 ckESpfwGif ucsifjynfe,ftpdk;&u ausmufrsuf&wem ukrÜPDrsm;tm; zm;uefY&Sd
ausmufwGif;rsm;odkY oGm;&ef t"duvrf;jzpfaom rdk;aumif; - zm;uefYvrf; cif;&eftwGuf
ukrÜPDwpfckudk jrefrmusyfaiG 10 oef;pD ay;tyf&eftwGuf pwifvkyfaqmifcJYonf/ 101
ppfudkif;wdkif;a'o? vufyHawmif; aMu;eDpDrHudef;teD; v,fvkyfom;wpfOD; a&cyfaeyHk/
qE´xkkwfazmfrIrsm;aMumifh pDrHudef;\ vdkifpifygowfrSwfcsufrsm;udk
jyefvnfn§dESdKif;cJY&onf/
urÇmwpf0ef;rS vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI vkyfxHk;enf;emrsm;tm; avYvmjcif;
,cktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf avYvmxm;aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;\ o,H
Zmwu@ tcGefawmfaiGrsm;tm; owfrSwfaumufcHcGifh twdkif;wmrsm;ay:rlwnfí uGJjym;Mu
onf/ wpfjynfaxmifEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'o tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY tcGeftcvTJajymif;ay;rI
&Sdaomfvnf; tcGefESifh wGif;0cGefrsm; tcaMu;aiGowfrSwfaumufcHjcif;ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh
jynfaxmifpkk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;uom aqmif&Gufonf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ydkrdkavQmhcsxm;aom EdkifiH
rsm;wGif tcGefEIef;xm;rsm;\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif; odkYr[kwf tcGefEIef;xm; tvHk;pHkudk jynfaxmifpk
tqifhrS aqmif&Gufaomfvnf; jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;onf tcsdKU tcGefawmfrsm;udk
wdkuf½dkuf aumufcH,lcGifh &SdEdkifonf/ xl;jcm;onfhtcsuftaejzifh tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,f
a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrsm;rS t"du taumufcGefEIef;xm;rsm;
udk tjynfht0 vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfowfrSwfEdkifcGifh &Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/
tcGefawmfaumufcHjcif;
avhvmrIjyKcJhonfh wpfjynfaxmifEdkifiHrsm;wGif a,bk,stm;jzifh t"du wGif;xGuf vkyfief;u@
tcGefawmf tvHk;pHkudk jynfaxmifpkktpdk;&u aumufcHonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrI tqdkygEdkifiHrsm;
tm;vHk;wGifvnf; tcsdKUtcGefawmfrsm;udk jynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'o tpdk;&rsm;odkY cGJa0ay;onfhpepf
rsm;&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif owÅKwGif;ESifhqufpyfaom tcsdKU tcGefawmfrsm;udk
a'oEå& tpdk;&rsm;odkY vTJay;onf/ jynfwGif; ukefacsmrsm;tay: aumufcHaom pnf;MuyfcGef?
wGif;0cGefrsm; vdkifpifaMu;rsm; ESifh a'oEå&tpdk;& buf*suf tydktvQHwdkY\ &mcdkifEIef;wpfckudk
100 Thet Aung Lynn and Mari Oye, Natural Resources and Subnational Government in Myanmar: Key Considerations for Wealth Sharing (IGC, MDRI-CESD and The Asia Foundation, 2014).
101 Lynn and Oye, Natural Resources and Subnational Government in Myanmar.
46
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
taxGaxG a'oEå& zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &efyHkaiGtjzpf pkpnf;NyD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI nTef;udef;rsm;?
vlOD;a& jynfwGif;tcGef&&SdrI yrmP ponfwdkYudk xnfhoGif;wGufcsufxm;onfh azmfjrLvmtm;
toHk;jyKum tcGefawmfudk jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onf/ 102
tcsdefumv Mum&SnfpGm&Sdaeaom epfemrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&eftwGufvnf; tcGefawmf cGJa0ay;jcif;
enf;vrf;tokkH;csNyD; pDrHaqmif&GufEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;wGif A[dktpdk;&onf
a,bk,stm;jzifh a&eHrS pkpkaygif; tcGefawmf\ 3 .1 &mcdkifEIef;tm; a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh jynf
e,frsm;udk cGJa0ay;um a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh jrdKUe,frsm;tm; 6 .2 &mcdkifEIef;? a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh
jynfe,frsm;&Sd tjcm;NrdKUrsm;tm; 6 .2 &mcdkifEIef; cGJa0ay;onf/ ("mwfaiGUtcGefawmfudk tvm;
wlyHkpHjzifh vTJajymif;cGJa0ay;aomfvnf; EIef;xm;tenf;i,f ydkrdkjrifhrm;onf)/ A[dktpdk;&ESifh cGJ
xGufa&;tzGJYrsm;tMum; y#dyu©rsm; tcsdefMumjrifhpGmwnf&Sdaeaom Papua ESifh taemuf
Papua a'orsm;wGif ,if;a'orsm;rSm xkwfvkyfonfh a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU tcGefawmf\
70 &mcdkifEIef;txd &&Sdonf/ 103
jynfe,f^a'o tqifhwGif tcGefawmfaiGrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufaumufcHEdkifcGifhESifh ywfoufNyD; rluGJ
trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ tcGefawmfaiG pD;qif;rIyHkpH ESifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfaqmif&GufrIrsm;\ oabm
obm0ay: rlwnfí ajymif;vJrIrsm;&Sdonf/ Z,m; (1) ESifh (2) wGif o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;
tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;tm; t"du azmfaqmifonfh urÇmay:&Sd EdkifiHrsm;\ wGif;xGufESifh a&eH tcGef
aumufcHjcif; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;tm; NcHKiHkoHk;oyfazmfjyxm;onf/ MopaMw;vs? tdEd´
,? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh rGef*dkvD;,m; \ aumfydk&dwf 0ifaiGcGefrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftpdk;& wpfckwnf;rSom
aumufcHonf/ zdvpfydkiftaejzifh a'oEå&tpdk;&rsm;rS jynfwGif;vkyfief;cGeftm; wdkuf½dkuf
owfrSwfaumufcHEdkifaomfvnf; A[dktpdk;&rS trsm;qHk; aumufcHEdkifonfh ¤if;tcGef EIef;xm;udk
owfrSwfay;onf/ 104
wGif;0cGefESifh ywfoufvQif ydkí ajymif;vJrIrsm; &Sdonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;wGif owÅKwGif; ESifh a&eH
pDrHudef;tm;vHk;twGuf wGif;0cGefrsm;tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS aumufcHonf/ (odkY&mwGif
jynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'o tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf vTJajymif;ay;&eftwGuf pepfwpfck&Sdonf)/
MopaMw;vswGif jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'orsm; (territory [koHkk;) taejzifh ukef;wGif;o,HZmw
t&if;tjrpfrsm;twGuf wGif;0cGefrsm;udk aumufcHonf/ urf;vGefa&eH wGif;0cGefrsm; (taemuf
ajrmuf urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif;udkom vuf&SdaumufcH)tm; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS aumufcHaomfvnf;
taemufMopaMw;vs tpdk;&tm; jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onf/ 105 tvm;wlyif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif
vnf; owÅKwGif; wGif;0cGefrsm;tm; jynfe,f^wdkif;a'o tpdk;&rsm;rS aumufcHNyD; a&eHtwGuf
wGif;0cGefrsm;udkrl EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS aumufcHonf/ rav;&Sm;EdkifiH\ pepfrSm tjiif;yGm;zG,f
tajctaersm; &Sdaeonf/ jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;taejzifh yifv,furf;½dk;wef;&Sd pDrHudef;rsm;rS
wGif;0cGefrsm;tm; aumufcHEdkifonfhtwGuf urf;vGefwnf&Sdaom pDrHudef;rsm;twGufvnf;wGif;0
cGefrsm; aumufcHEdkifrItay: oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrsm; &Sdvmonf/ 2000 ckESpfwGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&rS
Terengganu jynfe,ftm; wGif;0cGef vTJajymif;ay;rIudk &yfwefYcJYNyD; ,if;wGif;0cGefrsm;tm;
A[dktpkd;&rS xdef;csKyfaom &HyHkaiGtjzpf ajymif;vJcJYonf/ twdkuftcHygwDjzpfaom rav;&Sm;
tpövmrfrpfygwD (PAS) onf jynfe,fa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif tEdkif&&SdcJYNyD; rMumrD ,ckuJhodkY
ajymif;vJvdkufonfhtwGuf ,ck tajymif;tvJonf EdkifiHa&;t& vHIYaqmf aqmif&Gufjcif;wpfck
jzpfaMumif; jynfe,ftpdk;&u a0zefcJYum zuf'&,ftpdk;&tm; w&m;pGJqdkcJYonf/ zuf'&,ftpdk;&
taejzifh pGyfpGJajymMum;csufrsm;udk jiif;qdkcJYNyD; aemufqHk;wGif w&m;½Hk;rS Terengganu jynfe,f
tpdk;&taejzifh urf;vGefa&rdkif oHk;rdkifxuf ausmfvGefygu wGif;0cGefrsm; aumufcHEdkifonfhtcGifh
102 NRGI and UNDP, Revenue Sharing.
103 Ibid.
104 NRGI and UNDP, Revenue Sharing.
105 Information and Research Services, Research Note: Crude Oil Excise and Royalties (Department of the Parliamentary Library, 2000).
47
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
r&Sd[k qHk;jzwfcJYonf/ 106
t"du tcGefawmfrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS aumufcHavY&SdNyD; a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfe,ftpdk;&
rsm;taejzifh yrmPenf;yg;aom taumufcGefESifh tcaMu;aiGrsm;udk aumufcHEdkifcGifhom&SdavY
&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS wGif;0cGefrsm; ESifh aumfydk&dwf0ifaiGcGef
rsm;udk aumufcHNyD; a'oEå&tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ypönf;Opöm? tdrf&m taqmufttHk? ajr,m?
,mOf ESifh a&toHk;jyKrI tcGefrsm;? ausmufp&pfESifh oJxkwfvkyfrItwGuf wGif;0cGefrsm;udkom
aumufcHonf/ 107 EdkifiHawmftqifh aumufcHaom tcGefawmfrsm;\ wefzdk;rSm jynfe,ftqifh
taumufcGefrsm;xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkonf/ 2015 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;& Xmersm;rS aumufcH&&SdcJY
aom tcGefawmfaiGrSm rGef*dkvD;,m;aiGaMu; MNT 1 .3 x&DvD,H &SdcJYNyD; jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;
aumufcH&&SdcJYaomf tcGefawmfaiG yrmPrSm MNT 0 .1 x&DvD,Hom &SdcJYonf/ 108
Z,m; 1/ erIemtjzpf azmfjyxm;onfh EkkdifiHrsm;wGif tpkkd;&tqifhqifhrS aumuf,laeonfh
wGif;xGuf tcGeftrsdK;tpm;rsm;
EdkifiHtpdk;& zGJUpnf;yHk
pepf
aumfydk&dwf
0ifaiGcGefwGif;0cGefrsm;
ypönf;Opöm?tdrf&m
taqmufttHk^
ajr,m tcGefrsm;
A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ&
tm*sifwD;em; zuf'&,f X X X
MopaMw;vs zuf'&,f X X* X X* X
b&mZD; zuf'&,f X X X
uae'g zuf'&,f X X X* X X* X
csDvDwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X
w&kwfwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
DRCwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
*gemwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
tdEd´, zuf'&,f X X X
tif'dkeD;&Sm;
e,fajrtvdkuf
wpfjynfaxmif
pepf
X X X X
umZufpwefwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
um*spfpwefwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X** X
rav;&Sm; zuf'&,f X X X X
ruúqDudk zuf'&,f X X X
106 Wee Chong Hui, Oil and Gas Management and Revenues in Malaysia (Universiti Teknologi Mara Sarawak).
107 NRGI and UNDP, Revenue Sharing.
108 Mongolia Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Mongolia Tenth EITI Report 2015 (December 2016).
48
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
rGef*dkvD;,m;wpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
jrefrmwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X X
yD½l;wpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
zdvpfydkif
e,fajrtvdkuf
wpfjynfaxmif
pepf
X X X X*** X
&k&Sm; zuf'&,f X X X X
awmif
tmz&du
wpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
wefZef;eD;,m;
e,fajrtvdkuf
wpfjynfaxmif
pepf
X X X
,lattD; zuf'&,f X X X
,lau
e,fajrtvdkuf
wpfjynfaxmif
pepf
X
,ltufpf zuf'&,f X X X* X X
Sources : National legislation; PricewaterhouseCoopers country mining tax profiles (2015)
* – zuf'&,fpepf usifhoHk;aom e,fajra'orsm;wGifom toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
** – aiyl aimak tqifh a'oEå&tpdk;&rsm;rS aumufcHaom tcGefawmfr[kwfaom ay;aiGrsm;
,if;aiGrsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh wGif;0cGefrsm;jzpfonf/
*** – wGif;0cGefrsm;tm; a'ocHtzGJUrsm; ESifh tcsdKU a'oEå& tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;rSom wGufcsuf
aumufcH,lonf/
Z,m; 2/ erlemtjzpf owfrSwfa&G;cs,fxm;aom EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif tpdk;&\ a&eHtcGef
aumufcHrItqifh
EdkifiHtpdk;& zGJUpnf;yHk
pepf
aumfydk&dwf
0ifaiGcGefwGif;0cGefrsm;
ypönf;Opöm?tdrf&m
taqmufttHk^
ajr,m tcGefrsm;
A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ& A[dkk a'oEÅ&
MopaMw;vs zuf'&,f X X* X X
tufZmab*sefwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
bdkvDAD;,m;wpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
b&mZD; zuf'&,f X X X
uae'g zuf'&,f X X X* X X
w½kwfwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X X
49
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
*gemwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
tdEd´, zuf'&,f X X** X X
tif'dkeD;&Sm;
e,fajrtvdkuf
wpfjynfaxmif
pepf
X X X***
umZufpwefwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
um*spfpwefwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
rav;&Sm; zuf'&,f X X X
rGef*dkvD;,m;wpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X X
jrefrmwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
ekdif*sD;&D;,m; zuf'&,f X X
aemfa0;wpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X
zdvpfydkif
e,fajrtvdkuf
wpfjynfaxmif
pepf
X
awmif
tmz&du
wpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
wefZef;eD;,m;
e,fajrtvdkuf
wpfjynfaxmif
pepf
X X X
wDarmwpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X
x&DeD’wf ESifh
wdkbuf*dk
wpfjynfaxmif
pepfX X X
,lattD; zuf'&,f X X X
,lau
e,fajrtvdkuf
wpfjynfaxmif
pepf
X
,ltufpf zuf'&,f X X X* X X
Sources : Deloitte Oil and Gas Taxation profiles (2013); Deloitte Taxation and Investment profiles (2015); EITI Reports (most recent); Fidfinvest AG (2005) Taxation in the United Arab Emirates; Mitch Kunze and William E. Morgan (2005) “Taxation of Oil and Gas in the United States 1970–1997.” Natural Resources Journal 45(1): 77–101; national legislation; PricewaterhouseCoopers tax summaries (2016).
* – zuf'&,fpepf usifhoHk;aom e,fajra'orsm;wGifom toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
** – urf;vGef vkyfief;rsm;twGufom
*** – Oya't& edkdifiHawmfrS pD&ifydkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&HwGif jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;rS
ajr,mcGefrsm; aumufcHonf/
50
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
b@ma&; owfrSwfcsufrsm; jyXmef;jcif;
b@ma&; owfrSwfcsufrsm; jyXmef;&mwGif jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifhrSm tuefYtowfrsm;
ydkrdk BuHKawGU&avY&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUu@wGif rdrdwdkY a&G;cs,fxm;aom
erlem^om"ursm;t& jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;taejzifh u@tvdkuf aumufcHonfh tcGefEIef;xm;
tm; owfrSwfjcif;rSm tvGefyif &Sm;yg;vSonf/ tdEd´,wGif jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;onf ukef;wGif;
wGif;0cGefrsm; aumufcHaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uom EIef;xm;rsm;udk owfrSwfay;onf/
jynfaxmifpkktpdk;&taejzifh urf;vGef wGif;0cGefEIef;xm;udk owfrSwfqHk;jzwfum aumufcHonf/
rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif wGif;0cGef EIef;xm;tm; EdkifiHydkif a&eHvkyfief;BuD;jzpfaom Petronas zuf'&,ftpdk;&ESifh oufqdkifaom jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;rS oabmwlxm;aom xkkwfvkyfrI tusdK;
tjrwfcGJa0jcif;pmcsKyf (Production Sharing Contracts) t& qHk;jzwf owfrSwfonf/ 109
rMumao;rDu Sarawak jynfe,fwGif EdkifiHawmfydkif a&eHukrÜPDBuD;jzpfaom Petronas rS &&Sdaom wGif;0cGef yrmPtm; wdk;jr§ifhay;&ef pnf;½Hk;vHIUaqmfrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJYaomfvnf; EIef;xm;
rsm;tm; wpfzufowf wdk;jr§ifhEdkifjcif;udk rjyKvkyfEdkifcJYyg/ 110
tpdk;&rSr[kwfaom jynfe,f Stakeholders rsm;taejzifh b@ma&; tpDtrHrsm;udkvkyfaqmif
cGifh ay;tyfcH&Edkifonf/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS owÅKwGif;u@wGif wGif;0cGefrsm;udk
a,bk,stm;jzifh aumufcHaomfvnf; a'ocHwdkif;&if;om;rsm; aexdkifaom {&d,mrsm;&Sd owÅK
wGif; pDrHudef;rsm;taejzifh vlxk&HyHkaiG wpf&yftwGuf txl; wGif;0cGef ay;aqmif&ef oabmwl
xm;onf/ zdvpfydkif owÅKwGif;Oya't& tqdkyg wGif;0cGefrsm;onf o,HZmwwl;azmfrItusdK;
tjrwf\ tenf;qHk; 1 &mcdkifEIef;ESifh nDrQ&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ 111
xkwfvkyfrItm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;
aumif;rGefxda&mufaom tcGefawmfaumufcHjcif;twGuf t"du ta&;ygaom tcsufwpfckrSm
xkwfvkyfrItm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;onf wdusrSefuefaom wGif;0cGef ay;
aqmifrItwGuf r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygonf/ EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;taejzifh ¤if;wkdY\ Oya'jyXmef;rIwGif
ukrÜPDrsm;\ xkkwfvkyfrItpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; vufcHppfaq;onfh Xmeudk xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;aomf
vnf; tpD&ifcHpmyg tcsuftvuf rSefuefaMumif; twnfjyKppfaq;onfh vkyfief;pOfxnfhoGif;
&ef ysufuGufavY&Sdonf/
A[kdcsKyfukkdifrIavsmhcsrI tqifhtjrifhqkkH; ykHpHjzpfaom MopaMw;vswGif jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m
tpdk;&rsm;onf ukkrÁPDrsm;\ udk,fwdkiftpD&ifcHaom xkwfvkyfrI tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lí
ukef;wGif; o,HZmwvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufrItwGuf wGif;0cGef rnfírnfrQ ay;aqmif&rnfudk
wGufcsufonf/ 112 jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh tcsuftvufrsm; cdkifrmrI&Sd
&eftwGuf tjynfht0 wm0ef&Sdonf/ 113 qefYusifbuftm;jzifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif jynfwGif;
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI odkYr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jzpfjcif;ay:rlwnfí xGuf&Sdonfh yrmP? trsdK;
tpm; ESifh t&nftaoG;wdkYtm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh jynfe,ftpdk;&wdkY
tMum; wm0efcGJa0,l&rnf[k 2009 ckESpf owÅKwGif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG; wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI
Oya'wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif owÅKwGif;ukrÜPDrsm;xHrS xkwfvkyfrI tpD&ifcHpm
109 NRGI and UNDP, Revenue Sharing.
110 Intan Farhana Zainul, “Sarawak to Set Up Own Oil Company Amid Ongoing Talks with Petronas,” The Star, 5 September 2017.
111 Government of the Philippines, 1995 Mining Act (1995).
112 Geoscience Australia, Minerals and Petroleum in Australia: A Guide for Investors (2015).
113 Government of Western Australia, Department of Mines and Petroleum, “Petroleum Royalties,” accessed 16 November 2017, www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Petroleum/Royalties-1578.aspx.
51
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
rsm;tm; ukefypönf;trsdK;tpm;ay: rlwnfí Mines and Geoscience Bureau (MGB) rS tqifhqifh aumufcH,lonf/ MGB \ A[dkXme? a'oqdkif&mESifh pD&ifpkqdkif&m 'g½dkufwmrsm;
taejzifh rwlnDaom tpD&ifcHpmtrsdK;rsdK;udk aumufcH,lonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jynfwGif;tqifh
vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;twGuf 'g½dkufwmrsm;tm; MGB A[dkXmerS cefYtyfovdk A[dkXmeodkY
wdkuf½dkuf wm0efcHrIvnf; &Sd&onf/ 114
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; tpdk;&rsm;odkkY o,HZmwrS b@maiG cGJa0ay;a&;? vkkyfykkdifcGifh wkd;jrifh
ay;&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg tBuHjyK axmufcHcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifh
onf/
¼ b@ma&;qdkkif&m vkyfydkkifcGifhtm; yg0ifyufoufoltm;vHkk; oabmqE´jzifh cGJa0ay;jcif; / /
,ckvuf&SdwGif b@ma&;qdkkif&m A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;onf tpDtpOfwus r[kwfbJ
vwfwavm tajctaersm;tvkkduf jzpfay:aeonf/ ,if;tpm; rnfonfhtcGeftrsdK;tpm;
tm; jynfe,ftzGJUpnf;rsm;rS wdkuf½dkuf EIef;xm;owfrSwfjcif; odkYr[kwf aumufcH,ljcif; jyK
vkkyfEkkdifaMumif;udkk trsm;qE´ &,laqmif&Gufoihfonf/ (tqdkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh
tcsufrsm;udk NRGI rS xkwfa0onfh Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues wGif tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;xm;onf/ jynf
e,fESifh a'orsm;tm; tcGefawmfaiGaumufcHcGifh wkd;jr§ifhay;tyfygu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;xHrS
tcGefrsm; tjynfht0&&Sd&eftwGuf A[kkdtqifhESifh jynfe,ftqifhMum; n§dEdIif;rIrsm; &Sdaeap&ef
aqmif&Gufxm;&rnf/ EkkdifiHwpf0Srf;vkkH;wGifvnf; &Sif;vif; pepfusonfh b@ma&;pepfrsm;
toifhjzpfatmif jyifqifxm;&rnf/
¼ tcGefawmf aumufcHrItwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;jcif; / / txl;ojzifh xkwfvkyfrItm;
apmifhMunfhppfaq;&eftwGuf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m tqifhjrifh ESHYpyfuRrf;usifrI vdktyfonf/
tcGefawmfaumufcHrI wm0ef,lxm;&onfh jynfaxmifpkk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf pGrf;aqmif&nf
ydkif;qdkif&m tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdygu tcGefawmfrsm; raumufcHEdkifonfh tajctaeudk OD;wnf
aponf/ jynfe,f Stakeholders rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdkay;a&; vkyfaqmif&mwGif ¤if;wdkY
\ wm0efrsm;tm; ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sdaeap&ef aqmif&Gufjznfh
wif;ay;rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh wygwnf; aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/
¼ tcGefawmf pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf pGrf;&nf jr§ifhwifay;jcif; / / tem*wfwGif jynfe,f ESifh a'o
qdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;rS tcGefawmftm; wdkuf½dkuf aumufcHEdkifrnfqdkygu (odkYr[kwfygu jynf
axmifpktpdk;&xHrS tcGefawmf ydkrdkvTJajymif;ay;rIudk vufcH&&Sdrnfqdkygu) tqdkyg tcGefawmf
aiGaMu;rsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJ&eftwGuf pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;jcif;jzifh tusdK;&SdvmEdkifonf/
,if;tjyif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmfrsm;\ toHk;p&dwf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm;
Munfh½Ippfaq;Edkif&efESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfolrsm;tm; wm0efcHrI&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkif&ef
jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmfrsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;&ef vdktyfonf/
¼ tcGefawmf aumufcH&&SdrI ESifh toHkk;p&dwf udkufnDrI&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; / / wpfzufwGif
tcGefawmfrsm;tm; tusdK;rJYpGm oHk;pGJrI odkYr[kwf tjcm;wpfzufwGif nHhzsif;aom 0efaqmifrI
rsm;ay;jcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;rS aumufcHaom tcGefawmfrsm;ESifhtoHk;
p&dwf vkkyfykkdifcGifhrsm; udkufnDatmif aqmif&Gufoifhonf/ vuf&SdwGif jynfe,f ESifh a'otpdk;
&rsm;\ 0efaqmifrIrsm; axmufyHYay;a&; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;rSm tuefYtowfjzifhom &SdaeNyD;? jyK
jyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkkyfonfhtcg vuf&Sd EdkifiHawmfbuf*sufrSwpfqifh aqmif&Gufaeaom
ta&;ygonfh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk rxdcdkkufapbJ jyKjyifajymif;vJ aqmif&GufrI vkyfaqmif&efowd
jyKoifhonf/
114 Government of the Philippines, The Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (2010).
52
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
¼ jynfe,ftcGefawmfrsm;tm; rnfolrsm;u vufcH&,loifhonfudk qHk;jzwfjcif; / / trsm;tm;
jzifh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;tqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; tcGefawmfrsm; vufcH&,lolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwf
Edkifaomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tcGefawmfrsm;tm; a&S;tpOftvmtwdkif; qufcHvmonfh
tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifrsm;? jrLeDpDy,frsm; ESifh ajrydkif&Sifrsm;tm; vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;udkvnf;
jyKvkyfMuonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHom;rsm;xHodkY wdkuf½dkuf vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;udkyif jyK
vkyfEdkifonf/ om"utaejzifh Alaska wGif tNrJwrf;aexdkifonfh EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf a&eH
wGif;0cGefrsm;rS aiGaMu; rwnf axmufyHYay;onfh Alaska Permanent Fund rS ESpfpOf tpkay: tjrwfudk vufcH&&Sdonf/ txufyg om"ursm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifhoHkk;Edkifaomf
vnf; tcGefawmfvTJtyfrIudk aumif;rGefpGm a&&SnfpDrHcefYcGJEdkifonfh tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udkom
ay;oifhonf/
53
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
6/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI
bmaMumifh ta&;ygovJ/
o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyf aqmif&GufrIrsm;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: BuD;rm;aom
tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; &SdEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh owÅKwGif;wl;azmfrIwGif obm0ywf0ef;usiftay:
odomonfh tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm;&Sdovdk vlom;usef;rma&; ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIrsm;tm;
jyif;xefonfh qkkd;usdK;rsm; ay;EkkdifouJh okkdYwd&dpmäefESifh tyifrsm;tm; aoaMuysufpD;aprIwdkkY jzpfyGm;
avY&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: xdcdkufysufpD;aprItm;
wwfEdkiforQ avQmhcs&efESifh a&SmifvTJír&aom qdkk;usdK;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk avsmhcsEdkif&efvdkufem
aqmif&Guf&rnfh pDrHcsufrsm; xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk wm0efodpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&eftwGuf tpdk;&
onf ueOD;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usif pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk azmfaqmifay;Edkifonfh cdkifrmtm;
aumif;onfh Oya'rlabmifwpf&yfudk jyXmef;&ef vdktyfonf/ xdkkYaemuf pDrHudef;rsm;tm;vkyfudkif
aqmif&GufcGifhvdkifpif rcsay;rD wl;azmfxkwfvkyf aqmif&GufrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkifonfhtusdK;
oufa&mufrIrsm;udk tuJjzwf qef;ppfEdkif&eftwGuf ,if;Oya'rlabmiftm; tajccHrlabmiftjzpf
toHk;jyKoifhonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ywf0ef;usiftay: tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwfoHk;oyfrI
rsm; (EIAs) ESifh wGJzufpDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOf vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ 115 wl;azmfxkwf
vkyfrIvkyfief;rsm; pwifonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pHEIef;
rsm;tm; ukrÜPDrsm;rS av;pm;vdkufemrI &Sdr&Sdtm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIudk jyKvkyfoifhovdkvdktyf
ygu pHEIef;rsm;tm; jyefvnfjyKjyifrIrsm;ESifh jypf'PfcsrSwfrIudk vkyfaqmifoifhonf/
EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;í jynfe,f^a'orS
Stakeholders rsm; yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf awmif;qdkrItrsm;tjym; &Sdaeonf/ tqdkygawmif;qdkrI
rsm;\ aemufuG,frS taMumif;&if;rSm obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m qkwf,kwfysufpD;rIrsm;aMumifh
wdkuf½dkufoufa&mufrIrsm;udk awGUBuHKcHpm;&onfh tqdkyg Stakeholders rsm;taejzifh wl;azmf
xkwfvkyfaqmif&GufrIrsm; rpwifrD jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: oufa&mufrI
rsm;tm; azmfxkwfjcif;ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmif&mwGif t"du tcef;uwpf&yfrS
yg0ifoljzpfygu tusdK;rsm;EkkdifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ aemufwpfcsuftaejzifh jznfhpGuf&rnfqdkvQif
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIonf a'ocHrsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rI
rsm;twGuf tumtuG,fay;Edkifonf[k a'ocHrsm; ,HkMunfrI&Sdvmap&ef Stakeholders rsm; tm;vHk; aocsmpGm aqmif&Gufoifhonf/
odkY&mwGif vkyfydkkifcGifh wm0ef,lrIrsm; cGJa0ay;&mwGifvnf; pdefac:rIrsm; &Sdaeonf/ EIAs, EMP rsm;ppfaq;jcif;ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;wdkkY vkyfaqmif&mwGif enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m uRrf;usifrI
vdktyfNyD; a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfe,f^a'otqifhwGif enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m uRrf;usifrI vdktyf
csuf &SdMuonf/ rdrdwdkY\ wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;tm; ausyGefatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrIr&Sdonfh jynfe,f
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkY vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm; vTJtyfay;jcif;jzifh nHhzsif;aom vkyfief;aqmif
&Gufcsufrsm; jzpfvmEdkifacs ydkrsm;vmaponf/ ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdcdkufysufpD;rIrsm;onf jynf
e,f e,fedrdwfrsm;udk ausmfvGefí jzpfay:wwfonf/ (txl;ojzifh a&aMumif;rsm; npfnrf;oGm;
ygu) xdkYaMumifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdcdkufysufpD;rIrsm;onf jynfe,f odkYr[kwf a'owpfckwnf;
twGufom tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsuf r[kwfyg/ tqdkygtcuftcJ avsmhyg;oufom
ap&eftwGuf EdkifiHwpf0ef;wGif tajccH bHkpHEIef;rsm;tm; jyXmef;&rnfjzpfonf/ zuf'&,fpepfwGif
A[dkktpdkk;&tm; obm0 0ef;usifqkkdif&m udpörsm;wGif 0ifa&mufMuyfrwf&ef tajccHOya't&
tmPmay;xm;jcif; r&Sdojzifh A[dkktpdkk;t&taejzifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif
yg0ifyufouf&ef ydkrdkcufcJapEdkifonf/
115 In many countries, these are more broadly defined as environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) and also include a review of social impacts as well as preparation of corresponding management plans.
54
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ o,HZmw u@onf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pdefac:csufrsm;ESifh MuHKawGUvsuf
&Sdonf/ Oyrm - a&Twl;azmfrI vkyfief;rsm;wGif tEå&m,f&Sdaom rmusL&D odkYr[kwf qdkif,mEdkuf
toHk;jyKrIaMumifh ajrrsufESmjyifESifh ajratmufa& npfnrf;rIudk jzpfay:aponf/ 116 ausmufpdrf;
u@wGif rrSefuefaom wl;azmfrI'DZdkif;ESifh pGefYypfypönf; pDrHcefYcGJrI nHhzsif;jcif;wdkkYaMumifh vlaygif;
rsm;pGm aoaMuysufpD;apcJYonfh ajrNydKjcif;rsm;ESifh a&BuD;rIrsm; tygt0if jyif;xefaom obm0
ab;tEå&m,frsm;udkvnf; awGUBuHKcJY&NyD;jzpfonf/ 117
tqdkyg pdefac:csufrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf rMumao;rDESpfrsm;twGif; jynfaxmifpktpdk;
&rS Oya'opfrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk jyXmef;cJYonf/ tqdkyg jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;wGifvnf; ywf
0ef;usifqdkif&m pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk owfrSwfjyXmef;jcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif;udk jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&rS wm0ef,lxm;qJ jzpfonf/ vkyfief; taumiftxnfazmfrI tqifhwGif jynfe,f^wdkif;
tpdk;&rsm;\ yg0ifrItcsdKU &Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkkY\ tcef;u@tm; &Sif;vif;wdusaom vrf;nTefrI
r&SdbJ a,bk,stm;jzifh tqifoifhovdk aqmif&Gufae&onf/ Oya'rlabmiftm; taumif
txnfazmf aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; tm;enf;aeao;onf/ 118
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'rlabmif
vuf&SdtcsdefwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;qdkkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh
Oya'rsm;udk ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; jyefvnfoHk;oyfrIjyKvkyfrI NyD;qHk;awmhrnfjzpfonf/ obm0
ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; Oya'udk 2012 ckESpfwGif jyefvnfjyifqif rGrf;rHcJYNyD; aemufqufwGJ
taejzifh MONREC rSvnf; 2013 ckESpfwGif obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; enf;Oya'udk
owfrSwfjyXmef;cJYonf/ xdkkYaemuf 2016 ckESpfwGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m t&nftaoG;pHcsdef
pHnTef;rsm; (EQS) ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwf qef;ppfcsuf
vkyfief;pOfrsm;vnf; xGuf&SdvmcJYonf/ tqdkygOya'rsm;wGif atmufygtcsufrsm;tm;tao;pdwf
xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;onf/
116 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
117 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret.’
118 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
ucsifjynfe,f wEdkif;NrdKU
e,f&Sd y,if;wGif;wpfckk
"gwfyHk - cGefvwf
55
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
¼ EIA ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOf (EMP) vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfaom
vkyfief;trsdK;tpm;rsm;
¼ EIA wGif tuJjzwf qef;ppf&rnfh vkyfief;trsdK;tpm;rsm; ESifh EMP wGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&
rnfh vkyfief;trsdK;tpm;rsm;
¼ qlnHoH? avxkwGif;odkY xkwfvTwfrI ESifh t&nfpGefYypfrIqdkkif&m pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm; (EQS)
¼ EIA ESifh EMP twGuf jyifqifaqmif&GufrIrsm;? wifjyjcif;? tuJjzwf qef;ppfjcif; ESifh
oabmwl cGifhjyKcsufrsm;twGuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;
¼ wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;&rnfh tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm; azmfxkwfowfrSwfxm;jcif;
¼ pnf;urf;rsm; vdkufemrIr&Sdygu jypf'Pfrsm; csrSwfjcif; ESifh xkkwfjyefrIvkyfaqmif&ef owfrSwf
csufrsm;
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m twnfjyKrIay;jcif;
jrefrmEdkifiH obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'rIabmifrsm;t& MONREC \ obm0ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;Xme ECD onf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m twnfjyKcsufrsm;
ay;&eftwGuf tjynfht0 wm0ef&Sdonf/ tqdkygtcsufwGif ueOD; obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
pl;prf;avYvmrIrsm; IEEs ? EIAs ESifh EMPs rsm;tm; jyefvnfoHk;oyf ppfaq;jcif;vnf;yg0if
onf/ ECD onf EIAs tm; trsm;jynfol od&Sdatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfovdk a'oEå&
tqifhwGif aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;rIrsm;tm; pDpOfaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh jynfe,f^a'otqifhrS yg0if
aqmif&GufrI &Sdvm&ef vkyfaqmif&onf/ ,if;tjyif EIA vkyfief;pOf\ tcef; 5 wGif EIA jyifqifrItwGuf ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh EdkifiHawmf? wdkif;a'o? jynfe,fESifh a'oEå&tqifh tpdk;&
tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&ef vdktyfNyD; ¤if;wdkY\tjrifrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdktyf
onf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ 119 MONREC onf vuf&SdtcsdfefwGif EIA vkyfief;pOfü trsm;jynf
ol yg0ifvmEdkifa&;twGuf vrf;nTefcsufrsm; jyifqifaeNyD; y#dyu©rsm;aMumifh tusdK;oufa&mufrI
&Sdaeaomae&mrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrItwGuf tao;pdwfvkyfief;pOfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/120
odkYaomf EIAs ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOfrsm;tm; zGifhcsjcif; ESifh vufawGUaqmif&Guf&mwGif tm;
enf; csdKU,Gif;csufrsm; &Sdonf/ 121
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;
wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI pDrHudef;rsm; pwifaqmif&GufonfESifh ECD onf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk apmifhMuyfppfaq;&onf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; Oya'ESifh EIA vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif IEEs ESifh EIAs pnf;urf;rsm; Muyfrwf&eftwGuff txl; tcGifhtmPm
wpf&yfudk ay;xm;onf/ tqdkygtcsufwGif o,HZmwwl;azmfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;rS jyKpkxm;onfh
pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; av;pm;vdkufemrIqdkif&m ESpf0uf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; jyefvnfqef;ppfoHk;oyf
jcif;vnf; yg0ifonf/ 122 tpdk;&rS obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m BudKwifumuG,frIrsm;udk tm;ay;
aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; tcsdefESifhwajy;nD taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrItydkif;wGifcsdKU,Gif;
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk BuHKawGUae&onf/ tifwmAsL; ajzMum;olrsm;u ECD \ apmihfMunfh
119 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures (2016).
120 Vermont Law School, Draft Guideline on Public Participation in Myanmar’s EIA Process (31 May 2017).
121 Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2017 Resource Governance Index.
122 Environmental Conservation Department website, “Monitoring,” accessed 16 November 2017, www.ecd.gov.mm/?q=node/387.
56
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
ppfaq;jcif; pGrf;aqmif&nfrSm tm;enf;onf[k rSwfcsufjyKMuonf/ vltrsm; ajymqdkcsuft&
axmifaygifrsm;pGmaom 0efxrf;rsm;tm; EdkifiHwpf0ef;wGif tvkyfcefYtyfjcif; tygt0if jynfe,f
ESifh a'otqifhwGif ECD \ vTrf;NcHKrIudk ydkrdkwdk;wuf aumif;rGefvmap&eftwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;
&SdaeNyD[k od&onf/ 0efxrf;cefYxm;aomEIef;ESifh udkkufnDonfh oifwef;ay;pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifrIrsm;
jyKvkkyfjcif;? ywf0ef;usifqkkdif&m jyóemudkk tqkkd;qkkH; &ifqkkdifae&onfh a'orsm;wGif wl;azmfa&;
vkkyfief;rsm; apmifhMunfhjcif;udkk OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufEkkdif&ef enf;ynmykkdif;qkkdif&m pGrf;&nfjznfhwif;
rIrsm; jyKvkkyfonfhvu©Pm tenf;tusOf;om awGU&onf[kk ar;cGef;ajzMum;olrsm;u rSwfcsuf
csonf/
ECD taejzifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;twGuf t"du tcef;u@rS w&m;0if wm0ef,l
aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; apmifhMunfhppfaq;rI wm0efrsm;wGif r&Sif;vif;onfh tcsufrsm;vnf;
&Sdaeonf/ Oyrm - owÅKwGif; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;opfrsm; rlMurf; ESifh ausmufrsufOya'opfudk
NRGI rS qef;ppfoHk;oyfxm;csuft& MONREC \ owÅKwGif;OD;pD;Xme nTefMum;a&;rI;csKyftm;
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;tygt0if owÅKwGif;rsm;tm; ppfaq;a&; tBuD;tuJtjzpf azmfjy
xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ tqdkygtcsufrSm ECD tm; owfrSwfcGJa0ay;xm;onfh vkyfief;wm
0efrsm;ESifh rnfodkY qufpyfonfrSm r&Sif;vif;ay/ (Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tm; tNyD;
owf aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfonfhtwGuf tqdkygtcsuftm; &Sif;vif;&ef tpDtpOfrsm; &Sdr&Sdudk
vnf; rod&ay)/ EdkifiHydkif vkyfief;rsm;taejzifhvnf; ta&;ygonfh tcef;u@wGif yg0ifaqmif
&GufEdkifonf/ tifwmAsL; ajzMum;olrsm;\ ajymMum;csufrsm;t& Oyrmtm;jzifh ausmufrsuf
tcef;u@wGif MGE onf ECD xuf odomxif&Sm;aom taetxm;wpf&yfwGif quf
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jynfe,fESifh wdkif;tpdk;&wdkkYrS obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m apmifhMunfhxdef;odrf;rI vkkyfief;tcsdKUudk
aqmif&Gufaeonf[kk azmfjyxm;onfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;&Sdonf/ 2016 ckESpfwGif pGefYypfypönf;rsm;tm;
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csrSwfcJYonf/ 123 odkYaomfvnf; jynfe,f^a'otqifh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;onf ECD ESifhowÅK
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zGifhqdkxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
urÇmwpf0ef;rS vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI^vkyfxHk;enf;emrsm;tm; avYvmjcif;
rdrdwdkY ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfh EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usif pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkkif&m
Oya'rlabmif wpf&yfudk EdkifiHawmftqifhu a&;qGJxm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif vkyfief; taumif
txnfazmfrIESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;wdkYtwGuf jynfe,f^a'o qdkif&mrS ydkí wm0ef,lonfudk
vnf; awGU&onf/ txl;ojzifh EIA vkyfief;pOfwGif a'ocHrsm;\ ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ta&;
udpörsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifap&ef jynfe,f^a'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;udk w&m;0if
tcef;u@wpf&yf cGJa0csxm;ay;Muonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m twnfjyKcsufay;jcif;
rdrdwdkY ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'rlabmifrsm;udk
EdkifiHawmfpdk;&rS qHk;jzwfcsrSwfaomfvnf; vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufrItydkif;twGuf
jynfe,f^a'otqifh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonfudk awGY&onf/ jynfe,f^a'o
tqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m oabmwlcGifhjyKcsufrsm; csay;EkkdifcGifh odkYr[kwf
tqdkygvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS n§dEdIif;wdkifyifydkifcGifhudk ay;xm;
jcif;jzifh jynfe,ftqifhudkk yg0ifaponf/ tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif EdkifiHawmftqifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
123 Kyaw Thu, Government Official Shuts Down Two Jade Mining Companies in Northwest Myanmar (17 August 2016).
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
Oya'rlabmifrsm;udk
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS qHk;jzwf
csrSwfaomfvnf;
vufawGU taumift
xnfazmf aqmif&GufrI
tydkif;twGuf jynfe,f^
a'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;rS wm0ef,l aqmif
&Gufonfudk awGU&onf/
57
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
Oya'rlabmifwpf&yf &Sdaeaomfvnf; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI pDrHudef;rsm;onf jynfe,f
tqifh obm0ywf0ef;usif npfnrf;rI xdef;csKyfa&; bkwftzGJUrsm;\ oabmwl cGifhjyKcsufudkvdk
tyfonf/ 124 rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif (soum) jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rI;rsm;tm; owÅKprf;oyf &SmazGa&;
pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m BudKwifumuG,frI pDrHcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef wm0ef
&Sdoltjzpf EdkifiHawmfOya'wGif jyXef;xm;onf/ ukkrÜPDtaejzifh xkkwfvkyfonfhtykkdif;udkk wkd;
wufaqmif&Gufvkkdonfqkkdygu ukrÜPDrsm;\ owÅKwl;azmfxkkwfvkyfrI vdkifpifudk A[dkktpdk;&u
wm0ef,l csay;onf/ 125 tif'dkeD;&Sm;wGif A[dktpdk;&onf EIA pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifhqufEG,f
onfh udpö&yfrsm;udk xkwfjyefaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmftqifh pnf;rsOf;rsm;tm; ydkrdktm;aumif;ap&ef
jznfhpGufaqmif&Guf usifhokkH;Ekkdif&ef jynfe,fESifh c½dkiftqifhwGif ydkrdkwif;Muyfaom EIA pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;udk csrSwfjyXmef;Edkifonf/ owÅKwGif;u@wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyKcsuf
trsdK;rsdK;twGuf c½dkif? jynfe,fESifh A[dktpdk;& tmPmydkifrsm;tm;vHk;wGif vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtm
Pmrsm; &Sdonf/ 126
MopaMw;vsEdkkifiH jynfe,ftpkkd;&rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;
a&;qGJjcif;ESifh twnfjyKcsufay;&mwGif xdef;csKyfrI tcGifhtmPm tjynfht0&Sdonf/ ,if;onf
awGUBuHK&cJaom om"uwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ 127 zuf'&,ftpdk;&rS xdef;odrf;xm;onfh {&d,m
twGuf ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyKcsufrsm; xkkwfay;jcif;uJYodkkYaom EdkifiHawmftqifh ta&;ygonfh
udpö&yfrsm;twGuf pnf;MuyfrI tcGifhtmPmudk vuf0,fxm;&Sdonf/ xdkkYjyif EdkifiHwpf0ef; ywf0ef;
usifqdkif&m pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk tedrfhqHk; xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&eftwGufvnf; aqmif&Gufonf/ 128
Oya'rlabmifrsm;wGif ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyKcsufay;onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;ü jynfe,f^a'o
tqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ yg0ifrItwGuf owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm; yg0ifavY&Sdonf/ odkkYaomfvuf
awGUwGif trSefwu,f jynfe,ftqifh pwdwf[kkd'grsm;tay: vkyfykkdifcGifhvTJay;rI &Sdr&SdrSm EdkifiH
ay:rlwnfí uGJjym;Muonf/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufEdkif
ajc&Sdaom pDrHudef;tm;vHk;twGuf a'oEå&tpdk;&\ cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf[k EdkifiHawmfOya'wGif
jyXmef;xm;onf/ 129 tydkif; (3)wGif qdkcJYovdk ,if;tcsufonf ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyKcsuf
rsm; csay;onfhjzpfpOfudk oufa&mufapcJYNyD; ywf0ef;usifqdkkif&m taMumif;jycsufjzifh a'o
trsm;tjym;wGif vdkifpifxkwfay;jcif; vkyfief;pOfrsm; &yfwefYjcif;wdkYudk jzpfapcJYonf/ ¤if;jzpfpOf
wGif yGifhvif;jrifomrI r&Sdjcif;ESifh EdkifiHawmftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI tm;enf;jcif;
rsm;u taMumif;cHtjzpf wpdwfwykkdif; yg0ifaeonf/ a'oEå&tqifh tpdk;&rsm;rS vdkifpifcsay;
onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf twnfjyKcsufay;&ef tcGifhtmPm&Sdaomfvnf; obm0ywf0ef;usif
tusdK;oufa&mufrI xkwfjyefcsufrsm;rSm EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwdkkYom odcGifh&Sdonfh
twGuf jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf ywf0ef;usiftay: xdcdkkufrIrsm;udk xd
a&mufpGm tuJjzwf qHk;jzwf&ef cufcJaponf/ 130
124 Government of India, Air Act (1981); Government of India, Water Act (1974); Government of India, Environment Act (1986); Government of India, Hazardous and Other Waste Rules (2016); see also: Els Reynaers Kini, Tavinder Sidhu and Surender Pal Bhatia, “Environmental Law and Practice in India: Overview,” Thomson Reuters Practical Law, 1 July 2017.
125 Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law.
126 Government of Indonesia, Environmental Permit Regulations (2012); Government of Indonesia, Environmental Protection and Management Law (2009).
127 Geoscience Australia, Minerals and Petroleum in Australia.
128 Government of Australia, Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999); Australian Government Department of Environment. Fact sheet 1: What is the One-Stop Shop?
129 Government of the Philippines, Local Government Act.
130 Smith and Rosenblum, Enforcing the Rules.
58
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yD½l;
vDrm
awmifypdzdwf
ork'´&m
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pnf;urf;rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfjcif;
apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;rSmvnf; jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS yg0ifEdkifonf/ zdvpfydkif?
rGef*dkvD;,m;? tif'dkeD;&Sm; ESifh MopaMw;vs EdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;onf
apmifhMunfhppfaq;Edkifonfh tcGifhtmPm &Sdonf/ rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiHwGif jynfe,f^a'otqifh
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh csrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;? pHEIef;rsm;tm; ukrÜPDrS av;pm;
vdkufem&ef ysufuGufcJYvQif jypf'Pfrsm; csrSwfcGifh&Sdonf/ wpfjynfaxmifEkkdifiHwpfckkwGif xkkdokkdY
tcGifhta&;ay;xm;jcif;onf &Sm;yg;aom om"uwpfckjzpfonf/ owÅKwGif; ukrÜPDwpfckrS
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;tm; csdK;azmufonfudk awGU&vQif soum odkYr[kwf
aimag oufqdkif&m tkkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u o,HZmw &SmazGjcif;rsm; ESifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrsm;udk
wm;qD;ydkkifcGifh &Sdonf/ 131
av;axmifhuGuf (10) yD½l;EdkifiH\ yl;aygif;yg0if apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;jzpfpOf
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; wm0ef,lxm;onfh tpkkd;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
tjyif Oya'rlabmiftjyifbufrStpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh
wpfoD;yk*¾vrsm;vnf; yg0ifEdkifonf/ tpdk;& odkYr[kwf ukrÜPD\ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk trsm;jynfol od&Sdap&ef xkwfjyef&rnfjzpfNyD; odkY
rSom vGwfvyfNyD; taESmiftzGJUuif;aom pdppf ppfaq;jcif; jzpfvmrnf/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom
Stakeholders rsm;udkvnf; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif wdkuf½dkuf yg0ifvmEdkif
&ef aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh a'ocHrsm;tm; a&erlem odkYr[kwf ajrqDvTm erlem
rsm; qef;ppf,lapjcif; wm0efudk ay;tyfjcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\ yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI tcef;u@
wpf&yfudk zefwD;Edkifonf/ yD½l;EdkifiHwGif owÅKwGif;rsm;\ a&toHk;jyKrIESifh a&t&nftaoG;ydkif;
qdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIwdkYtwGuf “Participatory Environmental Monitoring and Surveillance Committees” uJhodkY apmifhMunfhppfaq;onfh tzGJUrsm;udk zGJUpnf;rIrsm; &Sd
onf/ ¤if;onf owÅKwGif;ukrÜPDrsm; ESifh a'ocH vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; oabm
tavsmuf zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; vlrIa&; y#dyu©rsm; jzpfrvmatmif umuG,fay;
onfhtwGuf tpdk;&taejzifh ydkrdkaxmufcHrIrsm; &Sdonf/ 132 yD½l;EdkifiH\ jzwfoef;rI tawGU
tBuKHrsm;t& yl;aygif; apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;onf ukrÜPD\ ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mvkyfaqmif
csufESifh tpdk;&\ apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; tm;xkwfrIrsm;tay: ,HkkMunfrI&Sdvmaponfh enf;
vrf;wpfckkjzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; uRrf;usifolrsm; OD;aqmifonfh w&m;0if BuD;Muyfppfaq;rI
tcef;u@udk tpm;xkkd;onfh oabmrsdK;rjzpfatmif owdjyK&rnf/
yD½ll;EdkifiH ajryHk
131 Government of Mongolia, Law of Mongolia on Environmental Impact Assessments (2014); Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law.
132 Andre Xavier, Aldo Leon, Alexandra Carlier, Manuel Bernales and Bern Klein, The Role of Participatory Environmental Monitoring Committees in Mining Regions in Peru (Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Sustainable Development in the Minerals Industry, 2017).
59
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;pOfrsm; wdk;wufajymif;vJrI qufvuf
aqmif&Guf&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifonf/
¼ EIA vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@tm; w&m;0if
owfrSwfay;jcif; / / EIA vkyfxHkk;vkyfenf; topfrsm;wGif jynfe,fa'otqifh n§dEdIif;
wdkifyifrItwGuf jyXmef;csufrsm; yg0ifonfrSm tm;wufzG,f&mjzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY\tcef;
u@ESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm zGifhqdk&ef vdktyfaeao;onf/ qdkkvdkonfrSm qHk;jzwf
csuf csrSwfonfh vkyfief;pOfwGif ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh rnfonfhtwdkif;twm yrmPtxd vkyfydkif
cGifh&Sdonfudk wdwdusus owfrSwfazmfjy&ef vkkdtyfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh o,HZmw wl;azmfrI
pDrHudef;rsm;\ cGifhjyKcsuf csay;&mwGif jynfe,fESifh wdkkif;a'otpdk;&\ axmufcHrI&&Sd&ef vkkd
tyfonf[kk w&m;0if owfrSwfay;jcif;/ jynfe,f^a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm; EIA ppfwrf;
jyefvnfoHk;oyf ppfaq;rIwGif xnfhoGif;yg0ifapEdkifonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif jynfe,f^a'o
qdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;tm; ADwdktmPmay;tyfjcif;udpötm; tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;&ef vdktyf
NyD; &Sif;vif;aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; r&Sdygu ,if;tcsufonf vdkifpif
rsm; csay;&mwGif twm;tqD;rsm; jzpfEdkifovdk wpfzufowf uefYuGufjiif;qdkrI tEå&m,fudk
vnf; ydkí BuD;xGm;vmapEdkifonf/
¼ pGrf;aqmif&nfydkif;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;udk owdjyKrlum jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;\ apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; tydkif;udk yHYydk;aqmif&Gufjcif; / / jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;\ a'owGif;tajctaersm;udk ydkrdkoduRrf; ESHYpyfrIrsm;ESifh pDrHudef;rsm;ESifheD;uyfpGm
&Sdaejcif;wdkkYaMumifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;rI vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ¤if;wdkkYvkyfaqmif&ef oifhavsmf
onf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkkY\ enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf
jzpfonf/ ECD taejzifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIrsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcuftcJrsm; MuHKawGU
ae&NyD;? jynfe,f^a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh apmifhMunfhMuyfrwfonfh wm0efudk aus
yGefpGm xrf;EkkdifrI &Sdr&Sdukkdvnf; &Sif;vif;pGm rod&ao;yg/
¼ jynfe,f^a'oqkdif&m tpdk;&rsm;udkk pnf;urf;MuyfrSwfjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; rnfonfh
tqifhxd ay;rnfudkk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef/ / / tu,fí jynfe,f^a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;tm;
apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; wm0efrsm;udk ay;tyfvQif pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;
ay;&ef vdktyfonf/ pnf;urf;rvdkufemonfh vkyfief;rsm;tm; ta&;,lonfh vkyfief;pOfudk
ydkkrdkvsifjrefvmaprnf jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf
Edkif&ef jynfe,f^a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;wGif vdktyfaom uRrf;usifrIESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfwdkYudk
&Sdr&Sd csifhcsdefqkkH;jzwf&ef vkkdonf/ xda&mufaom BuD;Muyfppfaq;jcif; r&SdvQif Oya'taumif
txnfazmf&ef tyfESif;xm;onfh tmPmudkk udk,fusdK;twGuf tmPm tvGJoHkk;pm;jcif;rsm;ESifh
Ncdrf;ajcmuf aiGnpfrIrsm;qDodkY OD;wnfoGm;Edkifonf/
60
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
7/ vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&; ESifh usef;rma&; (OSH)
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ESifh a'ocH vlxkktwGuf ta&;ygaom tvkyftudkif zefwD;rIrsm; &SdvmapEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf
vnf; pepfus aumif;rGefaom ab;qD;&efum tpDtpOfrsm; r&Sdygu ,if;tvkyftukdifrsm;onf
tEå&m,f&SdEdkifonf/ owÅKwGif;u@\ tvkyform;tiftm;rSm urÇmYtvkyform; tiftm;\ 1
&mcdkifEIef;om &Sdaomfvnf; tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform; tzGJUtpnf;rS cefYrSef;xm;csuft&
urÇmYvkyfief;cGif rawmfwq xdcdkufrIrsm;\ 8 &mcdkifEIef;eD;yg;onf owÅKu@u jzpfonf[k
qdkonf/ rawmfwq xdcdkufrIrsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGif a&m*gb,rsm;rSm ta&;ygaom pdefac:csuf
tEå&m,frsm;yif jzpfonf/ 133 tusdK;quftm;jzifh wl;azmfa&;ukrÜPDrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdY\ tvkyf
orm;rsm;twGuf ab;tEå&m,fuif;a0;NyD; usef;rma&;twGuf pdwfcs&aom 0ef;usifwpf&yfudk
axmufyHY zefwD;ay;&ef tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh tcdkiftrm aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/
owÅKwGif;tvkyform;\ &mcdkkifEIef; owÅKu@ rawmfwqxdcdkkufrI &mcdkkifEIef;
vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;wdkYudk tusdK;&SdpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef tpdk;&rsm;onf&Sif;vif;
jywfom;aom Oya' ESifh vrf;nTefcsufrsm;udk jyXmef;&ef vdktyfonf/ ,if;tcsuftm; EdkifiH\
tvkyform;Oya'rsm; odkYr[kwf o,HZmw u@tvdkuf Oya'rsm;ESifh enf;Oya'rsm;wGifxnfh
oGif; jyXmef;Edkifonf/ pDrHudef;tvdkuf vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; tpDtpOfrsm;tm;
qef;ppf oHkk;oyfrIonf ywf0ef;usifoufa&mufrI tuJjzwf qef;ppfjcif;\ tpdwftydkif;wpf&yf
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a&; ESifh usef;rma&; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIESifh pnf;MuyfrIrsm;udk tpdk;&
rsm;taejzifh aocsmpGm aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/
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rSm rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;twGuf yPmr OD;pm;ay;tjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;avY r&SdMuay/ odkY&mwGif
rnfonfhtpdk;&tqifhrS Oya'jyXmef;rnf? rnfonfhtpdk;&tqifhrS vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&GufrIESifh apmifhMunfh ppfaq;rnfwdkYtwGuf wm0efrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwf&ef
vGefpGmta&; ygonf/ ¤if;wm0efudk jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;ay;
jcif;onf tusdK;wpfpHkwpf&m &Sdaprnf jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkkaomf ¤if;wdkkYu wl;azmfxkwf
vkyfrI vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufí owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ydkkrdk&&SdEdkifNyD; pnf;urf;
Muyfrwfjcif;udk ydkrdkxda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifaponfhtwGufaMumifh jzpfonf/
133 International Labour Organization (ILO), “Mining: A Hazardous Work,” accessed 16 November 2017, www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_ 124598/lang--en/index.htm.
yHk (3)
urÇmYtvkyform;
pkpkaygif;ESifh owÅKwGif;
vkyfom;wdkY\ rawmfwq
xdcdkufrI EIdif;,SOfcsuf
(&mcdkif;EIef;jzifh)
61
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
odkY&mwGif ,cktpD&ifcHpmü tjcm;rl0g'a&;&m u@rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onfh
twdkif; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;taejzifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;rI vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGifxda&muf
aom pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; jzpf&ef enf;ynm pGrf;aqmif&nf? b@ma&;ydkif;qdkif&m
pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh vlom;pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; &Sd&ef r&Sdrjzpf ta&;ygonf/ jynfe,f^a'otqifh
wGif ,if;tcsufr&SdvQif vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm; vTJajymif;cGJa0ay;jcif;onf xda&mufaom
BuD;Muyfppfaq;rIrsm; jzpfvmEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ tvm;wlyif vkyfief;cGif ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;
ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk azmfaqmif&mwGifvnf; enf;ynmydkif;
qdkif&m uRrf;usifrI trsm;tjym; vdktyfonf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfEdkifonfh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk
cGJa0ay;vkkdufonfhtcg tcsdKUjynfe,f^a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh aumif;rGefvHkavmufaom
vkyfief;cGif ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh
tajctaersm;udk jzpfapEdkifonf/ a'ocHtmPmykkdifrsm;onf pDrHudef;ESifh ykkdíeD;pyfrI&Sdaomfvnf;
tcsdKUtajctaersm;wGif a'owGif; tvkyftudkifzefwD;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m aumif;usdK;rsm;udk
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;onfhtwGuf ¤if;wdkYtaejzifh ukrÜPDrsm;tm; jypf'PfcsrSwf&ef (Oyrm - vkyf
ief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk &yfqdkif;jcif;) wGefYqkwf 0efav;rIrsm;vnf; &SdvmEdkifonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vkyfief;cGif ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; (OSH) udpö&yfrsm;twGuf
Oya'jyXmef;rIESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;udk vuf&SdwGif jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&uom wm0ef,l
aqmif&Gufaeonf/ odkY&mwGif tqdkygpepftm; &Sif;vif;pGm zGifhqdkxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ vkyfief;cGif
ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&; ESifh usef;rma&;udpöudk Oya'trsdK;rsdK;wGif xnfhoGif; jyXmef;xm;NyD;
jynfaxmifpkktqifh Xmersm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkif vkyfief;rsm;u pnf;urf;Muyfrwfonfh wm0efudk
,lxm;onf/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh ½kkyfysufqif;ysufEkkdifonfh tm;enf;csufrsm;aMumifh wl;azmfa&;
pDrHudef;rsm;\ aqmif&GufrI tqifhtwef;udkk usqif;aponf/ txl;ojzifh owÅKwGif;u@ESifh
ausmufrsufu@wdkYwGif ydkrdk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ 134
vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;? usef;rma&; ESifhoufqdkifaom t"du Oya'rsm;udk NcHHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
usef;rma&;ESifh ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;udk Oya'trsdK;rsdK;wGif udk;um;azmfjyxm;onf/ 1951
puf½Hkrsm; tufOya'wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;tEå&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;ESifhpyfvsOf;í jyXmef;csufrsm; yg
&Sdaomfvnf; u@tvdkuf tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ tvm;wl 2012 vlrIzlvHkka&;Oya'
wGifvnf; tvkyform;rsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufí tcsdKUjyXmef;csufrsm; yg0ifonf/ 2012
ckESpfwGif tvkyform;0efBuD;XmerS vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m Oya'rlMurf;
wpf&yfudk pwifa&;qGJcJYaomfvnf; tqdkyg Oya'rlMurf;rSmvnf; Oya'wpf&yftjzpf xGuf&Sdvm
jcif; r&Sdao;ay/ 135
owÅKwGif;u@ü owÅKwGif;Oya'? ausmufrsufOya'ESifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrI
qef;ppfjcif; vkyfxHkk;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; jyXmef;csuftcsdKU
yg0ifonf/ owÅKwGif;u@wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;udpö&yfrsm;twGufowÅK
wGif;vkyfief; ab;uif;a&; Oya'wpf&yfudk ,cif owÅKwGif;0efBuD;XmerS (obm0ywf0ef;usif
xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;ESifh opfawma&;&m0efBuD;Xme ESifh aygif;pnf;jcif;rjyKrD umvrsm;wGif)
jyXmef;&ef jyifqifcJYonf/ ¤if;Oya'yg tcsdKUjyXmef;csufrsm;rSm ,ckvuf&SdwGif &Sdaeaomvkyfief;
cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m Oya' tpdwftydkif;tcsdKUrS jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh o[
ZmwjzpfrI r&Sdonfudk avYvmod&Sd&onf/ ,if;Oya'\ vuf&Sdtajctaeudk rod&yg/ 136
134 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
135 Ibid.
136 Ibid.
62
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUu@wGif 1951 a&eHajr (tvkyform;rsm;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;)
tufOya'wGif vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rS tav;xm; aqmif&Guf&rnfh usef;rma&; ESifh vkyfief;cGif ab;
uif;a&;ESifh tvkyform;tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&; tp&Sdonfh BudKwifumuG,fa&; pHEIef;rsm;udk
us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jyXmef;xm;onf/ 137
apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;qdkkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;? usef;rma&;ESifhoufqdkifaom Oya' tpdwftydkif;rsm;t&
rwlnDaom A[dktpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; pnf;Muyf
ydkifcGifhrsm; &Sdonf/ rltm;jzifhqdk&aomf tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme\ puf½Hkrsm;ESifh taxGaxGtvkyf
orm;Oya'rsm; ppfaq;a&;Xmeonf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&mtjzpftysuf
rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/ vufawGUwGifrl tvkyform;0efBuD;Xmeonfo,H
Zmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIu@rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ppfaq;aqmif&GufrIrsm; r&SdaMumif;od&onf/ 138
u@tvdkuf 0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh EdkifiHawmfydkif vkyfief;rsm;onf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifhusef;rm
a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk t"duwm0ef,l vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ NRGI rS qef;ppfoHk;oyfxm;
onfh ausmufrsufOya' rlMurf;ESifh owÅKwGif; pnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif owÅKwGif;Xme\ nTefMum;a&;
rSL;csKyfudk owÅKwGif;rsm;tm; pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; tBuD;tuJtjzpf azmfjyxm;um usef;rma&;ESifh
vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;qdkif&m pHkprf;ppfaq;ydkkifcGifh ay;xm;onf/ uRrf;usifolwpfOD;ESifh awGUqHk
ar;jref;rIt& MGE onf ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfief; aqmif&GufrIrsm;wGif vkyfief;cGif
ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Guf&onf/ owÅKu@wGif EdkifiHydkif
owÅKwGif;vkyfief; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; pHkprf;ppfaq;
jcif;rsm;udk tvGwfoabm aqmif&Gufonf/ 139 EdkifiHvkyfief;rsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;t& yg0if½Hkomru
137 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Oil and Gas Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
138 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
139 Ibid.
a&Trdkif;wGif;wGif toHkk;jyK
onfh avxdkk;ydkkufrS
xkkwfvTwfaom
zkkefrIYefrsm;aMumifh
tqkkwfxJodkkY a&m*gydkk;
0ifa&mufrIudk jyoxm;
onfh "gwfrSefudk rEÅav;
a'o a&Trdkif;vkyfom;
wpfOD;rS jyoaeyHk
NRGI twGuf
Andre Malerba
63
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;udkyg vkyfaqmifonfhtwGuf ½lyfaxG;rIjzpfapNyD; tusdK;pD;yGm; y#dyu©rsm;
jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh tEå&m,frsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
2015 ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' vkyfief;pOf Z,m; 2 udk xyfwdk; jznfhpGufcsufrsm;
jyKvkyfcJYonf/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh jynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'o tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ,cktcgwGifvkyfief;
cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&; udpö&yfrsm;udk udkifwGifaqmif&GufEdkifonfh tcGifhtmPm&SdvmNyD;
jynfaxmifpkrS jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESifh udkufnDrI&Sdap&ef &nfoefí aqmif&GufcJYjcif;jzpfonf/
vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk cGJa0jcif; odkYr[kwf A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif; tvm;tvmaumif;
rsm;tjzpf ,lqEkkdifaomfvnf; tqdkygvkyfydkifcGifh tmPmrsm;udk vufawGUwGif aumif;rGefpGm
toHk;csEdkifrI r&Sdygu apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwf&mwGif uGm[csufrsm;&SdEdkifonfh
tEå&m,frsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf/
urÇmwpf0ef;rS vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI^vkyfxHk;enf;emrsm;tm; avYvmjcif;
vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif; twdkif;
twmrSm wpfEdkifiHESifhwpfEdkifiH uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ trsm;tm;jzifh Oya'jyXmef;a&; tcGifhtmPm
onf EdkifiHawmftqifh tpdk;&vufxJwGif &SdaeNyD; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrIESifh apmifh
Munfhppfaq;a&; wm0efrsm;udkom jynfe,fa'o tqifhodkkY vTJajymif; cGJa0ay;avY&Sdonf/
odkYaomf tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,f^a'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh
usef;rma&; udpö&yfrsm;twGuf Oya'jyXmef;rI tcGifhtmPm tjynfht0&Sdonf/
vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&; ESifh usef;rma&; udpö&yfrsm;twGuf Oya'rlabmifrsm;
erlemtjzpf avYvmonfh EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;udpö&yfrsm;udk
EdkifiHawmftqifhuom Oya'jyXmef;Muonf/ cRif;csufrSm MopaMw;vs jzpfNyD; tpOftvmt&
jynfe,f^a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPm tjynfht0&Sdonf/ Mopaw;
vsEdkifiH&Sd jynfe,fESifh a'owdkif;wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m udk,fydkif
Oya' jyXmef;rI&SdNyD; u@tvdkuf oufqdkifaom jznfhpGufOya'rsm;? enf;Oya'rsm;ESifh wGJzuf
toHk;csonf/ odkY&mwGif rMumao;rD ESpfrsm;u zuf'&,ftpdk;&rS tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJa&;qdkif&m rl
0g' yHkpHwpf&yftm; a&;qGJí wdkif;jynfwpf0ef;&Sd Oya'rsm;ESifh enf;Oya'rsm; ydkrdk vdkufavsmnDaxG
&Sdapa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJYonf/ ,if;rl0g'yHkpHESifh udkufnDap&eftwGuf jynfe,ftpdk;&
wdkif;rS ¤if;wdkY\ Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyefvnfpdppf wnf;jzwfrIwdkYudk jyKvkyfcJY
onf/ 140
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrI ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;
,cktpD&ifcHpmtwGuf erlemavYvmonfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;
udpö &yfrsm;twGuf Oya'jyXmef;rI tcGifhtmPmudk A[dktpdk;&rS udkifwG,faqmif&GufNyD; vkyfief;
taumiftxnfazmfrI ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&;wdkYtwGuf vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;tm; jynf
e,fa'otqifhodkkY cGJa0ay;rIvnf; &Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif a'oEå& tpdk;&rsm;rS
apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&;ESifh pnf;MuyfrIwdkYtwGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/ tjcm;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif apmifh
Munfhppfaq;a&; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ a'oudk,f
pm;vS,frsm;rS wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&;
tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk zuf'&,ftpdk;& at*sifpDwpfckjzpfaom ywf0ef;usif ESifh o,HZmw t&if;
tjrpfXme\ a'oqdkif&m Xmersm;rS wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/ ,if; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;onf apmifh
Munfhppfaq;a&;qdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;tm; pDrHudef; vkyfief;cGifESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfapNyD; pHkprf;ppfaq;
jcif;rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHawmftqifh tpdk;&odkY wm0efcHrI&Sdap&ef tcdkiftrm vkyfaqmifxm;onf/
140 David Cliff, The Management of Occupational Health and Safety in the Mining Industry in Australia (International Mining for Development Centre, 2012).
Mopaw;vsEdkifiH&Sd
jynfe,fESifh a'owdkif;wGif
vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;
ESifh usef;rma&;qdkkif&m
udk,fydkkif Oya'jyXmef;rI
&SdNyD;? A[dkktpdk;&rS
EdkifiHwpf0Srf; Oya'rsm;
vdkufavsmnDaxGrI &Sd&ef
aqmif&Gufonf/
64
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk jynfe,f^
a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;odkY cGJa0ay;&mwGifvnf; &ifqdkif&rnfh pdefac:csufrsm; &Sdonf/ 1984
ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;onf vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIudk A[dkcsKyf
udkifrI avQmhcscJYonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;onf pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif; udpö&yfrsm;udk
A[dktpdk;&\ xJxJ0if0if yg0ifaqmif&GufrIrygbJ vkyfaqmifcJYonf/ ,if;tcsufaMumifh pdefac:
rIrsm;ESifh BuHKawGUcJY&NyD; 2004 ckESpf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;tzGJUtpnf;\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif
A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avQmhcsjcif;aMumifh pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk avsmhusapcJYNyD; vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh
usef;rma&;qdkif&m pGefYpm;&ifqdkif&rnfh tEå&m,frsm;vnf; ydkrdkjrifhwufvmcJYonf[k ppfwrf;ajz
qkkdolrsm;u ajzMum;azmfjyxm;onf/ 141 b@ma&;ydkif;qdkif&m odkYr[kwf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m
uRrf;usifrI taxmuftyHYrsm; rvHkavmufrItygt0if jynfe,fa'otqifhwGif pGrf;aqmif&nf
ydkif; aumif;rGefrIr&SdvQif tvkyform;rsm;udk ab;tEå&m,f jzpfaponf/ tqdkyg uGm[csufrsm;udk
ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf or*¾rsm;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0ifvmap&ef vrf;
zGifhay;jcif;udkk enf;vrf;wpfckktjzpf tokkH;jyKEkkdifonf/ (av;axmifhuGuf 11 udk Munfhyg)
av;axmifhuGuf (11) awmiftmz&duwGif usef;rma&;ESifh ab;tEå&m,f
uif;&Sif;a&; apmifhMunfhppfaq;rIrsm; wdk;wufap&eftwGuf tvkyform;
or*¾rsm;ESifh wGJzufvkyfudkif aqmif&Gufjcif;
tvkyform;or*¾rsm;onf apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh vkyfief;cGif
ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;u@rsm;wGif ta&;ygaom wGJzufvkyfudkifolrsm; jzpfEdkifonf/
or*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh vkyfief;cGifrsm;wGif ,cifuwnf;u wnf&Sd
olrsm;jzpfNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ tzGJU0if tvkyform;rsm;\ vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&; tajctaersm;ydkrdk
aumif;rGefvmap&eftwGuf vkyfydkifcGifh wpfpHkwpf&mvnf; &Sdonf/ awmiftmz&du&Sd owÅK
wGif;tcsdKUwGif tpdk;&ydkif;rS usef;rma&;ESifh vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&; pHkprf;ppfaq;olrsm; pDrH
udef;rsm;udk vma&mufppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ¤if;wdkYESifh
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm; &Sdonf/ ,if;tcsufonf BuD;Muyfa&;tm; ydkkrdk tm;aumif;apygonf/
odkY&mwGif or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&; jyóemrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfpGm tNrJwap axmufjyEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifMuay/ ¤if;wkdY\ tvkyftudkifrsm;tm; xdcdkkufvm
Edkifajc&Sdygu tpdk;& pkHprf;ppfaq;olrsm;udk ab;uif;a&;qdkkif&m jyóemrsm;tm; xkkwfazmf
ajymqdkk&ef wGefYqkkwfaewwfonf/ tvkyform;or*¾rsm;ESifh wGJzufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifhtusdK;
aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdEdkif&ef atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf/
¼ tvkyform;or*¾ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; usef;rma&;ESifh vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;qdkif&m
pHEIef;rsm;? ay:aygufvmEkkdifonfh tEå&m,frsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;csdK;azmufrIrsm;udk rnfodkY azmf
xkwfEdkifonfwdkYESifhpyfvsOf;í oifwef;ay;jcif;
¼ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;csdK;azmufrIrsm;udk or*¾udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS tpD&ifcHwifjyEdkif&ef
,Eå&m;vkyfief;pOfwpf&yfudk xm;&Sdjcif;ESifh wifjyaom trIudpörsm;tm; pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;
¼ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;csdK;azmufrIrsm;tm; tpD&ifcH wifjyrItwGuf or*¾udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;tm; &efwHkYESif;jcif;rS tumtuG,fay;jcif; ponfwdkkYjzpfonf/
141 Pia K. Markkanen, Occupational Safety and Health Indonesia (International Labour Organization, 2004).
65
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
tmz&du ajryHk
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
rMumao;rDu jyKvkyfcJYonfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'jyifqifcsufrsm;wGif vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh
usef;rma&;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhtcsdKUudk jynfe,f^a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;odkY cGJa0ay;&ef azmfjyxm;
onf/ tqdkyg vkyfief;pOf qufvufjzpfxGef;ap&eftwGuf atmufyg tBuHKjyKcsufrsm;udk xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;Edkifonf/
¼ u@wpf&yftwGuf wpforwfwnf;jzpfaom pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk tcdkiftrm&Sdatmifvkyfaqmif
jcif; / / vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;udpö&yfrsm;twGuf Oya'jyXmef;cGifh tmPm
udk jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;odkY cGJa0ay;vQif MopaMw;vs\ tawGUtBuHKt& EdkifiH
wpf0ef;wGif tedrfhqHk; pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk owfrSwfxdef;odrf;xm;&efrSm ta&;BuD;aMumif; jyo
aeonf/ jynfaxmifpkktpdk;&rS tjccHusNyD; tm;aumif;aom Oya' pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk a&;qGJ
jyXmef;xm;í jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ydkrdkwif;Muyfaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
rsm;tm;jzifh jznfhpGufjyXmef;rI jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
¼ jynfaxmifpkkESifh jynfe,f^wdkif;a'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum; wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif&rnfh
u@rsm;ESifh vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm zGifhqdk&ef / / jynfaxmifpkk
tqifhjzpfap odkYr[kwf jynfe,fwdkif;a'otqifhjzpfap vkyfaqmifNyD;om;udk rvdktyfbJxyfrH
vkyfaqmif&jcif; odkYr[kwf pnf;Muyfjcif; vkyfaqmif&mwGif uGm[rIrsm;udk a&SmifMuOfEdkif&ef
twGuf tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;wpfckkrS vkyfief;cGifab;uif;a&;ESifh usef;rma&;qdkif&m pHkprf;ppfaq;
rIrsm;qdkif&m wm0efrsm;udkk tjynfht0 wm0ef,lvkkdufoifhonf/ wm0efcHrI jywfom;&eftwGuf
vnf; ,if;tcsufudkk rjzpfrae azmfaqmif&rnf/
¼ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifh tcsdK;nDrQaom aiGaMu; ESifh uRrf;usifrI axmufyHYjcif;udk vkyfaqmif
&ef / / vkyfief;cGif ab;uif;a&; usef;rma&;qdkif&m taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh pnf;urf;Muyf
rwfjcif; vkyfydkifcGifhudk rnfonfhtzGJUtpnf;rS &,lxm;onfjzpfap tqdkyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
jznfhqnf;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf vHkavmufaom enf;ynm pGrf;aqmif&nf? vlom;pGrf;aqmif
&nf ESifh b@ma&;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; &Sdoifhonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;\ tawGUtBuHKt&
jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; cGJa0ay;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEdkif
aom pdefac:csufrsm;rSm ,if;jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS ay;tyfaomwm0efudkk
ausyGefatmif aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;r&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/
¼ tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifvmap&ef
awmiftmz&du
CAPE TOWN
BLOEMFONTEIN
PRETORIA
awmiftwÅvefwdwf
ork'´&mtdEd´,
ork'´&m
66
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; / / apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif; vkyfief;pOfudk wdk;wuftm;aumif;ap&eftwGuf
tvkyform; or*¾rsm; odkYr[kwf t&yfbuf vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh wGJzufaqmif&Gufjcif;onf
trSefwu,f xda&mufrI &SdEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh b@ma&;ydkif;qdkif&m
axmufyHYEdkifrI tcuftcJ&Sdjcif; odkYr[kwf 0efxrf;vHkavmufrI r&Sdjcif; tp&Sdonfh tajctae
rsm;wGif tusdK;&SdEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf axmufyHYulnD
ay;onfh tcef;u@wpf&yfwGif &SdaeEdkifaomfvnf; wm0efcHrI cdkifrm aocsmap&eftwGuf
apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;qdkif&m t<uif;rJY tcGifhtmPmudk tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm; vuf0,fwGif
&Sdoifhonf/
67
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
8/ a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;
bmaMumifh ta&;ygovJ/
owÅKwGif; vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrS &&SdvmEdkifrnfh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,f
a'otqifh tpkd;&rsm;odkY tcGefawmfpD;qif;rIwpfckkwnf;omr[kkwfay/ a'owGif;xkwfukefrsm;ESifh
0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf 0,fvdktm; zefwD;ay;jcif;? tvkyftudkif rsm;zefwD;ay;jcif;? uRrf;usifrI
rsm;tm; jr§ifhwifaqmif&Gufjcif;? enf;ynmrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapjcif;wdkYjzifh a&eH?obm0"mwfaiGUESifh
owÅKwGif; pDrHudef;rsm;rS a'oEå&? jynfe,fESifh EdkifiHawmf pD;yGm;a&;rsm;tay: ydkrdkBuD;rm; us,f
jyefYaom tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; &SdEdkifonf/ tqdkyg tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;onf o,HZmwu@
tusdK;tjrwfrsm;\ ta&;ygaom tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfudk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ (a&TxkwfvkyfrIu@
wGif tusdK;tjrwfwefzdk; cGJa0jyefYESHYrIqdkif&m cefYrSef;,lqcsuf wpf&yfudk yHk 3 wGifMunfhyg)
ukkr®PDrsm;onf a'oESifha'ocHrsm; tusdK;jzpfxGef;a&;twGuf r[mAsL[mrsm;ukkd csrSwfavh
&Sdonf/ Oyrm 4if;wdkYvkyfief;twGufvdktyfaom axmufyHhjznfhqnf;rIrsm;udk a'owGif;rS&,ljcif;
odkYr[kwf jynfwGif; tvkyform;rsm;tm; oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif; rsm;jzpfonf/ tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh
vnf; wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIpDrHudef;rsm;aMumifh ydkrdkBuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yf jzpfvmap
&eftwGuf oD;oefYpmcsKyfrsm;wGif owfrSwfcsufrsm;xnfhoGif;jcif; odkYr[kwf Oya'jyXmef;jcif;jzifh
aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ 142 iSm;&rf; cefYtyfjcif; ESifh 0,f,ljcif;twGuf owfrSwfcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf
uefYowf yrmPrsm;? oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;? tao;pm;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf rjzpfrae axmufyHY
&rIrsm; odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;wGif owÅK^a&eH oefYpifxkkwfvkyf&ef owfrSwfcsufrsm; tp&Sdojzifh
enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK; tokkH;jyKvsuf tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ 143 jynfwGif; ykk*¾vdu
u@? vkkyfom;tiftm;pkkMum; tNydKiftqkkdif aqmif&GufrI&Sdap&ef? pD;yGm;a&; vkkyfief;trsdK;tpm;
pkkHvifpGm &Sdap&ef &nf&G,fonfqkkdygu ,if;uJhokkdY rI0g'rsm;onf tokkH;0ifonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif
vnf; cufcJaaom jyXmef;owfrSwfxm;jcif;aMumifh vkdufemaqmif&GufEdkifrI r&Sdonfh tajctae
odkY a&muf&SdapEdkifNyD; ukefusp&dwfESifh vkyfief; tjrwftpGef;rsm;twGuf tusdK;oufa&mufrI &Sd
EdkifapNyD; tqkkd;qkkH;taeESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI tcef;u@udkvnf; t[efYtwm; jzpfapEdkifonf/
a'ocH Stakeholder rsm;rS awmif;qdkavh&SdonfrSm pDrHudef;\ tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udkk wpfEdkifiH
vHk; twdkif;twmxuf wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI jyKvkkyfonfh a'orsm;odkY csufcsif; a&muf&Sdapa&;yif
jzpfonf/ (av;axmifhuGuf 12 wGifMunfhyg)/ tvkyftudkif cefYtyfrIESifh axmufyHY0,f,lrIrsm;onf
tcGefb@ma&;ydkif;xuf ydkí xifomjrifom&Sdaom tusdK;aus;Zl;wpf&yf jzpfEdkifonf/xkdYaMumifh
tqHk;tjzwfjyKvkyfjcif;? taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh a'owGif;xkwfukefrsm; ydkrdk
toHk;jyKvmEdkifa&; jyXmef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif;wkkdYwGif jynfe,fa'otqifhqdkif&m
142 Ana Maria Esteves, Bruce Coyne and Ana Moreno, Local Content Initiatives: Enhancing the Subnational Benefits of Oil, Gas and Mining (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2013).
143 Natural Resource Governance Institute, Local Content: Strengthening the Local Economy and Workforce (2015).
tpdk;&odkkY ay;acsrI (a':vmoef; 4650)
Suppliers odkkY ay;acsrI (a':vmoef; 26358)
vkyftm;c? vpm (a':vmoef; 6054)
&yf&GmtwGuf toHk;jyKrI (a':vmoef; 340)
yHk (4)
a&Trdkif;wpfckk\
wefzdkk;rsm; ysHUESHHYrI
Source: World Gold Concil, Responsible Gold Mining and Value Distribution, 2013 Data: A Global Assessment of the Economc Value Created and Distributed by Members of the World Council (2014)
68
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS yg0ifEdkifcGifh&Sd&ef awmif;qdkkvmEdkifygonf/ jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
yg0ifvmEdkifjcif;aMumifh owfrSwfxm;onfh tpDtpOfrsm;onf &nf&G,fxm;olrsm;udk tusdK;&Sdap
&ef? a'ovdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDap&ef taxmuftyHY jzpfapygonf/
odkY&mwGif a'owGif; oGif;tm;pkkrsm; ydkrdktoHk;jyKvmEdkifa&; owfrSwfjyXmef;csufonf aumif;rGef
vHkavmufaom BuD;MuyfapmifhMunfha&; ,Eå&m;vkyfief;pOf r&Sdygu rormrIrsm;udkk jzpfapEkkdifyg
onf/ cefYtyfiSm;&rf;jcif;ESifh pDrHudef;twGuf axmufyHYrIaqmif&Gufjcif; (sourcing) wdkYtm;EdkifiH
a&; tjrwfxkwfrI tokkH;csrIrsm; jzpfapEkkdifygonf/ tpdk;&wGif r[mAsL[majrmufaom zGHUNzdK;a&;
tpDtpOfaumif;rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom pGrf;&nfrsm; r&Sdygu a'owGif; pD;yGm;a&;tm; ydkrdk
wdk;wufvmap&eftwGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;ESifh vGJacsmfoGm;apEdkifygonf/ t&nftaoG;
rjynfhrDrI odkYr[kwf a'owGif;rS axmufyHYonfh xkwfukefrsm;\ t&nftaoG;rSm arQmfrSef;xm;
onfhtwdkif; rjynfhrDygu a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf awmif;qdkcsuf rsm;onf ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh
a'ocH Stakeholder rsm;tMum; y#dyu© wif;rmrIrsm;qDodkY OD;wnf oGm;apEdkifonf/
,if;tjyif a'owGif;xkwfukefrsm; ydkrdk toHk;jyKvmEdkifa&;twGuf owfrSwf jyXmef;csufrsm;onf
pDrHudef;rsm;\ tvm;tvmtay:wGifvnf; tusdK;oufa&mufrI&SdNyD; &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrItwGuf
t[efYtwm; jzpfapEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh b&mZD;wGif tpdk;&taejzifh a&eH aps;EIef;rsm;
usqif;jcif;aMumifh xdcdkufrI&Sdonfh pDrHudef;rsm; jyefvnf&SifoefEdkifa&;twGuftpdk;& taejzifh
a&eHu@wGif ,if;uJhodkkY owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;udk avsmhaygYay;Edkif&eftwGuftav;
teufxm; pOf;pm;rI jyKvkyfaeonf/ 144
av;axmifhuGuf (12) a'owGif; qdkonfh pum;&yftm; teufzGifhjcif;
a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;tm; teufzGifhjcif;onf wpfEdkifiHESifh wpfEdkifiH uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm; &Sd
onf/ tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh vkyfief;rsm;twGuf toHk;jyKaom xkwfukefrsm;udk wdkif;jynf\
rnfonfht&yfa'orSrqdk jzpfEdkifonfh EdkifiHxkwfukefukefrsm;tay: tav;teuf tm½Hkpdkuf
rIudk &nfnTef;MuNyD; tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrIrsm; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaeaom
a'orsm;rS vkyfief;twGuf xnfh0iftoHk;jyKonfh xkwfukefrsm;[k tao;pdwf t"dyÜm,fzGifh
qdkMuonf/ w&m;0if Oya'jyXmef; owfrSwfcsufrsm;t& a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf
a'oqdkif&m odkYr[kwf wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twm tp&Sdojzifh t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkEdkifaomfvnf;
a'owGif; Stakeholder rsm;rS pDrHudef;0ef;usif&Sd a'ocHrsm;tm; cefYtyf iSm;&rf;jcif;udk
tav;ay; aqmif&Guf&ef awmif;qdkavY&SdMuonf/ ypönf;0,f,lrIESifhywfoufNyD; rnfonfh
taetxm;udkk a'ocH[kk owfrSwfrnfrSmvnf; ar;cGef;xkkwfp&m jzpfonf/ vkyfief;wpfck
taejzifh ydkifqdkifrIwGif EdkifiHom;rsm; ydkifqdkifrI&mcdkifEIef; rnfrQ&SdovJ? vkyfief;onf jynf
wGif;ü w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifxm;rI &Sdovm;? vkyfom;tiftm; &mcdkifEIef; rnfrQ odkYr[kwf
0efaqmifrI&mcdkifEIef; rnfrQonf a'owGif;rS jzpf&rvJ ponfhar;cGef;rsm; ay:aygufvmEkkdif
onf/ tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;onf ,if;tcsufrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom wdusjywfom;aom owfrSwfjy
Xmef;csufrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;wGif r&Sdyg/ 145
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; udpö&yfrsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfonf/ ,ckvuf&Sd
wGif Oya'rlabmifwpf&yftaejzifh a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;qdkif&m owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;tcsdKU
tcsufrsm;yg0ifonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfe,fa'otqifh Stakeholder rsm;twGuf tao;pdwf
&nf&G,fonfh a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; w&m;0if jyXmef;csufrsm; r&SdonfhtwGuf pDrHudef;aMumifh
oufa&mufrI&Sdonfh a'ocHrsm;taejzifh ,if;u@rS &&Sdonfh pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;tjrwfrsm;tm;
144 Marta Nogueira and Alexandra Alper, “Brazil Mulls Easing Local Content Rules in Older Oil Contracts,” Reuters, 18 July 2017.
145 Natural Resource Governance Institute, Local Content.
69
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tusdK;cHpm;&jcif; r&Sdao;ay/
Oya'jyXmef;rI? taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;
onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;& vuf0,fwGif &SdNyD; jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'o yg0ifEdkifrIrSm tuefYtowf
jzifhom &Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif b@ma&;r[kwfaom tusdK;tjrwfrsm;tm; awmif;qdkrIrsm;onf
,if;u@tm; pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhpyfvsOf;onfh aqG;aEG;ajymqdkrIrsm;\ tpdwftydkif; jzpfvmcJYonf/
t&yfbuf vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfaom Myanmar Alliance for Accountability and Transparency (MATA) rS wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif a'ocH tvkyform;rsm;twGuf OD;pm;
ay; owfrSwfcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;oifhaMumif; 21 &mpk yifvHknDvmcH wufa&mufolrsm;tm;
wdkufwGef;csufrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonf/ 146 a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;onf t"du EdkifiHa&;udpö&yf
wpfck jzpfvmzG,fvnf; &Sdonf/
a'otusdK;pD;yGm; zGHUNzdK;a&;qkkdif&m Oya'rlabmiftm; NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya' (2016)wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf uRrf;usifrI rvdktyfaomtvkyf
rsm;twGuf EdkifiHom;rsm;udk cefYtyf&rnfqdkonfhtcsufESifh pDrHcefYcGJrIydkif;qdkif&m ESifh enf;ynmydkif;
qdkif&m tcef;u@rsm;twGuf EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; cefYtyf&ef pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifrIwdkYudk aqmif
&Guf&rnf[k yg&Sdonf/ 147 odkY&mwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m pnf;rsOf;rsm; (2017) wGif ¤if;ESifhouf
qdkifonfh owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm; ryg0ifaMumif; od&onf/ odkY&mwGif jrefrmY&if;ESSD;jr§KyfESHrI
aumfr&SifrS toHk;jyKaom tcGefavsmhayghay;&ef tusKH;0ifonfh owfrSwfcsufrsm;wGifrI &&Sdvm
rnfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItaejzifh tvkyftudkifopfrsm; zefwD;a&;ESifh vkyfom;uRrf;usifrI wdk;wufa&;
twGuf taxmuftyHY jzpfaprnfavm qdkonfhtcsufudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf[k azmfjyyg&Sd
onf/ 148
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vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh qufpyfonfhtcsdKUowfrSwf jyXmef;csufrsm;
yg0ifonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh vlrI tusdK;oufa&mufrIqdkif&m tuJjzwfqef; ppfrIESifh EIA vkyfief;pOf\ tpdwftydkif;wpf&yftjzpf vlrIa&;qdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOf 'DZdkif; yHkpHwpf&yfudk
azmfaqmif&rnf[k ,if;vkyfief;pOfwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ Oya'rlabmifwGif jznfh pGuf
tao;pdwftcsuftvuf tenf;i,fom yg&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;vkyfief;pOfwGiftvkyftudkif
cefYtyfjcif;ESifh oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm; yg0ifoifhonf/ tqdkyg tpDtpOfrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf
ppfaq;&efESifh twnfjyKcGifh&&eftwGuf ECD rS wm0ef&Sdonf/ rlt&qdkvQif jynfe,fa'otqifh
Stakeholder rsm;tm; ,ckvkyfief;pOfwGif aqG;aEG;wdkifyifrIrsm;udk jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfonf/ ECD
onf EIA rsm;tm; trsm;jynfol od&Sdatmif aqmif&Guf&efESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG; wdkifyifrIrsm;udk
jzpfajrmufatmif pDrHaqmif&Guf&eftwGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/ 149 vufawGUwGif tpdk;&\ obm0
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrI ppfwrf;rsm;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk xkwfazmf
csufrsm; jyKvkyfjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ 150
,ckvuf&SdtcsdefwGif jyifqifa&;qGJaeonfh owÅKwGif; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; rlMurf;t& rnf
146 Myanmar Alliance for Transparency and Accountability, The 21st Century Panglong Process Must Set a New Approach for Natural Resource Management (2017). Published on Facebook.
147 See Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Investment Law (2016). The law repeals the Foreign Investment Law (2012), which had included the more detailed quotas that 25 percent of skilled workers had to be Myanmar citizens within two years, 50 percent within four years and 75 percent within six years.
148 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Investment Rules.
149 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures.
150 Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2017 Resource Governance Index (2017).
70
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
onfhvkyfief;cGifhjyKcsuf avQmufxm;rIrqdk jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tvkyftudkif cefYtyfrIESifh
oifwef;ay;jcif;rsm;twGuf wdusaocsmaom owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm; yg0if&rnfjzpfNyD; jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif; ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; axmufyHY0,f,ljcif;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;vnf; yg0if&
rnfjzpfonf/ 151 odkYaomfvnf; NRGI rS qef;ppf oHk;oyfcsuft& ,if;rlMurf;wGifvnf;
tao;pdwf tcsuftvufudk azmfjyxm;jcif;r&SdaMumif; od&onf/
a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUu@wGif production sharing contract t& &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf
t&nftaoG;jynfhrDaom jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;tm; wwfEdkiforQ tvkyfcefYtyfoGm;&ef BudK;yrf;tm;
xkwf&rnf[k owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;onf/ ,if;tjyif EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf o,HZmw
&SmazGa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufpOftwGif; wpfESpfvQif oifwef;ay;jcif;wGuf tenf;qHk; tar&d
uefa':vm 25000 ESifh pGrf;aqmif&nf wnfaqmufrI vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf tar&duefa':vm
50000 toHk;jyK&rnf[k qdkonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh okawoeESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; &HyHkaiG
wpf&yfudk azmfaqmifoGm;&rnfjzpfNyD; a&eH tjrwftpGef;\ 0 .5 &mcdkifEIef;udk tqdkyg &HyHkaiGodkY
xnfhoGif;&rnf[k qdkonf/ 152
a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;tm; Muyfrwfjcif;
rltm;jzifh jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfr&SifrS jrefrmY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'ESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&mcGifhjyK
csufrsm;jzifh pnf;rsOf;Oya' Muyfrwfjcif; aqmif&Gufaomfvnf; vufawGUwGif vkyfaqmifonfh
vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm &Sif;vif;rIr&Sdyg/ qkkd;usdK;oufa&mufrI ppfwrf;rsm;? pDrHcefYcGJa&; tpDtpOfrsm;tm;
qef;ppfoHkk;oyfjcif;ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;wdkkY vkyfaqmif&ef ECD wGif pGrf;aqmif&nf tm;
enf;csufrsm; &Sdaeonf/ EIA vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif vlrItusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rI r&SdonfhtcsufrSm pDrHudef;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGifawG Yae&onfhtcsufjzpfonf/ 153 ,ckvuf&SdwGif ECD onf jynfe,fESifh a'otqifhwGif ½Hk;rsm;pdkufxlaeNyD; c½dkiftqifhESifh
NrdKUe,ftqifhtxd ½Hk;pdkuf vkyfudkifoGm;&ef tpDtpOfrsm; &Sdonf/ ,if;tcsufonf vufawGU
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrI? tvkyftudkif cefYtyfrIESifh oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm; tygt0if
vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;wGif apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;rsm;udk wdk;wufvmap&eftwGuftcGifhtvrf;
aumif;wpf&yfyifjzpfonf/ jynfe,fa'otqifhodkY ECD \ wdk;csJUvkyfudkifrIrsm;wGif pnf;urf;
Muyfrwfjcif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wufvmap&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfa&;ESifh wGJzuf
aqmif&Guf&ef tifwmAsL;ajzMum;olrsm;u tav;teufajymMum;onf/
a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; wm0efrsm;rSm ukrÜPD\ vdkifpifoabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif yg0ifNyD; EdkifiHydkif
vkyfief;rsm;rS BuD;Muyfppfaq;a&;tydkif;udk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh a&eHESifh
obm0"mwfaiGUu@wGif MOGE onf PSCs wGif oabmwlnDxm;aom a'ocHtusdK;
zGHUNzdK;a&; owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;Oya'av;pm; vdkufemrI &Sdapa&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ef
wm0ef&Sdonf/ 154
151 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Draft Myanmar Mines Rules (2017).
152 Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, Model Production Sharing Contract.
153 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
154 Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, Model Production Sharing Contract.
71
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
urÇmwpf0ef;rS vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI^vkyfxHk;enf;emrsm;tm; avYvmjcif;
avYvmxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifhywfoufNyD; tpdk;&tqifhrsm;\ vkyf
ydkifcGifh&SdrIrSm uGJjym;Muonf/ tcsdKUaom vkyfydkifcGifh^wm0efcHrI rsm;udk jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m
Stakeholder rsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;tyfNyD; tjcm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk A[dktpdk;&rS qufvufxdef;
odrf;xm;Muonf/ wl;azmfa&;vkkyfief;ESifhywfoufNyD; jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifhodkkY vkyf
ydkkifcGifh trsm;tjym; vTJtyfay;xm;aom EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGifvnf; a'owGif;xkwfukefrsm; ydkrdk
toHk;jyKvmEdkifa&; aqmif&GufrI Oya'udk A[dkcsKyfudkifrI &SdaeqJyifjzpfonf/ wpfzufwGifvnf;
EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'jyXmef;rItm; jynfe,fa'otqifh xyfwdk; pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;jzifh jznfh
pGufonf? odkYr[kwf jynfe,fa'otqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufrI
rsm; &Sdonf/ pmwrf;twGuf avhvmcJhonfh EkkdifiHrsm;wGif a'oEå& tpdk;&rsm;u a'ovdktyfcsuf
ESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfudk em;vnfaomaMumifh taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;&mwGif
yg0ifaqmif&GufMuonf/ A[dktpdk;&onf rl0g' rlabmifrsm;udk csrSwfum jynfe,fa'owckjcif;pD\
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;ay;Edkifonf/ jynfe,frsm;tMum; tcsddwftqufr&Sdjcif;aMumifhEkkdifiH
wpfckkvkkH; pD;yGm;a&;wkkd;wufrI tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ydwfoGm;jcif; r&Sdap&ef tm;vkkH;ukkd NcKHikkHEkkdifonfh
rl0g' rIabmifrsm; csrSwf&efvkkdonf/
a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf Oya'rlabmifrsm;
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; owÅKwGif;ESifh a&eHOya'rsm;
wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;NyD; pnf;urf;Muyfrwfonf/ odkYaomf jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tavsmuf
Oya'a&;qGJjy|mef;cGifh taetxm;wpf&yfvnf; &Sdonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf tif'dkkeD;&Sm; Bojone- goro a'otpdk;&onf a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUvkyfief;twGuf a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh
ywfoufí xyfwdk;jznfhpGuf Oya'wpfckk csrSwfcJhonf/ þOya'wGif jynfaxmifpkk Oya'xuf
ydkktao;pdyfNyD;? o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh a'oEå& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
a'ocHrsm;udk ¤if;wdkYvkyfief;rsm;wGif zdwfac:&ef vdktyfonf[k nTefMum;xm;onf/ 155
MopaMw;vsEdkifiHwGif jynfe,fOya'rsm;u owÅKwGif;ESifh a&eHvkyfief;rsm;udk tajccHtm;jzifh
pDrHonf/ odkYaomf a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf t"du Oya'rSm zuf'&,ftpdk;&rS csrSwfxm;
aom MopaMw;vs tvkyftudkifOya' (2013) jzpfonf/ ,if;Oya'onf rwnf oHk;pJGaiG
MopaMw;vs a':vmoef; 500 ausmfaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;twGuf tusHK;0ifonf/ The Australian Industry Participation Authority tqdkyg tufOya' taumiftxnfazmfjcif;udk
yg0ifaqmif&Gufonf/ a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifhywfoufonfh Oya'wpf&yf jy|mef;jcif;tm;jzifh
ukef;wGif; o,HZmwtay: pDrHydkkifcGifhr&Sdaom A[dkktpdkk;&rS tqdkygu@ü vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmtcsdKU
&Sdvmonf/ a&TUajymif;aexdkkifrIrsm;ESifh pufrIzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI ponfh udpö&yfrsm;udk A[kkdrS ajz&Sif;
ay;&ef jynfe,frsm;rS qE´&SdonfhtwGuf tqdkygu@wGif A[dkktpdkk;&tm; vkyfydkkifcGifh cGJa0ay;rI
jrifhwufvmcJYonf/ odkkYaomfvnf; o,HZmw t&if;tjrpf pDrHcefYcGJrIonf ordkif;tpOftvmt&
jynfe,f^a'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;\ tcGifhta&;jzpfonf[kk ,lqMuonf/
a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;qdkkif&m jyXmef;csufrsm;tm; nd§EdIif;aqG;aEG;jcif;
taumiftxnfazmfa&; vkyfydkkifcGifhwm0efonf A[dkkESifh jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&tMum;uGJjym;
aeEdkifonf/ tcsdKU wpfjynfaxmifEdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom rGef*dkvD;,m; ESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrsdK;wdkYwGif
a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifhywfoufí pmcsKyfpmwrf;qdkif&m jy|mef;csuftay: nd§EdIif;aqG;aEG;
&mwGif jynfe,f^a'otpdk;&udk yg0ifcGifhay;xm;onf/ 156 zdvpfydkifwGif tqdkygvkyfydkifcGifhudk Xmae
wdkif;&if;om;qdkkif&m Oya'wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ ]]bdk;bGm;ydkif ae&m}}
155 Government of Indonesia, Regulation of Regents No.48/2011 (2011).
156 Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law; Government of Mongolia, Law on Petroleum; Government of the Philippines, Indigenous Peoples Rights Act.
tif'dkkeD;&Sm; Bojonegoro a'otpdk;&onf a&eHESifh
obm0wf"mwfaiGU
vkyfief;twGuf a'ocH
tusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh
ywfoufí xyfwdk;
jznfhpGuf Oya'wpfckk
csrSwfcJYonf/
þOya'wGif jynfaxmifpkk
Oya'xuf ydkktao;pdyfNyD;?
o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;
ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh
a'oEå& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
rsm; ESifh a'ocHrsm;udk
¤if;wdkYvkyfief;rsm;wGif
yg0if&ef vdktyfonf[k
nTefMum;xm;onf/
72
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
wGif o,HZmwwl;azmfrI aqmif&Gufonfhtcg ¤if;wdkkYtaejzifh a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; tpDtpOf
rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif yg0iffcGifh&Sdonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl vkyfydkifcGifh
tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHawmftqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS vuf0,fxm;&Sdonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;u vkdifpifavQmuf
xm;onfh vkyfief;pOf\ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf ukkrÜPDrsm;rS wifoGif;onfh tpDtpOf^ pDrHudef;rsm;
twGuf owÅKwGif;ESifh blrdodyÜH AsL½dk a'oEå& ½Hk;rsm;\ cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/ a'owGif;ü
tajcpdkkuf vkyfudkifaomfvnf; tqdkyg½Hk;rsm;udk A[dktpdk;&u a&G;cs,fcefYtyfxm;NyD;? A[dktpdk;&
odkY wdkuf½dkuf wm0efcHrI&Sd&onf/ 157
pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;
pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;udpöwGif jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m tpkd;&onf ydkí xJxJ0if0if yg0ifonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;udpöudk jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&u Oya'jyKNyD;
taumiftxnf azmfjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&rsm;onf BuD;Muyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk
aqmif&Guf&onf/ owÅKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh tvkyftudkifzef;wD;jcif; udpö&yfrsm;wGif a'
oEå& tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tm;
enf;aomfvnf; vkyfydkifcGifhvkdifpif &&Sdxm;onfh ukrÜPD\ pnf;urf;vdkufemrIudk apmifhMunfh
ppfaq;Edkifonfh udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;udk a'ocHvlxkonfvnf; a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcGifh &Sd
onf/ 158
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif o,HZmw u@rS &&Sdaom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;tm; jynfe,f ESifh a'oqdkfif&m
Stakeholder rsm;xHodkY cGJa0ay;jcif;qdkkif&m aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk qufvuf tav;xm; aqmif&Guf
oGm;&mwGif atmufyg tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Ekdifygonf -
¼ a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk ydkíus,fjyefYaom zGHUNzdK;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh
wpfaygif;wnf;jzpfatmif aqmif&Gufyg / / jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m
tpdk;&wdkYMum; ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom vlrIpD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m bHkk&nfrSef;csuf xm;&Sd
NyD; a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;udk tqdkyg&nfrSef;csufESifhtnD vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh tusdK;aus;Zl;
&SdEdkifonf/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS tvHk;pHk NcHKiHkrdaom rlabmifwpf&yfudk csrSwfEdkifNyD; jynfe,f
ESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;u a'otwGuf tqifajyovdk udkufn§d toHkk;jyKEdkifonf/ þ
rl0g'rsm;onf tem*wfwGif vkyfaqmifrnfh a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;qdkkif&m Oya'rsm;? enf;
Oya'rsm; odkYr[kwf ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh csKyfqdkkonfh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;twGuf udk;um;csufwpfck
jzpfvmEkdifonf/
¼ ]]a'owGif;}} qdkonfh pum;&yfudk teufzGifhjcif; / / vuf&SdwGif tpdkk;&\ rl0g'onf jrefrm
jynfolrsm; tvkyftudkif&&SdrI wdk;wufa&;twGuf tajccHtm;jzifh tav;xm; aqmif&Gufae
onf/ a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;qdkkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;jzifh a'ocHrsm; tusdK;&Sdap&efESifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk tcsdKU\ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef rl0g' csrSwfolrsm;taejzifh
jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'o Stakeholder rsm;ESifh teD;uyf aqG;aEG;wdkifyif í ]]a'owGif;}}
qdkaom pum;&yf\ t"dyÜm,fudk ydkí wdwdusus zGifhqdkEkdifonf/
¼ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,f^a'oqdkif&m tpkd;&Mum; nd§EdIif;aqmif&Gufjcif; / / jynfe,f
ESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;rS ¤if;wdkkYjynfe,fESifh wdkif;twGuf a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; oD;oefY
owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jy|mef; taumiftxnfazmfcGifh &Sdvmygu jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&\ rl0g'
rsm;ESifh nd§EdIif;aqmif&Guf&jcif;jzifh tusdK;&SdEdkifonf/ EdkifiHawmftqifhESifh jynfe,f ESifh a'o
qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;wGif a'opD;yGm;a&;\ tcuftcJrsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
xm;oifhonf/ ,SOfNydKifEdkifpGrf;&SdNyD; trsdK;tpm; uGJjym;aom yk*¾vduu@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk
157 Government of the Philippines, Mining Act.
158 Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law. stakeholder interview.
73
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Gufoifhonf/
¼ jynfe,f ESifh a'oqdkif&m Stakeholder rsm;\ u@udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfyg / /
EIA rlabmift& vlrIpDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOfrsm; zGHUNzdK;a&;wGif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'o tpdk;&ESifh
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&ef jy|mef;csufrsm;onf aumif;aomajcvSrf;wpfckyif jzpfonf/ a'ocHtusdK;
zGHUNzdK;a&; tpDtpOftm; qef;ppfn§dEIdif;jcif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif; ESifh apmifhMunfhppfaq;
jcif;rsm;twGuf vkyfydkkifcGifh wm0efrsm;udk EIA rlabmifwGif ydkí &Sif;vif;jywfom;atmif
t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk owfrSwfEdkifonf/ rGef*dkvD,m;uJhodkkY jynfe,fESifh a'otpdk;&rsm;omru
a'ocH udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg yg0ifapjcif;onf a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&; rl0g'rsm; pm&Gufay:
wGifomr[kwfbJ vufawGU taumiftxnfazmfjcif; udk jzpfapNyD; wl;azmfa&;pDrHudef;rsm;'Pfudkk
wkkduf½kkduf cHpm;&onfh a'ocHtwGuf tusdK;&SdapEdkifonf/ EIA ESifh EMP rsm;udk jynfol
vlxktm; vufvSrf;rDatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh a'ocHrsm;udkk tusdK;&Sdaponf/
74
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9/ wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrI
bmaMumifh ta&;ygovJ/
wpfEdkifwpfydkif ESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf urÇmh
tvkyftudkif u@\ t"du t&if;tjrpf jzpfygonf/ wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw
wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif; (ASM) onf urÇmwpf0ef;&Sd cefYrSef;ajc vlOD;a& oef; 100 eD;yg;\
toufarG;vkyfief; jzpfonf/ 159 þu@rS odomxif&Sm;aom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdEkdifonf/
rGef*dkvD;,m; onf 2014 ckESpfwGif w&m;0if ASM vkyfief;rS jynfywifydkYa&mif;csrI cefYrSef;ajc
tar&duefa':vm oef; 110 txd &&SdchJonf/ tqdkygckESpftwGif; o,HZmw vkyfief;rsm;rS
&&Sdaom pkpkaygif; jynfywifydkkYa&mif;csrI\ 3 .3 &mcdkifEIef;txd &SdcJYonf/ 160
,if;uJhodkY pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygrI tvm;tvmaumif;rsm; &Sdaomfvnf; EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif þ
vkyfief;udk w&m;0if pnf;rsOf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;aqmif&GufrI r&Sdao;ay/ vkyfief;cGiftajctaerSm
tEå&m,f&SdNyD; obm0ywf0ef;usif? vlrIa&;&m pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;vnf; nHhzsif;rI &SdaeqJjzpfNyD; tcGef
aumuf,lrIvnf; tm;enf;aeonf/ vufjzpf wpfydkif owÅKwl;azmfolrsm;onf tBuD;pm;tqifh
vkyfudkifaeolrsm;ESifh y#dyu©jzpfvmEdkifNyD; xkdrSwpfqifh vkyfief;vnfywfrI xdcdkufum tMurf;
zufrIESifh vlYtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufrIrsm; jzpfay:vmEkdifonf/ urÇmwpf0ef;vHk;wGif ysHUESHYrI enf;
aeao;aomfvnf; wpfEkdifwpfydkif a&eHxkwfvkyfrI vkyfief;onf EkdifiHtcsdKUwGif ta&;ygaomudpö
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wpfEdkifwpfydkkifESifh tao;pm; wl;azmfjcif;u@\ pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygrIESifh vlrI0ef;usifESifh
ywf0ef;usiftay: oufa&mufrIudk xdxda&mufa&muf pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef vdktyfaejcif;aMumifh tpdk;
&rsm;onf Oya'rsm; jy|mef;í pnf;urf;xdef;Muyf&ef wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&GufvmaeMuonf/ yxr
tqifhtaejzifh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;onf ASM odkYr[kwf wpfEdkifwpfydkif a&eHwl;azmfjcif;qdkkif&m
Oya'rsm;udk yifrOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;avY &SdMuonf/ odkYaomf cGifhjyKrdefY avQmuf&mü
ukefusp&dwfrsm;jcif;? tcGefaqmif&jcif;? ywf0ef;usifESifh vlrIa&;qdkkif&m pnf;urf;csufrsm;vdkuf
em&jcif;aMumifh ,if;u@tm; w&m;0ifjzpfatmif azmfaqmif&mwGif t[efYtwm;rsm;jzpfaeNyD;
Oya'a&;&m tajymif;tvJ udpörSmvnf; atmifjrifcJaom udpöwpf&yfjzpfonf/ tpdk;&rsm;tae
jzifh w&m;0ifvkyfief;tjzpf ajymif;vJap&ef rSefuefonfhrufvHk;rsm; azmfaqmifay;jcif;ESifh Oya'
rlabmif jyifywGif qufvufvkyfudkifaeolrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,ljcif;wdkkY aqmif
&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/
wpfEdkifwpfydkif vkyfief;udk w&m;0if jzpfapa&;ESifh wpfEkdifwpfydkif wl;azmfolrsm;tm; tumt
uG,fay;a&;? tBuD;pm;vkyfief;BuD;rsm;ESifh y#dyu© rjzpfapa&;twGuf jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m
tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS yg0ifEdkifonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; wl;azmfol
rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftqifhwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cH&olrsm; r[kkwfbJ? tumtuG,frJY xdcdkkuf
vG,folrsm; jzpfMuonf/ jynfe,fESifh a'otpdk;&rsm;taejzifh ¤if;wdkkYtm; Oya'rlabmiftwGif;rS
w&m;0if vkyfudkifvmEdkkfifap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&eftwGuf tajctaeay;onfjzpfaomaMumifh
ajyvnfatmif aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ w&m;0ifjzpfatmif vkyfaqmif&mwGif BuHKawGU&onfht"du
twm;tqD;tcsdKUrSm tcsdefMum? A[dktpdk;&ESifh qufqH&ef vdktyfjcif;? tvGef½IyfaxG;onfhvkyfxHk;
vkyfenf; tqifhqifhwdkY jzpfonf/ vkyfydkkifcGifh cGJa0vdkufygu AsL½dkua&pD BudK;eDpepf 'ku©rsm;udk
avQmhcsEkdifonf/ odkYaomf þudpöudk jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh vufwGJí ajz&Sif;
159 These numbers include workers and their families. World Bank, “Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining,” last modified 21 November 2013, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/brief/artisanal-and-small-scale-mining.
160 Bolormaa Purevjav, Human Rights and Mongolia’s Small-Scale Mining Sector (The Asia Foundation, 2014); Calculated as follows: 110m*100/3,295,381,000, with data from the World Bank, “World Integrated Trade Solutions Portal,” accessed 15 January 2017, http://wits.worldbank.org.
75
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
oifhonf/ tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ynmay;jcif;? rufvHk;ay;jcif;ESifh xdawGU aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;vkyf
aqmifoifhNyD; pnf;MuyfrI vkyfaqmif&ef pdwfqE´ESifh pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sd&efvnf; vdktyfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ vuf&Sdtaetxm;
wpfEkdifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw xkwfvkyfrIvkyfief;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\ t"du pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief; &if;jrpfwpfck jzpfonf/ (av;axmifhuGuf 13 udk Munfhyg) vkyfudkifaeol ta&twGufudk
twdtus ajym&ef cufcJaomfvnf; ausmufrsuf wl;azmfonfh jrefrmEkdifiH ajrmufydkif;a'owGif
a&raq; OD;a& 400000 ausmf &Sdonf[k o,HZmw ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;
0efBuD;Xme (MONREC) u cefYrSef;xm;onf/ 161 wpfEkdifwpfydkif ausmufwl;vkyfief;ESifh a&eH
vkyfief;tay: rDScdkaeol pkpkaygif; (wpfaeYvkyfrS wpfaeYpm;&olrsm; tygt0if) ta&twGufrSm
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ausmufwl;vkyfief;ESifh wpfEdkifwpfydkfif a&eHxkwfvkyfrIudk cGifhjyKxm;onf/ odkYaomf vdkifpif&&Sd&ef
cufcJNyD; vkyfief;tenf;i,fudkom w&m;0if cGifhjyKxm;onf/ w&m;0if owfrSwfcGifhjyKrI r&Sdjcif;?
vkyfief;cGif tEå&m,f&Sdjcif;? obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfxHk;rsm; nHhzsif;jcif;? (uav;oli,f
acgif;yHkjzwfrI ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g; tvGJoHk;pGJrI tygt0if) vlrI0ef;usiftay: tEÅ&m,f&Sdaom
oufa&mufrI&Sdjcif;wdkY us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jzpfay:aeqJ jzpfonf/ 162 þu@onf jynfe,fESifh
a'oqdkif&m tpdk;& xdef;csKyfrIvufatmuf jzpfvmaom (txl;ojzifh vkyfydkifcGifhvkdifpifcsay;jcif;
ESifh tcGefaumuf,ljcif;) u@wpfckkjzpfonf/
av;axmifhuGuf (13) jrefrmEdkifiH\ wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmw
xkwf,ljcif;vkyfief;
tao;pm;ESifh wpfEkdifwpfykdif vkyfief;udk EkdifiHtvdkuf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkyHk uGJjym;onf/ a,bk
,stm;jzifh &Hzef&HcgwGif zufpyfyl;aygif; vkyfudkifavY&Sdaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm; (odkY) rdom;pkrsm;u
puftenf;i,f oHk;í (odkY) roHk;bJ xkwfvkkyfrIEIef; tenf;i,fom&Sdonfh tao;pm; wl;
azmfxkwfvkyfonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ BuD;MuyfrItm;enf;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif wpfEkdif
wpfydkif vkyfief;rsm;onf &mZ0wfom; ESifh vufeufudkif tkyfpkrsm; xdef;csKyfcH&Edkifonf/
wpfEkdifwpfydkif ausmufwl;vkyfief;onf wpfEdkifwpfydkif a&eHvkyfief;xuf urÇmwpf0ef;wGif
ydkí ododomom ysHUESHYrI&Sdonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 2015 ckESpf owÅKwGif;Oya' jyifqifcsuft& tao;pm; owÅKwl;azmfa&;ESifh
wpfEdkifwpfydkkif owÅKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;tjzpf trsdK;tpm; cGJEdkifaom vkyfief;ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/
yxrwpfckrSm ]]BuD;rm;aom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh toHk;p&dwf rvdkaom (odkY) txl;enf;ynmESifh
enf;pepfrsm; rvdkaom}} pD;yGm;jzpf xkwfvkyfrI 163 [kk t"dyÜm,f zGifhqkdxm;NyD; 'kwd,wpfckrSm
]]omrSef vufoHk;ud&d,mrsm;udk toHk;jyKaom xkwfvkyfrI}} 164 jzpfonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap
wpfEdkifwpfydkkif (odkY) tao;pm; wl;azmfrItqifhudk tppftrSef t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk&mwGif pdefac:
rI &SdEdkifonf/ tcsdKUudpö&yfrsm;wGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf tao;pm;tqifh vkyfief;vkdifpif rsm;pGm
&,lxm;NyD; vkyfuGufwpfckwnf; aygif;vkyfaeonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tBuD;pm;tqifh vkyfief;
161 International Growth Centre, Artisanal Jade mining in Myanmar (2017), accessed 16 November 2017, https://www.theigc.org/project/artisanal-jade-mining-myanmar.
162 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
163 Shortell and Aung, Mineral and Gemstone Licensing in Myanmar.
164 Government of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Mines Law (2015).
76
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vdkifpifavQmufvQif ydkí pnf;urf;wif;Muyfonfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk a&SmifvTJ&ef ,ck
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onfh pdefac:rIwpf&yfrSm a&raq;ausmuf &Smolrsm;u tBuD;pm;vkyfuGufrsm;xJodkY 0ifum
pGefYypfausmufrsm;tMum; 0ifa&muf&SmazGjcif; jzpfonf/ a&raq;ausmuf &Smolrsm;onf
tvGef tEå&m,frsm;aom tajctaewGif vkyfudkifaeMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf wpfEdkifwpfydkif a&eHvkyfief; (vuf,SufwGif;) trsm;tjym; &SdaeNyD; udkvdkeD
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&efukef wdkif;a'oBuD;wdkYwGif vkyfudkifaeNyD; obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: tBuD;pm;xdcdkufrI
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jrefrmEdkfifiHwGif wpfEkdifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; o,HZmwxkwf,lrI vkyfief;udk jynfaxmifpkOya'
jzifh tkyfcsKyfpDrHonf/ owÅKwl;azmfa&;twGuf ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom Oya'rsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiH
owÅKwGif;Oya' (2015)? jrefrmEdkifiH ausmufrsufOya' (1995? jyifqifa&;qGJxm;) ESifh
obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;Oya' (2012)wdkY jzpfonf/ wpfEdkifwpfydkif a&eHvkyfief;udk
pDrHtkyfcsKyf&efvnf; Oya'topfwpf&yf jy|mef;xm;onf/ a&eH vuf,ufwGif;qdkif&m Oya'
(2017) jzpfonf/ ausmufyHkrsm;wGif a&raq;ausmuf &Smol trsm;tjym;&Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY
w&m;0if vkyfudkifcGifhjyKaom jy|mef;csufudk Oya'rlabmiftwGif; r&Sdao;yg/
jynfe,fESifh a'o\ yg0ifyufoufrI
rMumao;rDu jyifqifvdkufonfh owÅK? ausmufrsufOya'rsm; ESifh 2015 ckESpfwGif jyefvnfjyif
qifcJYonfh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' Z,m; 2 ESifh 5 wGif vdkifpifcsay;jcif;ESifh tcGefaumuf,ljcif;
165 Htoo Thant and Chan Mya Htwe, “Government to Tighten Licensing Restrictions on Artisanal Oil Drilling,” Myanmar Times, 12 September 2016.
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77
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&Sdaeaomfvnf; vkyfief;trsm;pkrSm w&m;r0if &yfwnfaeqJyif jzpfonf/ Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business u jyKvkyfaom okawoet& uGif;qif;okawoejyKpOf awG&Sd
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vkyfief;rsm;onf cGifhjyKrdefYr&bJ aqmif&Gufaejcif;jzpfonf/ 168 vdkifpifavQmufjcif;ESifh obm0
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef owfrSwfcsufrsm;onf wpfydkifwpfEkdif
wl;azmfolrsm;twGuf tvGef 0efydaponf/ cdkifrmaom w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; ,Eå&m;rsm;r&Sdonhf
twGuf w&m;0ifjzpfa&; vkyfaqmif&ef qGJaqmifEdkifaom rufvHk;vnf; aumif;aumif; r&Sday/
jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&rsm; vkyfydkifcGifh tcGifhtmPmydk&atmif Oya'a&;&mtajymif;tvJ
vkyfjcif;onf jyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; &Sdr&Sd? w&m;0iftjzpf cGifhjyKa&;wGif taxmuftul
166 Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Law 45/2015.
167 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Comments on Artisanal Oil Production Bill (2017).
168 Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, Myanmar Mining Sector Wide Impact Assessment.
78
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jzpfrjzpfudk þpmwrf;a&;aecsdefwGif ajym&ef tvGefapmaeygonf/ odkYaomf owÅKESifh a&eHu@
ESpfckpvHk;wGif vdkifpifcsay;rIqdkkif&m qHk;jzwf&mü jynfaxmifpktpdk;&rS vkyfydkkifcGifhrsm; &xm;aeqJ
jzpfonf[k ,lq&ygonf/ jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; 0efBuD;csKyfrsm; ESifh 0efBuD;Xmersm;onf
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&odkY wm0efcHrI &Sd&aomaMumifh Oya' tajymif;tvJonf jynfe,fESifh wdkif;
a'oBuD; tpdk;&\ wm0efcHrItydkif;wGif ydkjrifhoGm;aponf[k rqdkEdkifay/ xdkkYjyif o,HZmw ESifh
obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; 0efBuD;Xmeonf tcsdKU tao;pm;xkwfvkyfrI trsdK;tpm;rsm;
twGuf wdkuf½dkufqHk;jzwfcGifh tmPmudk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;rnf jzpfonf/ tvm;wl?
wpfEdkifwpfydkif a&eHvkyfief;wGifvnf; tqifhqifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;
tpdk;&rsm;rSwpfqifh vkyfaqmifaomfvnf; cGifhjyKrdefY csay;onfh t<uif;rJY vkyfydkifcGifh wm0efudk
vQyfppfESifh pGrf;tif0efBuD;Xmeuom qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;rnf jzpfonf/
urÇmYwpf0ef;rS vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI^vkyfxHk;enf;emrsm;tm; avYvmjcif; 169
oufqdkkif&mu@\ Oya'rlabmifrsm;udk a&;qGJonfh tpdk;&tqifhrS ASM udpö&yfrsm;qdkif&m
pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;twGuf Oya'jyK a&;qGJonf/ erlemavYvmxm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpk
tqifhrS Oya'? enf;Oya' a&;qGJonf/ odkYaomf jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
taejzifh Oya' taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;wGif yg0ifapjcif;jzifh tusdK;rsm;ap
onfudk avYvmcJYonfh Oyrmrsm;wGif awGU&Sd&onf/
vdkifpifcsay;jcif;
ppfwrf;wGifygaom EdkfifiHtrsm;tjym;\ Oya'rlabmifrsm;onf ASM vkyfief;tay: pnf;urf;
xdef;Muyfjcif;udk jynfe,fESihf wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifhtm; vTJtyfxm;ygonf/ Oyrm - tif'dkeD;&Sm;
ESifh rGef*dkvD;,m;wdkY\ EdkifiHawmftqifh Oya'jyKrIwGif jynfe,f ESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;udk ASM twGuf vdkifpifcsay;cGifh&Sdaom tmPmydkiftzGJUtjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/ 170 zdvpfydkifwGif ASM vdkifpifrsm;udk NrdKUe,f odkYr[kwf jynfe,f ]]owÅKwGif;vkyfief;qdkif&m
pnf;urf;xdef;odrf; BuD;Muyfa&; bkwftzGJU}}u csay;onf/ xkdbkwftzGJUrsm;wGif A[dktpdk;&ESifh
jynfe,fESifh a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;? tao;pm;ESifh tBuD;pm;tqifh owÅKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm;
ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m t&yfbuf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifonf/ 171
rav;&Sm;wGif jynfe,frsm;u ¤if;wdkY udk,fydkifjynfe,f o,HZmw Oya't& ASM vdkifpifcs
ay;onf/ 172 wpfydkifwpfEdkif vkyfief;rsm;qdkkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufcsydkkifcGifhtm; a'oEÅ& tqifhodkkY
cGJay;vdkufjcif;jzifh b@ma&; 0efydjcif;ESifh tcsdefMumjcif;wdkkYudk ajz&Sif;Edkifonf/ (Oyrm vdkifpif
avQmuf&? tcGefaqmif& ydkvG,fatmif vkyfay;jcif; pojzifh) xdkYtjyif pnf;urf;MuyfrwfrI ydkkrdk
tm;aumif;vmatmif taxmuftuljyKonf/
ASM udpö&yfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif EdkifiHawmftqifh ESifh jynfe,fESifha'otqifh tpdk;&Mum; nd§
EdIif;aqG;EG;rI r&Sdygu pdefac:rIrsm; jzpfay:vmEkdifonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh 2015 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,
EdkifiH A[dkktpdk;&Xme wpfckkjzpfaom trsdK;om;pdrf;vef;a&; ckkH½kkH;u (National Green Tribunal) Rajasthan jynfe,f rS tus,f ig;[ufwm rjynfhaom pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf ywf0ef;usifqdkkif&m
cGifhjyKcsuf&,l&rnf[kk owfrSwfcJhonf/ odkYaomf obm0ywf0ef;usif cGifhjyKcsufcsay;onfhjzpfpOf
udk ayghayghqq t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;NyD; jynfe,f obm0ywf0ef;usif oufa&mufrI ppfaq;tuJ
169 Given Myanmar’s somewhat unique status as a country with significant artisanal oil production, this section only draws observations from the management of artisanal and small-scale mining in other countries.
170 Government of Indonesia, Law No.4/2008 (2008); Government of Indonesia, Law No. 23/2014 (2014).
171 Government of the Philippines, Small Scale Mining Act (1991); Government of Mongolia, Minerals Law.
172 Government of Malaysia, Mineral Development Act (1994).
79
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jzwfa&; tmPmykdiftzGJUuvnf; avQmufvTmtrsm;tjym;udk ppfaq;oHk;oyfEkdifonfh pGrf;&nf
r&SdcJYay/ xdkkYaMumifh ESpfukefwGif aomif;ESifhcsDaom tao;pm; owÅKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm; ydwf
cJY&onf/ tvkyfvufrJY yrmP tvGefrsm;vmrnfpdk;&drfaomaMumifh jynfe,ftpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;u
wpfckckvkyfaqmif&ef jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;cJYonf/ &v'ftaejzifh Oya' jyifqifcsuf
rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJY&onf/ jyifqifcsufwGif tao;pm;tqifh owÅKwl;azmfvkyfief;udk trsdK;
tpm; owfrSwfay;jcif;? obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh ywfoufí vkyfaqmif&rnfh tcsufrsm;udk
ydkrdk&Sif;vif; vG,fulapjcif;? obm0ywf0ef;usif cGifhjyKrdefYrsm;udk xkwfjyefay;&eftwGuf c½dkif
tqifh EIA tmPmydkif tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftm; owfrSwfzGJUpnf;ay;jcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ 173
w&m;0iftjzpf owfrSwf&ef ueOD; vkyfief;pOfrsm;
jynfe,fESifh a'otpdk;&rsm;onf ASM u@udk ydkaumif;rGefpGm pnf;urf;MuyfrwfEdkif&ef rlabmif
rsm; xdxda&mufa&muf taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@rS aqmif
&GufEdkifonf/ w&m;r0if vkyfudkifavY&Sdonfh &mZ0iff&SdaeonfhtwGuf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf
owÅK wl;azmfolrsm;\ vdktyfcsufESifh udkufnDaeonfhwdkifatmif ¤if;wdkYudk Oya'rlabmiftwGif;
rS vkyfudkif&ef rufvHk;ay; qGJaqmif&aom udpörSm pdefac:rIrsm; &SdaeqJjzpfonf/ xdkjyóem
udk ajz&Sif;&ef zdvpfydkifEdkifiH Cotabato awmifydkif;jynfe,ftpdk;&u owÅKwl;azmfolrsm;udk ppf
aq;twnf jyKonfh pepfwpfckudk pGefYOD; zefwD;vdkufonf/ xdkpepfonf owÅKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;
e,fy,ftwGif; vkyfief;rsm;udk w&m;0ifowfrSwf&mwGif taxmuftuljyKcJYonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;
wGif pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhqdkifaom t"du pdefac:rIrsm; (av;axmifhuGuf 14 udk Munfhyg) tcsdKU
udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifcJYonf/ rGef*dkvD;,m;wGif tm&Sazmifa';&Sif;u jynfe,f? c½dkiftpdk;&rsm;
ESifh yl;aygif;í pDrHudef;wpfckudk tpjyK azmfaqmifcJYum ASM u@wGif obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkkif&m
pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;cJYonf/ pDrHudef;\ &nfrSef;csufrSm ukefusp&dwfoufomNyD; a*[pepf
t& tqifajyaprnfh obm0ywf0ef;usif jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; enf;vrf;rsm; xm;&Sdjcif;jzifh
w&m;0if owfrSwfonfhvkyfief;rsm; wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufa&; jzpfonf/ xdkpDrHudef;rSwpfqifhwpfEdkif
wpfydkif owÅKwl;azmfol 900 ausmfonf 143 [ufwmus,faom owÅKajr jyefvnfxlaxmif
a&;ü yg0ifchJonf/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&uvnf; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; enf;pepf wpfaygif;wnf;
azmfaqmif&mü yg0if&ef pdwf0ifpm;aMumif; xkwfazmfajymqdkcJYonf/ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;enf;
pepfonf aemufydkif;wGif trsdK;om; ASM pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; jzpfvmcJYonf/ 174
av;axmifhuGuf (14) zdvpfydkifEdkifiH? Cotabato awmifydkif;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd
ASM pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI 175
ASM u@ukd w&m;0ifowfrSwfa&;twGuf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ BudK;yrf;rIrsm; &Sdaomf
vnf; zdvpfydkifEdkifiHonf w&m;r0if owÅKwl;azmfrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufvuf&ifqdkifae&onf/
,if;udk wdkufzsuf&ef Cotabato awmifydkif;jynfe,f tpdk;&onf rDem[ef bm,meD[ef
(Minahang Bayanihan) tpDtpOfudk pwifazmfaqmifcJYonf/ tqdkyg tpDtpOfonf
tao;pm; owÅKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;ESifh ausmufusif;rsm;wGif vkyfaqmifaeol tm;vHk;udk
ppfaq;onfh pepfwpf&yfudk jy|mef;cJYonf/ rSwfyHkwif&eftwGuf owÅKwl;azmfolrsm;onf
ab;tEå&m,f vHkNcHKa&;? ta&;ay: u,fq,fa&;? pGefYypfypönf; pDrHcefYcGJrI? obm0ab;
tEÅ&m,f avQmhcsrIESifh usef;rma&; ESifh tnpftaMu;pGefYonfh udpö&yfwdkYESifhywfoufírjzpf
rae oifwef;wuf&onf/ oifwef;rsm;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&u jynfaxmifpktpdk;&? t&yf
173 Government of India, 2006 EIA Notifications (2006); The Times of India, Amendments in Rajasthan Mining Rules Illegal: HC (10 April 2015); “Rajasthan: Thousands of Quarries Shut Down as Deadline to Obtain NGT Nod Closes In,” First Post, 30 January 2017.
174 Bolormaa Purevjav and Jonathan Stacey, Mongolia’s Small-Scale Miners Play Critical Role in Safeguarding Natural Resources (The Asia Foundation, 2016).
175 Philippine Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Volume II of the PH-EITI Country Report 2015 (2015).
80
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
buf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS tusdK;wlyl;aygif;í aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ 2015 ckESpfa&mufcsdefwGif
tvkyform; 1700 ausmf rSwfyHkwifEdkifcJYNyD; aemufxyf tvkyform; 1300 ausmftwGuf
qufvufvkyfudkif aqmif&GufaecJYonf/
xdktpDtpOfonf tusdK;&Sdaom &v'frsm;pGm jzpfay:apcJYonf/ cGifhjyKrdefcsrSwfonfh yHkpHrSm
vnf; uGefysLwmpepf jzpfvmonfhtwGuf vkdifpifudpöESifh tjrwfcGefaumufcHonfh udpörsm;
vnf; tqifhjrifhvmcJYonf/ apmifhMunfhuifr&mrsm;\ tultnDaMumifh ppfaq;apmifhMunfhrI
vkyfief;rsm;vnf; ydkrdk tm;aumif;vmcJYonf/ Cotabato awmifydkif;jynfe,fonf vuf&Sd
wGif rif'gemtdk uRef;qG,fay:ü rSwfyHkwifxm;aom tao;pm; owÅKwl;azmfa&; vkyfief;
ta&twGuf trsm;qHk;&Sdonfh jynfe,fjzpfonf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif ASM u@rS &aom
a'oEå& aumufcH&&Sdonfh tcGefyrmPonf zdvpfydkif yDqdk 1065685 (tar&duefa':vm
21362 ESifh nDrQonf) txd jrifhwufvmcJYonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif owÅKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;
rsm;onf 'kkwd,tBuD;qHk; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;jzpfNyD; EdkifiHtwGif; a&Ta&mif;tm; tjrifhqHk;jzpfí
t0,fqdkkif trsm;tjym;&Sdonfh bef*Gufjynfe,fonf yDqdk 153435 (tar&duefa':vm
3076 0ef;usif) 176 ukkdom a'oEå& tcGeftjzpf &&SdcJhonf/
xdktpDtpOfonf tcsdKUaom owÅKwGif;vkyfief;\ vlrI0ef;usifESifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay:
oufa&mufrIudkvnf; ajz&Sif;&mwGif taxmuftul jzpfcJYonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ppfaq;
twnfjyKjcif; pepfaMumifh uav;vkyfom; avsmhusvmonf/ xdkYtjyif xdktpDtpOfonf
obm0ywf0ef;usif pHcsdefpHEIef;rsm;udkvnf; wdk;wufapcJYonf/ &v'ftaejzifh jy'g;rygaom
wl;azmfjcif; enf;pepfrsm;ESifh owÅKwl;azmfNyD;aemuf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif
&GufrI jrifhwufvmcJYonf/ xdktpDtpOfaMumifh Cotabato awmifydkif;jynfe,f tpdk;&onf
Galing Pook qk csD;jr§ifhcHcJY&onf/ xdkqkonf qef;opfaumif;rGefaom a'oEå& pDrHtkyf
csKyfa&; azmfaqmifrIESifhywfoufí EdkifiHawmfuay;aom qkjzpfonf/
zdvpfydkif ajryHk
176 Both USD values are calculated with P/USD values of 1/0.02 on 18 January 2016.
zdvpfydkif
MANILA
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SOUTHCOTABATO
81
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
NyD;cJYaomESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wpfEdkifwpfydkkifESifh tao;pm;tqifh owÅKwl;azmfa&;ESifh
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a&;twGuf aqmif&GufcJYonf/ a&SUqufvkyfaqmif&mwGif atmufygtBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;Edkifygonf -
¼ jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;qdkif&m Stakeholder rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifhudk w&m;0if cGifhjyKyg / /
jzpfvmrnfh Oya'tajymif;tvJrsm;t& ,cifu jynfaxmifpk 0efBuD;Xmersm;udkk wm0efcH&
aom a'oEå& udk,fpm;vS,fudk vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm vTJay;vmEkkdifzG,f&Sdonfudkk awGU&Sd&onf/
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ESifh pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;twGuf toHk;0ifaom ajcvSrf;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ygrpfcsay;onfh
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onf/ xdkYtjyif tcsdKUaom vkyfykdifcGifh wm0efrsm;udk NrdKUe,ftqifhodkY vTJajymif;jcif;onf
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avQmufvTmwpfapmif wif&eftwGuf tcsdefay;c&D;oGm;&jcif; vkkdtyfrIudkk avQmhcsjcif;)
¼ tBuD;pm;vkyfief;qdkkif&m rl0g'ESifh nd§EdIif;aqmif&GufrI jyKvkyfyg / / tBuD;pm; vkyfief;rsm;
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifhywfoufí vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u qufvufudkifwG,faeí
tao;pm;ESifh wpfEkdifwpfydkif vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkdifpifcsay;onfhudpöudk jynfe,fESifh wdkif;
a'oBuD; tpdk;&rsm;vufxJ vTJajymif;ay;&mwGif tcuftcJ pdefac:rIrsm; MuHKawGUvmEdkifonf/
tu,fí aumif;rGefaom pDrHcefYcGJrI r&dSygu apmifhMunhfppfaq;rI tm;enf;jcif;aMumifhvdkifpif
csay;&mwGif vkyfuGufwpfckESifh wpfck xyfukefNyD; vkkyfuGufykkdifqkkdifrI ckkdifrmrIr&Sdjcif; tcGef
qHk;½HI;rIwdkY jzpfvmEdkifonf/ tu,fí vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmudk jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;Xmersm;tpm;
jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&xH wm0efcHrI&Sdaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;xHodkY vTJajymif;ay;rnf
qdkygu nd§EdIif; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI pepfwpfck vdktyfvmrnf/ n§dEdIif;yl;aygif;&mwGif ajr,m
pm&if;pepf rQa0okHk;pGJrIvnf; yg0ifEkdifonf/ (tcef; 4 udkMunhfyg)
¼ tedrfhqHk; pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;aqmif&Gufa&; / / obm0 o,HZmwudkk zuf'&,f
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jynfe,ftqifhokkdY tjynfht0 vTJajymif;vkkdufonfhwkkdif wpfEkkdifiHvkkH; usifhokkH;&rnfh tedrfhqkkH;
pHEIef;udkk qufvufpGJukkdifxm;&ef vkkdonf/ owÅKwl;azmfolrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
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82
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83
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obm0 ywf0ef;usif pDrHcefYcGJrI
EdkifiH Oya' oufqdkifaom Oya'tykkd'frsm;
w&m;0ifrlabmif 'DZdkif;yHkpH
MopaMw;vs
obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufa&;ESifh ZD0rsdK;pdwfrsm;
umuG,fa&; tufOya' 1999 ESifh
"eo[m, EdkifiHrsm; MopaMw;vs
zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHtufOa'
(The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act)
,la&eD,rf wl;azmfjcif;ESifh ordkif;0if EdkifiHawmf tarGtESpf
rsm; wl;azmfjcif; tp&Sdaom ]]EdkifiHawmftqifh obm0ywf
0ef;usifqdkif&m ta&;ygonfh tcsufrsm;}} rSvGJí obm0
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;tay: Oya'jyK&mwGif jynf
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xm;onf[k azmfjyxm;onf/
jynfe,fa'otqifh obm0
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jynfe,f odkYr[kwf a'owpfcktwGif;&Sd obm0ywf0ef;
usifqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom w&m;0if wm0ef
0wÅ&m;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onf/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;
EdkifiHawmf obm0ywf0ef;usif
tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwftzGJU
zGJUpnf;rI
obm0ywf0ef;usif 0efBuD;Xmeonf EIA pepftm; BuD;Muyf
&eftwGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/ ,if;0efBuD;Xmeonf y"meusaom
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tqifhwGif EdkifiHawmf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; rsm;tm; ydkrdkjynfhpHkrI
&Sdap&eftwGuf ydkrdkwif;usyfaom EIA pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
rsm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifonf/
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tif'dkeD;&Sm;
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umuG,fa&; ESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&; Oya'
2009
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&Sdaom vlrItodkif;t0dkif;rsm;twGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;ESifh
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tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif a'oEå& tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;ESifh
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rsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;rIrsm;\ rSwfcsufrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;&ef
vdktyfonf/
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aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm; twGufyg
tusKH;0ifonfh obm00ef;usifxdcdkkuf
rI qef;ppfonfh pepf usifhokkH;&ef
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twnfjyKcJhNyD; pnf;rsOf;rsm; vkkyfxkkH;
vkkyfenf;rsm;ESifh wGJzufusifhokkH;onf/
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oufa&mufrI tpD&ifcHpmwGif trsm;jynfolESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;
rI ESifh vlrItodkif;t0dkif;qdkif&m vufcHEdkifrI xkwfjyefcsufrsm;\
&v'frsm;udk xnfhoGif;&ef vdktyfonf/ a'oEå& tpdk;&
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aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh vlrI0ef;usif yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufrI
pDrHaqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/
84
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o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfa&;twGuf qHk;jzwfjcif;/ EIA ESifh EPP jyefvnfqef;ppf
oHk;oyfrI ESifh vkyfief;oabmwl n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;rI
MopaMw;vs
Xmaersm; ydkifqdkifcGifhtufOya'
(1993) ESifh jynfe,fESifh a'o rsm;\
Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; a&;&m Oya'
tpOftvmtm;jzifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; ydkifqdkifonfhajray:
wGif vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh rnfonfho,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyf
a&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rqdk Xmae wdkif;om;rsm;\ oabmwl
cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/ Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf vdkifpif
oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf rsm;ESifh tjcm; oabmwlcsufrsm;
atmufwGif owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh uwdu0wf awmif;qdkcsuf
rsm;udk tqdkjyK&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf/
zdvpfydkif
Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; tcGifhta&;
tufOya' 1997
a*[pepf ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&Smufa&; owfrSwfpHEIef;rsm;udk cdkifrmaocsmap&ef tvdkYiSm
Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk
n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;&ef tcGifhta&;&Sdonf/
a'oEå& tpdk;& tufOya' 1991
obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: qdkk;usdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; &SdEdkifonfh
pDrHudef;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf a'oEå&tpdk;&\ oabmwlnDcsuf
vdktyfonf/
tdE´d,
avxk tufOya'? 1981
a&xk tufOya'? 1974
tEå&m,f&Sdaom pGefYypfypönf; qdkif&m
pnf;rsOf;rsm;? 1989
o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; pDrHudef;rsm;onf jynfe,f
obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;csKyfa&; bkwftzGJUxHrS jynfe,ftqifh
cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/ odkY&mwGif opfawmpDrHcefYcGJa&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;aom EIA vkyfief;pOfESifh udpö&yfrsm;onf jynfaxmif
pk tpdk;&\ pD&ifydkifcGifhatmufwGif &Sdonf/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;
(owÅKwl;azmfa&;)
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m cGifhjyK
csuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;? 2012 ESifh
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufa&;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI Oya'?
2009
EIA vkyfief;pOfwGif tqHk;tjzwfjyKjcif;udk A[dkcsKyfudkifrI
avQmhcsonf/ c½dkif? jynfe,fESifh A[dktpdk;&rsm; tm;vHk;onf
¤if;wdkY\ pD&ifydkifcGifhrsm;twGif; EIA rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf
wm0ef&Sdonf/ tpdk;&tqifhwdkif;wGif epfem&onfh
vlrItodkif;t0ef;rsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; udk,fpm;jyKaom obm0ywf0ef;usif
tuJjzwf qef;ppfa&; aumfrwDwpf&yf &Sdonf/
rav;&Sm;obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
t&nftaoG; tufOya'? 1974
Sabah ESifh Sarawak jynfe,frsm;wGif obm0ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m t&nftaoG;xdef;odrf;a&; aumifpDwGif udk,fpm;jyKEdkif
onfh txl; owfrSwfjyXmef;csufwpf&yf &Sdonf/ tjcm;
jynfe,frsm;rSm aumifpDwGif udk,fpm;jyKjcif;r&Sdyg/ aumifpD\
&nf&G,fcsufrSm obm0ywf0ef;usif Xmetm; EIA ppfwrf;
rsm;tygt0if ,if;tufOya'ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh obm0ywf0ef;
usifqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;twGuf tBuHjyK&ef jzpfonf/
rGef*dkvD;,m;rGef*dkvD;,m; owÅKwGif;xGuf
vkyfief;rsm; Oya'? 2006
owÅKwGif; o,HZmw &SmazGrIrsm;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usif
BudKwifumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; tpDtpOfrsm; (EPPs) tm;
o,HZmw&SmazGrIrsm; jyKvkyfonfh soum (c½dkif) \ tkyfcsKyf
a&;rSL;xHodkY wifjy&onf/ o,HZmw wl;azmfa&; vdkifpifrsm;
onf A[kkdtpkkd;& tmPmatmufwGif jzpfonf/
85
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apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;
tif'dkeD;&Sm;
(owÅKwl;azmfa&;)?
MopaMw;vs
EIA Oya'
jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;onf owÅKwGif;vkyfief;vdkifpif
csay;rItwGuf ta&;ygonfh vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm wpf&yf&Sdonf/
,if;vkyfydkifcGifhjzifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m BuD;Muyfppfaq;
a&;udk vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpfonf/
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ESifh
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obmy0wf0ef;usif ESifh a'oEå&
tpdk;&rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom Oya'
jynfe,fa'otqifh tpdk;&rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;ESifh wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;tm; ukrÜPDrsm;rS
av;pm;vdkufemrIudk apmifhMunfhppfaq;&eftwGuf yl;wGJvkyfydkif
cGifh tcGifhtmPm&Sdonf/ jynfe,fa'o tpdk;&onf ¤if;wdkY
pD&ifydkifcGifhatmuf&Sd qufpyfonfh pDrHudef; [lorQ EIA vkyf
ief;pOf tNyD;owf aqmif&Gufxm;rItm; twnfjyKppfaq;&ef
wm0ef&Sdonf/
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rGef*dkvD;,m; obm0ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m tusdK;oufa&mufrI tuJjzwf
qef;ppfcsufrsm;qdkif&m Oya' 2014?
ESifh rGef*dkvD;,m; owÅKwGif; Oya'
Soums ESifh aimags tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf vdkifpif&
o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;taejzifh ¤if;wdkY\
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;udk jynfhrDatmif
aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufygu o,HZmw &SmazGa&; vdkifpifrsm;
twGuf obm0 ywf0ef;usiffqdkif&m wl;azmfq,f,lrI vkkyfcGifh
udkk Soums ESifh aimags tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf &yfqkdif;
xm;Ekkdifonf/ pDrHudef; vkyfaqmifonfh vkyfief;rS ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m wl;azmfq,f,lrI ESpfpOftmrcHrsm;udk vTJajymif;ay;&ef
ysufuGufyguvnf; tkkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;taejzifh pDrHudef;rsm;udk
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aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; tm;vHk;udk &yfqdkif;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf/
86
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EdkifiH Oya' oufqdkifaom acgif;pOfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í azmfjycsuf
w&m;0if rlabmif 'DZdkif;yHkpH
tif'dkeD;&Sm;a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;\ pnf;rsOf;rsm;
trSwf 48^2011
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a'ocHtusdK; zGHUNzdK;a&;qdkif&m udk,fydkif Oya'udk
jyXmef;cJYonf/ wl;azmfa&;ukkrÜPDrsm;taejzifh a'owGif;
pD;yGm;a&;vkkyfief;rsm;? a'ocHrsm;udkk ¤if;wkkdYvkkyfief; ESifh
vufwGJaqmif&Guf&ef vrf;nGefrsm; azmfjyxm;jcif;jzifh
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twGuf yifr Oya'BuD;) xufykkdí wdusonf/
zdvpfydkifXmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; tcGifhta&;
tufOya'? 1997
zdvpfydkifEdkifiH&Sd Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf jynfaxmifpkESifh
a'oEå&tqifhrsm; tm;vHk;wGif zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; tpDtpOf
rsm;udk azmfaqmifjcif; ESifh taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf
jcif;wdkYwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh&Sdonf/
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MopaMw;vs
Xmaersm;ydkifqdkifcGifh tufOya'?
1993 ESifh jynfe,fESifh a'orsm;\
Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;a&;&m Oya'
tpOftvmtm;jzifh Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; ydkifqdkifonfh
ajray:wGif vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh rnfonfho,HZmw wl;azmf
xkwfvkyfa&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;rqdk Xmaewdkif;om;rsm;\
oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/ Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf
vdkifpifoabmwl cGifhjyKcsufrsm;ESifh tjcm;oabmwlcsufrsm;
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qufpyfonf/
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tufOya' (1997)
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vkyfaqmifrnfh obm0o,HZmw wl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&;vdkifpif
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DENR tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJa&; nTefMum;
csuf trSwf 2000-99? jyefvnfpdppf
wnf;jzwfxm;onfh vufawGU
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;qdkif&m
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; &DyufAvpf
tufOya' trSwf 7942? 1995
zdvpfydkifowÅKwGif; tufOya'
[kvnf; ac:qdkonf/
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y½dk*&rfrsm; (SDMP) tm; jyefvnfoHk;oyf ppfaq;rIESifh
twnfjyK cGifhjyKcsufrsm; ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/
rGef*dkvD;,m; rGef*dkvD;,m; a&eHOya'? 2014
a&eHvkyfief; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif a'ocHrsm; tusdK;pD;yGm;
wkkd;wufa&; owfrSwfcsufrsm;tm; A[dktpdk;&ESifh soum
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87
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csuf trSwf 2000-99? jyefvnf
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taumifxnfazmfjcif;qdkif&m
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zdvpfydkif owÅKwGif;tufOya'
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cefYtyfonf) \ a'oqdkif&m ½Hk;rsm;onf pDrHudef;wnf&Sd&m
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&eftwGuf MGB tm; apmifMunfhppfaq;rIqdkif&m tpD&ifcH
pmrsm; wifjyonf/ SDMP vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf
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csif; todkif;t0dkif;rsm;tMum; csdwfqufrIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef
twGuf vlrItodkif;t0dkif; qufqHa&;t&m&Sd (CRO) wpfOD;
udk ukrÜPDrS cefYtyfonf/ tqdkyg CRO onf a'ocHwpfOD;
jzpf&rnf[k Oya'wGif razmfjyxm;yg/
rav;&Sm;EdkifiHawmf owÅKwGif;xGuf
vkyfief;rsm; Oya'? 2009
jynfwGif;tvkyform;rsm;udk oifwef;ay;&rnf[k avsmh&Jaom
vrf;nTefcsufrsm; &Sdonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;
onf jynfaxmifpk rl0g'rsm;tm; vufawGU taumiftxnf
azmf aqmif&GufrIESifh xda&muftusdK;&SdrIwdkYudk qef;ppf&ef
apmifhMunfhppfaq;a&; wm0efrsm;&Sdonf/
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rGef*dkvD;,m; owÅKwGif;xGuf
vkyfief;rsm; Oya'? 2006
vkyfief;vdkifpif&Sdonfh vkyfief;taejzifh a'ocHrsm;
tusdK;pD;yGm; wkkd;wufa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif
a'oEå& tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&rnf[k azmfjyxm;
onf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;onf vdkifpif& vkyfief;rsm;\ vkyfief;
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk apmifhMunfhppfaq;&eftwGuf
udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;tm; a&G;cs,fonf/
rGef*dkvD;,m; a&eHOya'? 2014
a'ocHrsm; tusdK;pD;yGm;wkkd;wufa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh pnf;rsOf;
Oya'rsm;tm; av;pm;vdkufemrI &dSr&Sdtm; apmifhMunfh
ppfaq;&ef jynfaxmifpktqifh a&eHtkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkif
tzGJUESifh a'oEå&tqifh soum (c½dkif) tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wdkYrS
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tif'dkeD;&Sm;
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(2009) pGrf;tifESifh obm0o,HZmw
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31? a'oEå& tpdk;&Oya'? 2014
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pnf;urf;BuD;Muyfa&; tcGifhtmPmonf 2014 a'oEå&tpdk;&
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owfrSwfa&G;cs,fxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif ASM vdkifpifcsay;rI tcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfh Oya'jyXmef;rI
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2015 ckESpfwGif jyefvnf
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vdkifpifrsm; tm; jynfe,frsm;rS csay;onf/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;
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{&d,mqdkif&m tpdk;& jyXmef;onfh
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a'oEw& tpdk;&rsm;ESifh NrdKUawmf0efrsm;onf ASM vdkifpif
rsm; xkwfay;&ef tcGifhtmPm&Sdovdk ASM twGuf vsmxm;
onfh {&d,mrsm;udkvnf; tqHk;tjzwfay;onf/
a'oEå& tpdk;&Oya' 2014
c½kkdifwpfckktwGif;&Sd vkkyfuGufrsm; csxm;cGifhukkd c½kkdiftkkyfcsKyf
a&;rSL;udkkom tjynfht0 ay;xm;NyD; NrdKUawmf0efrsm; ESifh
a'otkkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;\ tcef;u@ rygaomaMumifh
a'oEÅ& tpdkk;&Oya'onf owÅKwGif;Oya'ESifh y#dyu©jzpfae
onf/ tpdk;&rsm;ESifh NrdKUawmf0efrsm;onf vdkifpifcsay;jcif;
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(2010 wGif jyifqif)
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wl;azmfcGifh vdkifpifrsm;tm; csay;onf/
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tao;pm; owÅKwGif;vkyfief;
tufOya'? 1991 (RA 7076)Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; tcGifhta&;
tufOya'? 1991
jynfe,f^NrdKUjy owÅKwGif;vkyfief;rsm; BuD;Muyfa&; bkwftzGJU
rsm;u jynfe,frsm;ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdonfh NrdKUrsm;wGif
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89
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owfrSwfa&G;cs,fxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif ASM vkyfief;tm; obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;
tdE´d,EIA xkwfjyefcsufrsm; 2016
(2016 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif jyifqif)
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rsm;[k owfrSwfxm;onf) wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrItwGuf obm0
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c½dkiftqifh? jynfe,ftqifh ESifh A[dktpdk;&rsm; tm;vHk;onf
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tao;pm; owÅKwGif;rsm;rS owÅKwGif;
ypönf;rsm; wl;azmfxkwf,lrItwGuf
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; (2010)
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A[dktpdk;&rS xkwfjyefay;onf/ c½dkif tkyfcsKyfa&;rIrsm;wGif
EIA Oya'atmufü jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; EIef;pHrsm;ESifh
obm0ywf0ef;usif jyefvnfxdef;odrf;jyKjyifa&; &HyHkaiGrsm;udk
oHk;oyf qef;ppf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/
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tufOya' \ taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&GufrI pnf;rsOf;rsm;(RA 7076)
tao;pm; owÅKwGif;rsm;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
av;pm;vdkufemrI todtrSwfjyKvufrSwf (ECC) vdktyfNyD;
,if;vufrSwftm; obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh obm0t&if;
tjrpfrsm; (DENR) Xme\ a'oqdkif&m trIaqmif'g½dkufwm
rS xkwfjyefay;NyD; ,if; 'g½dkufwmtm; A[dk DENR ½Hk;rS
cefYtyfonf/
a'oEå& tpdk;& tufOya'? 1991
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m qdkk;usdK;oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifonfh
pDrHudef; tm;vHk;twGuf a'oEÅ& tpdk;&rsm;\ BudKwif
oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf vdktyfonf/
90
obm0o,HZmw zuf'&,fpepf - jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;
aemufqufwGJ 2/ usrf;udk;pm&if;
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Bauer, Andrew, Rebecca Iwerks, Matteo Pellegrini and Varsha Venugopal. Subnational Governance of Extractives: Fostering National Prosperity by Addressing Local Challenges. Natural Resource Governance Institute, August 2016.
Burke, Adam, Nicola Williams, Patrick Barron, Kim Jolliffe and Thomas Carr. The Contested Areas of Myanmar: Subnational Conflict, Aid, and Development. The Asia Foundation, 2017.
Center for Constitutional Transitions, International IDEA and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Oil and Natural Gas: Constitutional Frameworks for the Arab States Region. 2014.
Cust, Jim and Claudia Viale. Is There Evidence for a Subnational Resource Curse? Natural Resource Governance Institute, April 2016.
Esteves, Ana Maria, Bruce Coyne and Ana Moreno. Local Content Initiatives: Enhancing the Subnational Benefits of Oil, Gas and Mining. Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2013.
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Haysom, Nicholas and Sean Kane. Negotiating Natural Resources for Peace: Ownership, Control and Wealth-sharing. Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, October 2009.
Heller, Patrick and Lorenzo Delesgues. Gilded Gatekeepers: Myanmar’s State-owned Oil, Gas and Mining Enterprises. Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016.
International Crisis Group. Building Critical Mass for Peace in Myanmar. 2017.
Iwerks, Rebecca and Varsha Venugopal. It Takes a Village: Routes to Local-level Extractive Transparency. Natural Resource Governance Institute, February 2016.
Kurauchi, Yuko, Antonio La Vina, Nathan Badenoch and Lindsey Fransen. Decentralization of Natural Resources Management – Lessons from Southeast Asia: Case Studies under REPSI. World Resources Institute, May 2006.
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Nixon, Hamish, Cindy Joelene, Kyi Pyar Chit Saw, Thet Aung Lynn and Matthew Arnold. State and Region Governments in Myanmar. MDRI and the Asia Foundation, 2015.
Oxfam. Community Consent Index 2015. Oxfam Briefing Paper, 23 July 2015.
Shortell, Paul and Maw Htun Aung. Mineral and Gemstone Licensing in Myanmar. Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016.
Smith, Erin and Peter Rosenblum. Enforcing the Rules: Government and Citizen Oversight of Mining. Revenue Watch Institute, 2011.
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Venugopal, Varsha. Assessing Mineral Licensing in a Decentralized Context: The Case of Indonesia. Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2014.
Venugopal, Varsha. Thinking Locally: Community Consultation in the Philippines. Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016.
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tzGJU (Natural Resource Governance Institute) onf jynfolrsm; rdrdwdkif;jynfrSxGufaom a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGU
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