Obtaining Raw Obtaining Raw MaterialsMaterials

Exploring ManufacturingExploring Manufacturing

Chapter 6Chapter 6

After studying this chapter, After studying this chapter, you will be able to:you will be able to:

Define renewable and exhaustible Define renewable and exhaustible resources and give examples of each.resources and give examples of each.

Describe three different methods for mining Describe three different methods for mining raw materials.raw materials.

Define and describe two methods of drilling Define and describe two methods of drilling for oil and gas.for oil and gas.

Describe three methods of harvesting Describe three methods of harvesting forests.forests.

Explain methods by which raw materials are Explain methods by which raw materials are moved to mills and refineries.moved to mills and refineries.

Raw materialsRaw materials

Raw materials are Raw materials are natural resources natural resources found on or in the found on or in the earth or seas.earth or seas.

All manufacturing All manufacturing starts with raw starts with raw materials.materials.

These materials are These materials are of two basic types, of two basic types, they are renewable they are renewable or exhaustible.or exhaustible.

ResourcesResources

RenewableRenewable– TreesTrees– CottonCotton– WoolWool– FlaxFlax– Animal hidesAnimal hides

ExhaustibleExhaustible– Metal oresMetal ores– PetroleumPetroleum– Natural gasNatural gas– CoalCoal– ClaysClays

RENEWABLE RESOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCES

Renewable resourcesRenewable resources are are biological materials (growing things).biological materials (growing things).

Each growing unit (plant or animal) Each growing unit (plant or animal) has a life cycle.has a life cycle.– First, it is planted or born.First, it is planted or born.– It then grows through stages to maturity It then grows through stages to maturity

(full size).(full size).– Finally, it becomes old and dies.Finally, it becomes old and dies.

Good Example: a treeGood Example: a tree It is planted by nature or It is planted by nature or

people.people. It grows and, after a number It grows and, after a number

of years, reaches full size.of years, reaches full size. Then, growth slows and Then, growth slows and

finally stops.finally stops. Limbs die and fall off.Limbs die and fall off. Insects, wind, and decay Insects, wind, and decay

attack the tree.attack the tree. In time, it dies and falls to In time, it dies and falls to

the forest floor.the forest floor. There it rots, providing There it rots, providing

nutrients (food) for other nutrients (food) for other plants.plants.

Managing ResourcesManaging Resources

Managing a resource means making Managing a resource means making sure that there is always a supply to sure that there is always a supply to use.use.

People must plan and work at People must plan and work at growing new resources and knowing growing new resources and knowing when and how to harvest them.when and how to harvest them.– Example, a forester should not cut down Example, a forester should not cut down

all the trees in a forest without planting all the trees in a forest without planting new ones.new ones.

EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCESEXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES Exhaustible resourcesExhaustible resources

have a limited supply. have a limited supply. There is a fixed amount of There is a fixed amount of them on earth. They can them on earth. They can be used up. Like the be used up. Like the dinosaurs, a material can dinosaurs, a material can become extinct.become extinct.– For example, there is For example, there is

only so much petroleum, only so much petroleum, gold ore, natural gas, or gold ore, natural gas, or iron ore on the earth. If iron ore on the earth. If we use them all up, we use them all up, that’s it. Thus, all that’s it. Thus, all resources must be used resources must be used wisely.wisely.

Obtaining Raw MaterialsObtaining Raw Materials

Obtaining raw materials for Obtaining raw materials for manufacturing is a three-step manufacturing is a three-step process. This includes:process. This includes:– Locating resourcesLocating resources– Gathering resourcesGathering resources– Transporting (moving) resources.Transporting (moving) resources.

LOCATING RAW MATERIALSLOCATING RAW MATERIALS

A large part of getting raw materials A large part of getting raw materials is finding them.is finding them.– Aerial mapping – using an airplane to Aerial mapping – using an airplane to

take pictures.take pictures.– Geological – under the ground.Geological – under the ground.

Geologists – people who study the structure Geologists – people who study the structure of the earth.of the earth.

– Grown commercially for moneyGrown commercially for money TreesTrees LivestockLivestock

GATHERING RAW GATHERING RAW MATERIALSMATERIALS

This is done using This is done using three major three major methods.methods.– MiningMining– DrillingDrilling– HarvestingHarvesting

MININGMINING MiningMining involves digging involves digging

resources out of the earth.resources out of the earth.– Open-pit mining: a type Open-pit mining: a type

of mining used when the of mining used when the resource is close to the resource is close to the surface.surface.

– Underground mining: a Underground mining: a mining method that uses mining method that uses digging tunnels to reach digging tunnels to reach the material. There are the material. There are three major underground three major underground mining methods: shaft mining methods: shaft mining, drift mining, and mining, drift mining, and slope mining.slope mining.

Shaft MiningShaft Mining

This method is used This method is used for deeply buried for deeply buried mineral deposits. A mineral deposits. A shaft and an air shaft and an air shaft are dug down shaft are dug down to the level of the to the level of the deposit. The deposit. The material is mined by material is mined by digging horizontal digging horizontal tunnels from the tunnels from the vertical shaft.vertical shaft.

Drift MiningDrift Mining

This method is used This method is used when the mineral when the mineral vein comes to the vein comes to the surface at one surface at one point. A tunnel is point. A tunnel is dug into the vein, dug into the vein, which is serviced by which is serviced by rail cars that move rail cars that move along the drift along the drift shaft.shaft.

Slope MiningSlope Mining

This method is used This method is used for a shallow for a shallow mineral deposit. A mineral deposit. A sloping tunnel is sloping tunnel is dug down to the dug down to the deposit. The deposit. The minerals are often minerals are often carried to the carried to the surface on a moving surface on a moving platform called a platform called a conveyor.conveyor.

DrillingDrilling

A method used to A method used to reach underground reach underground liquid resources liquid resources such as oil and such as oil and water. A small water. A small round hole is round hole is drilled using a drilled using a derrick and a drill derrick and a drill bit that grinds up bit that grinds up the rock as it drills. the rock as it drills.

Vertical DrillingVertical Drilling

The most common The most common type of drilling; the type of drilling; the result is a hole that result is a hole that runs straight up runs straight up and down.and down.

Directional DrillingDirectional Drilling

A technique that A technique that allows wells to be allows wells to be drilled at an angle drilled at an angle or along a curve to or along a curve to reach oil or gas.reach oil or gas.

HarvestingHarvesting

Harvesting is a method used to Harvesting is a method used to collect a growing resource. Trees are collect a growing resource. Trees are the major “growing” resource that the major “growing” resource that produce engineering materials. produce engineering materials. Trees are harvested using one of Trees are harvested using one of three methods.three methods.– Selective cuttingSelective cutting– Clear-cuttingClear-cutting– Seed tree cuttingSeed tree cutting

Selective CuttingSelective Cutting

A harvesting A harvesting technique in that technique in that mature trees are mature trees are selected and cut. selected and cut. Younger trees are Younger trees are left standing.left standing.

Clear CuttingClear Cutting

A method for A method for harvesting trees harvesting trees that cuts down all that cuts down all trees regardless of trees regardless of age or species.age or species.

Seed Tree CuttingSeed Tree Cutting

All trees in an area, All trees in an area, except for four or except for four or five large ones, are five large ones, are cut. The large cut. The large trees reseed the trees reseed the area. This area. This technique is used technique is used in the southern in the southern pine forests.pine forests.

HarvestingHarvesting Harvesting requires several steps.Harvesting requires several steps.

– First, either trees or the area to be harvested First, either trees or the area to be harvested must be selected.must be selected.

– Fallers then fell (cut down) the trees.Fallers then fell (cut down) the trees.– Bucker removes the limbs and topBucker removes the limbs and top– The tree is cut to standard lengths for the mill.The tree is cut to standard lengths for the mill.– The lengths, called logs, are moved to a central The lengths, called logs, are moved to a central

location for loading on trucks or railcars. This location for loading on trucks or railcars. This task is called yarding.task is called yarding.

– From the yard, the trees are hauled to the mill. From the yard, the trees are hauled to the mill. – They are placed in a pond to help retain their They are placed in a pond to help retain their

moisture and reduce insect damage.moisture and reduce insect damage.

Transporting ResourcesTransporting Resources Nearly every type of land Nearly every type of land

and water transportation is and water transportation is used to move raw materials. used to move raw materials.

Coal can be ground up and Coal can be ground up and mixed with water, forming a mixed with water, forming a slurry, for pipeline transport.slurry, for pipeline transport.

Trucks of all kinds and sizes Trucks of all kinds and sizes move mineral and forest move mineral and forest products.products.

Barges and ships are used Barges and ships are used on inland waterways and on inland waterways and oceans.oceans.

In short, the most In short, the most economical method is used economical method is used to move raw materials from to move raw materials from mine, well, and forest.mine, well, and forest.

SummarySummary Raw materials are the foundation for all Raw materials are the foundation for all

manufactured goods.manufactured goods. These materials are either a renewable or an These materials are either a renewable or an

exhaustible resource.exhaustible resource. They are located, gathered, and transported to They are located, gathered, and transported to

primary processing mills or refineries.primary processing mills or refineries. Commonly, raw materials are gathered through Commonly, raw materials are gathered through

mining, drilling, and harvesting. mining, drilling, and harvesting. The gathered resources move over land and on The gathered resources move over land and on

water.water. Then they are transformed (changed) into Then they are transformed (changed) into

industrial materials.industrial materials.

Define renewable and Define renewable and exhaustible resources and give exhaustible resources and give examples of each.examples of each.

Renewable resources:Renewable resources:– are biological materials (growing things).are biological materials (growing things).

TreesTrees CottonCotton WoolWool FlaxFlax Animal hidesAnimal hides

Exhaustible resources:Exhaustible resources:– have a limited supply. There is a fixed amount of them have a limited supply. There is a fixed amount of them

on earth. They can be used up. Like the dinosaurs, a on earth. They can be used up. Like the dinosaurs, a material can become extinct.material can become extinct.

Metal oresMetal ores PetroleumPetroleum Natural gasNatural gas CoalCoal ClaysClays

Describe three different Describe three different methods for mining raw methods for mining raw

materials.materials. Shaft MiningShaft Mining Drift MiningDrift Mining Slope MiningSlope Mining

Define and describe two Define and describe two methods of drilling for oil and methods of drilling for oil and

gas.gas. Vertical DrillingVertical Drilling Directional DrillingDirectional Drilling

Describe three methods of Describe three methods of harvesting forests.harvesting forests.

– Selective cuttingSelective cutting– Clear-cuttingClear-cutting– Seed tree cuttingSeed tree cutting

Explain methods by which raw Explain methods by which raw materials are moved to mills and materials are moved to mills and

refineries.refineries.

Trucks of all kinds Trucks of all kinds and sizes move and sizes move mineral and forest mineral and forest products.products.

Barges and ships Barges and ships are used on inland are used on inland waterways and waterways and oceans.oceans.

ANY ANY QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?