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OCCUPATIONAL AND OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ISSUES OF ISSUES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
by Sandra Cointreau
HEALTH RISK FACTORS OF HEALTH RISK FACTORS OF SOLID WASTE:SOLID WASTE:
Feacal Matter, Blood, Body Fluids and Diseased Dead Animal Matter
Particulates, Bioaerosols Hazardous Chemicals, Heavy Metals Volatile Organics, Volatilized Heavy Metals Lifting Exertion, Vibration Slides, Accidents, Fires Noise
POORER COUNTRIES have POORER COUNTRIES have greater greater Occupational Health RisksOccupational Health Risks
for Solid Waste Workersfor Solid Waste Workers Collection is by labor-intensive
systems with no protection Recycling is on exposed piles of
mixed waste with no protection Most waste pickers are children
or women of child-bearing age Disposal is by open dumping,
usually with open burning Mauritius, 1998
POORER COUNTRIES have POORER COUNTRIES have greater greater Public Health RisksPublic Health Risks from from
Uncollected WasteUncollected Waste
Collection service levels are low in poorer countries: 30-60% in Low Income Countries 50-80% in Middle Income Countries 90-100% in High Income Countries
POORER COUNTRIES have POORER COUNTRIES have greater greater Public Health RisksPublic Health Risks from from
Unsafe DisposalUnsafe Disposal
Safe Disposal is not prevalent in poorer countries: 0-5% safe disposal in Low Income Countries 5-10% safe disposal in Middle Income Countries 90-100% safe disposal in High Income Countries
The Relative Risk Of Solid The Relative Risk Of Solid Waste Work Can Be Waste Work Can Be
SignificantSignificant Solid Waste Workers in Denmark are 1.5 times
more likely to have Occupational Disease and Injury than other workers (Denmark country-wide statistics, 1995)
Risks to Solid Waste Workers in low income countries are expected to be much higher because worker protection is not required
OCCUPATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL DISEASEDISEASE RISK (RR= Relative Risk):RISK (RR= Relative Risk):
6 RR of Infectious Disease (Denmark country data)
2.6 RR of Allergic Pulmonary Disease (Denmark country data)
2.5 times more risk of Chronic Bronchitis (Switzerland study)
1.2-1.4 times more risk of Hepatitis (Italy study)
3 times more risk of Parasites (India study)
2 times more risk of Coronary Disease Events (USA study)
RR means “relative risk” and refers to increased risk levels
based on statistically valid and controlled studies
Intestinal Parasite Infection Intestinal Parasite Infection Among Waste Pickers:Among Waste Pickers:
65% incidence in Bangkok, Thailand
98% incidence in Manila, Philippines (child waste pickers only)
97% incidence in Olinda, Brazil
92% incidence in Calcutta, India
Bombay, India, 1995
Bio-aerosol Levels:Bio-aerosol Levels: 10-1000 times Higher near the
truck loading hopper (Switzerland, Denmark local studies)
2-10 times Higher inside materials recovery plants (USA, Finland local studies)
2-4 times Higher at sanitary landfills (Italy local studies)
Izmir, Turkey, 1994
Particulate Levels:Particulate Levels:
2-25 times Higher at open dumps (Thailand, Philippines local studies)
4-10 times Higher at materials recovery sorting stations (Finland local study)
Dominican Republic, 1998
Pulmonary Function:Pulmonary Function:
23% Dumpsite Workers with Abnormal Pulmonary Function (India local study)
40% Dumpsite Waste Pickers with Abnormal Pulmonary Function (Thailand local study)
53% Dumpsite Child Waste Pickers with Abnormal Pulmonary Function (Philippines local study)
Blood Lead Levels:Blood Lead Levels: 70% Dumpsite Children
Pickers above WHO lead guideline --children pickers mean lead was 2.5 times higher than in control slum children (Philippines local study)
1.5-3 times Higher in MSW Incineration Workers than in Heating Plant Workers (USA local study) Quezon City, the Philippines,
1995
OCCUPATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURYINJURY RELATIVE RISK (RR= Relative RELATIVE RISK (RR= Relative
Risk):Risk): 5.6 RR for Accidents
(Denmark country data)
10 risk for Accidents (USA, local study 20 years ago)
1.9 RR for Musculoskeletal Problems (Denmark country data)
4 risk for Musculoskeletal Restrictions from Arthritis (USA local study) Quito, Ecuador, 1994
Dumpsite Injuries:Dumpsite Injuries:
Calcutta, India quarterly injuries among waste pickers: 69% with cuts 33% with pin pricks 16% with eye injuries 49% with dog bites 16% with rat bites
Bangkok, Thailand sources of injuries: 88% from glass 73% from needles 30% from bamboo 25% from metal
Tema, Ghana, 1998
Slides at Open Dumps:Slides at Open Dumps: Istanbul, Turkey
39 killed, 1993 O Portino, Spain
1 killed, 250 evacuated, 1994
Calcutta, India 2 killed, 1992
Bogota, Colombia no deaths, 1997
Manila, the Philippines over 50 killed, 2000 Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2001
Hazardous Gases at Solid Waste Hazardous Gases at Solid Waste Facilities:Facilities:
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, methylene chloride, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride in landfill gas
chlorinated and brominated dioxins and furans in incinerator stack gas
volatilized heavy metals at burning open dumps elevated levels of carbon monoxide at landfills
PUBLIC HEALTH RELATIVE PUBLIC HEALTH RELATIVE RISK (RR):RISK (RR):
1.3-1.8 risk of Cancer for residents with 4 km of 20 year old Landfill (Canada local study)
1.4 risk of Liver Cancer for residents within 2 km of Incinerators (Great Britain country study)
Diseases from Vectors in Contact Diseases from Vectors in Contact with Solid Waste:with Solid Waste:
Hanta Virus, Plague, and Leptospirosis increase with exposure to rat droppings and urine -- more solid waste means more rats
Dengue Fever increases where uncollected solid waste (i.e., tires, cans) holding water provides mosquito breeding sites
Bacterial Infections spread by houseflies which have come in contact with feacal material in solid waste
Diseases from Eating Undercooked Diseases from Eating Undercooked Meat from Animals Raised in Meat from Animals Raised in
Contact with Solid Waste:Contact with Solid Waste: Trichinosis increases where
pigs and bear feed on solid waste with uncooked meat containing whipworm
Taeniasis increases where pigs, beef and dogs feed on solid waste with human and animal feacal matter containing tapeworm Dominican Republic, 1998
New Initiatives Point the WayNew Initiatives Point the Way Private Subscription by hospitals with
licensed private operators to handle segregated biomedical wastes
Hyderabad, India, 2001
New Initiatives Point the WayNew Initiatives Point the Way
Manila, the Philippines, 1996
Private Subscription for biomedical wastes
New Initiatives Point the WayNew Initiatives Point the Way Protective Gear for workers
specified in service agreements
Khulna, Bangladesh (syringes), 2001 Tema, Ghana, 1998
New Initiatives Point the WayNew Initiatives Point the Way
Neighborhood composting systems lessen the need to transport waste to disposal.
Composting produces less greenhouse gas than landfill disposal, and also destroys disease micro-organisms.
Dakha, Bangladesh, 2001
New Initiatives Point the WayNew Initiatives Point the Way
Greater containment of waste from the source to the point of transport lessens worker contact with waste.
Containers sized for easier lifting lessen back injuries.
Ahmedebad, India, 2001
New Initiatives Point the WayNew Initiatives Point the Way
Yr. 2000 Indian Law mandates biodegradation of putrescible organics in waste Composting (aerobic
decomposition) Vermi-composting (worm
decomposition) Biomethanization (anaerobic
decomposition)Trivandum, India, 2001