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SOLID WASTE TRANSFER SOLID WASTE TRANSFER SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
IN DEVELOPING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES
Sandra CointreauSandra Cointreau
WHAT IS A TRANSFER SYSTEM?WHAT IS A TRANSFER SYSTEM?
• A Transfer System Consists of a Transfer A Transfer System Consists of a Transfer Station and a Fleet of Large Capacity Station and a Fleet of Large Capacity Vehicles Which Provide Long Haul for Vehicles Which Provide Long Haul for Refuse -- So That the Fleet of Small Refuse -- So That the Fleet of Small Capacity Collection Vehicles Is Enabled to Capacity Collection Vehicles Is Enabled to Focus on the Job of Collection. Focus on the Job of Collection.
Transfer Transfer Systems Systems Enable Enable Reducing Reducing Collection Collection Haul Haul Distance, Distance, Vehicle Vehicle Emissions Emissions and Costs By and Costs By 20 To 50 20 To 50 PercentPercent
Solid Waste Collection and Transfer Vehicle Costs in Trinidad and Tobago, 1999
$0.00
$5.00
$10.00
$15.00
$20.00
$25.00
$30.00
$35.00
$40.00
$45.00
5.0 15.0 30.0 50.0
km from collection to discharge
cost
per
tonn
e in
$US
REAR LOADER MANUAL 10.0 TRANSFER TRUCK TRAILERS 60.0
Determine Transfer Determine Transfer Breakpoints:Breakpoints:
• Each type and size Each type and size of collection of collection vehicle has a vehicle has a different transfer different transfer breakpointbreakpoint
• Traffic speed Traffic speed affects the transfer affects the transfer breakpointbreakpoint
• Consider transfer Consider transfer for hauls over 30 for hauls over 30 minutesminutes
COST ($US/Tonne) FOR COLLECTION AND TRANSFER SYSTEMS - GOVERNMENT SERVICE -
Georgetown, Guyana- 1999
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
5 15 30 50DISTANCE ONE WAY TO DISPOSAL
CO
ST
/TO
NN
E (
$US
)
REAR LOADERMANUAL 10
TRANSFERSYSTEM W/COLL.TRUCKS
TRANSFERTRUCK W/FACILITY
TRANSFERTRUCK 60
TRANSFERSTATION
Transfer Systems Enable Transfer Systems Enable Implementation Of Regional Implementation Of Regional Safe Disposal Systems that Safe Disposal Systems that
Achieve Economies-of-Scale.Achieve Economies-of-Scale.• Landfills should be at least 300 tonnes/day to Landfills should be at least 300 tonnes/day to
have landfill bulldozers and wheeled loaders have landfill bulldozers and wheeled loaders fully utilizedfully utilized
• Roads, fences, weighbridges, gatehouses, Roads, fences, weighbridges, gatehouses, utilities are fixed costs that should be applied to utilities are fixed costs that should be applied to large waste quantitieslarge waste quantities
Landfill Economies-of-Landfill Economies-of-ScaleScale
Landfill Costs - Trinidad and Tobago, 1999
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Investment Cost/Tonne - Clay and Geomembrane Total Cost/Tonne - Clay and Geomembrane
Co
st in
$U
S/M
etri
c T
on
ne
40 TPD 550 TPD 1100 TPD
Transfer Stations have Carbon Transfer Stations have Carbon Finance OpportunitiesFinance Opportunities• All transfer vehicles are parked and fueled at All transfer vehicles are parked and fueled at
the station and able to operate with clean the station and able to operate with clean fuels and upgraded emission controls.fuels and upgraded emission controls.
• Collection haul distances are dramatically Collection haul distances are dramatically reduced, and thus their emissions are reduced, and thus their emissions are reduced.reduced.
• Reductions are easy to monitor because of Reductions are easy to monitor because of weighbridges required at transfer stations.weighbridges required at transfer stations.
What Are The Main Elements Of What Are The Main Elements Of A Major Transfer Station?A Major Transfer Station?
• Site of 2+ Hectares Site of 2+ Hectares
• Access to a Major Road Which Can Carry Long Access to a Major Road Which Can Carry Long Haul Vehicles of 50 C.M. CapacityHaul Vehicles of 50 C.M. Capacity
• Parking, Maintenance and Repair Facilities for Parking, Maintenance and Repair Facilities for Transfer FleetTransfer Fleet
• Weigh-Bridge to Record in-Coming PayloadsWeigh-Bridge to Record in-Coming Payloads
• Multi-Level Transfer Building, Unloading on Top, Multi-Level Transfer Building, Unloading on Top, Loading on BottomLoading on Bottom
Typical 2-Level Transfer Typical 2-Level Transfer StationsStations
Manila, Philippines, 1993Manila, Philippines, 1993
Quito, Ecuador, 1998Quito, Ecuador, 1998
Which Design Issues Need Which Design Issues Need Careful Analysis?Careful Analysis?
• Station Layout for Efficient Traffic Flow Station Layout for Efficient Traffic Flow of Collection and Transfer Vehiclesof Collection and Transfer Vehicles
• Unloading Method from Collection Unloading Method from Collection Vehicles Vehicles
• Loading Method of Transfer VehiclesLoading Method of Transfer Vehicles
• Transfer Vehicle Style and MaterialTransfer Vehicle Style and Material
• Discharge Method from Transfer Discharge Method from Transfer VehiclesVehicles
Direct Unloading Direct Unloading to Transfer Truck to Transfer Truck
• Waste Is Discharged Directly from the Waste Is Discharged Directly from the Collection Vehicles into the Loading Collection Vehicles into the Loading System of the Transfer Vehicles System of the Transfer Vehicles
• No Waste Storage, Therefore Less Need No Waste Storage, Therefore Less Need for Odor and Vector Controlfor Odor and Vector Control
• Usually Used for Small Stations OnlyUsually Used for Small Stations Only
Direct Unloading Direct Unloading to Transfer Truckto Transfer Truck
Hyderabad, India, Skip Container Hyderabad, India, Skip Container Lift Collection Truck, Unloads to Lift Collection Truck, Unloads to Open Tipping Truck, 2001Open Tipping Truck, 2001
Unloading-to-Storage Area Unloading-to-Storage Area • Waste Is Discharged to a Storage Area Waste Is Discharged to a Storage Area
from which It Is Then Moved into the from which It Is Then Moved into the Loading System of the Transfer VehiclesLoading System of the Transfer Vehicles
• Storage Enables Collection Vehicles to Storage Enables Collection Vehicles to Operate on Their Optimum Schedule Operate on Their Optimum Schedule and Transfer Vehicles to Operate on and Transfer Vehicles to Operate on Their Optimum ScheduleTheir Optimum Schedule
• Provides a Safe-Guard if Their Is Down-Provides a Safe-Guard if Their Is Down-Time in the Loading System for Transfer Time in the Loading System for Transfer VehiclesVehicles
Unloading to Storage FloorUnloading to Storage Floor
Style Options:Style Options:
• Light-Weight Open Top TrailersLight-Weight Open Top Trailers– for direct open top loadingfor direct open top loading
• Light-Weight Closed Top TrailersLight-Weight Closed Top Trailers– for pre-load compactor loadingfor pre-load compactor loading
• Compactor-Compatible Closed Compactor-Compatible Closed Top TrailersTop Trailers– for stationary compactor loadingfor stationary compactor loading
• Self-Contained Compactor Self-Contained Compactor TrailersTrailers– for self-contained compactor loadingfor self-contained compactor loading
Types of Transfer VehiclesTypes of Transfer Vehicles
US, lightweight open topped, filled US, lightweight open topped, filled by gravity from hopperby gravity from hopper
US, lightweight, filled by US, lightweight, filled by extrusion from a compaction extrusion from a compaction chamberchamber
Types of Transfer VehiclesTypes of Transfer Vehicles
Singapore, Body filled by Stationary Singapore, Body filled by Stationary Compactor, 1993Compactor, 1993
Mexico, on-board Compactor, 1985Mexico, on-board Compactor, 1985
Material Options:Material Options:
• AluminumAluminum - - – lighter (by 15 to 20%) but more costly lighter (by 15 to 20%) but more costly
(by 40 to 60%)(by 40 to 60%)
• Steel Steel – more flexible, less likely to crack or more flexible, less likely to crack or
tear, easier to repairtear, easier to repair
Discharge Options:Discharge Options:
• Push-Blade Mounted at Front of Push-Blade Mounted at Front of Trailer Trailer – Takes up 10 to 15% of Trailer CapacityTakes up 10 to 15% of Trailer Capacity
• Live-Floor Mounted on Floor of Live-Floor Mounted on Floor of Trailer Trailer – Takes up 2 to 3% of Trailer Capacity, Takes up 2 to 3% of Trailer Capacity,
More Moving Parts Require More More Moving Parts Require More MaintenanceMaintenance
Discharge SystemsDischarge Systems
US, Walking Floors are Most CommonUS, Walking Floors are Most Common
Izmir, Turkey, On-board Ram Izmir, Turkey, On-board Ram Compactor also unloads, 1994Compactor also unloads, 1994
Discharge SystemsDischarge SystemsLandfill tipping machine allows Landfill tipping machine allows transfer trucks to be avoid the weight transfer trucks to be avoid the weight of an onboard unloading mechanismof an onboard unloading mechanism
US, large landfills with long US, large landfills with long transfer haul distances, able transfer haul distances, able to lift 10 trucks per hourto lift 10 trucks per hour
Choices Affect CostsChoices Affect Costs
• Choice of Loading System Can Affect Choice of Loading System Can Affect – Investment Cost by 35%Investment Cost by 35%– Total O,O&M Cost by 25%Total O,O&M Cost by 25%
• Choice of Vehicle Material Can AffectChoice of Vehicle Material Can Affect– Investment Cost by 50%Investment Cost by 50%– Total O,O&M Cost by 20%Total O,O&M Cost by 20%
• Choice of Discharge System Can AffectChoice of Discharge System Can Affect– Investment Cost by 20%Investment Cost by 20%– Total O,O&M Cost by 50%Total O,O&M Cost by 50%
Transfer Stations are the Heart of Transfer Stations are the Heart of Economic Solid Waste Systems:Economic Solid Waste Systems:
• Enable performance monitoring of collection by Enable performance monitoring of collection by weighbridge and computerized MIS.weighbridge and computerized MIS.
• Allow collection systems to be rationalized.Allow collection systems to be rationalized.• Allow fuel to be conserved.Allow fuel to be conserved.• Allow bundling of waste into inter-municipal Allow bundling of waste into inter-municipal
regions for economic sanitary landfill. regions for economic sanitary landfill.
Paper and film of presentation Paper and film of presentation available at:available at:
• http://www.worldbank.org/urban/uswmhttp://www.worldbank.org/urban/uswm
Thank you for your kind attention Thank you for your kind attention