Oceanography - Wangsajaya's Weblog · Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I...

Pelatnas Team International Geography Olympiad 2013 Tahap I Bandung, 18 Februari – 17 Maret 2013

Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology

Bandung Institute of Technology

Oceanography Dr.rer.nat. Wiwin Windupranata

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology Bandung Institute of Technology










Oceanography

Definition Oceanography is the study of the ocean, with emphasis on its character as an environment. The goal is to obtain a description sufficiently quantitative to be used for predicting the future with some certainty




Oceanography

Why study oceanography? no other planet has an ocean

oceans influence weather. carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange stable environment for life

source of food, minerals, and energy.




Oceanography

Scope marine organisms and ecosystem

dynamics

ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics

plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor

fluxes of various chemical substances physical properties within the ocean

and across its boundaries




Oceanography

Branch Biological Oceanography Chemical Oceanography Geological Oceanography Physical Oceanography




Oceanography

Biological Oceanography Biological oceanography investigates the

ecology of marine organisms in the context of the physical, chemical, and

geological characteristics of their ocean environment. It is closely aligned with marine biology, though the latter has

more emphasis on the biology of individual marine organisms.




Oceanography

Chemical Oceanography Chemical oceanography, or marine chemistry, is the study of the chemistry of the ocean and its chemical interaction with the atmosphere;




Oceanography

Geological Oceanography Geological oceanography, or marine

geology, is the study of the geology of the ocean floor including plate tectonics and

paleoceanography;




Oceanography

Physical Oceanography Physical oceanography, or marine physics, studies the ocean's physical attributes including temperature-salinity structure, mixing, waves, internal waves, surface tides, internal tides, and currents.




Ocean

Definition from Ancient Greek

Ὠκεανὸς (Okeanos) the World Ocean of classical

antiquity

A body of saline water that composes

a large part of a planet's hydrosphere




Ocean

Definition There is only one ocean. It is divided into three named parts by international agreement: the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian ocean (International Hydrographic Bureau, 1953).




Sea

Definition of Sea A sea is a large body of saline water that may be connected with an ocean or may be a large saline lake that lacks a natural outlet. Sometimes the terms sea and ocean are used synonymously




Water Properties

Physical Water Properties Salinity

Conductivity Temperature

Pressure Density




Water Properties

Chemical Water Properties Heat Latency Surface Tension Hydrogen Bounding Dissolving Power Light Transmission Acidity/Alkalinity Dissolved Oxygen Nutrients




Salinity

Definition Salinity is total mass, expressed in grams, of all substances

dissolved in 1 kg of sea water when all carbonate has been converted to oxide, all bromine and iodine has been

replaced by chlorine and all organic compounds have been oxidized at a temperature of 480°C

Expressed in 0/00 or ppt (part per thousand) or psu

(practical salinity unit)

Normal range of salinity of open sea water 30 – 35 psu Coastal areas salinity varies more widely




Salinity Extreme Value Highest salinity value : 300 – 400 psu in the Dead Sea (Israel and Jordan) Lowest point on dry land 418 m below MSL







Conductivity Definition

Sea water conductivity is the ability or power of sea water to conduct or transmit

heat, electricity, or sound

Its units are Siemens per meter [S/m] in SI and micromhos per centimeter

[mmho/cm] in U.S. customary units

Normal range of conductivity : 2 – 5 S/m

Salinity in practice is calculated from conductivity




Temperature

Definition Temperature is a measure of the heat content Temperature is a thermodynamic property of a fluid, and is due to the activity of molecules and atoms in the fluid. The more the activity (energy), the higher the temperature. Unit : Degrees Celsius (°C) Normal range of sea water temperature : 0 – 33 °C







Pressure

Definition Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by

water on either side of the unit area, therefore it increases with increasing depth

Ocean pressure is usually measured in decibars

1 dbar = 10-1 bar = 105 dyne/cm2 = 104 Pascal

The total vertical variation in pressure in the ocean is thus from near zero (surface) to

10,000 dbar (deepest)




Density

Definition The density of an object is the ratio of its mass to its volume The density of pure water in SI units is 1000 kilogram per cubic meter. Range of seawater density is 1020 - 1050 kg/m3




Heat Latency

Heat Capacity Heat required to raise one gram of a water by

1°C. • highest of all substances (except liquid

ammonia) • thermal buffering and heat transport by

ocean currents




Heat Latency Latent Heat of Fusion Heat required to melt one gram of ice at 0°C to liquid water at 0°C. • highest of all substances (except liquid ammonia) • thermal buffering

Latent Heat of Evaporation Heat required to evaporate 1 gr of water at 100°C to water vapor at 100°C • highest of all substances • thermal buffering and heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere

c:/Documents and Settings/Wiwin Windupranata/My Documents/Teaching/UCAR/currents/global_thermo.htm




Surface Tension

Definition measure of how difficult it is to stretch

or break the surface of a liquid water has a greater surface tension

than most liquids




Hydrogen Bounding

Definition The electromagnetic attractive interaction of a polar hydrogen atom in a water molecule Oceans and lakes don't freeze because of hydrogen bonding, water is less dense as a solid than it is as a liquid. Density Anomaly Consequences: Ice layer in the frozen lakes, river or seas is located on the top layer Insulating the water from further freezing Keep fish and other organism in the lake and river alive during winter







Dissolving Power

Definition Ability to dissolve a wide range of substances

Highest of all liquids

solvent for all biological and geochemical reactions

Water's polarity allows it to dissolve other polar substances very easily. When a polar substance is put in water, the

positive ends of its molecules are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules, and vice versa

Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid -

even the strongest acid!




Light Transmission

Definition Ability to absorb or transmit UV, visible and IR light transparent to visible strongly absorbs UV and IR absorbs heat energy from the

sun







Accidity

Definition measure of the dissociation of water into ions (H+, OH) pH = - log [H+] pH effects on biological and geochemical reactions




Dissolved Oxygen

Definition is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen

that is dissolved or carried in a given medium

seawater\atmosphere exchange at air water interface only

biological processes that affect O2 concentration:

photosynthesis and respiration







Nutrient Concentration

Definition Concentration of nutrient molecule in the water Nitrates (NO3-), Ammonia (NH3), Phosphate (PO4) and Sulphur (SO4) inorganic sources of N, P, S and other

atoms required for phytoplankton growth

photosynthesis and respiration contributes in nutrient distribution




Nutrient Concentration

Nutrient pollution, especially from nitrogen and phosphorus, has consistently ranked as one of the

top causes of degradation in some waters for more than a decade

Excess nitrogen and phosphorus lead to

significant water quality problems including harmful algal blooms, hypoxia and declines in

wildlife and wildlife habitat EUTROPHICATION

Excesses have also been linked to higher amounts

of chemicals that make people sick

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